Udupira two gusudira mu cyuma kitagira umugese dukurwamo ubushyuhe hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi kugira ngo habeho gukwirakwira neza. Ishusho yatanzwe na Walter Surface Technologies
Tekereza ko uruganda rukora amasezerano yo gukora ikintu cy'ingenzi cy'icyuma kitagira umugese. Ibice by'icyuma n'imiyoboro biracibwa, bigapfunyika kandi bigasukwa mbere yo koherezwa aho birangirira. Igice kigizwe n'amasahani asukwa ahagaze ku muyoboro. Imashini zisukwa zisa neza, ariko si cyo giciro cyiza umuguzi ashaka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, icyuma gisya amara igihe kinini gikuraho ibyuma bisukwa kurusha uko bisanzwe. Hanyuma, ikibabaje ni uko hagaragaye ubururu budasanzwe ku buso - ikimenyetso cyerekana ko hari ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane. Muri iki gihe, ibi bivuze ko igice kitazahura ibyo umukiriya akeneye.
Akenshi bikorwa n'intoki, gusya no kurangiza bisaba ubuhanga n'ubukorikori. Amakosa mu kurangiza ashobora kuba ahenze cyane ukurikije agaciro kose kashyizwe ku gikoresho. Kongeramo ibikoresho bihenze birwanya ubushyuhe nk'ibyuma bitagira umugese, kongera gukora no gushyiramo ibisigazwa by'ibikoresho bishobora kuba byinshi. Iyo bihuye n'ingorane nko kwandura no kudakora neza, gukoresha ibyuma bitagira umugese byahoze bifitiye inyungu bishobora kutagira inyungu cyangwa bikangiza izina.
Ni gute abakora ibi byose babyirinda? Bashobora gutangira bagura ubumenyi bwabo mu bijyanye no gusya no kurangiza, bakumva uruhare rwabo n'uburyo bigira ingaruka ku bikoresho by'icyuma kidashonga.
Ibi si ibintu bisa. Mu by’ukuri, buri wese afite intego zitandukanye cyane. Gusya bikuraho ibikoresho nka burrs n’ibyuma bishyushye cyane, mu gihe kurangiza bitanga umusozo mwiza ku gice cy’icyuma. Urujijo rurumvikana, bitewe n’uko abasya bakoresheje amapine manini basya bakuraho ibyuma byinshi vuba cyane, kandi imikoba miremire cyane ishobora gusigara muri icyo gikorwa. Ariko iyo basya, imikoba iba ari ingaruka gusa, intego ni ugukuraho ibikoresho vuba, cyane cyane iyo bakorana n’ibyuma bishyuha cyane nka icyuma kitagira umugese.
Kurangiza bikorwa mu byiciro kuko umukoresha atangirana n'umugozi ukomeye hanyuma agatera imbere ku mapine meza yo gusya, amabara adafunze ndetse n'igitambaro cy'imvange n'umusemburo wo gusiga kugira ngo agere ku ndunduro. Intego ni ukugera ku ndunduro runaka (icyitegererezo cyo gushwanyagurika). Buri ntambwe (umugozi muto) ikuraho imigozi yimbitse y'intambwe yabanje ikayisimbuza imigozi mito.
Kubera ko gusya no kurangiza bifite intego zitandukanye, akenshi ntibihuza kandi bishobora gukina hagati yabyo iyo hakoreshejwe ingamba zitari zo gukoresha. Kugira ngo akureho icyuma gikoreshwa cyane, umukoresha akora imivurungano miremire cyane akoresheje ipine yo gusya, hanyuma agaha igice umupfundikizo, noneho akaba agomba kumara igihe kinini akuramo iyo mivurungano miremire. Uru rukurikirane kuva ku gusya kugeza ku kurangiza rushobora kuba uburyo bwiza bwo guhaza ibisabwa n'abakiriya mu kurangiza. Ariko nanone, izi si izindi nzira.
Ubuso bw'ibikoresho byagenewe gukoreshwa neza muri rusange ntibusaba gusya cyangwa kurangiza. Ibice bisukurwa bibikora gusa kuko gusya ari bwo buryo bwihuse bwo gukuraho imisumari cyangwa ibindi bikoresho, kandi imivundo miremire yasizwe n'uruziga rwo gusya ni byo umukiriya yashakaga. Ibice bikenera kurangiza gusa bikorwa ku buryo gukuraho ibikoresho byinshi bidakenewe. Urugero rusanzwe ni igice cy'icyuma kitagira umugese gifite umusumari mwiza urinzwe na electrode ya tungsten ikenera gusa kuvangwa no guhuzwa n'imiterere y'umusumari.
Imashini zisya zifite disiki nto zo gukuraho ibikoresho zishobora guteza ibibazo bikomeye iyo zikoresha ibyuma bitagira umugese. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, gushyuha cyane bishobora gutera ubururu n'impinduka mu miterere y'ibikoresho. Intego ni ugukomeza ibyuma bitagira umugese uko bishoboka kose mu gihe cyose cy'igikorwa.
Muri urwo rwego, bifasha guhitamo uruziga rwo gusya rufite umuvuduko wo gukuraho vuba ukurikije ikoreshwa n'ingengo y'imari. Amapine ya Zirconium asya vuba kurusha alumina, ariko amapine ya ceramic akora neza mu bihe byinshi.
Uduce tw’ibumba dufite imbaraga nyinshi kandi zityaye turambarwa mu buryo budasanzwe. Uko bigenda bishonga buhoro buhoro, ntabwo tuba dusa neza, ahubwo dukomeza kugira uruhande rutyaye. Ibi bivuze ko dushobora gukuraho ibikoresho vuba cyane, akenshi vuba inshuro nyinshi kurusha andi mapine yo gusya. Muri rusange, ibi bituma amapine yo gusya akoreshwa mu ibumba afite agaciro. Ni meza cyane mu gutunganya ibyuma bitagira umugese, kuko bikuraho vuba uduce duto kandi bigatuma ubushyuhe n’impinduka bike.
Uko icyuma gisya cyaba gihitamo kose, hagomba kuzirikanwa ko icyuma gishobora kwanduza gishobora gukoreshwa. Inganda nyinshi zizi ko zidashobora gukoresha icyuma kimwe gisya haba mu byuma bya karuboni no mu byuma bitanduye. Abantu benshi batandukanya ibikorwa byo gusya karuboni n'icyuma kitanduye. Ndetse n'udushashi duto tw'icyuma cya karuboni tugwa ku bice by'icyuma bitanduye dushobora guteza ibibazo by'umwanda. Inganda nyinshi, nk'inganda zikora imiti n'inganda za kirimbuzi, zisaba ko ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gusya bigomba gufatwa nk'ibidahumanya. Ibi bivuze ko icyuma kitanduye kigomba kuba kiri munsi ya 0.1% by'icyuma, sulfur na chlorine.
Amapine yo gusya ntabwo yisya ubwayo, akeneye igikoresho cy'amashanyarazi. Umuntu wese ashobora kwamamaza ibyiza byo gusya amapine cyangwa ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, ariko ukuri ni uko ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi n'amapine yabyo bikora nk'uburyo. Amapine yo gusya ya ceramic yagenewe ibyuma bisya inguni bifite imbaraga runaka n'umuvuduko runaka. Nubwo bimwe mu byuma bisya umwuka bifite ibisabwa, akenshi gusya amapine ya ceramic bikorwa n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi.
Imashini zisya zidakoresha ingufu n'umuvuduko uhagije zishobora guteza ibibazo bikomeye ndetse no ku bikoresho bigezweho byo gusya. Kubura ingufu n'umuvuduko bishobora gutuma igikoresho kigabanya umuvuduko cyane iyo gishyizwemo igitutu, mu by'ukuri bikabuza uduce twa ceramic turi ku ruziga rwo gusya gukora icyo twagenewe gukora: gukuraho vuba uduce duto tw'icyuma, bityo bikagabanya ingano y'ibikoresho bishyushye byinjira mu ruziga rwo gusya.
Ibi byongera ubwinshi bw'ibintu: abakoresha imashini babona ko nta kintu kirimo gukurwaho, bityo bagakanda cyane, ibyo bigatuma habaho ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubururu. Barangiza bagasunika cyane ku buryo bashyiramo irangi ku mapine, ibyo bikabatera gukora cyane no gutanga ubushyuhe bwinshi mbere yuko bamenya ko bakeneye guhindura amapine. Iyo ukoresheje imiyoboro mito cyangwa impapuro, birangira binyuze mu bikoresho.
Birumvikana ko iyo abakoresha badahuguwe neza, ndetse n'ibikoresho byiza, iyi ngengabihe mbi ishobora kubaho, cyane cyane iyo bigeze ku gitutu bashyira ku gikoresho. Uburyo bwiza ni ukugera hafi y'umuvuduko w'icyuma gisya. Niba umukoresha akoresha icyuma gisya cya 10 amp, agomba gukanda cyane ku buryo icyuma gisya cyakuramo amp 10.
Gukoresha ammeter bishobora gufasha mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo gusya ibintu mu buryo busanzwe niba uruganda rukora ibyuma byinshi bihenze cyane. Birumvikana ko hari ibikorwa bike bikoresha ammeter buri gihe, bityo ni byiza gutega amatwi witonze. Iyo ukoresha yumvise kandi akumva RPM igabanuka vuba, ashobora kuba arimo gusunika cyane.
Kumva ibintu byoroheje cyane (ni ukuvuga igitutu gito cyane) bishobora kugorana, bityo kwitondera urujya n'uruza rw'ibishashi bishobora gufasha muri iki gihe. Gutera icyuma kidafunze neza bitanga ibishashi byijimye kurusha icyuma cya karuboni, ariko bigomba kugaragara kandi bigasohoka neza mu mwanya usanzwe uvuye aho ukorera. Iyo umukoresha abonye ibishashi bike mu buryo butunguranye, bishobora guterwa no kudakoresha imbaraga zihagije cyangwa kudashyiramo ikirahuri ku ruziga.
Abakoresha bagomba kandi kugumana inguni ihoraho yo gukora. Iyo begereye icyuma cyo gukora hafi ya iburyo (hafi iburyo n'icyuma cyo gukora), bashobora gutera ubushyuhe bwinshi; iyo begereye inguni nini cyane (hafi iburyo), bashobora guhura n'ikibazo cyo gukubita inkombe y'uruziga mu cyuma. Iyo bakoresheje uruziga rwo mu bwoko bwa 27, bagomba kwegera icyuma cyo gukora hagati ya dogere 20 na 30. Niba bafite uruziga rwo mu bwoko bwa 29, inguni yabo yo gukora igomba kuba hafi dogere 10.
Amapine yo gusya yo mu bwoko bwa 28 (yagabanutse) akoreshwa mu gusya ahantu harambuye kugira ngo akureho ibikoresho ku nzira nini zo gusya. Aya mapine yo gusya akora neza ku nguni zo hasi zo gusya (hafi dogere 5) bityo agafasha kugabanya umunaniro w'umukoresha.
Ibi bitanga ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi: guhitamo ubwoko bwiza bw'uruziga rusya. Uruziga rwo mu bwoko bwa 27 rufite aho ruhurira n'icyuma, uruziga rwo mu bwoko bwa 28 rufite umurongo uhuza bitewe n'imiterere yarwo y'impande, uruziga rwo mu bwoko bwa 29 rufite aho ruhurira n'ikindi.
Amapine yo mu bwoko bwa 27 akunze gukoreshwa muri iki gihe ashobora gukora akazi mu bice byinshi, ariko imiterere yayo ituma bigorana gukorana n'ibice byimbitse n'imirongo y'impande, nk'uduce tw'icyuma gishongeshejwe. Imiterere y'ipine yo mu bwoko bwa 29 yorohereza akazi k'abakoresha bakeneye gusya ubuso buvanze bugose kandi burambuye. Ipine yo mu bwoko bwa 29 ibikora yongera ubuso buhuza ubuso, bivuze ko umukoresha adakenera kumara igihe kinini asya ahantu hose - ingamba nziza yo kugabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Mu by’ukuri, ibi bireba uruziga urwo arirwo rwose rusya. Mu gihe cyo gusya, umukoresha ntagomba kuguma ahantu hamwe igihe kirekire. Tuvuge ko umukoresha arimo gukura icyuma mu gice cy’icyuma gifite uburebure bwa metero nyinshi. Gishobora gutwara uruziga mu buryo bugufi hejuru no hasi, ariko ibi bishobora gutuma igikoresho gishyuha cyane kuko gikomeza uruziga ahantu hato igihe kirekire. Kugira ngo agabanye uburyo bwo gushyuha, umukoresha ashobora gukoresha imashini yose mu cyerekezo kimwe ku zuru rimwe, hanyuma akazamura igikoresho (atuma igikoresho gikonja) hanyuma agashyira igikoresho mu cyerekezo kimwe ku rundi zuru. Ubundi buryo burakora, ariko bwose bufite ikintu kimwe buhuriyeho: burinda gushyuha cyane binyuze mu gutuma uruziga rusya rukomeza kugenda.
Ibi kandi bifashwa n'uburyo bukoreshwa cyane bwo "gusoka". Tuvuge ko umukoresha arimo gusya imashini ikora ku gice cy'imbere mu mwanya ugororotse. Kugira ngo agabanye ubushyuhe n'ubucukuzi bukabije, yirinze gusunika imashini ikora ku gice cy'imbere. Ahubwo, ahera ku mpera agakoresha imashini ikora ku gice cy'imbere. Ibi kandi bibuza inziga kwibira cyane mu bikoresho.
Birumvikana ko tekiniki iyo ari yo yose ishobora gushyushya icyuma cyane iyo umukoresha akoze buhoro cyane. Kora buhoro cyane kandi umukoresha azashyushya cyane igikoresho; iyo wihuta cyane, gusya bishobora gufata igihe kirekire. Kubona aho bihurira n'umuvuduko w'ibiryo akenshi bisaba ubunararibonye. Ariko iyo umukoresha atamenyereye akazi, ashobora gusya ibisigazwa kugira ngo "amenye" ​​igipimo gikwiye cy'ibiryo by'igikoresho.
Ingamba zo kurangiza zishingira ku miterere y'ubuso bw'ibikoresho uko byinjira kandi bisohoka mu gice cyo kurangiza. Garagaza aho bitangirira (imiterere y'ubuso bwabonetse) n'aho birangirira (ni ngombwa ko birangirira), hanyuma ufate gahunda yo gushaka inzira nziza hagati y'izo ngingo ebyiri.
Akenshi inzira nziza ntabwo itangirana n'umucanga ukomeye cyane. Ibi bishobora gusa n'ibinyuranye n'ibyo umuntu atekereza. N'ubundi kandi, kuki utatangirana n'umucanga ukomeye kugira ngo ubone ubuso bugoye hanyuma ugakomeza ukajya ku mucanga muto? Ese ntibyaba ari bibi cyane gutangirana n'umucanga muto cyane?
Si ngombwa ko ibi binafitanye isano n'imiterere y'igereranya. Uko grit nziza igerwaho muri buri ntambwe, conditioner isimbuza imishwaro miremire n'imishwaro myiza kurushaho. Iyo batangiriye ku mpapuro 40 zo gusiga cyangwa ifuru, bazasiga imishwaro miremire ku cyuma. Byaba byiza iyo imishwaro yegereye ubuso bugomba kurangizwa, ari nayo mpamvu hari ibikoresho 40 byo kurangiza grit. Ariko, niba umukiriya asabye kurangiza igice cya 4 (gusiga mu cyerekezo), imishwaro miremire yasigaye ku gice cya 40 ifata igihe kirekire kuyikuraho. Abanyabukorikori bakoresha grit nyinshi cyangwa bakamara igihe kinini bakoresha grit nziza kugira ngo bakureho iyo mishwaro minini kandi bayisimbuze mito. Ibi byose ntabwo ari imikorere myiza gusa, ahubwo binashyushya cyane igikoresho cyo gukora.
Birumvikana ko gukoresha ibikoresho byo gukata ku buso buto bishobora gutinda kandi, hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga ribi, bigatera ubushyuhe bwinshi. Disiki ebyiri muri imwe cyangwa zizungurutse zishobora gufasha muri ibi. Izi disiki zirimo imyenda yo gukata ivanze n'ibikoresho byo gutunganya ubuso. Zemerera umufundi gukoresha ibikoresho byo gukata imbunda mu gukuraho ibikoresho mu gihe asiga irangi ryiza.
Intambwe ikurikira mu kurangiza ishobora kuba ikoreshwa ry'imyenda idafunze, igaragaza ikindi kintu kidasanzwe cyo kurangiza: inzira ikora neza hamwe n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bihindagurika. Imashini isya inguni ikora kuri 10.000 rpm ishobora gufata ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byoroshye, ariko izashongesha burundu bimwe mu bikoresho bidafunze. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibikoresho birangiza bigabanya umuvuduko kugeza kuri 3.000-6.000 rpm mbere yo kurangiza ibikoresho bidafunze. Birumvikana ko umuvuduko nyawo uterwa n'ikoreshwa n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa. Urugero, ingoma zidafunze zisanzwe zizunguruka kuri 3.000 kugeza 4.000 rpm, mu gihe disiki zo gutunganya ubuso zisanzwe zizunguruka kuri 4.000 kugeza 6.000 rpm.
Kugira ibikoresho bikwiye (imashini zisya umuvuduko uhindagurika, ibikoresho bitandukanye byo kurangiza) no kumenya umubare mwiza w'intambwe bitanga ikarita igaragaza inzira nziza hagati y'ibikoresho byinjira n'ibyarangiye. Inzira nyayo iterwa n'ikoreshwa, ariko abakora ibikoresho by'uburambe bakurikiza iyi nzira bakoresheje uburyo busa bwo gukata.
Imizingo idafunze yuzura ubuso bw'icyuma kitagira umugozi. Kugira ngo irangire neza kandi ikoreshwe neza, ibikoresho bitandukanye birangira ku muvuduko utandukanye wo kuzenguruka.
Ubwa mbere, bifata igihe. Iyo babonye ko igice gito cy'icyuma kidashyuha kirimo gushyuha, bahagarika kurangiza ahantu hamwe bagatangirira ahandi. Cyangwa bashobora kuba bakora ku bikoresho bibiri bitandukanye icyarimwe. Kora gato kuri kimwe hanyuma ugakora ku kindi, bityo ikindi gice kigahabwa umwanya wo gukonja.
Mu gihe cyo gusiga irangi ry'indorerwamo, icyuma gisiga irangi gishobora gusiga irangi ry'indorerwamo cyangwa disiki yo gusiga irangi mu cyerekezo cyagenwe n'intambwe ibanza. Gusiga irangi ry'ikirahure bigaragaza ahantu hagomba guhuzwa n'aho habanje gushishwa, ariko ntibitume ubuso bugera ku irangi ry'indorerwamo rya #8. Iyo imigozi yose imaze gukurwaho, hazakenerwa igitambaro cyo kwambara n'agapira ko gusiga kugira ngo habeho irangi ry'ikirahure ryifuzwa.
Kugira ngo abakora ibikoresho bisoza neza, bagomba guha ibikoresho bikwiye, harimo ibikoresho nyabyo, ndetse n'ibikoresho by'itumanaho, nko gukora ingero zisanzwe kugira ngo bamenye uko irangi runaka rigomba kumera. Izi ngero (zashyizwe iruhande rw'ishami rishinzwe kurangiza, mu nyandiko z'amahugurwa, no mu nyandiko z'ubucuruzi) zifasha abantu bose kuguma ku murongo umwe.
Ku bijyanye no gukoresha ibikoresho nyabyo (harimo ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho byo gukuba), imiterere y'ibice bimwe na bimwe ishobora kugorana ndetse no ku ikipe ifite uburambe bwo kurangiza. Ibi bizafasha ibikoresho by'umwuga.
Tuvuge ko umuntu ukeneye guteranya umuyoboro w'icyuma gifunganye ufite inkuta nto. Gukoresha disiki cyangwa ingoma bishobora gutera ibibazo, gushyuha cyane, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'ahantu harambuye kuri uwo muyoboro ubwawo. Aha niho imashini zisya imikandara zagenewe imiyoboro zishobora gufasha. Umukandara utwara imizigo utwikira igice kinini cy'umuyoboro, ugakwirakwiza aho uhurira, wongera imikorere myiza kandi ukagabanya ubushyuhe. Ariko, kimwe n'ibindi byose, umufundi aracyakeneye kwimura umukandara ujyana ahandi hantu kugira ngo agabanye ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi yirinde ko ubururu buhinduka.
Ibi ni na ko bigenda no ku bindi bikoresho by’umwuga byo kurangiza. Tekereza ku gikoresho cyo gusana imikandara cyagenewe ahantu hagoye kugera. Igikoresho cyo kurangiza gishobora kugikoresha mu gukora umukandara hagati y’imbaho ​​ebyiri ku mfuruka ikarishye. Aho kwimura umukandara w’urutoki uhagaze (nk’uko woza amenyo), umutekinisiye awujyana mu buryo butambitse ku nkombe yo hejuru y’umukandara hanyuma akawujyana hepfo, akareba ko umukandara w’urutoki udahora ahantu hamwe cyane. igihe kirekire.
Gusudira, gusya no kurangiza ibyuma bitagira umugese bizana n'ikindi kibazo: kwemeza ko bidapfa gukwirakwira neza. Nyuma y'ibi byose, hari umwanda wasigaye ku buso bw'ibikoresho byabuza urwego rwa chromium rutagira umugese ku buso bwose? Ikintu cya nyuma uruganda rukeneye ni umukiriya urakaye winubira ibice byanduye cyangwa byanduye. Aha niho isuku ikwiye no gushakisha ibimenyetso.
Gusukura hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi bishobora gufasha gukuraho imyanda kugira ngo habeho koroshya neza, ariko se ni ryari isuku igomba gukorwa? Biterwa n'uko ikoreshwa. Iyo abakora isukura ibyuma bitagira umugese kugira ngo barebe ko byoroshya neza, babikora ako kanya nyuma yo gusudira. Kutabikora bivuze ko icyuma gisoza gishobora kwinjiza imyanda yo hejuru mu gikoresho kigakwirakwizwa ahandi hantu. Ariko, ku bikorwa bimwe na bimwe by'ingenzi, abakora isuku bashobora kongeramo izindi ntambwe zo gusukura—wenda ndetse no gupima ko byoroshya neza mbere yuko ibyuma bitagira umugese biva mu ruganda.
Tuvuge ko uruganda rukora ibikoresho birimo gusudira igice cy'ingenzi cy'icyuma kitagira umwanda mu nganda za kirimbuzi. Umusudi w'inzobere mu gusudira arc ya tungsten akora umushono woroshye usa neza. Ariko nanone, iyi ni ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi. Umwe mu bagize ishami risoza akoresha uburoso buhujwe na sisitemu yo gusukura amashanyarazi kugira ngo yoze ubuso bw'icyuma gisudira. Hanyuma yasukuye icyo gikoresho akoresheje agapira kadapfundikiye n'igitambaro cyo guhanagura maze byose birangira neza. Hanyuma haza uburoso bwa nyuma bufite sisitemu yo gusukura amashanyarazi. Nyuma y'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri, koresha ikizamini cyoroshye kugira ngo urebe niba igice cyafunguye neza. Ibisubizo, byanditswe kandi bikabikwa hamwe n'akazi, byagaragaje ko igice cyari cyafunguye neza mbere yo kuva mu ruganda.
Mu nganda nyinshi zikora, gusya, kurangiza no gusukura ibyuma bitagira umugese bikunze kubaho mu ntambwe zikurikira. Mu by'ukuri, akenshi bikorwa mbere gato y'uko akazi gatangwa.
Ibice by'icyuma bidakozwe neza bituma habaho bimwe mu bikoresho bihenze cyane kandi bigakorwa bundi bushya, bityo rero ni byiza ko abakora ibikoresho bongera kureba amashami yabo yo gusya no kurangiza. Kunoza imikorere yo gusya no kurangiza bifasha mu gukuraho ibibazo by'ingenzi, kunoza ubwiza, gukuraho umutwe, ndetse n'ikiruta byose, kongera kunyurwa n'abakiriya.
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