Lapho eklama uhlelo lwamapayipi okucindezela, unjiniyela oqokayo uvame ukucacisa ukuthi amapayipi ohlelo kufanele avumelane nengxenye eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ye-ASME B31 Pressure Piping Code. Onjiniyela balandela kanjani kahle izidingo zekhodi lapho beklama izinhlelo zamapayipi?
Okokuqala, unjiniyela kumele anqume ukuthi iyiphi imininingwane yomklamo okufanele ikhethwe. Ngezinhlelo zamapayipi okucindezela, lokhu akukhawulelwe ku-ASME B31. Amanye amakhodi akhishwe yi-ASME, ANSI, NFPA, noma ezinye izinhlangano ezibusayo angalawulwa yindawo yephrojekthi, uhlelo lokusebenza, njll. Ku-ASME B31, okwamanje kunezigaba eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene ezisebenzayo.
Amapayipi kagesi e-ASME B31.1: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi eziteshini zikagesi, izimboni nezikhungo, izinhlelo zokushisa ze-geothermal, kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa nokupholisa eziphakathi nezesifunda. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amapayipi angaphandle ebhoyila nangaphandle angewona amabhoyila asetshenziswa ukufaka amabhoyila e-ASME Section I. Lesi sigaba asisebenzi emishinini embozwe yi-ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, amapayipi athile okusabalalisa ukushisa nokupholisa aphansi, kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezahlukene ezichazwe esigabeni 100.1.3 se-ASME B31.1. Imvelaphi ye-ASME B31.1 ingalandelelwa emuva ngawo-1920, lapho uhlelo lokuqala olusemthethweni lwanyatheliswa ngo-1935. Qaphela ukuthi uhlelo lokuqala, kufaka phakathi izithasiselo, lwalungaphansi kwamakhasi angu-30, kanti uhlelo lwamanje lunamakhasi angaphezu kuka-300 ubude.
I-ASME B31.3 Inqubo Yamapayipi: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi ezindaweni zokucwenga; amakhemikhali, ezokwelapha, ezendwangu, amaphepha, ama-semiconductor, kanye nezitshalo ezi-cryogenic; kanye nezitshalo zokucubungula ezihambisanayo kanye nama-terminal. Lesi sigaba sifana kakhulu ne-ASME B31.1, ikakhulukazi uma kubalwa ubukhulu bodonga obuncane bepayipi eliqondile. Lesi sigaba ekuqaleni sasiyingxenye ye-B31.1 futhi sakhishwa okokuqala ngokwahlukana ngo-1959.
Izinhlelo Zokuthutha Zamapayipi ze-ASME B31.4 Zoketshezi Nodaka: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi athutha ngokuyinhloko imikhiqizo yoketshezi phakathi kwezitshalo nezindawo zokugcina, kanye nangaphakathi kwezindawo zokugcina, ukupompa, ukulungisa, kanye neziteshi zokulinganisa. Lesi sigaba ekuqaleni sasiyingxenye ye-B31.1 futhi sakhishwa okokuqala ngokwahlukana ngo-1959.
Izingxenye Zokucisha Iziqandisi ze-ASME B31.5 kanye Nokudlulisa Ukushisa: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi eziqandisi kanye nezipholile zesibili. Le ngxenye ekuqaleni yayiyingxenye ye-B31.1 futhi yakhishwa okokuqala ngokwehlukana ngo-1962.
Izinhlelo Zokudlulisa Nokusabalalisa Igesi ze-ASME B31.8: Lokhu kuhlanganisa amapayipi okuthutha imikhiqizo yegesi phakathi kwemithombo nama-terminal, okuhlanganisa ama-compressor, iziteshi zokupholisa kanye nezokukala; kanye namapayipi okuqoqa igesi. Lesi sigaba ekuqaleni sasiyingxenye ye-B31.1 futhi sakhishwa okokuqala ngokwahlukana ngo-1955.
Izinsizakalo Zokwakha ze-ASME B31.9 Amapayipi: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi avame ukutholakala ezakhiweni zezimboni, zezikhungo, zezentengiselwano, nezomphakathi; kanye nezindlu ezinamayunithi amaningi ezingadingi usayizi, ingcindezi, kanye namazinga okushisa ahlanganiswe ku-ASME B31.1. Lesi sigaba sifana ne-ASME B31.1 kanye ne-B31.3, kodwa asigcini kakhulu (ikakhulukazi uma kubalwa ubukhulu bodonga obuncane) futhi siqukethe imininingwane embalwa. Sikhawulelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwengcindezi ephansi, izinga lokushisa eliphansi njengoba kuboniswe ku-ASME B31.9 isigaba 900.1.2. Lokhu kwanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1982.
I-ASME B31.12 Amapayipi kanye Namapayipi e-Hydrogen: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi enkonzweni ye-hydrogen yegesi kanye ne-hydrogen ewuketshezi, kanye namapayipi enkonzweni ye-hydrogen yegesi. Lesi sigaba sanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-2008.
Ukuthi iyiphi ikhodi yokuklama okufanele isetshenziswe ekugcineni kuxhomeke kumnikazi. Isingeniso se-ASME B31 sithi, “Kungumthwalo wemfanelo womnikazi ukukhetha isigaba sekhodi esicishe silingane kakhulu nokufakwa kwamapayipi okuhlongozwayo.” Kwezinye izimo, “izigaba eziningi zekhodi zingasebenza ezigabeni ezahlukene zokufakwa.”
Uhlelo lwe-ASME B31.1 lwango-2012 luzosebenza njengereferensi eyinhloko yezingxoxo ezilandelayo. Inhloso yalesi sihloko ukuqondisa unjiniyela oqokayo ngezinye zezinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuklama uhlelo lwamapayipi okucindezela oluhambisana ne-ASME B31. Ukulandela iziqondiso ze-ASME B31.1 kunikeza ukumelwa okuhle komklamo wesistimu ojwayelekile. Izindlela ezifanayo zokuklama ziyasetshenziswa uma kulandelwa i-ASME B31.3 noma i-B31.9. Ingxenye esele ye-ASME B31 isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni noma ezinhlelweni ezithile, futhi ngeke kuxoxwe ngazo kabanzi. Ngenkathi izinyathelo ezibalulekile enkambisweni yokuklama zizoqokonyiswa lapha, le ngxoxo ayiphelele futhi ikhodi ephelele kufanele ihlale ibhekiselwa kuyo ngesikhathi sokuklama uhlelo. Zonke izinkomba zombhalo zibhekisela ku-ASME B31.1 ngaphandle kokuthi kuchazwe ngenye indlela.
Ngemva kokukhetha ikhodi efanele, umklami wesistimu kumele abukeze noma yiziphi izidingo zomklamo ezithile zesistimu. Isigaba 122 (Ingxenye 6) sinikeza izidingo zomklamo ezihlobene nezinhlelo ezivame ukutholakala ezinhlelweni zokufaka amapayipi kagesi, njenge-steam, amanzi okuhambisa amanzi, i-blowdown kanye ne-blowdown, amapayipi ezinsimbi, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhulula ingcindezi. I-ASME B31.3 iqukethe izigaba ezifanayo ne-ASME B31.1, kodwa ngemininingwane emincane. Okucatshangelwayo esigabeni 122 kufaka phakathi izidingo zokucindezela kanye nokushisa ezithile zesistimu, kanye nemikhawulo eyahlukene yomthetho echazwe phakathi kwebhoyila ngokwayo, amapayipi angaphandle ebhoyila, kanye namapayipi angaphandle angewona ibhoyila axhunywe kupayipi lebhoyila le-ASME Ingxenye I. incazelo. Isithombe 2 sibonisa le mikhawulo yebhoyila yedrama.
Umklami wesistimu kumele anqume ingcindezi kanye nokushisa lapho uhlelo luzosebenza khona kanye nezimo okufanele uhlelo luklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nazo.
Ngokusho kwesigaba 101.2, ingcindezi yomklamo wangaphakathi akufanele ibe ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokusebenza eqhubekayo ephezulu (MSOP) ngaphakathi kohlelo lwamapayipi, kufaka phakathi umphumela wekhanda elingaguquki. Amapayipi angaphansi kwengcindezi yangaphandle kufanele aklanyelwe ingcindezi ephezulu yokwehluka elindelekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza, ukuvala noma ukuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithelela yemvelo idinga ukucatshangelwa. Ngokusho kwesigaba 101.4, uma ukupholisa uketshezi kungenzeka kunciphise ingcindezi epayipini ibe ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomoya, ipayipi kufanele liklanywe ukuze limelane nengcindezi yangaphandle noma kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuphula i-vacuum. Ezimweni lapho ukwanda koketshezi kungandisa ingcindezi, izinhlelo zamapayipi kufanele zakhelwe ukumelana nengcindezi eyengeziwe noma kuthathwe izinyathelo zokunciphisa ingcindezi eyengeziwe.
Kusukela kuSigaba 101.3.2, izinga lokushisa lensimbi lomklamo wamapayipi kufanele limelele izimo ezilindelekile eziphakeme kakhulu eziqhubekayo. Ukuze kube lula, ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lensimbi lilingana nezinga lokushisa loketshezi. Uma kufiswa, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lensimbi lingasetshenziswa inqobo nje uma izinga lokushisa lodonga lwangaphandle laziwa. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe kakhulu uketshezi oludonswa ngama-heat exchanger noma kusuka emishinini yokushisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimo zokushisa ezimbi kakhulu ziyacatshangelwa.
Ngokuvamile, abaklami banezela umkhawulo wokuphepha ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kokusebenza kanye/noma ekushiseni. Ubukhulu bomkhawulo buxhomeke ekusetshenzisweni. Kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela imikhawulo yezinto zokwakha lapho kunqunywa izinga lokushisa lomklamo. Ukucacisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu okuklama (angaphezu kuka-750 F) kungadinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-alloy kunensimbi yekhabhoni ejwayelekile. Amanani okucindezeleka ku-Appendix A edingekayo anikezwa kuphela amazinga okushisa avumelekile entweni ngayinye. Isibonelo, insimbi yekhabhoni inganikeza kuphela amanani okucindezeleka afinyelela ku-800 F. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kwensimbi yekhabhoni emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-800 F kungabangela ukuthi ipayipi libe yi-carbon, okwenza libe buthakathaka futhi lithambekele ekuhlulekeni. Uma lisebenza ngaphezu kuka-800 F, umonakalo osheshayo wokuhamba ohlobene nensimbi yekhabhoni kufanele futhi ucatshangelwe. Bheka isigaba 124 ukuze uthole ingxoxo ephelele yemikhawulo yokushisa kwezinto zokwakha.
Ngezinye izikhathi onjiniyela bangacacisa nezingcindezi zokuhlola zesistimu ngayinye. Isigaba 137 sinikeza isiqondiso ngokuhlolwa kokucindezeleka. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic kuzochazwa ngokuphindwe ka-1.5 kwengcindezi yokuklama; noma kunjalo, ukucindezeleka kwe-hoop kanye ne-longitudinal kumapayipi akufanele kudlule u-90% wamandla okukhiqiza wezinto ezikusigaba 102.3.3 (B) ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokucindezela. Kwezinye izinhlelo zamapayipi angaphandle ezingezona ezobhoyila, ukuhlolwa kokuvuza kwangaphakathi kungaba yindlela ewusizo kakhulu yokuhlola ukuvuza ngenxa yobunzima bokuhlukanisa izingxenye zesistimu, noma ngoba nje ukucushwa kwesistimu kuvumela ukuhlolwa kokuvuza okulula ngesikhathi sesevisi yokuqala. Kuyavunywa, lokhu kuyamukeleka.
Uma izimo zokuklama sezimisiwe, amapayipi angachazwa. Into yokuqala okufanele inqunywe ukuthi iyiphi impahla okufanele isetshenziswe. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izinto ezahlukene zinemikhawulo yokushisa ehlukile. Isigaba 105 sinikeza imikhawulo eyengeziwe ezintweni ezahlukene zamapayipi. Ukukhethwa kwezinto nakho kuncike oketshezini lwesistimu, njengokusebenzisa ama-nickel alloys ekusetshenzisweni kwamapayipi amakhemikhali aqothulayo, ukusebenzisa insimbi engagqwali ukuletha umoya ohlanzekile wezinsimbi, noma ukusebenzisa insimbi yekhabhoni enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium (okungaphezu kuka-0.1%) ukuvimbela ukugqwala okusheshisa ukugeleza. Ukugqwala Okusheshisa Ukugeleza (i-FAC) kuyisenzakalo sokuguguleka/ukugqwala esiye sabonakala sibangela ukuncipha okukhulu kodonga kanye nokwehluleka kwamapayipi kwezinye zezinhlelo zamapayipi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ukwehluleka ukucabanga ngokufanele ngokuncipha kwezingxenye zamapayipi kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengango-2007 lapho ipayipi elisusa ukushisa esiteshini sikagesi se-IATAN se-KCP&L laqhuma, labulala abasebenzi ababili futhi lalimaza kakhulu owesithathu.
Isilinganiso 7 kanye nesilinganiso 9 esigabeni 104.1.1 zichaza ubukhulu bodonga obudingekayo kanye nomfutho wokuklama wangaphakathi ophezulu, ngokulandelana, wepayipi eliqondile elingaphansi komfutho wangaphakathi. Izinguquko kulezi zibalo zifaka phakathi ukucindezeleka okuphezulu okuvunyelwe (kusuka ku-Appendix A ephoqelekile), ububanzi bangaphandle bepayipi, isici sezinto (njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 104.1.2 (A)), kanye nanoma yiziphi izibonelelo ezengeziwe zobukhulu (njengoba kuchaziwe ngezansi). Njengoba kunezinguquko eziningi kangaka ezihilelekile, ukucacisa izinto ezifanele zokufaka amapayipi, ububanzi obujwayelekile, kanye nobukhulu bodonga kungaba inqubo ephindaphindayo engafaka futhi ijubane loketshezi, ukwehla komfutho, kanye nezindleko zokufaka amapayipi nokupompa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isicelo sisebenza kanjani, ubukhulu bodonga obuncane obudingekayo kumele buqinisekiswe.
Isibonelelo esengeziwe sobukhulu singangezwa ukuze kunxeshezelwe izizathu ezahlukahlukene kufaka phakathi i-FAC. Izibonelelo zingadingeka ngenxa yokususwa kwezintambo, izikhala, njll. izinto ezidingekayo ukwenza amalunga omshini. Ngokusho kwesigaba 102.4.2, isabelo esincane kufanele silingane nokujula kwentambo kanye nokubekezelelana komshini. Isibonelelo singadingeka futhi ukuze kunikezwe amandla engeziwe okuvimbela umonakalo wepayipi, ukuwohloka, ukugoba ngokweqile, noma ukugoba ngenxa yemithwalo ebekwe phezulu noma ezinye izimbangela okuxoxwe ngazo esigabeni 102.4.4. Izibonelelo zingangezwa futhi ukuze kubhekwe amalunga ahlanganisiwe (isigaba 102.4.3) kanye nezindololwane (isigaba 102.4.5). Okokugcina, ukubekezelelana kungangezwa ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukugqwala kanye/noma ukuguguleka. Ubukhulu balesi sibonelelo bungokwalokho okufunwa ngumklami futhi buzohambisana nokuphila okulindelekile kwepayipi ngokuhambisana nesigaba 102.4.1.
I-Annex IV yokuzikhethela inikeza isiqondiso ngokulawula ukugqwala. Izimbozo zokuvikela, ukuvikelwa kwe-cathodic, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kukagesi (njengokufaka ama-flange okuvikela) konke kuyizindlela zokuvimbela ukugqwala kwangaphandle kwamapayipi agqitshwe noma angaphansi kwamanzi. Izithibi zokugqwala noma ama-liners angasetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwangaphakathi. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukusebenzisa amanzi okuhlola e-hydrostatic ahlanzekile futhi, uma kudingeka, ukukhipha amanzi ngokuphelele emapayipini ngemva kokuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic.
Ubukhulu bodonga lwepayipi noma ishejuli edingekayo ekubalweni kwangaphambilini kungenzeka kungabi njalo kulo lonke ububanzi bepayipi futhi kungadinga imininingwane yamashejuli ahlukene obubanzi obuhlukene. Amanani eshejuli afanele kanye nobukhulu bodonga achazwe ku-ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Steel Forged Pipe.
Uma ucacisa izinto zepayipi futhi wenza izibalo okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanani aphezulu okucindezeleka avumelekile asetshenziswa ekubaleni afana nezinto ezichaziwe. Isibonelo, uma ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali le-A312 304L lichazwe ngokungalungile esikhundleni sepayipi lensimbi engagqwali le-A312 304, ubukhulu bodonga obunikeziwe bungase bunganele ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu emananini aphezulu okucindezeleka avumelekile phakathi kwezinto ezimbili. Ngokufanayo, indlela yokukhiqiza ipayipi kufanele ichazwe ngokufanele. Isibonelo, uma inani eliphakeme lokucindezeleka elivumelekile lepayipi elingenamthungo lisetshenziswa ekubaleni, ipayipi elingenamthungo kufanele lichazwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umenzi/umfakisi anganikeza ipayipi elihlanganisiwe elinomthungo, okungaholela ekungabini ukujiya kodonga ngenxa yamanani aphansi okucindezeleka avumelekile.
Isibonelo, ake sithi izinga lokushisa lomklamo wepayipi lingu-300 F kanti ingcindezi yomklamo ingu-1,200 psig.2″ kanye no-3″. Kuzosetshenziswa ucingo lwensimbi ye-carbon (A53 Grade B olungenamthungo). Nquma uhlelo olufanele lokufaka amapayipi ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo ze-ASME B31.1 Equation 9. Okokuqala, izimo zomklamo ziyachazwa:
Okulandelayo, nquma amanani aphezulu okucindezeleka avumelekile e-A53 Grade B emazingeni okushisa okuklama angenhla avela kuThebula A-1. Qaphela ukuthi inani lepayipi elingenamthungo lisetshenziswa ngoba ipayipi elingenamthungo licacisiwe:
Isibonelelo sobukhulu kumele sengezwe. Kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, i-1/16 intshi. Isibonelelo sokugqwala sicatshangwa. Ukubekezelelana okuhlukile kokugaya kuzongezwa kamuva.
Amasentimitha angu-3. Ipayipi lizocaciswa kuqala. Uma ucabanga ngepayipi le-Schedule 40 kanye nokubekezelelana kokugaya okungu-12.5%, bala ingcindezi ephezulu:
Ipayipi leShejuli 40 liyanelisa ipayipi elingamasentimitha angu-3. Ezimweni zomklamo ezichazwe ngenhla. Okulandelayo, hlola amasentimitha angu-2. Ipayipi lisebenzisa izibikezelo ezifanayo:
Amasentimitha angu-2. Ngaphansi kwezimo zomklamo ezichazwe ngenhla, amapayipi azodinga ubukhulu bodonga obukhulu kunoSheduli 40. Zama amasentimitha angu-2. Hlela Amapayipi angu-80:
Nakuba ubukhulu bodonga lwamapayipi buvame ukuba yisici esivimbelayo ekwakhiweni kwengcindezi, kusabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezifakiwe, izingxenye kanye nokuxhumeka okusetshenzisiwe kufaneleka ezimweni zomklamo ezibekiwe.
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ngokuhambisana nezigaba 104.2, 104.7.1, 106 kanye no-107, wonke ama-valve, izinto zokufaka kanye nezinye izingxenye eziqukethe ingcindezi ezenziwe ngokwezindinganiso ezibalwe kuThebula 126.1 kuzobhekwa njengezifanele ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile noma ngaphansi kwalezo zindinganiso izilinganiso zokushisa kwengcindezi ezichazwe ku-.Abasebenzisi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi uma amazinga athile noma abakhiqizi bengase babeke imikhawulo eqinile ekuphambukeni ekusebenzeni okuvamile kunaleyo echazwe ku-ASME B31.1, imikhawulo eqinile izosebenza.
Ezimpambanweni zamapayipi, kunconywa ama-tee, ama-cross, ama-cross, ama-cross, ama-branch welded joints, njll., akhiqizwe ngokwezindinganiso ezibalwe kuThebula 126.1. Kwezinye izimo, ama-cross cross angadinga ukuxhumana kwamagatsha okuhlukile. Isigaba 104.3.1 sinikeza izidingo ezengeziwe zokuxhumeka kwamagatsha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona izinto zokufaka amapayipi ezanele ukumelana nengcindezi.
Ukuze kube lula umklamo, umklami angakhetha ukusetha izimo zomklamo eziphakeme ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesilinganiso se-flange sesigaba esithile sokucindezela (isb. isigaba se-ASME 150, 300, njll.) njengoba kuchazwe yisigaba sokushisa kokucindezela kwezinto ezithile ezichazwe ku-ASME B16.5 Ama-flange amapayipi namajoyinti e-flange, noma amazinga afanayo abhalwe kuThebula 126.1. Lokhu kuyamukeleka uma nje kungabangela ukwanda okungadingekile kobukhulu bodonga noma eminye imiklamo yezingxenye.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yomklamo wamapayipi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuqotho besakhiwo sohlelo lwamapayipi bugcinwa uma imiphumela yokucindezela, izinga lokushisa kanye namandla angaphandle esetshenziswa. Ubuqotho besakhiwo sesistimu buvame ukunganakwa enqubweni yokuklama futhi, uma bungenziwanga kahle, bungaba enye yezingxenye ezibiza kakhulu zomklamo. Ubuqotho besakhiwo buxoxwa kakhulu ezindaweni ezimbili, Isigaba 104.8: Ukuhlaziywa Kwengxenye Yepayipi kanye Nesigaba 119: Ukwanda Nokuguquguquka.
Isigaba 104.8 sibala amafomula ekhodi ayisisekelo asetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi uhlelo lwamapayipi ludlula yini ukucindezeleka okuvunyelwe yikhodi. Lezi zilinganiso zekhodi zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imithwalo eqhubekayo, imithwalo yesikhashana, kanye nemithwalo yokufuduka. Umthwalo oqhubekayo uwumphumela wokucindezela kanye nesisindo ohlelweni lwamapayipi. Imithwalo yesikhashana yimithwalo eqhubekayo kanye nemithwalo yomoya engaba khona, imithwalo yokuzamazama komhlaba, imithwalo yendawo kanye neminye imithwalo yesikhashana. Kucatshangwa ukuthi umthwalo ngamunye wesikhashana osetshenziswayo ngeke usebenze kweminye imithwalo yesikhashana ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngakho umthwalo ngamunye wesikhashana uzoba yicala lomthwalo ohlukile ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa. Imithwalo yokufuduka iyimiphumela yokukhula kokushisa, ukufuduka kwemishini ngesikhathi sokusebenza, noma yimuphi omunye umthwalo wokufuduka.
Isigaba 119 sixoxa ngendlela yokusingatha ukunwetshwa kwamapayipi kanye nokuguquguquka kwezinhlelo zamapayipi kanye nendlela yokunquma imithwalo yokusabela. Ukuguquguquka kwezinhlelo zamapayipi kuvame ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumeni kwemishini, njengoba ukuxhumana okuningi kwemishini kungamelana kuphela nenani elincane lamandla kanye nomzuzu osetshenziswa endaweni yokuxhuma. Ezimweni eziningi, ukukhula kokushisa kwesistimu yamapayipi kunomthelela omkhulu kumthwalo wokusabela, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukulawula ukukhula kokushisa ohlelweni ngokufanele.
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuguquguquka kohlelo lwamapayipi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lusekelwa kahle, kuwumkhuba omuhle ukusekela amapayipi ensimbi ngokuhambisana neThebula 121.5. Uma umklami elwela ukuhlangabezana nesikhala sokusekela esijwayelekile saleli thebula, ufeza izinto ezintathu: kunciphisa ukuphambuka kwesisindo sakho, kunciphisa imithwalo eqhubekayo, futhi kwandisa ukucindezeleka okutholakalayo kwemithwalo yokuphambuka. Uma umklami ebeka ukwesekwa ngokuhambisana neThebula 121.5, ngokuvamile kuzoholela ngaphansi kwe-1/8 intshi yokuphambuka kwesisindo sakho noma ukugoba phakathi kwezisekeli zethubhu. Ukunciphisa ukuphambuka kwesisindo sakho kusiza ukunciphisa amathuba okufinyela kwamapayipi athwala umusi noma igesi. Ukulandela izincomo zesikhala kuThebula 121.5 kuvumela nomklami ukuthi anciphise ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo kumapayipi kube cishe ngu-50% wenani elivumelekile lekhodi eliqhubekayo. Ngokusho kwe-Equation 1B, ukucindezeleka okuvunyelwe kwemithwalo yokuphambuka kuhlobene ngokuphambene nemithwalo eqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokunciphisa umthwalo oqhubekayo, ukubekezelela ukucindezeleka kokuphambuka kungakhuliswa. Isikhala esinconywayo sezisekeli zamapayipi siboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithwalo yokusabela kwesistimu yamapayipi icatshangelwe kahle nokuthi ukucindezeleka kwekhodi kuyahlangatshezwana nakho, indlela evamile ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kokucindezeleka kwamapayipi okusiza ngekhompyutha kwesistimu. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamaphakheji esofthiwe yokuhlaziya ukucindezeleka kwamapayipi atholakalayo, njenge-Bentley AutoPIPE, i-Intergraph Caesar II, i-Piping Solutions Tri-Flex, noma enye yamaphakheji atholakala kwezentengiselwano. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kokucindezeleka kwamapayipi okusiza ngekhompyutha ukuthi kuvumela umklami ukuthi adale imodeli yesici esinqunyiwe yesistimu yamapayipi ukuze kube lula ukuqinisekisa kanye nekhono lokwenza izinguquko ezidingekayo ekucushweni. Isithombe 4 sibonisa isibonelo sokumodela nokuhlaziya ingxenye yepayipi.
Lapho beklama uhlelo olusha, abaklami bezinhlelo bavame ukucacisa ukuthi wonke amapayipi kanye nezingxenye kufanele kwenziwe, kuhlanganiswe, kuhlanganiswe, njll. njengoba kudingeka kunoma iyiphi ikhodi esetshenziswayo. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izinto ezibuyekeziwe noma ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, kungaba yinzuzo kunjiniyela oqokiwe ukunikeza isiqondiso ngamasu athile okukhiqiza, njengoba kuchaziwe eSahlukweni V.
Inkinga evamile ehlangana nayo ekusetshenzisweni kokulungisa kabusha ukushisa kwe-weld (isigaba 131) kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld (isigaba 132). Phakathi kwezinye izinzuzo, lokhu kwelashwa kokushisa kusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka, ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka, nokwandisa amandla e-weld. Izinto ezithinta izidingo zokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-pre-weld kanye ne-post-weld zifaka, kodwa azikhawulelwe kulokhu, okulandelayo: Ukuqoqwa kwenombolo ye-P, i-chemistry yezinto, kanye nobukhulu bezinto ezikujoyintini okufanele zifakwe. Izinto ngazinye ezibalwe ku-Appendix A ephoqelekile zinenombolo ye-P ebekiwe. Ngokufudumeza kwangaphambili, isigaba 131 sinikeza izinga lokushisa elincane okufanele insimbi eyisisekelo ifudunyezwe ngalo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukufudumeza. Ku-PWHT, Ithebula 132 linikeza ububanzi bokushisa bokubamba kanye nobude besikhathi sokubamba indawo yokufudumeza. Amazinga okushisa nokupholisa, izindlela zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa, amasu okushisa, kanye nezinye izinqubo kufanele zilandele ngokuqinile iziqondiso ezibekwe kukhodi. Imiphumela emibi engalindelekile endaweni efakwe i-weld ingenzeka ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuphatha ukushisa kahle.
Enye indawo engaba yinkinga ezinhlelweni zamapayipi acindezelwe ukugoba kwamapayipi. Amapayipi agobayo angabangela ukuncipha kodonga, okuholela ekungangeni kobukhulu bodonga. Ngokusho kwesigaba 102.4.5, ikhodi ivumela ukugoba inqobo nje uma ubukhulu bodonga obuncane buhlangabezana nefomula efanayo esetshenziswa ukubala ubukhulu bodonga obuncane bepayipi eliqondile. Ngokuvamile, isabelo sengezwa ukuze kubhekwe ubukhulu bodonga. Ithebula 102.4.5 linikeza izibonelelo zokunciphisa ukugoba ezinconywayo zama-radii ahlukene okugoba. Ukugoba kungadinga nokwelashwa kokushisa kwangaphambi kokugoba kanye/noma ngemva kokugoba. Isigaba 129 sinikeza isiqondiso ekwenziweni kwezindololwane.
Ezinhlelweni eziningi zokufaka amapayipi okucindezela, kuyadingeka ukufaka ivalvu yokuphepha noma ivalvu yokusiza ukuvimbela ukucindezeleka ngokweqile ohlelweni. Kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, iSithasiselo II esingakhethwa: Imithetho Yokuklama Ukufakwa Kwevalvu Yokuphepha iyinsiza ewusizo kakhulu kodwa ngezinye izikhathi engaziwa kakhulu.
Ngokuvumelana nesigaba II-1.2, amavalvu okuphepha abonakala ngesenzo sokuvuleka esivulekile ngokuphelele sesevisi yegesi noma umusi, kuyilapho amavalvu okuphepha evulekile uma kuqhathaniswa nengcindezi engaguquki ephezulu futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni uketshezi.
Amayunithi e-valve yokuphepha abonakala ngokuthi ayizinhlelo zokukhipha ezivulekile noma ezivaliwe. Ku-exhaust evulekile, indololwane ekuphumeni kwe-valve yokuphepha ivame ukuphumela epayipini lokukhipha umoya iye emoyeni. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuzoholela ekucindezelweni okuncane kwangemuva. Uma kudalwa ingcindezi eyanele yangemuva epayipini lokukhipha umoya, ingxenye yegesi yokukhipha umoya ingakhishwa noma ibuyiselwe emuva ekugcineni kokungena kwepayipi lokukhipha umoya. Usayizi wepayipi lokukhipha umoya kufanele ube mkhulu ngokwanele ukuvimbela ukuqhuma. Ezisetshenzisweni zomoya ovaliwe, ingcindezi iyanqwabelana endaweni yokukhipha umoya ngenxa yokucindezelwa komoya emgqeni womoya ovulekile, okungabangela ukuthi amagagasi okucindezela asakazeke. Esigabeni II-2.2.2, kunconywa ukuthi ingcindezi yomklamo womugqa wokukhipha umoya ovaliwe okungenani ibe nkulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunomfutho wokusebenza ozinzile. Izibalo 5 no-6 zibonisa ukufakwa kwe-valve yokuphepha okuvulekile nokuvaliwe, ngokulandelana.
Ukufakwa kwamavalvu okuphepha kungaba ngaphansi kwamandla ahlukahlukene njengoba kufingqiwe esigabeni II-2. Lawa mandla afaka imiphumela yokwanda kokushisa, ukusebenzisana kwamavalvu amaningi okusiza aphuma ngesikhathi esisodwa, imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba kanye/noma yokudlidliza, kanye nemiphumela yokucindezela ngesikhathi semicimbi yokunciphisa ingcindezi. Nakuba ingcindezi yokuklama eya endaweni yokukhipha ivalvu yokuphepha kufanele ifane nengcindezi yokuklama yepayipi eliya phansi, ingcindezi yokuklama ohlelweni lokukhipha incike ekucushweni kwesistimu yokukhipha kanye nezici zevalvu yokuphepha. Izilinganiso zinikezwe esigabeni II-2.2 sokunquma ingcindezi kanye nesivinini endololwaneni yokukhipha, ukungena kwepayipi lokukhipha, kanye nendawo yokukhipha ipayipi yezinhlelo zokukhipha ezivulekile nezivaliwe. Kusetshenziswa lolu lwazi, amandla okusabela ezindaweni ezahlukene ohlelweni lokukhipha igesi angabalwa futhi abalwe.
Inkinga eyisibonelo yesicelo sokukhipha amanzi avulekile inikezwe esigabeni II-7. Kunezinye izindlela zokubala izici zokugeleza ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi kuma-valve okusiza, futhi umfundi uyaxwayiswa ukuthi aqinisekise ukuthi indlela esetshenzisiwe igcinwa kahle ngokwanele. Enye indlela enjalo ichazwe ngu-GS Liao ku-“Power Plant Safety and Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Group Analysis” eyanyatheliswa yi-ASME ku-Journal of Electrical Engineering, ngo-Okthoba 1975.
Indawo yevalvu yokuphepha kufanele igcine ibanga elincane kakhulu lepayipi eliqondile kusuka kunoma yikuphi ukugoba. Leli banga elincane kakhulu lincike kusevisi kanye nejiyomethri yesistimu njengoba kuchaziwe esigabeni II-5.2.1. Ngokufakwa kwamavalvu amaningi okusiza, isikhala esinconywayo sokuxhumeka kwegatsha levalvu sincike ku-radii yegatsha kanye namapayipi esevisi, njengoba kuboniswe kuNothi (10)(c) leThebula D-1. Ngokuhambisana nesigaba II-5.7.1, kungadingeka ukuxhuma izisekelo zamapayipi ezitholakala ekukhishweni kwevalvu yokusiza kumapayipi asebenzayo kunesakhiwo esiseduze ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yokwanda kokushisa kanye nokusebenzisana kokuzamazama komhlaba. Isifinyezo salokhu kanye nokunye okucatshangelwayo ekwakhiweni kwezinhlangano zamavalvu okuphepha singatholakala esigabeni II-5.
Ngokusobala, akunakwenzeka ukumboza zonke izidingo zokuklama ze-ASME B31 ngaphakathi kobubanzi balesi sihloko. Kodwa noma yimuphi unjiniyela oqokiwe ohilelekile ekwakhiweni kohlelo lwamapayipi okucindezela kufanele okungenani ajwayelene nale khodi yokuklama. Ngethemba ukuthi, ngolwazi olungenhla, abafundi bazothola i-ASME B31 iwumthombo owusizo futhi ofinyeleleka kalula.
UMonte K. Engelkemier ungumholi wephrojekthi kwaStanley Consultants. U-Engelkemier uyilungu le-Iowa Engineering Society, NSPE, kanye ne-ASME, futhi ukhonza kwiKomidi le-B31.1 Electrical Piping Code kanye neKomidi Elincane. Uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-12 yesipiliyoni sokusebenza ngezandla ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yamapayipi, ukuklama, ukuhlola ukuqina kanye nokuhlaziya ukucindezeleka. UMatt Wilkey unguNjiniyela Wemishini kwaStanley Consultants. Uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-6 yesipiliyoni sobungcweti sokuklama izinhlelo zamapayipi zamakhasimende ahlukahlukene awusizo, omasipala, ezikhungo kanye nezimboni futhi uyilungu le-ASME kanye ne-Iowa Engineering Society.
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