Pakugadzira sisitimu yepombi yekumanikidza, mainjiniya anogadza anowanzo taura kuti pombi yesisitimu inofanira kuenderana nechikamu chimwe kana kupfuura cheASME B31 Pressure Piping Code. Mainjiniya anotevedzera sei zvinodiwa nekodhi pakugadzira masisitimu epombi?
Kutanga, mainjiniya anofanira kusarudza kuti ndeapi magadzirirwo anofanirwa kusarudzwa. Kune masisitimu epombi dzinomanikidzwa, izvi hazvingogumiri paASME B31 chete. Mamwe makodhi anoburitswa neASME, ANSI, NFPA, kana mamwe masangano anotonga anogona kutongwa nenzvimbo yepurojekiti, mashandisirwo, nezvimwewo. MuASME B31, pari zvino kune zvikamu zvinomwe zvakasiyana zviri kushanda.
ASME B31.1 Mapaipi Emagetsi: Chikamu chino chinosanganisira mapaipi muzviteshi zvemagetsi, maindasitiri nemasangano, masisitimu ekupisa epasi pevhu, uye masisitimu ekupisa nekutonhodza epakati nepakati. Izvi zvinosanganisira mapaipi ekunze ebhoyila uye asiri ebhoyila anoshandiswa kuisa mabhoyila eASME Section I. Chikamu ichi hachishande kumidziyo inofukidzwa neASME Boiler nePressure Vessel Code, mamwe mapaipi ekupisa nekutonhodza ane pressure yakaderera, uye mamwe masisitimu akasiyana-siyana anotsanangurwa mundima 100.1.3 yeASME B31.1. Kwakatangira ASME B31.1 kunogona kuteverwa kumashure kusvika kuma1920, nechinyorwa chekutanga chepamutemo chakaburitswa muna 1935. Cherechedza kuti chinyorwa chekutanga, kusanganisira zvinyorwa, chaive nemapeji asingasviki makumi matatu, uye chinyorwa chazvino chine mapeji anopfuura mazana matatu.
ASME B31.3 Mapombi Ekugadzirisa: Chikamu chino chinosanganisira mapaipi mufekitori; makemikari, mishonga, machira, mapepa, semiconductor, uye cryogenic plants; uye makambani ekugadzirisa akabatana neaya uye materminals. Chikamu chino chakafanana zvikuru neASME B31.1, kunyanya pakuverenga ukobvu hwemadziro hushoma hwepombi yakatwasuka. Chikamu ichi pakutanga chaive chikamu cheB31.1 uye chakaburitswa chakasiyana muna 1959.
ASME B31.4 Masisitimu Ekufambisa Mapaipi Emvura Netsvina: Chikamu chino chinosanganisira mapaipi anotakura zvinhu zvemvura pakati pemafekitori nemidziyo, uye mukati memidziyo, nzvimbo dzekupomba, dzekutonhodza, uye nzvimbo dzekuyera. Chikamu ichi pakutanga chaive chikamu cheB31.1 uye chakaburitswa chakasiyana muna 1959.
ASME B31.5 Mapaipi eRefrigeration uye Zvikamu zveHeat Transfer: Chikamu chino chinosanganisira mapaipi erefrigerants uye zvimwe zvinotonhodza. Chikamu ichi pakutanga chaive chikamu cheB31.1 uye chakaburitswa chakasiyana muna 1962.
ASME B31.8 Mapaipi Ekutumira Nekugovera Gas: Izvi zvinosanganisira mapaipi ekutakura zvinhu zvine gasi pakati penzvimbo nenzvimbo dzemagetsi, kusanganisira macompressor, nzvimbo dzekutonhodza nedzekuyera; uye mapaipi ekuunganidza gasi. Chikamu ichi pakutanga chaive chikamu cheB31.1 uye chakaburitswa chakasiyana muna 1955.
ASME B31.9 Mabasa Ekuvaka Mapaipi: Chikamu chino chinosanganisira mapombi anowanzo kuwanikwa muzvivakwa zvemaindasitiri, zvemasangano, zvemabhizinesi, uye zveveruzhinji; uye dzimba dzine mayuniti akawanda dzisingade saizi, kumanikidzwa, uye tembiricha dzinofukidzwa muASME B31.1. Chikamu chino chakafanana neASME B31.1 neB31.3, asi hachina kunyanya kuchengetedzeka (kunyanya pakuverenga ukobvu hwemadziro hushoma) uye hachina ruzivo rwakawanda. Chinongogumira pakushandiswa kwesimba rakaderera, tembiricha yakaderera sezvakaratidzwa muASME B31.9 ndima 900.1.2. Izvi zvakatanga kuburitswa muna 1982.
ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Pipes and Piping: Chikamu chino chinotaura nezvemapombi mugaseous and liquid hydrogen service, uye mapombi mugaseous hydrogen service. Chikamu chino chakaburitswa kekutanga muna 2008.
Kodhi ipi yekugadzira inofanira kushandiswa inotsamira pamuridzi. Sumo yeASME B31 inoti, "Ibasa remuridzi kusarudza chikamu chekodhi chinonyatsoenderana nekuisa pombi kwakarongwa." Mune zvimwe zviitiko, "zvikamu zvakawanda zvekodhi zvinogona kushanda kuzvikamu zvakasiyana zvekuisa."
Chinyorwa che2012 cheASME B31.1 chichava chinhu chikuru chekutaura nezvenyaya dzinotevera. Chinangwa chechinyorwa chino ndechekutungamira mainjiniya anogadza kuburikidza nemamwe matanho makuru ekugadzira sisitimu yepombi yepressure inoenderana neASME B31. Kutevedzera nhungamiro dzeASME B31.1 kunopa mufananidzo wakanaka wekugadzirwa kwesystem. Nzira dzakafanana dzekugadzira dzinoshandiswa kana ASME B31.3 kana B31.9 ikateverwa. Chikamu chasara cheASME B31 chinoshandiswa mumashandisirwo akamanikana, kunyanya kune masisitimu kana mashandisirwo chaiwo, uye hachizokurukurwa zvakanyanya. Kunyange hazvo matanho akakosha mukugadzirwa achasimbiswa pano, hurukuro iyi haina kukwana uye kodhi yakazara inofanira kugara ichitariswa panguva yekugadzira sisitimu. Mareferensi ese ezvinyorwa anoreva ASME B31.1 kunze kwekunge zvataurwa neimwe nzira.
Mushure mekusarudza kodhi chaiyo, mugadziri wesystem anofanirawo kuongorora chero zvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvinoenderana nesystem. Ndima 122 (Chikamu 6) inopa zvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvine chekuita nesystems dzinowanzo kuwanikwa mumagetsi ekushandisa, senge steam, feedwater, blowdown and blowdown, instrumentation piping, uye pressure relief systems. ASME B31.3 ine ndima dzakafanana neASME B31.1, asi isina ruzivo rwakawanda. Pfungwa dziri mundima 122 dzinosanganisira zvinodiwa zvesystem-specific pressure and tembiricha, pamwe chete nemiganhu yakasiyana-siyana yekutonga yakatsanangurwa pakati peboiler pachayo, boiler external piping, uye non-boiler external piping yakabatana neASME Part I boiler piping. tsananguro. Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza miganho iyi yeboiler yedhiramu.
Mugadziri wesystem anofanira kuona kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha iyo system ichashanda uye mamiriro ayo system inofanira kugadzirwa kuti isangane nawo.
Zvinoenderana nendima 101.2, kumanikidzwa kwemukati mekugadzira hakufanirwe kuva pasi pesimba guru rekushanda rinoramba richienderera mberi (MSOP) mukati mehurongwa hwemapaipi, kusanganisira simba remusoro usingachinji. Mapaipi anoiswa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwekunze anofanira kugadzirwa kuti akwanise kumanikidzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kunotarisirwa pasi pemamiriro ekushanda, kuvharwa kana kuyedzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunofanirwa kufungwa. Zvinoenderana nendima 101.4, kana kutonhora kwemvura kuchigona kuderedza kumanikidzwa mupaipi kusvika pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, pombi inofanira kugadzirwa kuti igone kumanikidzwa kwekunze kana matanho anofanira kutorwa kuti iputse vacuum. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kuwedzera kwemvura kunogona kuwedzera kumanikidzwa, masisitimu emapaipi anofanira kugadzirwa kuti agone kumanikidzwa kwakawedzerwa kana matanho anofanira kutorwa kuti aderedze kumanikidzwa kwakawandisa.
Kutanga muChikamu 101.3.2, tembiricha yesimbi yekugadzira mapaipi inofanira kunge inomiririra mamiriro epamusoro anotarisirwa. Kuti zvive nyore, zvinowanzo fungidzirwa kuti tembiricha yesimbi yakaenzana netembiricha yemvura. Kana zvichidikanwa, tembiricha yesimbi inogona kushandiswa chero bedzi tembiricha yekunze ichizivikanwa. Kunyanya kutarisirwa kunofanirawo kupihwa kune mvura inotorwa kuburikidza nekupisa kana kubva mumidziyo yekupisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mamiriro ekupisa akaipisisa anotariswa.
Kazhinji, vagadziri vanowedzera mukana wekuchengetedza kune simba guru rekushanda uye/kana tembiricha. Hukuru hwemuganho hunoenderana nekushandiswa. Zvakakoshawo kufunga nezvezvipingamupinyi zvezvinhu pakusarudza tembiricha yedhizaini. Kutsanangura tembiricha yepamusoro yedhizaini (inopfuura 750 F) kungada kushandiswa kwezvinhu zve alloy pane simbi yakajairwa yekabhoni. Hunhu hwekumanikidzwa huri muMandatory Appendix A hunongopihwa chete kune tembiricha inobvumirwa yezvinhu zvese. Semuenzaniso, simbi yekabhoni inogona kungopa hunhu hwekushushikana kusvika ku800 F. Kugara kwenguva refu kwesimbi yekabhoni patembiricha dziri pamusoro pe800 F kunogona kukonzera kuti pombi iite kabhoni, zvichiita kuti inyanye kuputsika uye ikwanise kukundikana. Kana ichishanda pamusoro pe800 F, kukuvara kukuru kunokonzerwa nesimbi yekabhoni kunofanirawo kufungwa nezvako. Ona ndima 124 kuti uwane hurukuro yakazara yemiganhu yetembiricha yezvinhu.
Dzimwe nguva mainjiniya vanogonawo kutsanangura kumanikidzwa kwekuyedza kwesystem yega yega. Ndima 137 inopa gwara rekuyedza kushushikana. Kazhinji, kuyedza kwe hydrostatic kuchatsanangurwa ka1.5 kakapetwa kumanikidzwa kwedhizaini; zvisinei, hoop uye kumanikidzwa kwenguva refu mupombi hazvifanirwe kudarika 90% yesimba rekubudirira kwezvinhu zviri mundima 102.3.3 (B) panguva yekuyedza kumanikidzwa. Kune mamwe masisitimu ekunze epombi asiri eboiler, kuyedza kudonha kwemvura mukati mebasa kungave nzira inoshanda yekutarisa kudonha kwemvura nekuda kwekuoma kwezvikamu zvesystem, kana kungoti gadziriro yesystem inobvumira kuyedza kudonha kwemvura nyore panguva yekutanga. Tinobvumirana, izvi zvinogamuchirwa.
Kana mamiriro ekugadzira angoonekwa, mapaipi anogona kutsanangurwa. Chinhu chekutanga kusarudza ndechekuti ndechipi chinhu chekushandisa. Sezvambotaurwa, zvinhu zvakasiyana zvine miganhu yakasiyana yekupisa. Ndima 105 inopa mimwe mitemo pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemapaipi. Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvinoenderanawo nemvura yemuchina, zvakaita sekushandisa nickel alloys mukushandisa makemikari emuchina, kushandisa simbi isina tsvina kuendesa mweya wakachena, kana kushandisa simbi ine chromium yakawanda (inopfuura 0.1%) kudzivirira ngura inokurumidza kuyerera. Kuyerera Kunoka/Kuora kwemvura (FAC) chiitiko chekukukurwa kwemvura/kuora chakaratidzwa kuti chinokonzera kutetepa kwemadziro zvakanyanya uye kutadza kwepaipi mune mamwe masisitimu emapaipi akakosha. Kukundikana kufunga zvakanaka nezvekutetepa kwezvikamu zvepaipi kunogona uye kwakava nemigumisiro yakakomba, senge muna 2007 apo pombi yekudziisa kupisa pachiteshi chemagetsi cheKCP&L cheIATAN yakaputika, ikauraya vashandi vaviri uye ikakuvadza zvakanyanya mumwe wevatatu.
Equation 7 neEquation 9 mundima 104.1.1 zvinotsanangura ukobvu hwemadziro hunodiwa uye kumanikidzwa kwemukati, zvichiteerana, kwepombi yakatwasuka iri pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemukati. Zvimiro zviri muequation idzi zvinosanganisira kushushikana kwakanyanya kunobvumidzwa (kubva kuMandatory Appendix A), dhayamita yekunze yepombi, chinhu chekushandisa (sezvinoratidzwa muTafura 104.1.2 (A)), uye chero humwe hukobvu hwakawedzerwa (sezvakatsanangurwa pazasi). Nezvimiro zvakawanda zvakadaro zvinobatanidzwa, kutsanangura zvinhu zvepombi zvakakodzera, dhayamita yezita, uye ukobvu hwemadziro kunogona kuva maitiro anodzokororwa anogona kusanganisirawo kumhanya kwemvura, kudonha kwekumanikidzwa, uye mari yepombi nekupomba. Pasinei nekushandiswa, ukobvu hwemadziro hunodiwa hunofanira kusimbiswa.
Imwe nzira yekukobvu inogona kuwedzerwa kuti itsive zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira FAC. Mari inogona kudiwa nekuda kwekubviswa kweshinda, mipata, nezvimwewo zvinodiwa pakugadzira majoini emakanika. Sekureva kwendima 102.4.2, mari shoma inofanira kuenzana nekudzika kweshinda pamwe nekushivirira machining. Mari inogona kudiwawo kuti ipe simba rekudzivirira kukuvara kwepombi, kuputsika, kudonha zvakanyanya, kana kubhururuka nekuda kwemitoro yakasungirirwa kana zvimwe zvikonzero zvakakurukurwa mundima 102.4.4. Mari inogonawo kuwedzerwa kuti itsive majoini akasungirirwa (ndima 102.4.3) uye magokora (ndima 102.4.5). Chekupedzisira, mari yekushivirira inogona kuwedzerwa kuti itsive ngura uye/kana kukurwa kwevhu. Ukobvu hwemari iyi hunobva mukusarudza kwemugadziri uye hunofanira kuenderana nehupenyu hunotarisirwa hwepombi zvichienderana nendima 102.4.1.
Chinyorwa cheAnx IV chinopa gwara rekudzivirira ngura. Machira ekudzivirira, dziviriro ye cathodic, uye kupatsanurwa kwemagetsi (senge ma insulation flanges) inzira dzese dzekudzivirira ngura yekunze yemapaipi akavigwa kana akafukidzwa nemhepo. Zvidziviriro zvengura kana ma liners zvinogona kushandiswa kudzivirira ngura yemukati. Kungwarira kunofanirawo kutorwa pakushandisa mvura ye hydrostatic test yakachena uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kubvisa mvura yese mupombi mushure me hydrostatic test.
Ukobvu hwemadziro epombi hushoma kana purogiramu inodiwa pakuverenga kwekare ingasave yakafanana padhayamita yepombi uye inogona kuda tsanangudzo dzehurongwa hwakasiyana hwedhayamita dzakasiyana. Hunhu hwakakodzera hwehurongwa uye ukobvu hwemadziro hunotsanangurwa muASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Forged Steel Pipe.
Pakutsanangura zvinhu zvepombi uye kuita maverengero akambotaurwa, zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwesimba rinobvumidzwa hunoshandiswa mukuverenga hunoenderana nezvinhu zvakatarwa. Semuenzaniso, kana pombi yesimbi isina ngura yeA312 304L isina kutaurwa zvisizvo panzvimbo pepombi yesimbi isina ngura yeA312 304, ukobvu hwemadziro hwakapihwa hunogona kunge husina kukwana nekuda kwemusiyano mukuru mukuwanda kwekumanikidzwa kunobvumidzwa pakati pezvinhu zviviri izvi. Saizvozvowo, nzira yekugadzira pombi inofanira kutsanangurwa zvakakodzera. Semuenzaniso, kana huwandu hwesimba rinobvumidzwa hwepombi isina kugadzikana hukashandiswa pakuverenga, pombi isina kugadzikana inofanira kutsanangurwa. Zvikasadaro, mugadziri/mugadziri anogona kupa pombi yakasungirirwa ine musono, izvo zvinogona kukonzera ukobvu hwemadziro husina kukwana nekuda kwekudzikira kwekumanikidzwa kunobvumidzwa.
Semuenzaniso, ngatitii tembiricha yedhizaini yepombi iri 300 F uye kumanikidzwa kwedhizaini iri 1,200 psig.2″ uye 3″. Waya yesimbi yecarbon (A53 Grade B isina musono) ichashandiswa. Sarudza hurongwa hwakakodzera hwepombi kuti utaure kuti huenderane nezvinodiwa zveASME B31.1 Equation 9. Kutanga, mamiriro edhizaini anotsanangurwa:
Tevere, sarudza huwandu hwakanyanya hwekumanikidzwa hunobvumidzwa hweA53 Giredhi B patembiricha yedhizaini iri pamusoro apa kubva paTafura A-1. Cherechedza kuti kukosha kwepombi isina musono kunoshandiswa nekuti pombi isina musono yakatsanangurwa:
Kugokora kunofanirawo kuwedzerwa. Pakushandisa uku, 1/16 inch. Kugomera kwengura kunofungidzirwa. Kushivirira kwakasiyana kwekugaya kuchawedzerwa gare gare.
3 inches. Pombi ichatanga yatsanangurwa. Tichifunga kuti pombi yeSchedule 40 ine 12.5% ​​yekugona kugaya, verenga kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya:
Paipi yeSchedule 40 inogutsa chubhu ine mainji matatu. mumamiriro ekugadzira akataurwa pamusoro apa. Tevere, tarisa mainji maviri. Paipi inoshandisa fungidziro dzakafanana:
2 inches. Pasi pemamiriro ekugadzira akataurwa pamusoro apa, pombi inoda ukobvu hwemadziro hwakakora kupfuura Chirongwa 40. Edza 2 inches. Ronga 80 Mapaipi:
Kunyange hazvo ukobvu hwemadziro epombi huchiwanzova chinhu chinogumira pakugadzirwa kwekumanikidzwa, zvichiri kukosha kuona kuti zvinhu zvinoshandiswa, zvikamu, uye zvinobatanidzwa zvakakodzera mamiriro ekugadzira akatarwa.
Semutemo wenguva dzose, zvichienderana nendima 104.2, 104.7.1, 106 uye 107, mavharuvhu ese, zvigadziko nezvimwe zvinhu zvine kumanikidzwa zvakagadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakanyorwa muTafura 126.1 zvinofanirwa kunzi zvakakodzera kushandiswa mumamiriro ekushanda akajairika kana pasi pezvinodiwa pressure-tembiricha ratings dzakatarwa mu .Vashandisi vanofanira kuziva kuti kana mamwe maitiro kana vagadziri vakaisa miganhu yakaoma pakutsauka kubva pakushanda kwakajairika kupfuura iyo yakatarwa mu ASME B31.1, miganhu yakaoma inofanira kushanda.
Pakusangana kwemapaipi, matiyi, machinjiri, machinjiri, majoini akasungirirwa nebazi, nezvimwewo, zvakagadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakanyorwa muTafura 126.1 zvinokurudzirwa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuungana kwemapaipi kunogona kuda kubatana kwakasiyana kwebazi. Ndima 104.3.1 inopa zvimwe zvinodiwa pakubatanidza mapazi kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti pane zvinhu zvakakwana zvepombi zvinokwanisa kutsungirira kumanikidzwa.
Kuti dhizaini ive nyore, mugadziri anogona kusarudza kuisa mamiriro ekugadzira akakwira kuti asvike pachiyero cheflange chekirasi yepressure (semuenzaniso ASME class 150, 300, nezvimwewo) sezvinotsanangurwa nekirasi yepressure-tembiricha yezvinhu zvakatsanangurwa muASME B16 .5 Mapaipi eflange nemajoini eflange, kana zviyero zvakafanana zvakanyorwa muTable 126.1. Izvi zvinogamuchirwa chero bedzi zvisingakonzeri kuwedzera kusingakoshi kweukobvu hwemadziro kana mamwe magadzirirwo ezvikamu.
Chikamu chakakosha chekugadzira mapaipi ndechekuona kuti kusimba kwechimiro chemasisitimu emapaipi kunochengetwa kana mhedzisiro yekumanikidzwa, tembiricha uye simba rekunze zvashandiswa. Kusimba kwechimiro chesisitimu kunowanzo furatirwa mukugadzirwa uye, kana kusaitwa zvakanaka, kunogona kuva chimwe chezvikamu zvinodhura zvesisitimu. Kusimba kwechimiro kunonyanya kukurukurwa munzvimbo mbiri, Ndima 104.8: Kuongorora Zvikamu zvePaipi uye Ndima 119: Kuwedzera uye Kuchinjika.
Ndima 104.8 inonyora mafomura ekutanga ekodhi anoshandiswa kuona kana sisitimu yepombi ichipfuura kumanikidzwa kunobvumidzwa nekodhi. Aya maequation ekodhi anowanzo kunzi mitoro inoenderera mberi, mitoro yenguva nenguva, uye mitoro yekutama. Mutoro unoenderera mberi imhedzisiro yekumanikidzwa nehuremu pasisitimu yepombi. Mitoro isingatarisirwi mitoro inoenderera mberi pamwe nemitoro yemhepo inogona kuitika, mitoro yekutinhira, mitoro yenzvimbo nemimwe mitoro yenguva pfupi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mutoro wega wega unosanganisirwa hauzoshande pane mimwe mitoro isingatarisirwi panguva imwe chete, saka mutoro wega wega unosanganisirwa uchava mutoro wakasiyana panguva yekuongorora. Mitoro yekutama imhedzisiro yekukura kwekupisa, kutama kwemidziyo panguva yekushanda, kana chero mumwe mutoro wekutama.
Ndima 119 inotaura nezvemaitiro ekubata nekuwedzera kwepombi uye kuchinjika kwayo mumapombi uye maitiro ekuona mitoro yekuita. Kuchinjika kwemasisitimu ekuita mapombi kunowanzo kuve kwakakosha pakubatanidza michina, sezvo kubatanidza michina yakawanda kuchingogona kutsungirira simba shoma uye nguva inoshandiswa panzvimbo yekubatanidza. Kazhinji, kukura kwekupisa kwemasisitimu ekuita mapombi kunokanganisa zvakanyanya mutoro wekuita mapombi, saka zvakakosha kudzora kukura kwekupisa musisitimu zvinoenderana.
Kuti ienderane nekuchinjika kwesystem yemapaipi uye kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti system yacho yakatsigirwa zvakanaka, zvakanaka kutsigira mapaipi esimbi zvinoenderana neTafura 121.5. Kana mugadziri akaedza kusangana nenzvimbo yakatarwa yekutsigira tafura iyi, inoita zvinhu zvitatu: kuderedza kutsauswa kwehuremu hwemunhu, kuderedza mitoro inogara iripo, uye kuwedzera kushushikana kuripo kune mitoro yekutsauswa. Kana mugadziri akaisa rutsigiro zvinoenderana neTafura 121.5, zvinowanzo kukonzera kusafamba kwehuremu hwemunhu kana kudzika pakati pezvitsigiro zvepaipi. Kuderedza kutsauswa kwehuremu hwemunhu kunobatsira kuderedza mukana wekuoma kwemapaipi anotakura utsi kana gasi. Kutevera mazano enzvimbo dziri muTafura 121.5 kunobvumirawo mugadziri kuderedza kushushikana kunogara kuripo mumapaipi kusvika pa50% yemutengo unobvumidzwa wekodhi. Sekureva kweEquation 1B, kushushikana kunobvumidzwa kwemitoro yekutsauswa kwakabatana zvakanyanya nemitoro inogara iripo. Saka, nekuderedza mutoro unoramba uripo, kushivirira kushushikana kwekutsauswa kunogona kuwedzerwa. Nzvimbo inokurudzirwa yezvitsigiro zvepaipi inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3.
Kuti zvive pachena kuti mitoro yemaitiro epombi inotariswa zvakanaka uye kuti kodhi inomanikidzwa yasangana, nzira yakajairika ndeyekuita ongororo yepfungwa yepombi inobatsirwa nekombiyuta yesystem. Kune mapakeji akasiyana-siyana esoftware yekuongorora stress yepipeline aripo, akadai seBentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, Piping Solutions Tri-Flex, kana imwe yemapakeji anowanikwa mukutengeserana. Kubatsira kwekushandisa ongororo yepfungwa yepombi inobatsirwa nekombiyuta ndeyekuti inobvumira mugadziri kugadzira modhi yechinhu chakaganhurirwa yesystem yepombi kuti ive nyore kusimbisa uye kugona kuita shanduko dzinodiwa pakugadziriswa. Mufananidzo 4 unoratidza muenzaniso wekuita modeli nekuongorora chikamu chepombi.
Pakugadzira sisitimu itsva, vagadziri vesisitimu vanowanzo taura kuti mapaipi ese nezvinhu zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa, kusungirirwa, kuunganidzwa, nezvimwewo sezvinodiwa nechero kodhi inoshandiswa. Zvisinei, mune zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva kana mamwe mashandisirwo, zvingave zvakanaka kuti mainjiniya akasarudzwa ape gwara pane mamwe matekiniki ekugadzira, sezvakatsanangurwa muChitsauko V.
Dambudziko rinowanzoitika mukushandiswa kwekugadzirisa midziyo ndeye weld preheat (ndima 131) uye post-weld heat treatment (ndima 132). Pakati pezvimwe zvakanaka, mishonga iyi yekupisa inoshandiswa kuderedza kushushikana, kudzivirira kutsemuka, uye kuwedzera simba re weld. Zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa midziyo yekupisa ye pre-weld uye post-weld zvinosanganisira, asi hazvigumiri pane zvinotevera: Kuunganidzwa kwenhamba dzeP, kemikari yezvinhu, uye ukobvu hwezvinhu panzvimbo inofanira kusungirirwa. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chakanyorwa muManual Appendix A chine nhamba yeP yakatarwa. Pakudziisa, ndima 131 inopa tembiricha shoma iyo simbi yekutanga inofanira kudziiswa usati wadziisa. Kune PWHT, Tafura 132 inopa huwandu hwetembiricha yekubata uye nguva yekubata nzvimbo ye weld. Mwero wekudziisa nekutonhodza, nzira dzekuyera tembiricha, matekiniki ekudziisa, uye mamwe maitiro anofanirwa kutevedzera nhungamiro dzakatarwa mukodhi. Migumisiro yakaipa isingatarisirwi panzvimbo yakasungirirwa inogona kuitika nekuda kwekutadza kudziisa zvakanaka.
Imwe nzvimbo inogona kutyisidzirwa mumapombi ane pressurized systems ndeye mapombi anokombama. Mapombi anokombama anogona kukonzera kutetepa kwemadziro, zvichikonzera kusakwana kweukobvu hwemadziro. Sekureva kwendima 102.4.5, kodhi inobvumira makombama chero bedzi ukobvu hwemadziro huchizadzisa fomura imwechete inoshandiswa kuverenga ukobvu hwemadziro hushoma hwepombi yakatwasuka. Kazhinji, muripo unowedzerwa kuti uverenge ukobvu hwemadziro. Tafura 102.4.5 inopa mvumo yekuderedza makombama inokurudzirwa ye radii dzakasiyana dzekukombama. Makombama anogona zvakare kuda kurapwa kwekupisa kwepamberi pekukombama uye/kana mushure mekukombama. Ndima 129 inopa gwara rekugadzira magokora.
Kune akawanda masisitimu epombi yekumanikidza, zvinodikanwa kuisa vharuvhu yekuchengetedza kana vharuvhu yekurerutsira kudzivirira kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya musisitimu. Pamashandisirwo aya, Appendix II: Mitemo Yekugadzira Magadzirirwo Evharuvhu Yekuchengetedza chinhu chinokosha zvikuru asi dzimwe nguva chisingazivikanwe zvakanyanya.
Zvichienderana nendima II-1.2, mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza anozivikanwa nechinhu chakavhurika chose chebasa regesi kana remhepo, nepo mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza akavhurika kana tichienzanisa nekumanikidzwa kwakasimba kwemhepo uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pabasa remvura.
Mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza anoratidzwa nekuti akavhurika here kana kuti akavharika. Mumhepo yakavhurika, gokora riri pakubuda kwevharuvhu rekuchengetedza rinowanzo buda richipinda mupombi yekubuda kuenda mumhepo. Kazhinji, izvi zvinoita kuti kumanikidzwa kwemusana kushoma. Kana kumanikidzwa kwemusana kwakakwana kukagadzirwa mupombi yekubuda, chikamu chegasi rekubuda chinogona kuburitswa kana kudzoserwa kumashure kubva kumucheto wekupinda kwepombi yekubuda. Saizi yepombi yekubuda inofanira kunge yakakura zvakakwana kudzivirira kuputika. Mukushandiswa kwemhepo yakavharika, kumanikidzwa kunoungana panzvimbo yekubuda yevharuvhu nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemhepo mumutsara wekubuda, zvichikonzera kuti mafungu ekumanikidzwa apararire. Mundima II-2.2.2, zvinokurudzirwa kuti kumanikidzwa kwedhizaini yemutsara wekubuda wakavharwa kuve kwakakura kanenge kaviri kupfuura kumanikidzwa kwekushanda kwakasimba. Mifananidzo 5 ne6 inoratidza kuiswa kwevharuvhu rekuchengetedza rakavhurika nerakavharika, zvichiteerana.
Kuiswa kwemavharuvhu ekuchengetedza kunogona kukonzerwa nemasimba akasiyana-siyana sezvakapfupikiswa mundima II-2. Masimba aya anosanganisira kuwedzera kwekupisa, kusangana kwemavharuvhu akawanda ekubatsira anobuda panguva imwe chete, mhedzisiro yekutinhira uye/kana kudedera, uye mhedzisiro yekumanikidzwa panguva yezviitiko zvekurerutsa kumanikidzwa. Kunyangwe kumanikidzwa kwedhizaini kusvika panobuda vharuvhu rekuchengetedza kuchifanira kuenderana nekumanikidzwa kwedhizaini yepombi yepasi, kumanikidzwa kwedhizaini musystem yekuburitsa kunoenderana nekugadzirwa kwesystem yekuburitsa uye hunhu hwevharuvhu rekuchengetedza. Equations dzakapihwa mundima II-2.2 yekuona kumanikidzwa uye kumhanya pagokora rekuburitsa, inlet yepombi yekuburitsa, uye nzira yekuburitsa pombi yekuburitsa yemasisitimu ekuburitsa akavhurika neakavharwa. Uchishandisa ruzivo urwu, masimba ekuita panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana musystem yekuburitsa anogona kuverengerwa uye kuverengerwa.
Muenzaniso wedambudziko rekushandisa kuburitsa mvura pachena wakapihwa mundima II-7. Dzimwe nzira dziripo dzekuverenga hunhu hwekuyerera kwemvura mumasisitimu ekuburitsa mavharuvhu ekurerutsira, uye muverengi anoyambirwa kuti aone kuti nzira inoshandiswa yakanyatsochengetedzwa. Imwe nzira yakadaro inotsanangurwa naGS Liao mu "Power Plant Safety and Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Group Analysis" yakaburitswa neASME muJournal of Electrical Engineering, Gumiguru 1975.
Nzvimbo yevharuvhu yekuchengetedza inofanira kuchengetedza daro diki kubva papombi yakatwasuka kubva pakukombama kupi zvako. Daro diki iri rinoenderana nebasa uye geometry yesystem sezvakatsanangurwa mundima II-5.2.1. Kune kuiswa nemavharuvhu akawanda ekubatsira, nzvimbo inokurudzirwa yekubatanidza mavharuvhu inoenderana ne radii yebazi nemapombi ekushandira, sezvakaratidzwa muCherechedzo (10)(c) yeTafura D-1. Zvichienderana nendima II-5.7.1, zvingave zvakakosha kubatanidza mapombi anotsigira ari pakuburitsa mavharuvhu ekubatsira kumapombi ekushanda pane chimiro chiri pedyo kuti kuderedze mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwekupisa uye kusangana kwekudengenyeka kwenyika. Pfupiso yeizvi nezvimwe zvekufunga nezvekugadzira mukugadzira mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza inogona kuwanikwa mundima II-5.
Zviri pachena kuti hazvigoneki kufukidza zvese zvinodiwa pakugadzira ASME B31 mukati mechikamu chino. Asi chero mainjiniya akasarudzwa anobatanidzwa mukugadzira sisitimu yepombi yekumanikidza anofanira kunge achiziva kodhi iyi yekugadzira. Tinovimba kuti, neruzivo rwuri pamusoro apa, vaverengi vachawana ASME B31 sechinhu chinokosha uye chiri nyore kuwana.
Monte K. Engelkemier ndiye mutungamiri wepurojekiti kuStanley Consultants. Engelkemier inhengo yeIowa Engineering Society, NSPE, neASME, uye anoshanda muB31.1 Electrical Piping Code Committee neSubcommittee. Ane ruzivo rwemakore anopfuura gumi nemaviri mukugadzira, kugadzira, kuongorora mafambiro emapaipi, uye kuongorora kushushikana. Matt Wilkey iMechanical Engineer kuStanley Consultants. Ane ruzivo rwemakore anopfuura matanhatu mukugadzira masisitimu emapaipi evatengi vakasiyana-siyana, vemakanzuru, vemasangano uye vemaindasitiri uye inhengo yeASME neIowa Engineering Society.
Une ruzivo nehunyanzvi here panyaya dziri muchinyorwa ichi? Unofanira kufunga nezvekubatsira timu yedu yekunyora yeCFE Media uye kuwana rukudzo rwaunofanirwa kuwana iwe nekambani yako. Dzvanya apa kuti utange maitiro acho.