I te wā e hoahoa ana i tētahi pūnaha paipa pēhanga, ka tohua e te miihini e tohu ana me tutuki ngā paipa pūnaha ki tētahi, neke atu rānei o ngā wāhanga o te ASME B31 Pressure Piping Code. Me pēhea te whai tika a ngā miihini i ngā whakaritenga waehere i te wā e hoahoa ana i ngā pūnaha paipa?
Tuatahi, me whakatau te miihini ko tēhea whakatakotoranga hoahoa me whiriwhiri. Mō ngā pūnaha paipa pēhanga, kāore tēnei e herea noa ki te ASME B31. Ko ētahi atu waehere i tukuna e ASME, ANSI, NFPA, me ētahi atu whakahaere whakahaere ka whakahaeretia pea e te wāhi o te kaupapa, te tono, me ētahi atu. I roto i te ASME B31, e whitu ngā wāhanga motuhake e whai mana ana i tēnei wā.
ASME B31.1 Ngā Paipa Hiko: E kapi ana tēnei wāhanga i ngā paipa i roto i ngā teihana hiko, ngā tipu ahumahi me ngā tipu whare, ngā pūnaha whakamahana waiariki, me ngā pūnaha whakamahana me te whakamatao pokapū me te rohe. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā paipa o waho o te poiha me ngā paipa o waho kore-poiha e whakamahia ana hei tāuta i ngā poiha ASME Wāhanga I. Kāore tēnei wāhanga e pā ki ngā taputapu e kapi ana i te ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ētahi paipa tohatoha whakamahana me te whakamatao pēhanga iti, me ētahi atu pūnaha kua whakaahuatia i roto i te pararāfu 100.1.3 o ASME B31.1. Ka taea te whai i ngā takenga mai o ASME B31.1 ki ngā tau 1920, me te putanga mana tuatahi i whakaputaina i te tau 1935. Kia mahara ko te putanga tuatahi, tae atu ki ngā āpitihanga, he iti iho i te 30 whārangi, ā, ko te putanga o nāianei he neke atu i te 300 whārangi te roa.
ASME B31.3 Ngā Paipa Tukanga: E kapi ana tēnei wāhanga i ngā paipa i roto i ngā whare hanga hinu; ngā tipu matū, rongoā, kakahu, pepa, haurua-ira, me ngā tipu cryogenic; me ngā tipu tukatuka me ngā pito tukatuka e pā ana. He tino rite tēnei wāhanga ki te ASME B31.1, inā koa ka tatauhia te matotoru pakitara iti rawa mō te paipa tika. I te tīmatanga he wāhanga tēnei wāhanga o te B31.1, ā, i tukuna motuhaketia i te tau 1959.
ASME B31.4 Ngā Pūnaha Kawe Paipa mō ngā Wai me te Para: E kapi ana tēnei wāhanga i ngā paipa e kawe ana i ngā hua wai i waenga i ngā tipu me ngā taunga, me roto hoki i ngā taunga, i te papu, i te whakatikatika, me ngā teihana ine. I te tīmatanga, he wāhanga tēnei wāhanga o te B31.1, ā, i tukuna motuhaketia i te tau 1959.
Ngā Paipa Whakamatao me ngā Wāhanga Whakawhiti Wera ASME B31.5: E kapi ana tēnei wāhanga i ngā paipa mō ngā hauhautanga me ngā whakamatao tuarua. I te tīmatanga, he wāhanga tēnei o te B31.1, ā, i tukuna motuhaketia i te tau 1962.
ASME B31.8 Ngā Pūnaha Paipa Tuku me te Tohatoha Hau: Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā paipa hei kawe i ngā hua hau i waenga i ngā pūtake me ngā pito, tae atu ki ngā compressors, ngā teihana whakangawari me ngā teihana ine; me ngā paipa kohikohi hau. I te tīmatanga, he wāhanga tēnei wāhanga o te B31.1, ā, i tukuna motuhaketia i te tau 1955.
ASME B31.9 Ngā Paipa Ratonga Hanga: E kapi ana tēnei wāhanga i ngā paipa e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whare ahumahi, whare whakahaere, arumoni, me ngā whare tūmatanui; me ngā whare noho maha-wāhanga kāore e hiahiatia te rahi, te pēhanga, me ngā awhe pāmahana kua kapi i roto i te ASME B31.1. He rite tēnei wāhanga ki te ASME B31.1 me te B31.3, engari he iti ake te aro (ina koa ka tatau i te matotoru iti rawa o te pakitara) ā, he iti ake ngā taipitopito. E whakawhāitihia ana ki ngā tono pēhanga iti, pāmahana iti e tohua ana i roto i te ASME B31.9 paraka 900.1.2. I whakaputaina tuatahitia tēnei i te tau 1982.
ASME B31.12 Ngā Paipa me ngā Paipa Hauwai: E kapi ana tēnei wāhanga i ngā paipa i roto i te ratonga hauwai hau me te wai, me ngā paipa i roto i te ratonga hauwai hau. I whakaputaina tuatahitia tēnei wāhanga i te tau 2008.
Ko te rangatira te rangatira ki te whiriwhiri ko tēhea waehere hoahoa hei whakamahi. E mea ana te kupu whakataki ki te ASME B31, "Ko te kawenga a te rangatira te whiriwhiri i te wāhanga waehere e tata ana ki te tāutanga paipa kua whakaarohia." I ētahi wā, "tērā pea ka pā he maha ngā wāhanga waehere ki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tāutanga."
Ko te putanga 2012 o te ASME B31.1 hei tohutoro matua mō ngā kōrero e whai ake nei. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga he ārahi i te miihini e tohu ana i roto i ētahi o ngā mahi matua i roto i te hoahoa i tētahi pūnaha paipa pēhanga e tutuki ana i te ASME B31. Mā te whai i ngā aratohu o te ASME B31.1 ka whakaratohia he whakaaturanga pai o te hoahoa pūnaha whānui. Ka whakamahia ngā tikanga hoahoa rite mēnā ka whaihia te ASME B31.3, te B31.9 rānei. Ko te toenga o te ASME B31 ka whakamahia i roto i ngā tono whaiti, ko te nuinga mō ngā pūnaha, ngā tono rānei, ā, kāore e kōrerohia atu anō. Ahakoa ka whakamāramahia ngā mahi matua o te tukanga hoahoa i konei, ehara tēnei kōrero i te mea katoa, ā, me tohutoro tonu te waehere katoa i te wā hoahoa pūnaha. Ko ngā tohutoro katoa ki te tuhinga e pā ana ki te ASME B31.1 mēnā kāore i te kīia tētahi atu.
I muri i te whiriwhiri i te waehere tika, me arotake anō hoki e te kaihoahoa pūnaha ngā whakaritenga hoahoa motuhake mō te pūnaha. Kei roto i te Paraka 122 (Wāhanga 6) ngā whakaritenga hoahoa e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tono paipa hiko, pērā i te mamaoa, te wai whāngai, te pupuhi me te pupuhi, ngā paipa taputapu, me ngā pūnaha whakaiti pēhanga. Kei roto i te ASME B31.3 ngā paraka rite ki te ASME B31.1, engari he iti ake ngā taipitopito. Kei roto i ngā whakaaro i roto i te paraka 122 ngā whakaritenga pēhanga me te pāmahana motuhake mō te pūnaha, me ngā herenga mana whakahaere kua tohua i waenga i te poiha tonu, ngā paipa o waho o te poiha, me ngā paipa o waho kore-poiha e hono ana ki ngā paipa poiha ASME Wāhanga I. whakamāramatanga. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2 i ēnei herenga o te poiha pahu.
Me whakatau e te kaihoahoa pūnaha te pēhanga me te pāmahana e mahi ai te pūnaha, me ngā āhuatanga e tika ana kia tutuki i te hoahoa.
E ai ki te pararāfu 101.2, kaua te pēhanga hoahoa ā-roto e iti iho i te pēhanga mahi tonu mōrahi (MSOP) i roto i te pūnaha paipa, tae atu ki te pānga o te pane pūmau. Ko ngā paipa e pāngia ana e te pēhanga o waho me hoahoa mō te pēhanga rerekētanga mōrahi e tumanakohia ana i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere, whakaweto, whakamātautau rānei. Hei tāpiri, me whai whakaaro ki ngā pānga taiao. E ai ki te pararāfu 101.4, mēnā ka whakaitihia te pēhanga i roto i te paipa mā te whakamatao i te wai ki raro iho i te pēhanga o te hau, me hoahoa te paipa kia tū atu ki te pēhanga o waho, me mahi rānei i ngā mahi hei wawahi i te korehau. I ngā āhuatanga ka piki ake te pēhanga o te wai, me hoahoa ngā pūnaha paipa kia tū atu ki te pēhanga kua piki ake, me mahi rānei i ngā mahi hei whakaiti i te pēhanga nui.
Mai i te Wāhanga 101.3.2, me whakaatu te pāmahana whakarewa mō te hoahoa paipa i ngā āhuatanga pumau mōrahi e tumanakohia ana. Hei whakangawari, e whakaarohia ana ko te pāmahana whakarewa he ōrite ki te pāmahana wai. Mena e hiahiatia ana, ka taea te whakamahi i te pāmahana whakarewa toharite mena e mōhiotia ana te pāmahana pakitara o waho. Me aro nui hoki ki ngā wai e tangohia ana mā roto i ngā whakawhiti wera, mai i ngā taputapu tahu rānei, kia whai whakaaro ai ki ngā āhuatanga pāmahana kino rawa atu.
He maha ngā wā, ka tāpirihia e ngā kaihoahoa he tawhā haumaru ki te pēhanga mahi mōrahi me/ranei te pāmahana. Ko te rahi o te tawhā e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tono. He mea nui hoki kia whakaarohia ngā here rauemi ina whakatauhia ana te pāmahana hoahoa. Ko te tautuhi i ngā pāmahana hoahoa teitei (neke atu i te 750 F) me whakamahi pea i ngā rauemi koranu kaua ki te maitai waro paerewa. Ko ngā uara ahotea i roto i te Apitihanga A Whakahaunga e whakaratohia ana mō ngā pāmahana e whakaaetia ana mō ia rauemi anake. Hei tauira, ka taea anake e te maitai waro te whakarato i ngā uara ahotea tae atu ki te 800 F. Ko te roa o te whakaaturanga o te maitai waro ki ngā pāmahana i runga ake i te 800 F ka meinga pea te paipa kia waro, ka pakarukaru ake, ka ngawari hoki te pakaru. Mena kei te whakahaerehia i runga ake i te 800 F, me whakaarohia hoki te kino tere o te ngoki e pā ana ki te maitai waro. Tirohia te paraka 124 mō te matapakinga katoa o ngā rohe pāmahana rauemi.
I ētahi wā ka taea hoki e ngā miihini te tohu i ngā pēhanga whakamātautau mō ia pūnaha. Kei te Paraka 137 ngā aratohu mō te whakamātautau ahotea. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tohua te whakamātautau wai-pūmau i te 1.5 ngā wā o te pēhanga hoahoa; heoi, kaua e neke ake te ahotea porowhita me te ahotea roa i roto i ngā paipa i te 90% o te kaha tuku o te rauemi i roto i te paraka 102.3.3 (B) i te wā o te whakamātautau pēhanga. Mō ētahi pūnaha paipa o waho kāore i te poiha, ko te whakamātautau turuturu i roto i te ratonga he tikanga whai hua ake pea hei tirotiro i ngā turuturu nā te uaua ki te wehe i ngā wāhanga o te pūnaha, nā te mea rānei ka taea e te whirihoranga pūnaha te whakamātautau turuturu ngāwari i te wā o te ratonga tuatahi. Ae, he mea whakaae tēnei.
Kia oti ngā tikanga hoahoa te whakatū, ka taea te tohu i ngā paipa. Ko te mea tuatahi hei whakatau ko te rauemi hei whakamahi. E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, he rerekē ngā rohe pāmahana o ngā rauemi rerekē. Kei roto i te Paraka 105 ētahi atu here mō ngā rauemi paipa rerekē. Ko te kōwhiringa rauemi e whakawhirinaki ana hoki ki te wai o te pūnaha, pērā i te whakamahi i ngā koranu nikara i roto i ngā tono paipa matū waikura, te whakamahi i te maitai kore waikura hei tuku hau taputapu ma, te whakamahi rānei i te maitai waro he nui te ihirangi chromium (neke atu i te 0.1%) hei ārai i te waikura tere-rere. Ko te Waikura Tere Rere (FAC) he āhuatanga horo/waikura kua whakaatuhia hei whakararu i te pakitara me te pakaru o ngā paipa i roto i ētahi o ngā pūnaha paipa tino nui. Ko te kore whakaaro tika ki te angiangi o ngā wāhanga paipa ka pā mai he hua kino, ā, kua pā mai hoki, pērā i te tau 2007 i te wā i pakaru ai te paipa tango wera nui i te teihana hiko IATAN a KCP&L, i mate ai ētahi kaimahi tokorua, ā, i whara kino ai tētahi tuatoru.
Ko te Whārite 7 me te Whārite 9 i roto i te pararāfu 104.1.1 e tautuhi ana i te matotoru iti rawa e hiahiatia ana mō te pakitara me te pēhanga hoahoa ā-roto mōrahi, ia, mō te paipa tika e pāngia ana e te pēhanga ā-roto. Ko ngā taurangi i roto i ēnei whārite ko te ahotea mōrahi e whakaaetia ana (mai i te Apitihanga Āpiti A), te diameter o waho o te paipa, te tauwehe rauemi (e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 104.1.2 (A)), me ētahi atu whakaaetanga matotoru (e whakaahuatia ana i raro nei). Nā te maha o ngā taurangi e whai wāhi ana, ko te tautuhi i te rauemi paipa tika, te diameter ingoa, me te matotoru o te pakitara ka taea te waiho hei tukanga auau ka uru atu pea ki te tere wai, te hekenga pēhanga, me ngā utu paipa me te papu. Ahakoa te tono, me manatoko te matotoru iti rawa o te pakitara e hiahiatia ana.
Tērā pea ka tāpirihia he tāpiritanga matotoru hei utu mō ngā take maha tae atu ki te FAC. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he tāpiritanga nā te tango i ngā miro, ngā mokowā, me ētahi atu rauemi e hiahiatia ana hei hanga hononga miihini. E ai ki te pararāfu 102.4.2, me ōrite te tāpiritanga iti rawa ki te hohonu o te miro me te ātete miihini. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he tāpiritanga hei whakarato i te kaha tāpiri hei ārai i te kino o ngā paipa, te hinga, te totohu nui, te piko rānei nā ngā kawenga i taupatupatuhia, nā ētahi atu take rānei i kōrerotia i te pararāfu 102.4.4. Ka taea hoki te tāpiri i ngā tāpiritanga hei whakaaro mō ngā hononga whakarewa (pararāfu 102.4.3) me ngā tuke (pararāfu 102.4.5). Hei whakamutunga, ka taea te tāpiri i ngā ātete hei utu mō te waikura me/te horo rānei. Kei te kaihoahoa te whakaaro mō te matotoru o tēnei tāpiritanga, ā, me rite ki te roa o te ora e tumanakohia ana o ngā paipa e ai ki te pararāfu 102.4.1.
Kei roto i te Tāpiritanga IV Kōwhiringa he aratohu mō te whakahaere waikura. Ko ngā paninga tiaki, te tiaki katote, me te wehewehe hiko (pēnei i ngā āputa whakamātao) he tikanga katoa hei ārai i te waikura o waho o ngā paipa tanumia, ruku rānei. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā aukati waikura, i ngā arai rānei hei ārai i te waikura o roto. Me tūpato hoki ki te whakamahi i te wai whakamātautau waipū o te parakore e tika ana, ā, ki te tika, kia mimiti katoatia ngā paipa i muri i te whakamātautau waipū.
Kāore pea te matotoru iti rawa o te pakitara paipa, te rārangi mahi rānei e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tātaitanga o mua e pumau puta noa i te diameter o te paipa, ā, me whai whakatakotoranga pea mō ngā rārangi mahi rerekē mō ngā diameter rerekē. Ko ngā uara rārangi mahi me te matotoru o te pakitara e tautuhia ana i roto i te ASME B36.10 Paipa Rino Whakarewa me te Kore Tuitui.
I te wā e tohua ana te rauemi o te paipa, me te mahi i ngā tātaitanga i kōrerotia i mua ake nei, he mea nui kia whakarite kia ōrite ngā uara ahotea mōrahi e whakaaetia ana i roto i ngā tātaitanga ki te rauemi kua tohua. Hei tauira, ki te he te tohu o te paipa kowiri tira A312 304L hei utu mō te paipa kowiri tira A312 304, tera pea kāore e ranea te matotoru o te pakitara i whakaratohia nā te rerekētanga nui o ngā uara ahotea mōrahi e whakaaetia ana i waenga i ngā rauemi e rua. Waihoki, me tohu tika te tikanga hanga o te paipa. Hei tauira, ki te whakamahia te uara ahotea mōrahi e whakaaetia ana mō te paipa tuimotu mō te tātaitanga, me tohu te paipa tuimotu. Ki te kore, ka tukuna pea e te kaihanga/kaitāuta he paipa tuitui, ka hua ake pea he matotoru o te pakitara nā te iti o ngā uara ahotea mōrahi e whakaaetia ana.
Hei tauira, me kī ko te pāmahana hoahoa o te paipa he 300 F, ā, ko te pēhanga hoahoa he 1,200 psig. 2″ me te 3″. Ka whakamahia he waea maitai waro (A53 Grade B tuimotu). Whakatauhia te mahere paipa tika hei tohu hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te ASME B31.1 Whārite 9. Tuatahi, ka whakamāramahia ngā tikanga hoahoa:
Muri iho, whakatauhia ngā uara ahotea mōrahi e whakaaetia ana mō te A53 Grade B i ngā pāmahana hoahoa i runga ake nei mai i te Ripanga A-1. Kia mahara ko te uara mō te paipa tuimotu e whakamahia ana nā te mea kua tohua te paipa tuimotu:
Me tāpiri hoki te matotoru. Mō tēnei tono, he 1/16 inihi. E whakaarohia ana he iti te waikura. Ka tāpirihia he ātete mira motuhake ā muri ake nei.
3 inihi. Ka tohua tuatahitia te paipa. Ki te whakaaro he paipa Whakaritenga 40 me te ātete mira 12.5%, tatauhia te pēhanga mōrahi:
He pai te paipa Whakaritenga 40 mō te paipa 3 inihi i raro i ngā tikanga hoahoa kua tohua i runga ake nei. Muri iho, tirohia te 2 inihi. Ka whakamahia e te paipa ngā whakaaro ōrite:
2 inihi. I raro i ngā tikanga hoahoa kua tohua i runga ake nei, me matotoru ake te pakitara o ngā paipa i te Āpitihanga 40. Whakamātauria te 2 inihi. Āpitihanga 80 Paipa:
Ahakoa te matotoru o te pakitara o ngā paipa te mea e whakawhāiti ana i te hoahoa pēhanga, he mea nui tonu kia manatokohia he pai ngā taputapu, ngā wāhanga me ngā hononga e whakamahia ana mō ngā āhuatanga hoahoa kua tohua.
Hei tikanga whānui, e ai ki ngā pararāfu 104.2, 104.7.1, 106 me te 107, ko ngā takirere, ngā hononga me ētahi atu wāhanga kei roto te pēhanga i hangaia kia rite ki ngā paerewa kua whakarārangihia i te Ripanga 126.1 me kiia he pai mō te whakamahi i raro i ngā tikanga whakahaere noa, i raro iho rānei i aua paerewa whakatauranga pēhanga-pāmahana kua tohua i roto i te . Me mōhio ngā kaiwhakamahi mēnā ka whakatakotohia e ētahi paerewa, e ētahi kaihanga rānei he here kaha ake mō ngā rerekētanga mai i te mahi noa i ērā kua tohua i roto i te ASME B31.1, ka pāngia ngā here kaha ake.
I ngā whakawhitinga paipa, e taunakihia ana kia hangaia ngā tī, ngā whakawhiti, ngā whakawhiti, ngā hononga peka kua whakapirihia, me ētahi atu, kia rite ki ngā paerewa kua whakarārangihia i te Ripanga 126.1. I ētahi wā, ka hiahiatia pea he hononga peka ahurei mō ngā whakawhitinga paipa. Kei te paraka 104.3.1 ngā whakaritenga tāpiri mō ngā hononga peka hei whakarite kia nui ngā rauemi paipa hei tu atu i te pēhanga.
Hei whakangawari i te hoahoa, ka taea e te kaihoahoa te whiriwhiri ki te whakatakoto i ngā tikanga hoahoa kia teitei ake hei whakatutuki i te whakatauranga flange o tētahi akomanga pēhanga (hei tauira, ASME akomanga 150, 300, me ētahi atu) e ai ki te tautuhi a te akomanga pēhanga-pāmahana mō ngā rauemi motuhake kua tohua i roto i te ASME B16 .5 Ngā flange paipa me ngā hononga flange, ngā paerewa rite rānei kua whakarārangihia i roto i te Ripanga 126.1. He mea whakaaetia tēnei mena kāore e hua ake he pikinga koretake o te matotoru o te pakitara, i ētahi atu hoahoa wāhanga rānei.
Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o te hoahoa paipa ko te whakarite kia mau tonu te hanganga paipa ina pāngia ngā pānga o te pēhanga, te pāmahana me ngā kaha o waho. He maha ngā wā ka warewarehia te hanganga paipa o te pūnaha i roto i te tukanga hoahoa, ā, ki te kore e oti pai, ka noho ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga utu nui o te hoahoa. E rua ngā wāhi e matapakihia ana te hanganga paipa, arā, ko te Pararāfu 104.8: Te Tātari i ngā Wāhanga Paipa me te Pararāfu 119: Te Whanuitanga me te Ngāwari.
Kei roto i te Paraka 104.8 ngā tātai waehere taketake e whakamahia ana hei whakatau mena ka nui ake te pūnaha paipa i ngā taumahatanga e whakaaetia ana e te waehere. E kiia ana ēnei whārite waehere he kawenga tonu, he kawenga wā poto, me he kawenga nekehanga. Ko te kawenga pumau te pānga o te pēhanga me te taumaha ki te pūnaha paipa. Ko ngā kawenga āpiti he kawenga tonu me ngā kawenga hau pea, ngā kawenga rū whenua, ngā kawenga whenua me ētahi atu kawenga wā poto. E whakaarohia ana kāore ia kawenga āpiti e pā ki ētahi atu kawenga āpiti i te wā kotahi, nō reira ka noho ia kawenga āpiti hei take kawenga motuhake i te wā tātari. Ko ngā kawenga nekehanga ko ngā pānga o te tipu wera, te nekehanga taputapu i te wā e whakahaerehia ana, tetahi atu kawenga nekehanga rānei.
E matapakihia ana i roto i te Paraka 119 te huarahi hei whakahaere i te whānui me te ngāwari o ngā paipa i roto i ngā pūnaha paipa, me te huarahi hei whakatau i ngā kawenga tauhohenga. Ko te ngāwari o ngā pūnaha paipa te mea tino nui i ngā hononga taputapu, nā te mea ko te nuinga o ngā hononga taputapu ka taea anake te tu atu i te iti rawa o te kaha me te nekehanga e whakamahia ana i te pūwāhi hononga. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tipu wera o te pūnaha paipa te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te kawenga tauhohenga, nō reira he mea nui kia whakahaeretia te tipu wera o te pūnaha.
Hei whakarite i te ngāwari o te pūnaha paipa, me te whakarite kia tautokona tika te pūnaha, he mahi pai te tautoko i ngā paipa rino e ai ki te Ripanga 121.5. Mena ka whai te kaihoahoa ki te whakatutuki i te mokowā tautoko paerewa mō tēnei ripanga, e toru ngā mea ka tutuki: te whakaiti i te piko taumaha-ake, te whakaiti i ngā kawenga pumau, me te whakanui ake i te ahotea e wātea ana mō ngā kawenga nekehanga. Mena ka whakatakoto te kaihoahoa i te tautoko e ai ki te Ripanga 121.5, ko te tikanga ka iti iho i te 1/8 inihi o te nekehanga taumaha-ake, te piko rānei i waenga i ngā tautoko ngongo. Mā te whakaiti i te piko taumaha-ake ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te hauhautanga i roto i ngā paipa e kawe ana i te mamaoa, i te hau rānei. Mā te whai i ngā taunakitanga mokowā i roto i te Ripanga 121.5 ka taea hoki e te kaihoahoa te whakaiti i te ahotea pumau i roto i ngā paipa ki te tata ki te 50% o te uara whakaae tonu o te waehere. E ai ki te Whārite 1B, ko te ahotea whakaae mō ngā kawenga nekehanga he hononga whakahurihuri ki ngā kawenga pumau. Nō reira, mā te whakaiti i te kawenga pumau, ka taea te whakanui ake i te manawanui ahotea nekehanga. Ko te mokowā kua tūtohutia mō ngā tautoko paipa e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3.
Hei āwhina i te whakarite kia tika te whakaaro ki ngā kawenga tauhohenga o te pūnaha paipa, ā, kia tutuki hoki ngā ahotea waehere, ko tētahi tikanga noa ko te mahi i tētahi tātari ahotea paipa āwhina-rorohiko o te pūnaha. He maha ngā mōkihi pūmanawa tātari ahotea paipa rerekē e wātea ana, pērā i a Bentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, Piping Solutions Tri-Flex, tētahi atu mōkihi arumoni rānei. Ko te painga o te whakamahi i te tātari ahotea paipa āwhina-rorohiko ko te āheinga o te kaihoahoa ki te waihanga i tētahi tauira huānga mutunga kore o te pūnaha paipa hei whakamāmā i te manatoko me te kaha ki te hanga i ngā huringa e tika ana ki te whirihoranga. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4 i tētahi tauira o te whakatauira me te tātari i tētahi wāhanga o te paipa.
I te wā e hoahoa ana i tētahi pūnaha hou, ka tohua e ngā kaihoahoa pūnaha me hanga, me whakarewa, me huihui, me ētahi atu mea anō hoki ngā paipa me ngā wāhanga katoa, e ai ki te ture e whakamahia ana. Heoi, i roto i ētahi whakahoutanga, i ētahi atu tono rānei, he pai pea kia whakaratohia e tētahi miihini kua tohua he aratohu mō ētahi tikanga hanga, e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i te Upoko V.
Ko tētahi raruraru noa e pā ana ki ngā tono whakahou ko te whakamahana mua o te whakarewa (pararāfu 131) me te maimoatanga wera i muri i te whakarewa (pararāfu 132). I roto i ētahi atu painga, ka whakamahia ēnei maimoatanga wera hei whakamamae i te ahotea, hei ārai i te pakaru, me te whakanui ake i te kaha o te whakarewa. Ko ngā mea e pā ana ki ngā whakaritenga maimoatanga wera i mua i te whakarewa me muri i te whakarewa ko ēnei e whai ake nei, engari kāore i te herea ki ēnei: ​​Te rōpū tau P, te matū rauemi, me te matotoru o te rauemi i te hononga hei whakarewa. Kei ia rauemi kua whakarārangihia i roto i te Tāpiritanga Āpitihanga A he tau P kua tohaina. Mō te whakamahana mua, ka whakaratohia e te pararāfu 131 te pāmahana iti rawa e tika ana kia whakamahanahia te konganuku turanga i mua i te taea o te whakarewa. Mō te PWHT, ka whakaratohia e te Ripanga 132 te awhe pāmahana pupuri me te roa o te wā hei pupuri i te rohe whakarewa. Ko ngā reiti whakamahana me te whakamatao, ngā tikanga ine pāmahana, ngā tikanga whakamahana, me ētahi atu tikanga me whai i ngā aratohu kua whakatakotoria i roto i te waehere. Ka puta pea ngā pānga kino ohorere ki te wāhi whakarewa nā te korenga o te maimoatanga wera tika.
Ko tētahi atu āwangawanga pea i roto i ngā pūnaha paipa pēhanga ko ngā piko o ngā paipa. Ka taea e ngā paipa piko te whakangāwari i te pakitara, ka kore e ranea te matotoru o te pakitara. E ai ki te pararāfu 102.4.5, ka whakaaetia ngā piko e te waehere mena ka tutuki te matotoru iti rawa o te pakitara i te tātai kotahi e whakamahia ana hei tatau i te matotoru iti rawa o te pakitara mō ngā paipa tika. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tāpirihia he tahua hei whakaaro mō te matotoru o te pakitara. Kei te Ripanga 102.4.5 ngā tahua whakaiti piko e taunakitia ana mō ngā radius piko rerekē. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he maimoatanga wera i mua i te piko me/ranei i muri i te piko mō ngā piko. Kei te Pararāfu 129 he aratohu mō te hanga o ngā tuke.
Mō te maha o ngā pūnaha paipa pēhanga, me tāuta he takirere haumaru, he takirere whakaora rānei hei ārai i te pēhanga nui i roto i te pūnaha. Mō ēnei tono, ko te Apitihanga II: Ngā Ture Hoahoa Tāutanga Takirere Haumaru he rauemi tino whai hua engari he iti te mōhiotia i ētahi wā.
E ai ki te pararāfu II-1.2, ko ngā takirere haumaru e tohuhia ana e te mahi pakū-ake tuwhera katoa mō te ratonga hau, te mamaoa rānei, ko ngā takirere haumaru ia e tuwhera ana e pā ana ki te pēhanga pumau o runga, ā, e whakamahia ana mō te ratonga wai.
Ko ngā waeine takirere haumaru ka tohua mā te mea he pūnaha tukunga tuwhera, he pūnaha tukunga kati rānei. I roto i te putanga hau tuwhera, ko te tuke i te putanga o te takirere haumaru ka puta ki roto i te paipa putanga hau ki te hau. Ko te tikanga, ka iti ake te pēhanga whakamuri. Mena ka hangaia he pēhanga whakamuri nui i roto i te paipa putanga hau, ka peia pea tetahi wāhanga o te hau putanga hau, ka tukuna rānei ki muri mai i te pito tomokanga o te paipa putanga hau. Me nui te rahi o te paipa putanga hau hei ārai i te pupuhi whakamuri. I roto i ngā tono hau kati, ka nui ake te pēhanga i te putanga o te takirere whakaora nā te pēhanga hau i roto i te raina putanga hau, ka horapa pea ngā ngaru pēhanga. I roto i te pararāfu II-2.2.2, e taunakihia ana kia rua ngā wā te nui ake o te pēhanga hoahoa o te raina tukunga hau kati i te pēhanga mahi pumau. E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 5 me te 6 i te tāutanga takirere haumaru tuwhera me te kati.
Tērā pea ka pāngia ngā tāutanga takirere haumaru e ngā kaha rerekē e whakarāpopototia ana i te pararāfu II-2. Kei roto i ēnei kaha ngā pānga whakawhānui wera, te taunekeneke o ngā takirere whakaora maha e whakaputa ana i te wā kotahi, ngā pānga ru whenua me/ranei te wiri, me ngā pānga pēhanga i te wā e whakaiti ana i te pēhanga. Ahakoa me ōrite te pēhanga hoahoa tae noa ki te putanga o te takirere haumaru ki te pēhanga hoahoa o te paipa iho, ko te pēhanga hoahoa i roto i te pūnaha tukunga ka whakawhirinaki ki te whirihoranga o te pūnaha tukunga me ngā āhuatanga o te takirere haumaru. Kei roto i te pararāfu II-2.2 ngā whārite hei whakatau i te pēhanga me te tere i te tuke tukunga, te tomokanga o te paipa tukunga, me te putanga o te paipa tukunga mō ngā pūnaha tukunga tuwhera me te kati. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei mōhiohio, ka taea te tatau me te whai whakaaro i ngā kaha tauhohenga i ngā wāhi rerekē o te pūnaha whakaputanga.
Kei te pararāfu II-7 tētahi tauira raruraru mō tētahi tono tukunga tuwhera. Kei reira ētahi atu tikanga hei tatau i ngā āhuatanga rere i roto i ngā pūnaha tukunga takirere whakaora, ā, me whakatūpato te kaipānui kia manatoko kei te tino ātaahua te tikanga i whakamahia. Ko tētahi o aua tikanga i whakaahuahia e GS Liao i roto i te "Power Plant Safety and Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Group Analysis" i whakaputaina e ASME i roto i te Journal of Electrical Engineering, Oketopa 1975.
Me pupuri te wāhi o te takirere haumaru i te tawhiti iti rawa o te paipa tika mai i tētahi piko. Ko tēnei tawhiti iti rawa ka whakawhirinaki ki te ratonga me te āhua o te pūnaha e whakamāramahia ana i roto i te pararāfu II-5.2.1. Mō ngā tāutanga me ngā takirere āwhina maha, ko te tawhiti e taunakitia ana mō ngā hononga peka takirere ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā radius o te paipa peka me te ratonga, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Tuhipoka (10)(c) o te Ripanga D-1. E ai ki te pararāfu II-5.7.1, me hono pea ngā tautoko paipa kei te putanga takirere āwhina ki ngā paipa whakahaere kaua ki te hanganga tata hei whakaiti i ngā pānga o te whakawhānui wera me ngā taunekeneke ru. Ka kitea he whakarāpopototanga o ēnei me ētahi atu whakaaro hoahoa i roto i te hoahoa o ngā huihuinga takirere haumaru i roto i te pararāfu II-5.
E mārama ana, kāore e taea te kapi i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa katoa o te ASME B31 i roto i te whānuitanga o tēnei tuhinga. Engari me mōhio tetahi miihini kua tohua e whai wāhi ana ki te hoahoa i tētahi pūnaha paipa pēhanga ki tēnei waehere hoahoa. Ko te tumanako, mā ngā mōhiohio o runga ake nei, ka kitea e ngā kaipānui he rauemi whai hua ake, he rauemi wātea ake hoki te ASME B31.
Ko Monte K. Engelkemier te kaiārahi kaupapa i Stanley Consultants. He mema a Engelkemier nō te Iowa Engineering Society, NSPE, me te ASME, ā, kei te mahi ia i te Komiti me te Komiti iti mō te Waehere Paipa Hiko B31.1. Neke atu i te 12 tau ōna wheako mahi-ā-ringa ki te tahora pūnaha paipa, te hoahoa, te aromatawai tautoko me te tātari ahotea. He Kaihanga Mīhini a Matt Wilkey i Stanley Consultants. Neke atu i te 6 tau ōna wheako ngaio ki te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha paipa mō ngā momo kiritaki ratonga, ā-tāone, ā-whare me ngā kiritaki ahumahi, ā, he mema ia nō ASME me te Iowa Engineering Society.
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