Xa uyila inkqubo yombhobho woxinzelelo, injineli echongiweyo iya kuhlala ichaza ukuba umbhobho wenkqubo kufuneka uhambelane nenye okanye iindawo ezininzi ze-ASME B31 IKhowudi yoMbhobho woxinzelelo.Iinjineli zilandela njani ngokufanelekileyo iimfuno zekhowudi xa ziyila iinkqubo zombhobho?
Okokuqala, injineli kufuneka inqume ukuba yeyiphi inkcazo yoyilo kufuneka ikhethwe.Kwiinkqubo zemibhobho yoxinzelelo, oku akuphelelanga kwi-ASME B31.Ezinye iikhowudi ezikhutshwe yi-ASME, ANSI, NFPA, okanye enye imibutho elawulayo inokulawulwa ngendawo yeprojekthi, isicelo, njl.Kwi-ASME B31, okwangoku kukho amacandelo ahlukeneyo asixhenxe asebenzayo.
I-ASME B31.1 Imibhobho yoMbane: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho kwizikhululo zamandla, kwimizi-mveliso nakwiziko, iinkqubo zokufudumeza kwe-geothermal, kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza kumbindi kunye nesithili kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa. Oku kuquka imibhobho yebhoyila yangaphandle nengeyo-boiler yangaphandle esetyenziselwa ukufakela i-ASME Section I boilers. Eli candelo alisebenzi kwizixhobo ezigutyungelwe yi-ASME Boiler kunye ne-Pressure Vessel Code, ezinye iinkqubo zokupholisa eziphantsi koxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye nekhowudi yokupholisa echazwe kwipharagrafu ethile. I-100.1.3 ye-ASME B31.1.Imvelaphi ye-ASME B31.1 inokulandwa emva kwiminyaka yoo-1920, kunye nohlelo lokuqala olusemthethweni olwapapashwa ngo-1935.Qaphela ukuba uhlelo lokuqala, kuquka nezihlomelo, lwalungaphantsi kwamaphepha angama-30, kwaye uhlelo lwangoku lungaphezu kwamaphepha angama-300 ubude.
ASME B31.3 Inkqubo yemibhobho: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho kwiindawo zokucokisa; iikhemikhali, amayeza, amalaphu, iphepha, isemiconductor, kunye nezityalo cryogenic; kunye nezityalo zokucwangcisa ezinxulumeneyo kunye neeterminals.Eli candelo lifana kakhulu ne-ASME B31.1, ngakumbi xa kubalwa ubuncinci bodonga lobunzima bombhobho othe tye.Eli candelo ekuqaleni laliyinxalenye ye-B31.1 kwaye yaqala ukukhutshwa ngokwahlukileyo kwi-1959.
I-ASME B31.4 IiNkqubo zoThutho lwemibhobho yolwelo kunye noLudaka: Eli candelo liquka imibhobho ehambisa ikakhulu iimveliso zolwelo phakathi kwezityalo kunye neetheminali, nangaphakathi kweetheminali, ukumpompa, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa iimitha.
ASME B31.5 Imibhobho yoMbhobho weFriji kunye noThutho loBubushushu: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho yezikhenkcezisi kunye nezinto zokupholisa zesibini.
I-ASME B31.8 UThutho lwerhasi kunye neeNkqubo zeMibhobho yoSasazo: Oku kubandakanya imibhobho yokuthutha ubukhulu becala iimveliso zegesi phakathi kwemithombo kunye neetheminali, kubandakanywa iicompressors, i-conditioning kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa iimitha; kunye nemibhobho yokuqokelela igesi. Eli candelo ekuqaleni laliyinxalenye ye-B31.1 kwaye lakhululwa okokuqala ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-1955.
I-ASME B31.9 Iinkonzo zoKwakha iMibhobho: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho edla ngokufunyanwa kwimizi-mveliso, kumaziko, zorhwebo, nakwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke; kunye neendawo zokuhlala zeeyunithi ezininzi ezingadingi ubungakanani, uxinzelelo, kunye nomgangatho wokushisa ogutyungelwe kwi-ASME B31.1.Eli candelo lifana ne-ASME B31.1 kunye ne-B31.3, kodwa lingaphantsi kolondolozo (ingakumbi xa ubala ubuninzi bodonga oluncinci) kwaye iqulethe iinkcukacha ezincinci.Kukhawulelwe kuxinzelelo oluphantsi, izicelo zokushisa eziphantsi njengoko kuboniswe kwi-ASME B3100. 1982.
I-ASME B31.12 Imibhobho yeHydrojeni kunye nemibhobho yeHydrojeni: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho kwinkonzo yerhasi kunye neyolwelo lwehydrogen, kunye nemibhobho yenkonzo yehydrogen enegesi. Eli candelo lapapashwa okokuqala ngo-2008.
Yeyiphi ikhowudi yoyilo ekufuneka isetyenziswe ekugqibeleni ixhomekeke kumnini.Intshayelelo ye-ASME B31 ithi, "Luxanduva lomnini ukukhetha icandelo lekhowudi elisondele kakhulu kumxokelelwane ocetywayo wofakelo lombhobho." Kwezinye iimeko, "amacandelo amaninzi ekhowudi anokusebenza kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ofakelo."
Ushicilelo luka-2012 lwe-ASME B31.1 luza kusebenza njengesalathiso esiphambili kwiingxoxo ezilandelayo.Injongo yeli nqaku kukukhokela injineli echongiweyo ngamanye amanyathelo aphambili ekuyileni inkqubo yombhobho yoxinzelelo ye-ASME B31 ethobelayo.Ukulandela izikhokelo ze-ASME B31.1 ibonelela ngomelo olulungileyo lwenkqubo yoyilo jikelele.Iindlela zoyilo ezifanayo ze-ASME31 zisetyenziswa. intsalela ye-ASME B31 isetyenziswe kwizicelo ezincinci, ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo ezithile okanye izicelo, kwaye aziyi kuxoxwa ngokuqhubekayo.Ngelixa amanyathelo aphambili kwinkqubo yoyilo iya kugxininiswa apha, le ngxoxo ayiphelelanga kwaye ikhowudi epheleleyo kufuneka ihlale ibhekisela ngexesha loyilo lwenkqubo.Zonke iireferensi zombhalo zibhekisela kwi-ASME B31.1 ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela.
Emva kokukhetha ikhowudi echanekileyo, umyili wenkqubo kufuneka kwakhona ahlaziye nayiphi na imfuneko yoyilo lwenkqubo.Umhlathi we-122 (Icandelo 6) ubonelela ngeemfuno zoyilo ezinxulumene neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezifumaneka kwizicelo zemibhobho yombane, ezifana ne-steam, i-feedwater, i-blowdown kunye ne-blowdown, i-instrumentation piping, kunye neenkqubo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo.I-ASME B31.3 iqulethe imihlathi efanayo kwi-ASME B31.1 iquka i-2 icandelo elingaphantsi kwe-2. Uxinzelelo lwenkqubo ethile kunye neemfuno zobushushu, kunye nemida eyohlukeneyo yolawulo echazwe phakathi kwebhoyila ngokwayo, imibhobho yebhoyila yangaphandle, kunye nemibhobho yebhoyila yangaphandle edityaniswe kwi-ASME Icandelo I kwibhoyibhoyi yebhoyila. inkcazelo.Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa le mida kwibhoyila igubu.
Umyili wenkqubo kufuneka amisele uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu apho inkqubo iya kusebenza kunye neemeko zenkqubo kufuneka ziyilwe ukuhlangabezana nazo.
Ngokutsho komhlathi 101.2, uxinzelelo loyilo lwangaphakathi aluyi kuba ngaphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu oluqhubekayo olusebenzayo (MSOP) ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokubhobhoza, kubandakanywa umphumo wentloko ye-static.Umbhobho ophantsi koxinzelelo lwangaphandle uya kuyilwa ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu olwahlukileyo olulindeleke phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza, ukuvala okanye ukuvavanya. Ukongeza, iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.Ngokutsho komhlathi we-101.4 ukupholisa umbhobho wokupholisa ngaphantsi koxinzelelo kwi-fluid. uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric, umbhobho uya kuqulunqwa ukuba umelane noxinzelelo lwangaphandle okanye amanyathelo aya kuthathwa ukuphula i-vacuum.
Ukuqala kwiCandelo le-101.3.2, ubushushu besinyithi boyilo lwemibhobho buya kumela iimeko ezilindelekileyo eziphezulu ezilindelekileyo.Ukuze kube lula, kucingelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ubushushu bentsimbi bulingana nobushushu bolwelo.Ukuba uyanqweneleka, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo besinyithi bunokusetyenziswa lo gama nje ubushushu bodonga lwangaphandle busaziwa.Ingqalelo engakumbi kufuneka ihlawulwe kulwelo olutsalwa kwiimeko zobushushu bobushushu okanye kuqinisekiswe ukuba zithathwa kwisixhobo sokutshintshana kobushushu.
Rhoqo, abaqulunqi bongeza umda wokhuseleko kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza kunye / okanye ubushushu.Ubungakanani bomda buxhomekeke kwisicelo.Kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela imiqobo yezinto xa kumiselwa ubushushu boyilo.Ukucacisa amaqondo obushushu oyilo aphezulu (angaphezulu kwama-750 F) anokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli yealloyi kunomgangatho ongaphezulu wentsimbi yekhabhoni.Amaxabiso oxinzelelo kwiMathiriyeli eSinyanzelo inikezelwe kwiSihlomelo sekhabhoni nganye. intsimbi inokubonelela ngexabiso loxinzelelo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-800 F. Ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwentsimbi yekhabhoni kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-800 F kunokubangela ukuba umbhobho ube yi-carbonize, uwenze ube brittle kwaye uthambekele ekungaphumelelini.
Ngamanye amaxesha iinjineli zingaphinda zicacise uxinzelelo lovavanyo lwenkqubo nganye.Umhlathi we-137 unika isikhokelo malunga novavanyo loxinzelelo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic luya kuchazwa ngamaxesha e-1.5 yoxinzelelo loyilo; nangona kunjalo, i-hoop kunye noxinzelelo lwe-longitudinal kwimibhobho ayiyi kudlula i-90% yamandla esivuno sezinto eziphathekayo kumhlathi we-102.3.3 (B) ngexesha lovavanyo loxinzelelo.Kwezinye iinkqubo zemibhobho yangaphandle ye-non-boiler yangaphandle, ukuvavanywa kokuvuza kwinkonzo kunokuba yindlela esebenzayo yokukhangela ukuvuza ngenxa yobunzima bokuhlukanisa iindawo zenkqubo ngexesha lovavanyo olulula okanye ukuvuza ngokulula kwenkqubo. Kuyavunywa, oku kwamkelekile.
Emva kokuba iimeko zoyilo zisekiwe, umbhobho unokuchazwa.Into yokuqala yokugqiba ukuba yeyiphi into ekufuneka isetyenziswe.Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, izinto ezahlukeneyo zinemida yokushisa eyahlukileyo.Umhlathi we-105 ubonelela ngezithintelo ezongezelelweyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zemibhobho.Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuxhomekeke kulwelo lwenkqubo, njengokusebenzisa i-alloys ye-nickel kwizicelo zemibhobho yekhemikhali eyonakalisayo, usebenzisa insimbi engenasici ukuhambisa umxholo wesixhobo esicocekileyo kunye ne-carbon steel emoyeni, okanye usebenzisa i-carbon steel high ukuthintela ukuthotywa okukhawulezileyo.I-Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) yinto yokhukuliseko/yomhlwa eye yaboniswa ibangela ukucolwa kodonga oluqatha kunye nokusilela kombhobho kwezinye zezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo zemibhobho.Ukungaphumeleli ukuqwalasela kakuhle ukucutha amacandelo emibhobho kunokuba neziphumo ezimandundu, njengakwisikhululo sika-2007 xa isikhululo sombane se-KCP&L desuper sibulala abasebenzi ababini be-CPNhe kunye ne-desuper yokubulala abasebenzi ababini. yenzakalise ngokumasikizi owesithathu.
I-Equation 7 kunye ne-Equation 9 kumhlathi we-104.1.1 ichaza ubuncinci obufunekayo bodonga kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangaphakathi loyilo lwangaphakathi, ngokulandelanayo, kumbhobho othe ngqo phantsi koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.Izinto eziguquguqukayo kule milinganiselo zibandakanya uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo (ukusuka kwiSihlomelo esigunyazisiweyo A), i-diameter yangaphandle yombhobho, into ephathekayo (njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 104) kunye nobukhulu obuchazwe kwiThebhile 104. iinguqu ezininzi ezibandakanyekayo, ukucacisa izinto ezifanelekileyo zombhobho, i-diameter ye-nominal, kunye nobukhulu bodonga lunokuba yinkqubo ephindaphindiweyo enokuthi iphinde ibandakanye isantya samanzi, ukuhla koxinzelelo, kunye neendleko zokubhobhoza kunye nokupompa.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba isicelo, ubuncinci bodonga olufunekayo kufuneka luqinisekiswe.
Isibonelelo esongezelelweyo sokutyeba sisenokongezwa ukuhlawula ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya i-FAC. Izibonelelo zingafuneka ngenxa yokususwa kwemisonto, iindawo zokubeka, njl. njl. izinto ezifunekayo ukwenza amakhonkco omatshini.Ngokomhlathi we-102.4.2, isibonelelo esincinci siyakulingana nobunzulu bomsonto kunye nokunyamezelana komatshini. Isibonelelo sisenokufuneka ukunika amandla ongezelelweyo, ukonakaliswa kombhobho ongaphezulu, ukonakalisa umbhobho ongaphezulu, ukonakalisa umbhobho ongaphezulu okanye ukuthintela ukubhobhoza. imithwalo okanye ezinye izizathu ezixoxwe kumhlathi 102.4.4. Izibonelelo nazo zinokongezwa kwi-akhawunti ye-welded joints (umhlathi 102.4.3) kunye neengqiniba (umhlathi 102.4.5) imibhobho ngokungqinelana nomhlathi 102.4.1.
Ukhetho lweSihlomelo IV sibonelela ngesikhokelo malunga nokulawulwa kwe-corrosion.Ii-protective coatings, ukukhuselwa kwe-cathodic, kunye nokuhlukaniswa kombane (ezifana ne-insulating flanges) zizo zonke iindlela zokuthintela ukubola kwangaphandle kwemibhobho engcwatyelwe okanye ephantsi kwamanzi.I-Corrosion inhibitors okanye ii-liners zingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukugqwesa kwangaphakathi.Ukunyamekelwa kufuneka kwakhona kuthatyathwe ukusebenzisa i-hydrostatic, i-hydrostatic, i-drain eyimfuneko, ukuvavanya ngokupheleleyo i-hydrostatic, i-drain ye-hydrostatic, i-drain, i-drain, i-drain, i-hydrostatic, i-drain, i-drain, i-drain, i-drain, i-hydrostatic, i-drain, i-drain, i-hydrostatic, i-drain, i-drain, i-drain, i-hydrostatic. uvavanyo.
Ubuncinci bodonga lombhobho obunzima okanye ishedyuli efunekayo kwizibalo zangaphambili isenokungaguquguquki kwidayamitha yombhobho kwaye inokufuna iinkcukacha zeeshedyuli ezahlukeneyo zeedayamitha ezahlukeneyo. Ishedyuli efanelekileyo kunye namaxabiso obunzima bodonga achazwe kwi-ASME B36.10 Umbhobho wentsimbi odityanisiweyo kunye neSeamless Forged Forged.
Xa ukhankanya imathiriyeli yombhobho kunye nokwenza izibalo ezixoxwe ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso aphezulu avumelekileyo oxinzelelo asetyenziswa kwizibalo ahambelana nezinto ezichaziweyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-A312 304L ipayipi yensimbi engenasici ichazwe ngokungachanekanga endaweni ye-A312 304 umbhobho wensimbi engenastainless, ubukhulu bodonga olunikeziweyo bunokwanela ngenxa yobukhulu bezinto ezivumelekileyo phakathi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. indlela yokwenziwa kombhobho iya kuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo.Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu elivumelekileyo loxinzelelo lombhobho ongenamthungo lisetyenziselwa ukubala, umbhobho ongenamthungo kufuneka ucaciswe.Kungenjalo, umenzi/umfakeli unokubonelela ngombhobho odityanisiweyo we-seam, onokubangela ukungonelanga kodonga ngenxa yokunciphisa amaxabiso aphezulu avumelekileyo oxinzelelo.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba iqondo lokushisa loyilo lombhobho li-300 F kunye noxinzelelo loyilo yi-1,200 psig.2 "kunye ne-3" .I-Carbon steel (i-A53 Grade B engenamthungo) ucingo luya kusetyenziswa.Misela isicwangciso sokubhobhoza esifanelekileyo ukucacisa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-ASME B31.1 Equation 9.
Okulandelayo, misela awona maxabiso aphezulu avumelekileyo oxinzelelo lwe-A53 yeBanga B kumaqondo obushushu oyilo angasentla ukusuka kwiThebhile A-1. Qaphela ukuba ixabiso lombhobho ongenamthungo lisetyenziswa kuba umbhobho ongenamthungo uchaziwe:
Isibonelelo sokutyeba kufuneka kwakhona kongezwe.Kwesi sicelo, isibonelelo se-1/16 intshi.
I-intshi ezi-3. Umbhobho uya kucaciswa kuqala. Ukuthatha iShedyuli ye-40 yombhobho kunye ne-12.5% ​​yokunyamezela kokugaya, ubale uxinzelelo oluphezulu:
Ishedyuli ye-40 yombhobho iyanelisa kwii-intshi ezi-3.tube kwiimeko zoyilo ezichazwe ngasentla.Okulandelayo, khangela i-intshi ezi-2.Umbhobho usebenzisa iingcamango ezifanayo:
I-intshi ezi-2.Phantsi kwemiqathango yoyilo echazwe ngasentla, ukubhobhoza kuya kufuna ubukhulu bodonga olungqingqwa kuneShedyuli 40.Zama ii-intshi ezi-2.Shedyuli imibhobho engama-80:
Ngelixa ubukhulu bodonga lombhobho buhlala buyinto ethintelayo kuyilo loxinzelelo, kusabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo, iikhomponenti kunye noqhagamshelo olusetyenzisiweyo lufanelekile kwiimeko zoyilo ezichaziweyo.
Njengomgaqo jikelele, ngokuhambelana nemihlathi ye-104.2, 104.7.1, 106 kunye ne-107, zonke iivalvu, izixhobo kunye namanye amacandelo aqulethe uxinzelelo awenziwe kwimigangatho edweliswe kwiThebhile 126.1 iya kuthathwa ifanelekile ukuba isetyenziswe phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza okanye ngaphantsi kwaloo migangatho yoxinzelelo-ubushushu bomgangatho ochaziweyo ukuba abavelisi banokuthi bafake imigangatho ethile yoxinzelelo okanye ubushushu bomgangatho. imida engqongqo yokutenxa kumsebenzi wesiqhelo kunaleyo ichazwe kwi-ASME B31.1, imida engqongqo iya kusebenza.
Kwiindlela zokudityaniswa kwemibhobho, ii-tee, ezinqamlezayo, ezinqamlezileyo, ii-welded joints zesebe, njl., ezenziwe ngokwemigangatho edweliswe kwiThebhile 126.1 ziyacetyiswa. Kwezinye iimeko, ukudityaniswa kwemibhobho kunokufuna ukudityaniswa kwesebe elikhethekileyo.Umhlathi 104.3.1 ubonelela ngeemfuno ezongezelelweyo zokudityaniswa kwesebe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho izinto ezaneleyo zombhobho ukumelana noxinzelelo.
Ukwenza lula uyilo, umyili unokukhetha ukuseta iimeko zokuyila phezulu ukuhlangabezana nomlinganiselo weflange wodidi oluthile loxinzelelo (umzekelo, iklasi ye-ASME 150, 300, njl. njl.) njengoko kuchazwe yiklasi yoxinzelelo lobushushu kwizinto ezithile ezichazwe kwi-ASME B16 .5 Iiflange zemibhobho kunye ne-flange joints, okanye imigangatho efanayo edweliswe kwiThebhile 126 ingamkelekanga. kubunzima bodonga okanye ezinye iidizayini zecandelo.
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoyilo lwemibhobho iqinisekisa ukuba ukunyaniseka kwesakhiwo senkqubo yokubhobhoza kuyagcinwa emva kokuba imiphumo yoxinzelelo, ubushushu kunye nemikhosi yangaphandle isetyenzisiwe.Ingqibelelo yesakhiwo seSystem isoloko ihoywa kwinkqubo yoyilo kwaye, ukuba ingenziwanga kakuhle, inokuba yenye yeendawo ezibiza kakhulu zoyilo.Ingqibelelo yesakhiwo ixutyushwa ngokuyinhloko kwiindawo ezimbini kunye nomgca we-Pipe4 kunye nomhlathi1. 119: Ukwandisa nokuba bhetyebhetye.
Umhlathi we-104.8 udwelisa iifomyula zekhowudi ezisisiseko ezisetyenziselwa ukugqiba ukuba ngaba inkqubo yokubhobhoza idlula ikhowudi yoxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo.Olu ngqamaniso lwekhowudi lubizwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengemithwalo eqhubekayo, imithwalo yamaxesha athile, kunye nemithwalo yokufuduswa.Umthwalo oqhubekayo yimpembelelo yoxinzelelo kunye nobunzima kwinkqubo yokubhobhoza. kucingelwa ukuba umthwalo ngamnye owenziweyo osetyenziswayo awuyi kusebenza kweminye imithwalo eyenzeka ngexesha elinye, ngoko ke umthwalo owenziweyo ngamnye uya kuba ngumthwalo ohlukeneyo ngexesha lokuhlalutya.
Umhlathi we-119 uxoxa ngendlela yokusingatha ukwanda kombhobho kunye nokuguquguquka kwiinkqubo zemibhobho kunye nendlela yokumisela imithwalo yokusabela.Ukuguquguquka kweenkqubo zemibhobho kudla ngokubaluleke kakhulu ekudibaneni kwezixhobo, njengoko uninzi lwezixhobo zokudibanisa zinokumelana nomlinganiselo omncinci wamandla kunye nomzuzu osetyenziswayo kwindawo yokudibanisa.
Ukulungiselela ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo yokubhobhoza kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ixhaswa ngokufanelekileyo, yinto efanelekileyo yokuxhasa imibhobho yensimbi ngokuhambelana neThebhile 121.5.Ukuba umyili uzama ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho wokuxhasa indawo yokuxhasa le theyibhile, ifezekisa izinto ezintathu: kunciphisa ukuxhatshazwa kobunzima bokuzimela, ukunciphisa imithwalo eqhubekayo, kunye nokwandisa indawo yomthwalo okhoyo wokuxinzezeleka kwi-designer support. I-121.5, ngokuqhelekileyo iya kubangela ukuba ngaphantsi kwe-1 / 8 intshi ye-self-weight displacement okanye i-sag.phakathi kwe-tube supports.Ukunciphisa ukuxhatshazwa kwe-self-weight deflection kunceda ukunciphisa ithuba lokuxinana kwimibhobho ephethe i-steam okanye i-gas.Ukulandela iingcebiso zesithuba kwiThebhile 121.5 kwakhona kuvumela umyili ukuba anciphise ikhowudi eqhubekayo yoxinzelelo kwi-50% yekhowudi eqhubekayo. ixabiso.Ngokutsho kwe-Equation 1B, uxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo lwemithwalo yokufuduka luhambelana ngokungafaniyo nemithwalo eqhubekayo.Ngoko ke, ngokunciphisa umthwalo oqhubekayo, ukunyamezela ukunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo kunokunyuswa.Isithuba esicetyiswayo sokuxhasa imibhobho siboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithwalo yokusabela kwenkqubo yombhobho iqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ikhowudi yoxinzelelo iyahlangatyezwa, indlela eqhelekileyo kukwenza uhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwemibhobho encediswa yikhompyuter yenkqubo. Kukho iipakethi ezahlukeneyo zesoftware yohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwepayipi ekhoyo, njengeBentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, iPiping Solutions Tri-Flex, okanye enye yezinye iipakethe ezikhoyo ngokurhweba. inkqubo yombhobho yokuqinisekisa lula kunye nokukwazi ukwenza utshintsho oluyimfuneko kuqwalaselo.Umfanekiso wesi-4 ubonisa umzekelo womzekelo kunye nokuhlalutya icandelo lombhobho.
Xa beyila inkqubo entsha, abaqulunqi benkqubo bachaza ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba yonke imibhobho kunye namacandelo kufuneka yenziwe, idityaniswe, idityaniswe, njl.njl njengoko kufunwa yiyiphi ikhowudi esetyenzisiweyo.Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iiretrofits okanye ezinye izicelo, kunokuba luncedo kwinjineli ekhethiweyo ukuba inike isikhokelo kwiindlela ezithile zokuvelisa, njengoko kuchazwe kwiSahluko V.
Ingxaki eqhelekileyo efunyenwe kwizicelo ze-retrofit yi-weld preheat (umhlathi we-131) kunye nonyango lokushisa emva kwe-weld (umhlathi we-132) .Phakathi kwezinye izibonelelo, ezi zonyango zokushisa zisetyenziselwa ukukhulula uxinzelelo, ukuthintela ukuqhaqha, kunye nokwandisa amandla e-weld. i-welded.Isixhobo ngasinye esidweliswe kwiSihlomelo esiSinyanzeliso A sinenombolo ye-P eyabelweyo, umhlathi we-131 ubonelela ngeqondo lokushisa elincinci apho isiseko sesinyithi kufuneka sitshiswe ngaphambi kokuba i-welding yenzeke.Kuba i-PWHT, iThebhile 132 ibonelela ngeqondo lokushisa lokubamba kunye nobude bexesha lokubamba indawo ye-weld.Amazinga okufudumeza kunye nokupholisa, izikhokelo zokulinganisa ubushushu, kunye nezinye iindlela zokufudumeza kufuneka zilandele iindlela zokufudumeza, kunye nezinye iindlela zokufudumeza kufuneka zilandele iindlela zokufudumeza. ikhowudi.Imiphumo emibi engalindelekanga kwindawo edibeneyo ingenzeka ngenxa yokungaphumeleli ukunyanga ngokufanelekileyo ukushisa.
Enye indawo enokuthi ixhalabele kwiinkqubo zombhobho oxinizelelweyo kukugoba kwemibhobho.Imibhobho yokugoba inokubangela ukucolwa kodonga, okukhokelela ekunganeleni kodonga.Ngokutsho komhlathi 102.4.5, ikhowudi ivumela ukugoba ukuba ubuncinci bodonga bukwanelisa ifomula efanayo esetyenziselwa ukubala ubuncinci bodonga lombhobho othe tye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isibonelelo sodonga esicetyiswayo siyadityaniswa. Izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo zokugoba ii-radii.Ukugoba kunokufuna ukugoba kwangaphambili kunye/okanye unyango lobushushu emva kokugoba.Umhlathi we-129 ubonelela ngesikhokelo sokwenziwa kweengqiniba.
Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zemibhobho yoxinzelelo, kuyimfuneko ukufakela i-valve yokukhusela okanye i-valve yokunceda ukukhusela ukunyanzeliswa kwenkqubo.Kwezi zicelo, iSihlomelo II esikhethiweyo: Imithetho yoYilo lokuFakela iValve yoKhuseleko luyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kodwa ngamanye amaxesha incinci eyaziwayo.
Ngokuhambelana nomhlathi we-II-1.2, iivalvu zokhuseleko zibonakaliswe ngokuvuleka ngokupheleleyo kwesenzo segesi okanye inkonzo yomphunga, ngelixa iivalvu zokhuseleko zivula ngokunxulumene noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-static kwaye zisetyenziselwa inkonzo yolwelo.
Iiyunithi zevalve yokhuseleko zibonakaliswe ukuba ngaba zivulekile okanye zivaliwe iinkqubo zokukhupha. Kwi-exhaust evulekileyo, i-elbow ekuphumeni kwevalve yokhuseleko iya kudla ngokuphuma kwi-exhaust pipe ukuya kwi-atmosphere.Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuya kubangela uxinzelelo olungaphantsi emva. umbhobho wokukhupha kufuneka ube mkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela i-blowback.Kwizicelo ezivaliweyo, uxinzelelo luyakha kwindawo yokukhupha i-valve ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa komoya kumgca we-vent, okunokubangela ukuba amaza oxinzelelo asasazeke.Kumhlathi we-II-2.2.2, kucetyiswa ukuba uxinzelelo loyilo lomgca wokukhupha oluvaliweyo lube ubuncinane amaxesha amabini ngaphezu kwe-valve esebenzayo yesimo esizinzileyo kunye ne-valve evaliweyo kunye ne-5.
Ufakelo lwevalve yokhuseleko lunokuthi luxhomekeke kwimikhosi eyahlukeneyo njengoko ishwankathelwe kumhlathi we-II-2. Le mikhosi ibandakanya iziphumo zokwandisa ukushisa, ukusebenzisana kweevalve ezininzi zokukhupha umoya ngexesha elinye, i-seismic kunye / okanye i-vibration effects, kunye nemiphumo yoxinzelelo ngexesha leziganeko zokunciphisa uxinzelelo. iimpawu zevalve yokhuseleko.Ii-equations zinikezelwa kumhlathi we-II-2.2 wokumisela uxinzelelo kunye nesantya kwi-elbow yokukhupha, ukukhupha umbhobho wokukhupha, kunye nokukhupha umbhobho wokukhupha iinkqubo ezivulekileyo nezivaliweyo.Ukusebenzisa olu lwazi, imikhosi yokusabela kumanqaku ahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokukhupha ingabalwa kwaye ibalwa.
Ingxaki yomzekelo wesicelo sokukhutshwa okuvulekileyo inikwe kumhlathi we-II-7.Ezinye iindlela zikhona ekubaleni iimpawu zokuhamba kwiinkqubo zokukhupha i-valve yokunceda, kwaye umfundi uyalunyukiswa ukuba aqinisekise ukuba indlela esetyenzisiweyo ikhuselekile ngokwaneleyo.Enye indlela enjalo ichazwa ngu-GS Liao kwi-"Power Plant Safety and Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Group Engineering" ka-Oktobha 9, epapashwe ngu-Okthobha we-Electrotechnical Exhaust Group5.
Indawo yevalve yokhuseleko kufuneka igcine umgama omncinci wombhobho othe ngqo ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na i-bend.Lo mgama omncinci uxhomekeke kwinkonzo kunye nejometri yenkqubo njengoko kuchazwe kumhlathi we-II-5.2.1.Ukufakela ukufakwa kunye neevalve ezininzi zokunceda, isithuba esicetyiswayo sokudibanisa isebe le-valve kuxhomekeke kwi-radii yesebe kunye nenkonzo yombhobho, njengoko kuboniswe kwiNqaku (10) (c) ye-Table D-1. izixhaso zemibhobho ezibekwe kwindawo yokukhutshwa kwevalve yoncedo ukuya kumbhobho osebenzayo endaweni yesakhiwo esikufutshane sokunciphisa impembelelo yokwandiswa kwe-thermal kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-seismic. Isishwankathelo sezi kunye nezinye iingqalelo zoyilo kuyilo lweendibano zevalve yokhuseleko zinokufumaneka kumhlathi II-5.
Ngokucacileyo, akunakwenzeka ukugubungela zonke iimfuno zoyilo ze-ASME B31 ngaphakathi kwendawo yesi sihloko.Kodwa nayiphi na injineli ekhethiweyo echaphazelekayo ekuyilweni kwenkqubo yombhobho woxinzelelo kufuneka ubuncinane iqhelane nale khowudi yokuyila.Ngethemba, ngolwazi olungentla, abafundi baya kufumana i-ASME B31 isibonelelo esibaluleke ngakumbi kwaye sifikeleleke.
U-Monte K. Engelkemier yinkokeli yeprojekthi kwi-Stanley Consultants.U-Engelkemier ilungu le-Iowa Engineering Society, i-NSPE, kunye ne-ASME, kwaye ukhonza kwi-B31.1 yeKomiti yeKhowudi yeMibhobho yoMbane kunye ne-Subcommittee.Uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-12 yamava kwi-miping system layout, ukuyila, ukuphonononga ukunyanzeliswa kwe-bracing kunye nokuhlalutya kwe-Wilkey ye-Engine ye-Engine. Consultants.Uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-6 yamava obugcisa bokuyila iinkqubo zombhobho kwizinto ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo, zikamasipala, iziko kunye nabathengi beshishini kwaye ulilungu le-ASME kunye ne-Iowa Engineering Society.
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