Inothi Lomhleli: Njalo ngonyaka. Ubunjiniyela Bezimayini buhlanganisa Ukubuyekezwa Kwezimbiwa Zezimboni. Kunabantu abaningana abachithe isikhathi esiningi bethuthukisa izinto zalolu daba, ngenkathi benza nomsebenzi wabo. Sibonga Abahleli Bokubuyekezwa Kwaminyaka Yonke Kwezimbiwa Zezimboni, uSihlalo kanye nePhini LikaSihlalo weKomidi Lobuchwepheshe le-Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division, kanye nababhali bamaphrofayili empahla ngayinye.
URajesh Raitani uyilungu le-SME le-Cytec Industries Inc. futhi ungusihlalo weKomidi Lobuchwepheshe le-Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division.
Usizo lwabo lwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhishwa kwezimbiwa zezimboni ngoJulayi. Egameni labafundi bami, abahleli bayababonga.
Izinkampani ezine – i-HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., i-Imerys. I-Old Hickory Clay Co. kanye ne-Unimin Corp. – Kwambiwa ubumba lwebhola ezifundazweni ezine ngo-2013. Ngokusho kwedatha yokuqala, ukukhiqizwa kuyi-metric ton eyi-1 (amathani amafushane ayizigidi eziyi-1.1) enenani elilinganiselwa ku-$47 million. Ukukhiqizwa kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti ama-3 kusuka kuma-carat angu-973 (amathani amafushane ayizigidi eziyi-1.1) ngo-2012, okulinganiselwa ku-$45.1 million. I-Tennessee ingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili, okhiqiza u-64% womkhiqizo wasekhaya, kulandelwa yiTexas. I-Mississippi kanye neKentucky. Cishe u-67% womkhiqizo webhola lonke uvela emoyeni, u-22% ubumba oluqinile noma oluchotshoziwe, kanti u-11% uludaka lwamanzi.
Ngo-2013, abakhiqizi bobumba basekhaya bathengisa ubumba ezimakethe ezilandelayo: amathayili obumba kanye nodonga lwe-ceramic (44%); ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (21%); izinto zokuhlanzeka (18%); izinto zobumba ezahlukahlukene (9%); ngokusetshenziswa kokugcina ngo-2012 Imodi kanye nemakethe yamanje, izigcwalisi, izandisi kanye nezihlanganisi kanye nokusetshenziswa okungacacisiwe (4% ngayinye). Ezinye izimakethe zingaphansi kwe-1% yobumba lwebhola olusele oluthengisiwe noma olusetshenzisiwe. Ukuthengiswa okubikiwe kokwenziwa kwe-fiberglass noma iningi lezicelo zokugcwalisa, izigcwalisi kanye nezihlanganisi kungenzeka kube ubumba lwe-kaolin olumbiwa noma oluthengwe abakhiqizi bobumba lwebhola.
Ngokusho kocwaningo lokuqala lwabakhiqizi bobumba basekhaya, intengo emaphakathi yobumba basekhaya yayicishe ibe yi-US$47/t ($43/t) ngo-2013, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-US$46/t ($42/t) ngo-2012. Amanani eyunithi yobumba basekhaya oluthunyelwa ngaphandle nolungeniswayo ayeyi-$126/t ($114/st) kanye ne-$373/t ($338/st) ngokulandelana ngo-2013, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-$62/t ($56/st) kanye ne-$314/t ($285/st) ngo-2013) ngo-2012, ngokulandelana. Intengo yeyunithi yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle okuningi kwenqwaba yanda ngo-2013, kanti ukuthunyelwa kokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-tonnage ephansi, enenani eliphezulu kwaphindeka kabili ngo-2013 uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012, okwaholela ekuthunyelweni okumaphakathi kwenani eliphindwe kabili. Ukuthunyelwa okubili kwe-tonnage ephansi, enenani eliphezulu ngo-2013 kwaba yimbangela yokwanda kwenani lokungeniswa.
Ngokusho kwe-US Census Bureau, amathani angu-4,681 (amathani angu-516) obumba lwebhola angeniswa ngo-2013, anenani elingu-$174,000, uma kuqhathaniswa namathani angu-436 (amathani angu-481) abiza u-$137,000 ngo-2012. Iningi lobumba lwebhola langeniswa livela e-United Kingdom. I-US Census Bureau ibike ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2013 kwakungama-carat angu-52.2 (ama-short tons angu-57,500) abiza u-$6.6 million, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-carat angu-74 (ama-tonne angu-81.600) ngo-2012, anenani elingu-$4.58 million. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ubumba lwebhola yizo eziya e-downward, eBelgium, izikhungo ezinkulu zokuthutha zaseYurophu, eVenezuela naseNicaragua. Lawa mazwe amathathu athola amaphesenti angu-58 okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ubumba lwebhola lwe-US. Abakhiqizi base-US bavame ukubika ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphindwe kabili kuya kathathu kune-US Census Bureau. Ngokwezibalo zokuhweba ngokungenisa ezishicilelwe yi-Ministry of Economy yaseMexico, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ubumba lwebhola lwe-tonnage enkulu oluthunyelwa luvela e-United States luya eMexico kungahlukaniswa njenge-kaolin.
Ithemba lemboni ye-ball clay ukukhula kokuthengisa njengoba umnotho wase-US uqhubeka nokululama kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho. Ngo-2013, imisebenzi yokwakha yezentengiselwano kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindlu zokuhlala yayibalulekile ekuthengisweni kwe-ball clay ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo ekwenziweni kwamathayela e-ceramic kanye nezinto zokuhlanza. I-US Census Bureau ibike ukuthi izindlu zangasese ezingu-923,000 ziqalile ngo-2013, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqala okungu-781,000 ngo-2012, okuwukwenyuka ngamaphesenti angu-18. Inani lezakhiwo zokuhlala nezingahlali eziqediwe ngo-2013 lenyuke ngamaphesenti ama-5 laya ku-$898 billion lisuka ku-$857 billion ngo-2012. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkinga zokuvalwa kwezindlu ziyaxazululwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zase-United States, okunciphisa inani lezindlu ezingenamuntu emakethe. Naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, ukuqaliswa kwezindlu kusengaphansi kwamazinga angaphambi kokwehla komnotho.
Ukuthengiswa kwe-ball clay yasekhaya nakho kuthinteka ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngobumba lwe-ball efana nama-tile nezinto zokuhlanza. Ngo-2013, inani lama-tile angenisiwe lehle lisuka ku-$62.1 million kumamitha-skwele angu-5.86 (63.1 million square feet) ngo-2012 laya kumamitha-skwele angu-5.58 (60.1 million square feet) abiza u-$64.7 million. Imithombo eyinhloko yama-tile ngokusho kwekhodi ye-Harmonized Tariff Schedule 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ngokwehla kwevolumu, iShayina (22%); iMexico (21%); i-Italy neTurkey (10% ngalinye); iBrazil (7%); IColombia, iPeru neSpain (5% ngayinye). Ukungeniswa kwezinto zokuhlanza kukhuphuke kusuka ku-25.2 million ngo-2012 kuya ku-29.7 million ngo-2013. IShayina yayinezigidi ezingu-14.7 (49%) zezinto zokuhlanza zase-US ezingenisiwe ngo-2013, kanti iMexico yayinezigidi ezingu-11.6 (39%). Ukungeniswa kwamathayili e-ceramic kanye nezinto zokuhlanza Abakhiqizi bobumba bebhola abavela eMexico abanaki kakhulu abakhiqizi bobumba bebhola basekhaya kunalabo abavela eShayina, njengoba abakhiqizi base-US bengabaphakeli abakhulu bobumba bebhola embonini yobumba yaseMexico. Ukwanda komsebenzi wokwakha kusikisela ukuthi ukukhula kokuthengiswa kobumba bebhola basekhaya ngo-2014 kungase kufane nokwango-2013.*
Cishe yonke i-bauxite esetshenziswa e-United States ingeniswa kwamanye amazwe. I-Alabama, i-Arkansas, ne-Georgia zikhiqiza inani elincane le-bauxite kanye nobumba lwe-bauxite ukuze kusetshenziswe okungezona ezensimbi.
Ukungeniswa kwe-bauxite yezinga lensimbi (eyomile kakhulu) sekufinyelele kuma-metric tonnes angu-9.8 (ama-standard tonnes ayizigidi ezingu-10.1) ngo-2013, ukwehla ngo-5% kusukela ekungenisweni ngo-2012. IJamaica (48%). IGuinea (26%) kanye neBrazil (25%) kwakuyizona ezaziphakela kakhulu e-US ngo-2013. Ngo-2013, i-bauxite ene-calcined yezinga le-refractory engu-131-carat (ama-short tonnes angu-144,400) yangeniswa, ukwanda ngo-58% unyaka nonyaka.
Ukungeniswa kwe-bauxite ene-calcined grade refractory kwanda uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012, okwaholela ekugcwalisweni kabusha kwezimpahla njengoba ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo ene-refractory esekelwe ku-bauxite kwehla uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012. Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yasekhaya, okuwukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwemikhiqizo ene-refractory esekelwe ku-bauxite, kwehle cishe ngo-2% ngo-2013, uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa ngo-2012. I-China (49%) kanye ne-Guyana (44%) yizona zindawo eziyinhloko zokungeniswa kwe-bauxite ene-calcined grade refractory yase-US.
Ukungeniswa kwe-bauxite ene-calcined grade engaguquki kwafinyelela kuma-carat angu-455 (ama-short tons angu-501,500) ngo-2013, okuwukwenyuka okungu-40% uma kuqhathaniswa nokungeniswa ngo-2012. Ukukhula kwabangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-bauxite kusimende okwandisiwe, imboni kawoyela njengendawo yokukhiqiza i-hydraulic fracturing, kanye nabakhiqizi bensimbi. IGuyana (38%), i-Australia (28%) kanye neBrazil (20%) kwakuyimithombo eyinhloko.
Ngo-2013, i-United States yathumela i-bauxite ene-calcined grade engu-9-carat (9,900 st), okukhuphuke ngo-40% ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012, kanti i-Canada (72%) kanye ne-Mexico (7%) kwakuyizindawo eziyinhloko. Ngo-2013, i-United States yathumela inani elincane kakhulu le-bauxite ene-calcined grade engaguquki, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-kiloton angu-13 (ama-short tons angu-14,300) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-bauxite eyomile okuqinile kwafinyelela cishe kuma-tonne angu-4,000 (ama-short tons angu-4,400), ukwehla ngo-59% kusuka kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012, kanti i-Canada (82%) yayiyindawo eyinhloko.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-alumina yasekhaya kulinganiselwa kumathani angu-4.1 metric (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-4.6) ngo-2013, kwehle ngo-7% kusukela ngo-2012. Ukwehla kwakungenxa yokukhiqizwa okuphansi e-Ormet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, eLos Angeles. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamandla ayo zavalwa ngo-Agasti kanti ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu esele yavalwa ngo-Okthoba. Indawo yokuhluza yathengiswa ku-Almatis GmbH futhi yaqalwa kabusha maphakathi noDisemba.
Ingqikithi yokungeniswa kwe-alumina ngo-2013 yayingamathani angu-2.05 metric (amathani ajwayelekile ayizigidi ezingu-2.26), ukwanda ngo-8% ngaphezu kokungeniswa kwe-alumina ngo-2012. I-Australia (37%), iSuriname (35%) kanye neBrazil (12%) kwakuyimithombo eyinhloko. Ingqikithi yokuthunyelwa kwe-alumina ngo-2013 yayingamathani angu-2.25 metric (amathani ajwayelekile ayizigidi ezingu-2.48), ukwanda ngo-27% ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa kwe-2012. Phakathi kwazo, iCanada (35%), iGibhithe (17%) kanye ne-Iceland (13%) yizona izindawo eziyinhloko ezivakashelwa kuzo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-bauxite yasekhaya (ngokwesilinganiso esilinganayo se-crude dry) ngo-2013 kwalinganiselwa ku-9.8 mt (amathani ajwayelekile ayizigidi eziyi-10.1), okuphakeme ngo-2% kunango-2012. Kulokhu, cishe amathani angu-8.8 metric (amathani ajwayelekile ayizigidi eziyi-9.1) asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-alumina. Kungaphansi ngo-6% kunonyaka odlule. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwe-bauxite kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezisusa ukungcola, usimende, amakhemikhali kanye nezinto ezivimbela ukubola, kanye nasembonini kawoyela, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-alumina yasekhaya embonini ye-aluminium ngo-2013 kwakungu-3.89 metric tons (amathani ajwayelekile ayizigidi ezingu-4.29), ukwehla ngo-6% kusukela ngo-2012. Ngo-2013, ezinye izimboni e-United States zasebenzisa cishe amakhilotoni angu-490 (amathani ajwayelekile angu-540,000) e-alumina, ukwehla ngo-16% kusukela ngo-2012. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwe-alumina kufaka phakathi izinto zokukhuhla, usimende, izinto zobumba kanye namakhemikhali.
Amanani e-bauxite engenisiwe nethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ayahlukahluka ngomthombo, indawo oya kuyo kanye nebanga. Amanani eyunithi e-bauxite ene-calcined calcined grade engenisiwe evela emithonjeni emikhulu ngo-2013 ayengu-$813/t ($737/st) evela eBrazil (akhuphuke ngo-5%) kanye no-$480/t ($435/st) evela eShayina (aphansi kancane) kanye no-$441 It ($400/st) evela eGuyana (aphansi kancane).
Amanani e-bauxite ene-calcined grade engaguquki engeniswe emithonjeni emikhulu ayesukela ku-$56/t ($51/st) e-Australia (phansi ngo-20%) kuya ku-$65/t ($59/st) eGrisi (akhuphuke ngo-12%) ngo-2013. Intengo emaphakathi ye-bauxite eyomile engaguquki engenisiwe ngo-2013 yayingu-$30/t ($27/st), ephakeme ngo-7% kunango-2012. Intengo emaphakathi ye-alumina engenisiwe ngo-2013 yayingu-$396/t ($359/st), ephansi ngo-3% kunango-2012 ngo-2012. Intengo emaphakathi ye-alumina ethunyelwe kwamanye amazwe isuka e-US yehle ngo-11% yaya ku-$400 ngo-2013 uma kuqhathaniswa namanani ka-2012 /t ($363/st).
Amanani e-aluminium aqhubeka ngo-2013 kwaze kwaba yikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amanani e-aluminium aphansi kanye nezindleko zikagesi eziphezulu kubhekiswa njengezizathu zokuvalwa kwe-aluminium eyodwa yasekhaya ngo-2013 kanye nesimemezelo sokuvalwa kwe-aluminium eyodwa eyinhloko kwikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amandla Amasha Ekupheleni kuka-2013 nasekuqaleni kuka-2014, abanikazi be-aluminium ezintathu eziyinhloko kanye nabaphakeli bamandla bafinyelela izivumelwano zokuphakelwa kukagesi. Kodwa-ke, abanikazi bezinye i-aluminium ezimbili bazama ukuxoxisana ngezivumelwano zikagesi ukuze behlise amanani kagesi.
Nakuba amanani e-aluminium ezinzile kwikota yokuqala ka-2014, isidingo se-alumina sizoncika ezivumelwaneni ezintsha zokuphakelwa kukagesi nabanye abancibilikisi. Ngenkathi amanani egesi yemvelo yase-US eqhubeke nokukhuphuka ngonyaka odlule, amanani aphansi kakhulu kulindeleke ukuthi aqhubeke nokuhlinzeka ngezinzuzo zezindleko kubacwengi be-alumina basekhaya ngo-2014.
Ukungeniswa kwe-bauxite ene-calcined grade refractory kulindeleke ukuthi kuncike ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi, kodwa ukufaka esikhundleni sensimbi nge-aluminium ngabakhiqizi bezimoto abafuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kungenzeka kunciphise isidingo sensimbi kanye nemikhiqizo e-refractory yokwenza insimbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-bauxite ene-calcined grade non-refractory kulindeleke ukuthi kwande ngo-2014 njengoba imboni kaphethiloli iqhubeka nokuyisebenzisa ekususeni, usimende kanye nokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic.*
Ngo-2013, imboni ye-bentonite ayizange ishintshe kusukela ngo-2012. Isiyonke i-US production kanye nokuthengiswa kwayo bekungamathani angu-4.95 metric (amakholomu ayizigidi ezingu-5.4), uma kuqhathaniswa namathani angu-4.98 metric (amakholomu ayizigidi ezingu-5.5) ngo-2012. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-bentonite enwetshiwe kuphethwe yiWyoming, kulandelwe yi-Utah neMontana. I-Texas.california.Oregon.Nevada neColorado. Ngo-2011, ukululama kusukela e-US kanye nokwehla komnotho emhlabeni (2007-2009) kwabonakala kuphelele kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlobene nokwakhiwa kwe-bentonite sekuqalile ukululama. ENyakatho Melika (e-US naseKhanada), i-sodium bentonite evuvukele ibusa i-calcium bentonite engavuvukile, ebiza ngaphezu kuka-97% wemakethe iyonke ye-bentonite. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-bentonite engavuvukile kwenzeka e-Alabama, eMississippi, e-Arizona, eCalifornia naseNevada. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-bentonite engavuvukile yizihlanganisi zesihlabathi se-foundry, ukwelashwa kwamanzi kanye nokuhlunga.
Emhlabeni jikelele, umkhiqizi oyinhloko we-bentonite esebenze nge-sodium yiGrisi. IShayina, iGibhithe kanye neNdiya. I-AMCOL (eyayikade i-American Colloid Co.) isalokhu ingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili we-sodium bentonite onesabelo semakethe esingaba ngu-40%, kuyilapho i-BPM Minerals LLC (inkampani engaphansi kweHalliburton) inesabelo semakethe esingaba ngu-30% e-US. Abanye abakhiqizi abakhulu be-sodium bentonite yi-MI-LLC, iBlack Hills Bentonite kanye neWyo-Ben. Abekho abakhiqizi abasha be-bentonite abaqale ukwakha ngo-2013. I-Wyo-Ben Inc. yavula imayini entsha eduze kwaseThermopolis, eWyoming. Izimali ezigciniwe zediphozithi kulindeleke ukuthi zihlale okungenani iminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengama-20. Izindleko zezinto eziluhlaza zahlala zizinzile, kuyilapho amazinga omthwalo wamaloli engashintshi ngo-2013.
I-bentonite yezinga lokubhoboza yokubhoboza uwoyela negesi kanye nokubuyisa kwakuwukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-bentonite enwetshiwe ngo-2013, ikhiqiza cishe amathani ayi-1.15 metric (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-1.26). Inani lemishini esebenzayo laqhubeka nokukhula ngo-2013, okuqinisekisa ukubuya kokubhoboza uwoyela negesi. Ikakhulukazi, ukubhoboza okuvundlile kokukhiqizwa kwe-shale kuyindlela enkulu yokusebenzisa i-bentonite.
Imakethe yokumunca imfucuza yezilwane ezifuywayo ehlanganisiwe iyimakethe yesibili ngobukhulu ye-granular expanded bentonite. Nakuba inqwaba yemfucuza yezilwane ezifuywayo ifinyelele ku-1.24 metric tons (1.36 million metric tons) ngo-2005, iye yashintshashintsha phakathi kwamathani angu-1.05 no-1.08 metric (1.15 million metric tons) eminyakeni edlule, ngemakethe yamathani angaba ngu-1.05 metric (1.15 million metric tons) ngo-2013 mt).
Ama-pellet ensimbi e-bentonite enwetshiwe ayeyimakethe yesithathu ngobukhulu, ekhula yaba amakhilotoni angu-550 (amathani amafushane angu-606.000) ngo-2013 njengoba isidingo sensimbi sanda ekukhiqizweni kwezimoto nemishini esindayo e-US.
Kusukela ngo-2011, isilinganiso se-bentonite enwetshiwe esetshenziswa njenge-binder esihlabathini se-foundry sensimbi nezinye izinsimbi sidlula ama-carat angu-500 (amathani amafushane angu-550,000). Ukusungulwa kwemikhiqizo emisha akuzange kuthinte kakhulu lezi zimakethe ezine ezinkulu ze-bentonite enwetshiwe enezinhlayiya nezimpuphu.
Imakethe ye-bentonite yezicelo zobunjiniyela bomphakathi, ehlukaniswe ngokwehlukana no-2005, yayingama-carat angu-175 (ama-short tons angu-192,000), okubonisa ukuthi imakethe yaqala ukululama kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ngo-2008. Imakethe ye-bentonite yokuvimbela amanzi nokuvala yaqhubeka nokukhula kanye nemboni yezokwakha ngemva kokwehla komnotho e-US, yafinyelela kuma-carat angu-150 (ama-short tons angu-165,000) ngo-2013. Imakethe yezinye i-bentonite ezincane ezinwetshiwe zezinamathiseli, ukudla kwezilwane, izigcwalisi kanye nezigcwalisi, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuvamile ayizange ilulame kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ngo-2008.
Ingxenye encane yemakethe ye-bentonite igxile ekucaciseni iziphuzo newayini kanye nemikhiqizo ye-organoclay. I-AMCOL, i-Southern Clay Products, i-Sud Chemie kanye ne-Elementis Specialties Inc. baphishekela imakethe ye-bentonite nanocomposite. I-Elementis yandise isitshalo sayo se-hectorite esandisiwe eNewbury Springs, eCalif., esikhathini esiyiminyaka eminingi, iphinda kabili amandla ayo angaphambilini futhi yenza ukuthi isebenzise amandla amaningi. I-Elementis iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo ye-organoclay engabizi kakhulu njenge-Bentone 910, i-Bentone 920 kanye ne-Bentone 990 yoketshezi lokubhoboza olusekelwe ku-oyili.
Kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho womhlaba ngo-2008, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwedola laseMelika lisize ekukhuliseni ukuthunyelwa kwe-bentonite. Ngo-2013, abakhiqizi be-bentonite basekhaya babike ukuthunyelwa kwe-bentonite okungama-carat angu-950 (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-1.05) ukuze kubholwe udaka, kuhlanganiswe nesihlabathi se-foundry kanye nezinye izimakethe ezahlukahlukene. Inani elincane le-bentonite langeniswa eCanada.2013.1 IMexico neGrisi
I-Bismuth iyisici esinzima esihlobene ngamakhemikhali ne-antimony. Ingumkhiqizo ophumayo wokukhishwa kwe-lead ne-tungsten, futhi ngezinga elincane ithusi ne-tin. I-antimony iyisici samakhemikhali esilula. Ingumkhiqizo ophumayo wokukhishwa kwezinsimbi ezifana ne-lead, isiliva negolide. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-bismuth ne-antimony kuyinhlanganisela.
Ama-Bismuth kanye nama-antimony amakhemikhali kanye nokusetshenziswa okungewona okwensimbi okuhlobene nakho kudala ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwalezi zakhi zamakhemikhali. Akuvamile ukusetshenziswa njengensimbi noma i-alloy.
Iqembu elikhulu kakhulu elisetshenziswa ekugcineni le-bismuth yiqembu lamakhemikhali, elihlanganisa imithi efana ne-Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), izimonyo zamehlo ezinethonya le-pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), ama-catalysts, kanye nokunye ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali njengopende (i-Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Iqembu elilandelayo elibaluleke kakhulu lokusetshenziswa ekugcineni kwe-bismuth yiqembu lezithako ze-metallurgical, elisakhiwo salo sivimbela ukwakheka kwe-graphite kusuka ensimbini encibilikisiwe ene-carbon supersaturated, likhuthaza ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi, ithusi kanye ne-aluminium ngokukhululeka, futhi likhuthaza ukumbozwa okufanayo ekugayweni kwe-galvanizing. Kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zaleli qembu lezithako, i-bismuth ayisebenzi njenge-agent yokuhlanganisa, kodwa isebenza njenge-catalyst evimbela, ekhuthaza noma ekhiqiza ukusabela noma izakhiwo ezithile. Insimbi idinga i-bismuth noma i-selenium engu-0.1% kuphela ukuze isebenze kahle. Uma kuqhathaniswa nala maqembu okusetshenziswa ekugcineni, iqembu le-bismuth alloy libala inani elincane le-bismuth futhi lisetshenziswa kuma-alloy ahlanganisiwe, kwamanye ama-alloy aphansi okuncibilika, kanye nezinhlamvu.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-antimony kuyindlela yokuvimbela ilangabi, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni amapulasitiki, izinamathiseli kanye nezindwangu. I-antimony oxide inendima ekhethekile njengesicisha-mlilo sama-free radical esisebenza ngesigaba segesi kuma-flame retardants, ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezinkulu ze-halogenated ezisetshenziswa njenge-flame retardants.
Olunye uhlobo lwemikhiqizo engeyona eyensimbi lusetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-pigment kanye nengilazi (kufaka phakathi izinto zobumba). I-Antimony oxide ezingilazini eziningi kanye nezinto zobumba isebenza njenge-opacifier, kodwa i-antimony ezingilazini ezikhethekile ingazicacisa. Iqembu le-antimony lead kanye ne-alloy liqukethe ngokuyinhloko i-antimony lead esetshenziswa kumabhethri ezimoto asebenzisa uphethiloli.
Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kuhluka kusukela cishe kungenzeki (i-bismuth emithini yesisu nasezimonyweni ngoba ihlakazekile ngokuphelele) kuya kobunzima obuncishisiwe, njenge-antimony ezithiya umlilo, izithasiselo ze-metallurgical kanye ne-bismuth ekugayweni kwe-galvanizing, i-antimony engilazini i-Bismuth ezithasiselweni kanye nama-Catalyst. Indlela elula, elula futhi eshibhile yokuphinda kusetshenziswe i-bismuth ezingxubeni ezifusible kanye nezinye izingxube kanye ne-antimony ezindizeni ze-antimony zebhethri.
Ukungeniswa kwensimbi ye-bismuth e-US akuzange kushintshe kakhulu ngo-2012 nango-2013 ngamathani angu-1,699 (amathani amafushane angu-1,872) kanye namathani angu-1,708 (amathani amafushane angu-1,882). I-Antimony oxide, engeniswe kakhulu ngobuningi, yayingama-carat angu-20.7 (amathani amafushane angu-22,800) (isiyonke) ngo-2012 kanye nama-carat angu-21.9 (amathani angu-24,100) ngo-2013, ukwanda okuncane. Izinyanga ezimbili zedatha ka-2014 ziphakamisa ukuthi le ndlela iyaqhubeka. I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ayisashicileli inhlolovo yayo yokusetshenziswa kwe-bismuth yekota.
Isamba sokusetshenziswa kokuphela konyaka sika-2011 (esanyatheliswa kamuva) sokusetshenziswa kwe-bismuth e-United States sasingamathani angu-222 (amathani angu-245) eqenjini lezithako ze-metallurgical kanye namathani angu-54 (amathani angu-59) e-bismuth alloys. Ibhalansi ikakhulukazi imayelana namakhemikhali, 6681 (736 st).
Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwe-USGS kwe-antimony e-United States kwakungama-carat angu-21.7 (ama-short tons angu-23,900) ngo-2012 kanye nama-carat angu-24 (ama-short tons angu-26,500) ngo-2013.
Njengoba kungekho datha eningi, imiphumela ka-2013 ye-bismuth ayishintshanga kangako. Ngokuphathelene ne-antimony, okuhlola idatha elinganiselwe, ukusetshenziswa ngo-2013 kufanele kube cishe yi-10% ngaphezu kuka-2012. Ngo-2014, i-bismuth ibonakala sengathi izohlala ingashintshi futhi i-antimony yehle kancane.
Amaminerali amane aqukethe amaphesenti angama-90 ama-borate asetshenziswa imboni emhlabeni wonke—i-sodium borate, i-calcium tin, ne-potassium; i-calcium borate, i-calcium stearate; kanye ne-calcium sodium borate, i-colemanite. I-Borax iyi-crystalline emhlophe eyaziwa ngamakhemikhali ngokuthi i-sodium tetraborate decahydrate, eyenzeka ngokwemvelo ku-mineral tin. I-Boric acid iyi-crystalline eqinile engenambala, ethengiswa ngamagremu obuchwepheshe, kadokotela kahulumeni kanye nekhwalithi ekhethekile ngesimo se-granular noma se-powder, ngokuvamile njenge-anhydrous boric acid. Ama-borate deposits ahlotshaniswa nomsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo kanye nezimo zezulu ezomile, kanye nama-deposits amakhulu kakhulu asebenzayo ngokwezomnotho e-US Mojave Desert eduze ne-boron.CA, Alpine Belt of South Asia, Andean Belt of South America. Ikhwalithi yensiza noma indawo egciniwe ivame ukulinganiswa ngokwezinga layo elilinganayo le-boron trioxide (B,0,).
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-boron kanye nama-compounds e-US ngo-2013 kwanda kancane kusukela ngo-2012; Imininingwane iyagcinwa ukuze kugwenywe ukudalulwa kwedatha yenkampani. Izinkampani ezimbili eNingizimu yeCalifornia zikhiqiza amaminerali e-boron, ikakhulukazi i-sodium borate. I-Rio Tinto Borax, inkampani ephethwe ngokuphelele yi-Rio Tinto Minerals ese-UK, ikhipha i-core rock kanye ne-tin-calcium ngezindlela zokumba emgodini ovulekile emisebenzini yayo eBoron, eCalifornia. Lawa maminerali acutshungulwa abe yi-boric acid noma imikhiqizo ye-sodium borate ezindaweni zokuhluza eziseduze nemayini bese ithunyelwa ngesitimela noma ngeloli kumakhasimende aseNyakatho Melika noma ithengiswe emhlabeni wonke ngePort of Los Angeles. Ama-borate akhethekile, njengemikhiqizo yezolimo, yokulondolozwa kwezinkuni kanye nemikhiqizo evimbela ilangabi, akhiqizwa eWilmington, CA, eBorax.plant. I-Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) ikhiqiza i-borax kanye ne-boric acid kusuka kuma-potassium kanye ne-sodium borate brine esikhungweni sayo saseSearles Lake eduze kwaseTrôna, eCalifornia. Ezitshalweni ze-SVM iTrôna kanye neWestend, lawa ma-brine acwengisiswa abe yi-anhydrous, decahydrate kanye ne-borax pentahydrate.
Amaminerali namakhemikhali e-boron asetshenziswa kakhulu enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States. Amaphethini okusatshalaliswa okulinganiselwe kwamakhemikhali e-boron asetshenziswa e-United States ngo-2013 kwakuyingilazi kanye ne-ceramics, 80%; insipho, izihlanzi, kanye nama-bleach, 4%; ezolimo, 4%; ama-enamel nama-glaze, 3% kanye nokunye ukusetshenziswa, 9%. I-Boron isetshenziswa engilazini njengesithako sokunciphisa ukwanda kokushisa; ukuthuthukisa amandla, ukumelana namakhemikhali, kanye nokuqina; futhi ihlinzeka ngokumelana nokudlidliza, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye nokushaqeka kokushisa. I-insulation kanye ne-fiberglass yendwangu yizona zinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-borates emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Boron iyisakhi esisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ekukhuthazeni ukukhiqizwa kwembewu. Umanyolo we-Boron utholakala kakhulu ku-borax kanye ne-monetite, okungalethwa ngamanzi afafazwayo noma okunisela ngenxa yokuncibilika kwawo emanzini amaningi.
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-sodium borate e-US kwakungama-kt angu-650 (716,000 st) ngo-2013, okuwukwenyuka okuncane kusuka kuma-kt angu-646 (712,000 st) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-boric acid akuzange kushintshe ku-kt angu-190 (209,000 st). Inani leyunithi lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-boric acid lenyuke kusuka ku-$816/t ($740/st) ngo-2012 laya ku-$910/t ($740/st) ngo-2013. Umamukeli oyinhloko wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 kwakuyiNingizimu Korea, ebiza amaphesenti angu-20. Ukungeniswa kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 kwakungamakhilotoni angu-53 (amathani angu-59,000), cishe ngo-4% ngaphansi kunango-2012. Cishe ama-64% e-boric acid angenisiwe ngo-2013 avela eTurkey. Inani leyunithi lokungeniswa kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 lalingama-$687/t ($623/st), likhuphuke kusukela ku- $782/1 ($709/st) ngo-2012.
ITurkey ne-United States bahola umhlaba ekukhiqizweni kwe-borate ngo-2013. Ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kwe-US, isisindo se-borate somhlaba wonke sasilinganiselwa kumathani angu-4.9 metric (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-5.4) ngo-2013, okuwukwenyuka ngamaphesenti angu-11 kusukela ngo-2012.
I-Argentina ingumkhiqizi omkhulu we-boron ore eNingizimu Melika. Ukwanda kwamuva kokukhiqizwa kwe-borate e-Argentina, ikakhulukazi i-boric acid, kungenxa kakhulu yokwanda kwesidingo sama-borate avela ezimbonini ze-ceramic ne-glass e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.