Inothi Lomhleli: Ngonyaka.Ubunjiniyela Bezimayini buhlanganisa Ukubuyekezwa Kwezimibiwa Zezimboni.Kunabantu abambalwa abaye bachitha isikhathi esiningi bethuthukisa impahla yalolu daba, kuyilapho benza umsebenzi wabo.
U-Rajesh Raitani uyilungu le-SME le-Cytec Industries Inc. futhi ungusihlalo weKomidi Lezobuchwepheshe le-Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division.
Usizo lwabo lwenza lwaba nokwenzeka lolu daba lwangoJulayi lwe-Industrial Minerals. Egameni labafundi bami, abahleli bayababonga.
Izinkampani ezine - i-HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., i-Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. kanye ne-Unimin Corp. - Ubumba lwebhola lemayini ezifundazweni ezine ngo-2013.Ngokwedatha yokuqala, ukukhiqizwa kuyithani lemethrikhi elingu-1 (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-1.1) ngenani elilinganiselwa ku-$47 million.Ukukhiqizwa kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angu-3 ama-carats amafushane angu-9. I-2012, enenani lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-45.1. I-Tennessee ingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili, obala u-64% wokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya, kulandelwa i-Texas.Mississippi ne-Kentucky.Cishe i-67% yengqikithi yokukhiqiza ubumba bebhola i-air flotation, i-22% iwubumba obunzima noma ochotshoziwe, kanti i-11% iwudaka lwamanzi.
Ngo-2013, abakhiqizi bobumba basekhaya bathengisa ubumba kulezi zimakethe ezilandelayo: ama-ceramic floor kanye nama-wall tiles (44%); ezithunyelwa ngaphandle (21%); impahla yenhlanzeko (18%); i-ceramics ehlukahlukene (9%); ngokusetshenziswa kokugcina ngo-2012 Imodi kanye nemakethe yamanje, izigcwalisi, izandisi nezibophezelo kanye nokusetshenziswa okungacacisiwe (4% ngayinye).Ezinye izimakethe zenza ngaphansi kuka-1% wobumba olusele lwebhola oludayisiwe noma olusetshenzisiwe.Ukuthengiswa okubikwe kokwakhiwa kwe-fiberglass noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zokugcwalisa, zokugcwalisa kanye ne-binder cishe zizokwenziwa ngokuyinhloko i-clay clay embiwa ama-ball noma abakhiqizi abathengiwe.
Ngokwenhlolovo yokuqala yabakhiqizi bobumba basekhaya, inani lentengo elimaphakathi lobumba lwebhola lasekhaya lalilinganiselwa ku-US$47/t ($43/t) ngo-2013, uma liqhathaniswa ne-US$46/t ($42/t) ngo-2012. 2013, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-$62/t ($56/st) kanye ne-$314/t ($285/st) ngo-2013) ngo-2012, ngokulandelana.Intengo yeyunithi yokuthunyelwa kwenqwaba yamazwe angaphandle ikhuphuke ngo-2013, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwe-low-tonnage, ukuthengiswa kwenani eliphezulu kuphindwe kabili ngo-2013 amanani angaphandle uma kuqhathaniswa ne-woT ye-2013. ukuthunyelwa kwamathani aphansi, amanani aphezulu ngo-2013 kubalele ukwenyuka kwenani lokungenisa.
Ngokusho kwe-US Census Bureau, amathani angu-4,681 (amathani angu-516) obumba bebhola angenisiwe ngo-2013, inani lamaRandi angu-174,000, uma kuqhathaniswa namathani angu-436 (amathani angu-481) abiza u-$ 137,000 ngo-2012.Inqwaba yobumba bebhola yathengwa e-United Kingdom. I-US Census Bureau ibike ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2013 kwakungama-carats angu-52.2 (amathani amafushane angu-57,500) abiza u-$ 6.6 wezigidi, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-carats angu-74 (amathani angu-81.600) ngo-2012, Abiza ngezigidi ezingu-4.58 zamaRandi. Amaphesenti angu-58 okuthengiswa kobumba bamabhola e-US. Abakhiqizi base-US ngokuvamile babika ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphindwe kabili kuya kokuthathu kune-US Census Bureau.Ngokwezibalo zohwebo ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezishicilelwe uMnyango Wezomnotho WaseMexico, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kobumba lwebhola obunomthamo omkhulu othunyelwe lisuka e-United States liya e-Mexico lingahlukaniswa njenge-kaolin.
Umbono wemboni yobumba bebhola ukukhula kokuthengisa njengoba umnotho wase-US uqhubeka nokusimama kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho.Ngo-2013, ukwakhiwa kwezentengiselwano kanye nemisebenzi yokwakha izindawo zokuhlala kwakubalulekile ekuthengisweni kobumba ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwawo ekwenzeni amathayela e-ceramic kanye nempahla ye-sanitary. ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-18. Inani lezakhiwo zokuhlala nezingezona ezokuhlala eziqedwe ngo-2013 lenyuke ngamaphesenti angu-5 laya ku-$898 wezigidigidi lisuka ku-$857 billion ngo-2012. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkinga zokuvalwa kwezindlu ziyaxazululwa ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-United States, kunciphisa inani lezindlu ezingenamuntu emakethe.Naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, ukwehla kwezindlu kusengaphansi kwamazinga angaphambili.
Ukuthengiswa kwasekhaya kobumba lwebhola kuphinde kuthintwa ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwemikhiqizo esekwe ngobumba njengama-tiles kanye ne-sanitary ware. Ngo-2013, inani lama-tile angenisiwe lehla lisuka ku-$62.1 million ku-5.86 square metres (63.1 million square feet) ngo-2012 laya ku-5.58 square metres (60.1 million square metres) ebiza u-$60.1 million wamamitha-skwele angu-7. Ikhodi Yeshejuli Yemali Evumelanayo 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ngohlelo lokwehla lwevolumu, i-China (22%); i-Mexico (21%); I-Italy neTurkey (10% ngayinye); Brazil (7%); I-Colombia, i-Peru ne-Spain (i-5% ngayinye).Ukungeniswa kwempahla yenhlanzeko kukhuphuke kusuka ezigidini ezingu-25.2 ngo-2012 kuya ezigidini ezingu-29.7 ngo-2013.I-China ibe nezigidi ezingu-14.7 (49%) ze-US sanitaryware ezithengwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2013, kanti i-Mexico 11.6 million (39%) ikhiqiza ama-ceramic tiles kanye ne-Ballary ekhokha kancane i-ceramic tiles yase-Mexico. ukunaka abakhiqizi bobumba bebhola basekhaya kunalabo abavela eShayina, njengoba abakhiqizi base-US bengabahlinzeki abakhulu bobumba bebhola embonini yaseMexico yobumba.
Cishe yonke i-bauxite esetshenziswa e-United States ithengwa kwamanye amazwe.I-Alabama, Arkansas, ne-Georgia ikhiqiza amanani amancane e-bauxite kanye nobumba be-bauxite ukuze kusetshenziswe okungezona ezensimbi.
I-Metallurgical grade bauxite (eyomile eqinile) ifinyelele amathani angu-9.8 metric (amathani avamile ayizigidi ezingu-10.1) ngo-2013, ukwehla ngo-5% kusukela ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012. I-Jamaica (48%).I-Guinea (26%) ne-Brazil (25%) yayingabahlinzeki abaphezulu e-US ngo-2013, ngo-2013-rat. (amathani amafushane ayi-144,400) i-bauxite yezinga eliphikisayo ye-refractory calcined yangeniswa kwamanye amazwe, okuwukunyuka kwama-58% unyaka nonyaka.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-bauxite e-calcined grade refractory kwenyukile uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012, okuholele ekugcwalisweni kwezimpahla njengoba ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo ye-refractory esekelwe ku-bauxite kwehla uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012. Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yasekhaya, okuwukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwemikhiqizo ye-bauxite-based refractory, yehle cishe ngo-2% ngo-202019 nokukhiqizwa kwe-Guinea (44%) iyimithombo eyinhloko yokungeniswa kwe-bauxite ye-refractory-grade calcined yase-US.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-bauxite ye-calcined grade non-refractory kufinyelele ku-455 carats (amathani amafushane angama-501,500) ngo-2013, okuwukunyuka okungama-40% ngaphezu kokungeniswa ngaphandle kuka-2012. Ukukhula kubangelwe ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-bauxite kusimende, imboni kawoyela njenge-proppant ye-hydraulic kanye ne-bracturing steel 38%, i-Australia ne-Guyana fracturing (28%) ne-Australia. (20%) bekuyimithombo emikhulu.
Ngo-2013, i-United States yathumela ngaphandle i-9-carat (9,900 st) i-bauxite yezinga eliphikisayo, okuwukukhula okungama-40% ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012, kanti i-Canada (72%) kanye ne-Mexico (7%) kwakuyizindawo eziphambili okuyiwa kuzo. (14,300 amathani amafushane) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-bauxite eyomile eqinile sekuphelele cishe kumathani angu-4,000 (amathani amafushane angu-4,400), ukwehla ngo-59% kusukela ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012, ne-Canada (82%) indawo ehamba phambili.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-alumina yasekhaya kulinganiselwa ku-4.1 metric tons (4.6 million wamathani amafushane) ngo-2013, kwehle ngo-7% kusukela ngo-2012. Ukwehla kube ngenxa yokukhiqiza okuphansi e-Ormet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery.Ingxenye emibili kwezintathu ku-August yomthamo wayo wokuhluza iphinde yavaleka. ithengiselwe i-Almatis GmbH futhi yaqala kabusha maphakathi no-December.
Isamba sokungenisa kwe-alumina ngo-2013 bekungamathani angu-2.05 metric (amathani avamile ayizigidi ezingu-2.26), ukwanda ngo-8% ngaphezu kokungeniswa kwe-alumina ka-2012. I-Australia (37%), i-Suriname (35%) ne-Brazil (12%) kwakuyimithombo eyinhloko.Isamba sokuthunyelwa kwe-alumina ngo-2013 sasingu-2.25 metric tons ngaphezu kwamathani angu-20 angu-20% kuya kwangu-2%. ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.Phakathi kwawo, iCanada (35%), i-Egypt (17%) kanye ne-Iceland (13%) yizindawo ezihamba phambili.
Isamba sokusetshenziswa kwe-bauxite yasekhaya (ngesisekelo esomile esingahluziwe) ngo-2013 silinganiselwa ku-9.8 mt (amathani ajwayelekile ayizigidi ezingu-10.1), ngo-2% ngaphezu kwangowezi-2012. Kulokhu, cishe amathani angu-8.8 metric (amathani avamile ayizigidi ezingu-9.1) asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-alumina.6% ngaphansi kunonyaka odlule, amakhemikhali asetshenziswayo kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-bauxitement. refractories, kanye nasembonini kawoyela, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi nokwelashwa kwamanzi.
Ingqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwe-alumina yasekhaya embonini ye-aluminium ngo-2013 yayingamathani angu-3.89 metric (amathani avamile ayizigidi ezingu-4.29), ukwehla ngo-6% kusukela ngo-2012.Ngo-2013, ezinye izimboni e-United States zidle cishe amakhilothoni angu-490 (amathani angu-540,000 ajwayelekile) we-alumina ancipha kusukela ku-21% we-alumina, kanye ne-21% ye-alumina. ama-abrasives, usimende, izitsha zobumba namakhemikhali.
Izintengo ze-bauxite engenisiwe nethunyelwa ngaphandle ziyahlukahluka ngomthombo, indawo kanye nebanga.Izintengo zeyunithi ye-bauxite yezinga eliphikisayo engenisiwe evela emithonjeni emikhulu ngo-2013 ibingu-$813/t ($737/st) isuka e-Brazil (phezulu ngo-5%) kanye no-$480/t ($435/st) isuka e-China ($40/phansi kancane) isuka e-China $40 (phansi kancane) kancane).
Amanani entengo ye-bauxite e-calcined yebanga elingashintshiwe engenisiwe evela emithonjeni emikhulu asukela ku-$56/t ($51/st) e-Australia (ehle ngo-20%) ukuya ku-$65/t ($59/st) e-Greece (enyuke ngo-12%) ngo-2013 .Inani elimaphakathi le-bauxite eyomile elingeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2013), ngo-70/13 lalingaphezu kwama-$2% lalingu-$3 2012.Intengo ejwayelekile ye-alumina engenisiwe ngo-2013 yayingu-$396/t ($359/st), i-3% ephansi kunango-2012 2012. Isilinganiso senani lentengo ye-alumina ethunyelwa ngaphandle isuka e-US yehle ngo-11% yaya ku-$400 ngo-2013 uma kuqhathaniswa nezintengo ze-2012 /t ($363/st).
Amanani e-Aluminium aqhubekile ngo-2013 kwaze kwaba yikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amanani aphansi e-aluminium kanye nezindleko zikagesi eziphakeme zibalulwe njengezizathu zokuvalwa kwesincibilikisi se-aluminium sokuqala sasekhaya ngo-2013 kanye nokumenyezelwa kokuvalwa kwesinye isincibilikisi se-aluminium sokuqala kwikota yokuqala ka-2014. izincibilikisi ze-aluminium nabaphakeli bamandla bafinyelela izivumelwano zokuphakelwa kukagesi.Nokho, abanikazi bezinye izincibilikisi ezimbili bazama ukuxoxisana ngezivumelwano zikagesi ukuze behlise amanani kagesi.
Nakuba izintengo ze-aluminium zizinzile engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2014, ukufunwa kwe-alumina kuzoncika ezivumelwaneni ezintsha zokuphakelwa kukagesi nabanye abancibilikisayo.Nakuba amanani entengo yegesi yemvelo yase-US eqhubekile nokukhuphuka onyakeni odlule, amanani aphansi kakhulu kulindeleke ukuthi aqhubeke nokuhlinzeka ngezinzuzo zezindleko kubacwengisisi be-alumina basekhaya ngo-2014.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-bauxite ene-refractory-grade calcined kulindeleke ukuthi kuncike ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi, kodwa ukufaka insimbi esikhundleni se-aluminium okwenziwa abakhiqizi bezimoto abafuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kungenzeka kunciphise isidingo sensimbi kanye nemikhiqizo ye-refractory yokwenza insimbi. ukuphuka.*
Ku-2013, imboni ye-bentonite yahlala ingashintshiwe kusukela ku-2012.Ingqikithi yokukhiqiza yase-US kanye nokuthengiswa kwakungamathani we-4.95 metric (amakholomu ayizigidi ezingu-5.4), uma kuqhathaniswa namathani we-4.98 metric (amakholomu ayizigidi ezingu-5.5) ngo-2012.Ukukhiqizwa kwe-bentonite enwetshiwe ilawulwa yi-Wyoming, ilandelwa yi-Utah ne-Montanay. 2011, the recovery from the US and world recession (2007-2009) kwabonakala kuphelele kakhulu.Nokho, ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu kanye nokusetshenziswa kokwakhiwa kwe-bentonite okuhlobene ekugcineni sekuqala ukululama.ENyakatho Melika (US naseCanada), i-sodium bentonite evuvukile ibusa i-calcium bentonite engavuvukalanga, i-accounting for over 97% of the whole bentonite-excessive market. I-Arizona, California kanye ne-Nevada.Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-bentonite engakhuli i-foundry sand binders, ukwelashwa kwamanzi kanye nokuhlunga.
Emhlabeni wonke, umkhiqizi oyinhloko we-sodium activated bentonite yiGreece.China, Egypt and India.AMCOL (owayekade eyi-American Colloid Co.) usengumkhiqizi ohamba phambili we-sodium bentonite onesabelo semakethe esingaba ngu-40%, kuyilapho i-BPM Minerals LLC (inkampani engaphansi kwe-Halliburton) inesabelo semakethe sase-US esingaba ngu-30%. abakhiqizi baqala ukwakha ngo-2013. I-Wyo-Ben Inc. yavula imayini entsha eduze kwase-Thermopolis, e-Wyoming.Izimali ezigciniwe zediphozi kulindeleke ukuthi zihlale okungenani iminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengama-20. Izindleko zempahla eluhlaza zahlala zizinzile, kuyilapho amanani okulayisha amaloli ayengashintshile ngo-2013.
I-bentonite yezinga lokumba i-bentonite kawoyela negesi yokumba kanye nokubuyiselwa kwaba ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-bentonite eyandisiwe ngo-2013, ikhiqiza amathani angaba ngu-1.15 metric (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-1.26).
Imakethe emunca imfucuza yezilwane ezifuywayo iyimakethe yesibili ngobukhulu ye-bentonite enwetshiwe eyimbudumbudu. Yize inqwaba yezilwane ezifuywayo yafinyelela kumathani angu-1.24 metric (1.36 million metric tons) ngo-2005, iye yashintshashintsha phakathi kuka-1.05 kanye no-1.08 metric tons (1.15 million kanye nemakethe ye-metric, cishe namathani angu-1.19) 1.05 metric tons (1.15 million metric tons) ngo-2013 mt).
I-iron ore pellets ye-bentonite eyandisiwe yayiyimakethe yesithathu ngobukhulu, ikhula ibe ngama-kilotons angu-550 (amathani amafushane angu-606.000) ngo-2013 njengoba isidingo sensimbi sanda ekukhiqizeni izimoto zase-US kanye nemishini esindayo.
Kusukela ngo-2011, isilinganiso senani le-bentonite elinwetshiwe elisetshenziswa njenge-binder esihlabathini se-foundry yensimbi nezinye izinsimbi lidlula ama-carat angu-500 (amathani amafushane angu-550,000).Ukusungulwa kwemikhiqizo emisha akuzange kube nomthelela omkhulu kulezi zimakethe ezine ze-bentonite ezinkulu ezine-granular neziyimpuphu.
Imakethe ye-bentonite yezicelo zobunjiniyela bomphakathi, ehlukaniswe ngokwehlukana kusukela ngo-2005, yayingama-carat angu-175 (amathani amafushane angu-192,000), okubonisa ukuthi imakethe yaqala ukusimama kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ngo-2008.Imakethe ye-bentonite yokuvinjelwa kwamanzi nokufaka uphawu iqhubekile nokukhula nemboni yezokwakha kulandela ukwehla komnotho wase-US, yafinyelela ku-10010 carats (i-short 12500) ngama-carats angu-1010. imakethe yamanye ama-bentonite anwetshiwe amancane okunamathelayo, okuphakelayo kwezilwane, okokugcwalisa kanye nokugcwalisa, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuvamile azikalulami kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ngo-2008.
Ingxenye encane yemakethe ye-bentonite ikhethekile ekucacisweni kwesiphuzo newayini kanye nemikhiqizo ye-organoclay.I-AMCOL, i-Southern Clay Products, i-Sud Chemie kanye ne-Elementis Specialties Inc. iphishekela imakethe ye-bentonite nanocomposite.I-Elementis yandise isitshalo sayo se-hectorite e-Newbury Springs, e-Calif., isenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eminingi samandla, futhi siqhubeke nokusebenza kahle kweminyaka eminingi. ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo ye-organoclay ebiza kancane efana ne-Bentone 910, i-Bentone 920 ne-Bentone 990 yoketshezi lokumba olusekelwe kuwoyela.
Kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho emhlabeni wonke ngo-2008, izinga lokushintshisana kwedola laseMelika liye lasiza ekukhukhuleni ukuthunyelwa kwe-bentonite kwamanye amazwe.Ngo-2013, abakhiqizi be-bentonite basekhaya babika ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwama-carats angu-950 (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-1.05) we-bentonite yokumba udaka, izibophezelo zesihlabathi se-foundry nezinye izimakethe ezixubile.Inani elincane le-Greece20 lalithengwe1 lisuka e-Canada1 lase-Canada.
I-Bismuth iyisici esindayo esihlobene ngamakhemikhali ne-antimony.Iwumkhiqizo wokukhipha umthofu ne-tungsten, futhi ngokwezinga elincane ithusi nethini.I-Antimony iyisici samakhemikhali esilula.Iwumkhiqizo wokukhishwa kwezinsimbi ezifana nomthofu, isiliva negolide.Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-bismuth ne-antimony kufana nenhlanganisela.
Inhlanganisela ye-Bismuth ne-antimony kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlobene okungezona okwensimbi kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwalezi zakhi zamakhemikhali.Akuvamile ukusetshenziswa njengensimbi noma ingxubevange.
Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lokusetshenziswa kokuphela kwe-bismuth yiqembu lamakhemikhali, elihlanganisa imithi efana ne-Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), izimonyo zamehlo ezinomphumela we-pearlescent (i-bismuth oxychloride), ama-catalyst, nokunye ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali njengopende (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Iqembu elilandelayo elibaluleke kakhulu lokusetshenziswa kokuphela kwe-bismuth yiqembu le-metallurgical additive, okubunjwa kwalo kuvimbela i-crystallization ye-graphite kusuka ku-carbon supersaturated metal encibilikisiwe, ikhuthaza umshini wamahhala wensimbi, ithusi ne-aluminium, futhi ikhuthaza ukumbozwa okufanayo ku-galvanizing. ikhuthaza noma ikhiqize ukusabela okuthile noma izakhiwo.Insimbi idinga kuphela i-0.1% ye-bismuth noma i-selenium ukuze ikwazi ukusebenza kahle.Uma iqhathaniswa nala maqembu okusetshenziswa kokugcina, iqembu le-bismuth alloy libala inani elincane kuphela le-bismuth futhi lisetshenziswa kuma-fusible alloys, amanye ama-alloys aphansi ancibilika, kanye nezinhlamvu.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-antimony kufana ne-flame retardant, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni amapulasitiki, ama-adhesives kanye nezindwangu.I-Antimony oxide inendima ekhethekile njenge-gas-phase free radical quencher kuma-flame retardants, ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezinkulu ze-halogenated ezisetshenziswa njengama-flame retardants.
Esinye isigaba semikhiqizo engeyona eyensimbi sisetshenziswa kakhulu kumbala we-pigment nengilazi (kuhlanganise ne-ceramics).I-Antimony oxide ezingilazini eziningi nasezintweni zobumba zisebenza njenge-opacifier, kodwa i-antimony ezingilazini ezikhethekile ingazicacisa.Iqembu le-antimony lead kanye ne-alloy liqukethe ngokuyinhloko umthofu we-antimony osetshenziswa ezimotweni ezinamandla kaphethiloli.
Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kuyahluka kusuka kokucishe kungenzeki (i-bismuth emithini yesisu nezimonyo ngenxa yokuthi ihlakazeke ngokuphelele) kuye ebunzimeni obunciphile, njenge-antimony kuma-flame retardants, izithasiselo ze-metallurgical kanye ne-bismuth ekugayeleni, i-antimony engilazini i-Bismuth ku-Additives kanye nama-Catalysts. Indlela elula, elula neshibhe kunazo zonke yokugaywa kabusha kwe-bismuth kuma-alloys a-fusible namanye ama-alloys kanye ne-antimoni kumapuleti okuhola e-antimony ebhethri.
Ukuthengwa kwensimbi ye-bismuth yase-US kwahlala kungashintshile ngo-2012 nango-2013 kumathani angu-1,699 (1,872 amathani amafushane) kanye namathani angu-1,708 (amathani amafushane angu-1,882). (24,100 amathani) ngo-2013, ukwanda kancane.Izinyanga ezimbili zika-2014 idatha iphakamisa ukuthi le phethini iyaqhubeka.I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ayisashicileli inhlolovo yayo yekota ye-bismuth.
Isamba sangonyaka ka-2011 (esishicilelwe kamuva) sokusetshenziswa kokuphela konyaka sokusetshenziswa kwe-bismuth e-United States sasingamathani angu-222 (amathani angu-245) eqembu le-metallurgical additive kanye namathani angu-54 (amathani angu-59) ama-alloys e-bismuth.Ibhalansi ikakhulukazi eyamakhemikhali, 6681 (736 st).
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-antimony okusobala kwe-USGS e-United States bekungamakharati angama-21.7 (amathani amafushane angama-23,900) ngo-2012 kanye namakharati angama-24 (amathani amafushane angama-26,500) ngo-2013.
Ngokungabi bikho kwedatha eminingi, imiphumela yango-2013 ye-bismuth yashintsha kancane.Ku-antimony, ukuhlola idatha elinganiselwe, ukusetshenziswa ngo-2013 kufanele kube cishe ngo-10% ngaphezu kwango-2012.Ngo-2014, i-bismuth ibonakala ingahle ihlale ingashintshile futhi i-antimony yehle kancane.
Amaminerali amane enza amaphesenti angu-90 e-borate esetshenziswa izimboni emhlabeni wonke—i-sodium borate, i-calcium tin ne-potassium; i-calcium borate, i-calcium stearate; kanye ne-calcium sodium borate, i-colemanite.I-Borax iyikristalu emhlophe eyaziwa ngamakhemikhali ngokuthi i-sodium tetraborate decahydrate, etholakala ngokwemvelo ku-mineral tin.I-Boric acid iqinile, engenambala, ecwebezelayo ethengiswa ngemithi yobuchwepheshe, yesifundazwe kanye nekhwalithi ekhethekile yamamaki e-granular noma ifomu lempuphu, ngokuvamile njenge-anhydrous boric acid.Amadiphozithi eBorate ahlotshaniswa ne-volcanic enkulu kakhulu ye-volcanic yase-US kanye nomsebenzi we-volcanic we-moja Ugwadule oluseduze ne-boron.CA, i-Alpine Belt yaseNingizimu Asia, i-Andean Belt yaseNingizimu Melika.Ikhwalithi yesisetshenziswa noma inqolobane ivamise ukukalwa ngokokuqukethwe kwayo okulinganayo kwe-boron trioxide (B,0,).
2013 ukukhiqizwa kwe-US kwe-boron minerals and compounds kukhuphuke kancane kusukela ngo-2012; isamba siyagcinwa ukuze kugwenywe ukudalulwa kwedatha yobunikazi benkampani.Izinkampani ezimbili eNingizimu ye-California zikhiqiza amaminerali e-boron, ngokuyinhloko i-sodium borate.I-Rio Tinto Borax, inkampani ephethwe ngokuphelele ye-Rio Tinto Minerals yase-UK ese-UK, ikhipha i-core rock ne-tin-calcium ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokumba umgodi ovulekile lapho isebenza kumikhiqizo ye-borate ye-sodium noma e-California. izindawo zokuhluza eduze nemayini futhi zithunyelwe ngesitimela noma ngeloli kumakhasimende aseNyakatho Melika noma ezithengiswa emhlabeni wonke nge-Port of Los Angeles.Specialty borates, njengemikhiqizo yezolimo, okokuvikela izinkuni kanye nemikhiqizo evimbela ilangabi, ikhiqizwa e-Wilmington, CA, e-Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) ikhiqiza iborax ne-boric acid e-Searles potassium eduze nesikhungo sayo se-Tlerles potassium, i-sodium e-Searles. California.Ezitshalweni ze-SVM's Trôna kanye ne-Westend, lawa manzi acwengiwe acwengiwe abe yi-anhydrous, i-decahydrate kanye ne-borax pentahydrate.
Amaminerali kanye namakhemikhali e-Boron asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko enyakatho emaphakathi nasempumalanga ye-United States.Izilinganiso zokusabalalisa ezilinganiselwe ze-boron compounds ezidliwe e-United States ngo-2013 kwakuyingilazi kanye ne-ceramics, i-80%; izinsipho, okokuhlanza, nama-bleach, 4%; ezolimo, 4%; koqweqwe lwawo kanye nama-glaze, 3% nokunye ukusetshenziswa, 9%.I-Boron isetshenziswa engilazini njengesengezo sokunciphisa ukunwetshwa kokushisa; thuthukisa amandla, ukumelana namakhemikhali, nokuqina; futhi inikeze ukumelana nokudlidliza, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye nokushaqeka kwe-thermal.I-Insulation kanye ne-textile fiberglass ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kakhulu okukodwa kwe-borates emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Boron iyi-micronutrient esetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwembewu.Umanyolo we-Boron utholakala ikakhulukazi ku-borax ne-monetite, engalethwa ngokufuthwa noma ngamanzi okunisela ngenxa yokuncibilika kwawo okuphezulu kwamanzi.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-sodium borate yase-US bekuyi-650 kt (716,000 st) ngo-2013, ukukhuphuka kancane kusuka ku-646 kt (712,000 st) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-boric acid ngaphandle kwahlala kungashintshile ku-190 kt (209,000 st). 2012 kuya ku-$910/t ($740/st) ngo-2013. Umamukeli omkhulu wokuthunyelwa kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 kwaba yiNingizimu Korea, ibalwa ngamaphesenti angu-20. Ukungenisa kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 bekungamakhilothoni angu-53 (amathani angu-59,000), cishe ngo-4% ngaphansi kuka-201% we-asidi engu-201 2012. livela eTurkey.Inani leyunithi lokungeniswa kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 lalingu-$687/t ($623/st), lisuka ku-$782/1 ($709/st) ngo-2012.
I-Turkey ne-United States zihole umhlaba wonke ekukhiqizweni kwe-borate ngo-2013.Ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kwe-US, isisindo se-borate esiphelele silinganiselwa ku-4.9 metric tons (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-5.4) ngo-2013, ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-11 kusukela ngo-2012.
I-Argentina ingumkhiqizi omkhulu we-boron ore eNingizimu Melika.Ukwanda kwakamuva kokukhiqizwa kwe-borate e-Argentina, ikakhulukazi i-boric acid, kubangelwa kakhulu ukwanda kwesidingo se-borates evela ezimbonini ze-ceramic nezengilazi e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.