Hoʻomaopopo a ka Luna Hoʻoponopono: I kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hōʻike ʻo Mining Engineering i ka Industrial Minerals Review. Nui nā poʻe i hoʻolilo i ka manawa nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea no kēia puke, ʻoiai e hana ana i kā lākou hana ponoʻī. Mahalo i nā Luna Hoʻoponopono o ka Annual Review of Industrial Minerals, ke Luna Hoʻomalu a me ka Hope Luna Hoʻomalu o ke Kōmike ʻenehana o ka Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division, a me nā mea kākau o nā ʻikepili waiwai pākahi.
He lālā SME ʻo Rajesh Raitani o Cytec Industries Inc. a ʻo ia ke poʻo o ke Kōmike ʻenehana no ka ʻĀpana Minerals ʻOihana a me nā ʻĀhui.
ʻO kā lākou kōkua i hiki ai ke hoʻopuka i ka puke ʻo Industrial Minerals o Iulai. Ma ka inoa o kaʻu poʻe heluhelu, mahalo nā mea hoʻoponopono iā lākou.
ʻEhā mau ʻoihana - ʻo HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., ʻo Imerys. ʻO Old Hickory Clay Co. a me Unimin Corp. - Ua ʻeli ʻia ka pālolo pōpō ma ʻehā mau mokuʻāina i ka makahiki 2013. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mua, ʻo ka hana ʻana he 1 metric ton (1.1 miliona tons pōkole) me ka waiwai i manaʻo ʻia he $47 miliona. Ua piʻi ka hana ʻana he 3 pakeneka mai 973 carats (1.1 miliona tons pōkole) i ka makahiki 2012, i waiwai ʻia he $45.1 miliona. ʻO Tennessee ka mea hana nui, e helu ana i 64% o ka hana kūloko, ukali ʻia e Texas. ʻO Mississippi a me Kentucky. Ma kahi o 67% o ka hana pālolo pōpō holoʻokoʻa he lana ea, 22% he pālolo coarse a i ʻole i kuʻi ʻia, a he 11% ka slurry wai.
I ka makahiki 2013, ua kūʻai aku nā mea hana pālolo pōpō kūloko i ka pālolo i nā mākeke penei: nā tile papahele a me nā paia keramika (44%); nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku (21%); nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe (18%); nā keramika like ʻole (9%); ma ka hoʻohana hope ʻana i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO ke ʻano a me ka mākeke o kēia manawa, nā mea hoʻopihapiha, nā mea hoʻonui a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa a me nā hoʻohana i kuhikuhi ʻole ʻia (4% kēlā me kēia). ʻO nā mākeke ʻē aʻe he emi ma mua o 1% o ke koena o ka pālolo pōpō i kūʻai ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia paha. ʻO nā kūʻai aku i hōʻike ʻia no ka hana ʻana o ka fiberglass a i ʻole ka hapa nui o nā noi hoʻopihapiha, hoʻopihapiha a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa e like me ka pālolo kaolin i eli ʻia a kūʻai ʻia paha e nā mea hana pālolo pōpō.
Wahi a kahi noiʻi mua o nā mea hana pālolo pōpō kūloko, ʻo ke kumukūʻai awelika o ka pālolo pōpō kūloko ma kahi o US$47/t ($43/t) i ka makahiki 2013, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me US$46/t ($42/t) i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO nā kumukūʻai pākahi o ka pālolo pōpō hoʻokuʻu aku a me ka pālolo lawe mai he $126/t ($114/st) a me $373/t ($338/st) i ka makahiki 2013, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me $62/t ($56/st) a me $314/t ($285/st) i ka makahiki 2013) i ka makahiki 2012, kēlā me kēia. Ua piʻi ke kumukūʻai pākahi o ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku nui i ka makahiki 2013, a ua pāpālua nā ukana o nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku haʻahaʻa-tonage, waiwai nui i ka makahiki 2013 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2012, e hopena ana i ka pāpālua ʻana o ka waiwai o nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku awelika. ʻElua mau ukana haʻahaʻa-tonage, waiwai nui i ka makahiki 2013 i hoʻokumu i ka piʻi ʻana o ka waiwai lawe mai.
Wahi a ka US Census Bureau, ua lawe ʻia mai he 4,681 tons (516 tons) o ka pālolo poepoe i ka makahiki 2013, ʻo ke kumukūʻai he $174,000, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 436 tons (481 tons) he $137,000 i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka pālolo poepoe i lawe ʻia mai mai United Kingdom mai. Ua hōʻike ka US Census Bureau ʻo nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku i ka makahiki 2013 he 52.2 carats (57,500 tons pōkole) he $6.6 miliona ke kumukūʻai, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 74 carats (81.600 tons) i ka makahiki 2012, i waiwai ʻia he $4.58 miliona. ʻO nā wahi nui no ka pālolo pōpō i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku e iho ana, ʻo Belgium, nā kikowaena hoʻoili moku nui o ʻEulopa, Venezuela a me Nicaragua. Loaʻa i kēia mau ʻāina ʻekolu he 58 pakeneka o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku i ka pālolo pōpō o ʻAmelika. Hōʻike pinepine nā mea hana US i ʻelua a ʻekolu manawa ka nui o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku ma mua o ka US Census Bureau. Wahi a nā helu kālepa lawe mai i paʻi ʻia e ke Kuhina Hoʻokele Waiwai o Mekiko, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku i ka pālolo pōpō o nā tona nui i hoʻouna ʻia mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a i Mekiko he kaolin.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana no ka ʻoihana pālolo poepoe ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka wā e hoʻomau nei ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai ka recession. I ka makahiki 2013, he mea koʻikoʻi nā hana kūkulu hale kalepa a me nā hana kūkulu hale noho i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka pālolo poepoe ma muli o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā tile keramika a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Ua hōʻike ka US Census Bureau he 923,000 mau hale noho pilikino i hoʻomaka ʻia i ka makahiki 2013, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 781,000 mau hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 2012, he piʻi 18 pakeneka. Ua piʻi ka waiwai o nā hale noho a me nā hale noho ʻole i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2013 i 5 pakeneka i $898 biliona mai $857 biliona i ka makahiki 2012. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nei nā pilikia foreclosure ma nā wahi he nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā hale hakahaka ma ka mākeke. ʻOiai kēia mau hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana, aia nō nā hoʻomaka hale ma lalo o nā pae ma mua o ka recession.
Ua hoʻopilikia ʻia hoʻi ke kūʻai kūloko ʻana o ka pālolo pōpō e nā mea i lawe ʻia mai o nā huahana pālolo pōpō e like me nā tile a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe. I ka makahiki 2013, ua emi ka nui o nā tile i lawe ʻia mai mai $62.1 miliona ma 5.86 mika kuea (63.1 miliona kapuaʻi kuea) i ka makahiki 2012 a i 5.58 mika kuea (60.1 miliona kapuaʻi kuea) he $64.7 miliona ke kumukūʻai. ʻO nā kumu nui o nā tile e like me ke code Harmonized Tariff Schedule 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ma ke kaʻina iho o ka nui, Kina (22%); Mekiko (21%); Italia a me Tureke (10% kēlā me kēia); Palakila (7%); ʻO Colombia, Peru a me Sepania (5% pākahi). Ua piʻi ka lawe ʻana mai o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe mai 25.2 miliona i ka makahiki 2012 a i 29.7 miliona i ka makahiki 2013. Ua helu ʻo Kina no 14.7 miliona (49%) o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 2013, a me Mekiko 11.6 miliona (39%). ʻO ka lawe ʻana mai o nā tile keramika a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻO nā mea hana lepo pōpō mai Mekiko mai e nānā iki ana i nā mea hana lepo pōpō kūloko ma mua o nā mea mai Kina mai, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hana US nā mea hoʻolako lepo pōpō nui i ka ʻoihana keramika Mekiko. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana kūkulu hale e hōʻike ana e like paha ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā lepo pōpō kūloko i ka makahiki 2014 me ka makahiki 2013.*
Ua lawe ʻia mai ka hapa nui o nā bauxite i hoʻopau ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Hana ʻo Alabama, Arkansas, a me Georgia i nā liʻiliʻi o ka bauxite a me ka pālolo bauxite no nā hoʻohana ʻole i ka metala.
ʻO ka nui o nā mea i lawe ʻia mai ka bauxite metallurgical grade (coarse dry) he 9.8 metric tonnes (10.1 miliona tonnes maʻamau) i ka makahiki 2013, he emi ʻana o 5% mai ka lawe ʻia ʻana mai o 2012. ʻO Jamaica (48%), Guinea (26%) a me Brazil (25%) nā mea hoʻolako nui loa i ka US i ka makahiki 2013. I ka makahiki 2013, ua lawe ʻia mai ka bauxite calcined grade 131-carat (144,400 short tons), he piʻi ʻana o 58% i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ua piʻi aʻe ka lawe ʻana mai o ka bauxite calcined refractory grade i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2012, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopiha hou ʻana i nā waihona i ka wā i emi ai ka lawe ʻana aku i nā huahana refractory bauxite i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2012. Ua hāʻule ka hana kila kūloko, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā huahana refractory bauxite, ma kahi o 2% i ka makahiki 2013, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hana ʻana o 2012. ʻO Kina (49%) a me Guyana (44%) nā kumu nui o nā lawe ʻana mai o ka bauxite calcined refractory-grade US.
ʻO ka nui o ka lawe ʻia mai o ka bauxite calcined non-refractory grade he 455 carats (501,500 short tons) i ka makahiki 2013, he piʻi 40% ma mua o ka lawe ʻia mai o 2012. Ua pili ka ulu ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bauxite i loko o ka sima, ka ʻoihana aila ma ke ʻano he proppant no ka hydraulic fracturing, a me nā mea hana kila. ʻO Guyana (38%), Australia (28%) a me Brazil (20%) nā kumu nui.
I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka bauxite calcined grade 9-carat (9,900 st), he piʻi ʻana o 40% ma mua o nā hoʻokuʻu aku i ka makahiki 2012, me Kanada (72%) a me Mekiko (7%) nā wahi nui e hele ai. I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kahi nui liʻiliʻi o ka bauxite calcined grade non-refractory, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi o 13 kilotona (14,300 tone pōkole) i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO ka huina o nā hoʻokuʻu aku bauxite maloʻo coarse he kokoke i 4,000 tone (4,400 tone pōkole), he emi ʻana o 59% mai nā hoʻokuʻu aku i ka makahiki 2012, me Kanada (82%) ka wahi nui e hele ai.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka alumina kūloko ma 4.1 metric tons (4.6 miliona short tons) i ka makahiki 2013, i lalo he 7% mai ka makahiki 2012. ʻO ka emi ʻana ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hana ʻana ma ka hale hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻo Ormet Corp. he 540 t/y (595,000 st) ma Burnside, Los Angeles. Ua pani ʻia ʻelua hapakolu o kona mana i ʻAukake a ʻo ke koena o ka hapakolu i ʻOkakopa. Ua kūʻai ʻia aku ka hale hana hoʻoheheʻe iā Almatis GmbH a hoʻomaka hou ʻia i waena o Dekemaba.
ʻO ka nui o nā alumina i lawe ʻia mai i ka makahiki 2013 he 2.05 metric tons (2.26 miliona tons maʻamau), he piʻi 8% ma luna o nā alumina i lawe ʻia mai i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) a me Brazil (12%) nā kumu nui. ʻO ka nui o nā alumina i lawe ʻia aku i ka makahiki 2013 he 2.25 metric tons (2.48 miliona tons maʻamau), he piʻi 27% ma luna o nā mea i lawe ʻia aku i ka makahiki 2012. I waena o lākou, ʻo Kanada (35%), ʻAigupita (17%) a me Iceland (13%) nā wahi nui e hele ai.
ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bauxite kūloko (ma ke kumu like maloʻo maka) i ka makahiki 2013 ua manaʻo ʻia he 9.8 mt (10.1 miliona tons maʻamau), 2% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka makahiki 2012. No kēia, ma kahi o 8.8 metric tons (9.1 miliona tons maʻamau) i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka alumina. 6% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka makahiki i hala. ʻO nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka bauxite e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā abrasives, sima, nā kemika a me nā refractories, a me ka ʻoihana aila, ka hana kila a me ka mālama wai.
ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka alumina kūloko o ka ʻoihana alumini i ka makahiki 2013 he 3.89 metric tons (4.29 miliona tons maʻamau), he emi ʻana o 6% mai ka makahiki 2012. I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻopau nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi o 490 kilotons (540,000 tons maʻamau) o ka alumina, he emi ʻana o 16% mai ka nui o 2012. ʻO nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka alumina e komo pū me nā abrasives, sima, keramika a me nā kemika.
ʻOkoʻa nā kumukūʻai no ka bauxite i lawe ʻia mai a lawe ʻia aku ma muli o ke kumu, kahi i hele ai a me ke ʻano. ʻO nā kumukūʻai pākahi no ka bauxite calcined grade refractory i lawe ʻia mai nā kumu nui i ka makahiki 2013 he $813/t ($737/st) mai Brazil (piʻi 5%) a me $480/t ($435/st) mai Kina (i lalo iki) a me $441 It ($400/st) mai Guyana (i lalo iki).
ʻO nā kumukūʻai no ka bauxite calcined non-refractory grade i lawe ʻia mai nā kumu nui mai $56/t ($51/st) ma Australia (i lalo 20%) a i $65/t ($59/st) ma Helene (i piʻi 12%) i ka makahiki 2013. ʻO ke kumukūʻai awelika o ka bauxite maloʻo i lawe ʻia mai i ka makahiki 2013 he $30/t ($27/st), 7% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka makahiki 2012. ʻO ke kumukūʻai awelika o ka alumina i lawe ʻia mai i ka makahiki 2013 he $396/t ($359/st), 3% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka makahiki 2012 2012. Ua hāʻule ke kumukūʻai awelika o ka alumina i lawe ʻia aku mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma 11% a i $400 i ka makahiki 2013 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kumukūʻai 2012 /t ($363/st).
Ua hoʻomau ʻia nā kumukūʻai alumini i ka makahiki 2013 a hiki i ka hapaha mua o 2014. ʻO nā kumukūʻai alumini haʻahaʻa a me nā kumukūʻai uila kiʻekiʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu no ka pani ʻana o kekahi hale hoʻoheheʻe alumini mua kūloko i ka makahiki 2013 a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka pani ʻana o kekahi hale hoʻoheheʻe alumini mua i ka hapaha mua o 2014. Ikehu Hou I ka hopena o 2013 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2014, ua loaʻa i nā mea nona nā hale hoʻoheheʻe alumini mua ʻekolu a me nā mea hoʻolako mana nā ʻaelike lako mana. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻāʻo nei nā mea nona nā hale hoʻoheheʻe ʻelua ʻē aʻe e kūkākūkā i nā ʻaelike mana e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumukūʻai uila.
ʻOiai ua paʻa nā kumukūʻai alumini i ka hapaha mua o 2014, e hilinaʻi ka noi alumina i nā ʻaelike hoʻolako mana hou me kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe. ʻOiai ua hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai kinoea kūlohelohe o US i ka makahiki i hala, manaʻo ʻia nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa e hoʻomau i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā pono kumukūʻai i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe alumina kūloko i ka makahiki 2014.
Manaʻo ʻia e hilinaʻi ʻia ka lawe ʻana mai o ka bauxite calcined refractory-grade i ka hana kila, akā ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kila me ka alumini e nā mea hana kaʻa e ʻimi nei e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka wahie e hōʻemi paha i ke koi no ke kila a me nā huahana refractory no ka hana kila. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bauxite calcined non-refractory grade i ka makahiki 2014 i ka wā e hoʻohana hou ai ka ʻoihana petroleum iā ia no nā abrasives, sima a me ka hydraulic fracturing.
I ka makahiki 2013, ua noho ka ʻoihana bentonite i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia mai ka makahiki 2012. ʻO ka huina o ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 4.95 metric tons (5.4 miliona kolamu), hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 4.98 metric tons (5.5 miliona kolamu) i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO Wyoming ka mea i hoʻomalu ʻia i ka hana ʻana o ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia, ukali ʻia e Utah a me Montana. Texas, Kaleponi, Oregon, Nevada a me Colorado. I ka makahiki 2011, ua ʻike ʻia ua piha loa ka hoʻōla ʻana mai ka US a me ka recession honua (2007-2009). Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻomaka nei ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka hana hale a me nā hoʻohana kūkulu bentonite e pili ana. Ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau (US a me Kanada), ʻo ka sodium bentonite pehu ka mea i hoʻomalu i ka calcium bentonite ʻaʻole i pehu, e helu ana ma mua o 97% o ka mākeke bentonite holoʻokoʻa. Hana ʻia ka hana bentonite ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia ma Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, Kaleponi a me Nevada. ʻO nā hoʻohana nui o ka bentonite ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia he mau mea hoʻopaʻa one foundry, ka mālama wai a me ka kānana.
Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo Helene ka mea hana nui o ka sodium activated bentonite. Kina, ʻAigupita a me India. ʻO AMCOL (ʻo American Colloid Co. ma mua) ke alakaʻi i ka mea hana sodium bentonite me kahi o 40% o ka mākeke, ʻoiai ʻo BPM Minerals LLC (he lālā Halliburton) he 30% o ka mākeke US. ʻO nā mea hana sodium bentonite nui ʻē aʻe ʻo MI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite a me Wyo-Ben. ʻAʻohe mea hana bentonite hou i hoʻomaka i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka makahiki 2013. Ua wehe ʻo Wyo-Ben Inc. i kahi lua hou kokoke iā Thermopolis, Wyoming. Manaʻo ʻia e mau nā waihona o ka waihona ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10 a 20 mau makahiki. Ua paʻa nā kumukūʻai o nā mea maka, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loli nā uku ukana kaʻa i ka makahiki 2013.
ʻO ka bentonite pae wili no ka wili ʻana a me ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea ka hoʻohana nui loa ʻana o ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia i ka makahiki 2013, e hana ana ma kahi o 1.15 metric tons (1.26 miliona tons pōkole). Ua hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā rigs hana i ka makahiki 2013, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻi ʻana mai o ka wili ʻana o ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ʻo ka wili ʻana i ka pae no ka hana shale kahi noi nui o ka bentonite.
ʻO ka mākeke hoʻomoʻa ʻōpala holoholona i kāwili ʻia ka lua o ka mākeke nui loa no ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia. ʻOiai ua hōʻea ka lehulehu o ka ʻōpala holoholona i 1.24 metric tons (1.36 miliona metric tons) i ka makahiki 2005, ua loli ia ma waena o 1.05 a me 1.08 metric tons (1.15 a me 1.19 miliona metric tons) i nā makahiki, me kahi mākeke ma kahi o 1.05 metric tons (1.15 miliona metric tons) i ka makahiki 2013 mt).
ʻO nā pellets hao hao no ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia ke kolu o ka mākeke nui loa, e ulu ana i 550 kilotons (606.000 tons pōkole) i ka makahiki 2013 i ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no ke kila no ka hana kaʻa a me nā lako kaumaha o ʻAmelika.
Mai ka makahiki 2011, ʻo ka nui awelika o ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa i ke one foundry no ke kila a me nā metala ʻē aʻe ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 500 carats (550,000 tons pōkole). ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ka hana ʻana o nā huahana hou i kēia mau mākeke bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia i ka granular a me ka pauka.
ʻO ka mākeke no ka bentonite no nā noi ʻenekinia kīwila, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka makahiki 2005, he 175 carats (192,000 tons pōkole), e hōʻike ana ua hoʻomaka ka mākeke e hoʻōla mai ka recession o 2008. Ua hoʻomau ka mākeke bentonite pale wai a me ka sila ʻana i ka ulu ʻana me ka ʻoihana kūkulu hale ma hope o ka recession US, a hiki i 150 carats (165,000 tons pōkole) i ka makahiki 2013. ʻO ka mākeke no nā bentonites liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe i hoʻonui ʻia no nā mea hoʻopili, nā meaʻai holoholona, ​​​​nā mea hoʻopihapiha a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i hoʻōla maʻamau mai ka recession 2008.
He ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka mākeke bentonite i loea i ka mea inu a me ka waina a me nā huahana organoclay. Ke alualu nei ʻo AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie lāua ʻo Elementis Specialties Inc. i ka mākeke bentonite nanocomposite. Ua hoʻonui ʻo Elementis i kāna hale hana hectorite i hoʻonui ʻia ma Newbury Springs, Calif., ma luna o kahi manawa he nui o nā makahiki, e pāpālua ana i kona hiki mua a hoʻolilo iā ia i ʻoi aku ka pono o ka ikehu. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Elementis i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana organoclay haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e like me Bentone 910, Bentone 920 a me Bentone 990 no nā wai ʻeli ʻaila.
Mai ka hoʻokele waiwai honua i ka makahiki 2008, ua kōkua ke kumukūʻai kūʻai o ke kālā US i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku i ka bentonite. I ka makahiki 2013, ua hōʻike nā mea hana bentonite kūloko i nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku o 950 carats (1.05 miliona tons pōkole) o ka bentonite no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lepo, nā mea hoʻopaʻa one foundry a me nā mākeke like ʻole. Ua lawe ʻia mai kahi liʻiliʻi o ka bentonite mai Kanada mai. 2013.1 Mekiko a me Helene
He mea kaumaha ʻo Bismuth e pili ana i ka kemika me ka antimony. He huahana ia o ka unuhi ʻana o ke kēpau a me ka tungsten, a i kahi liʻiliʻi o ke keleawe a me ka tin. He mea kemika māmā ʻo Antimony. He huahana ia o ka unuhi ʻana o nā metala e like me ke kēpau, ke kālā a me ke gula. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o bismuth a me ka antimony ma ke ʻano he hui.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea kemika ka Bismuth a me nā hui antimony a me nā hoʻohana pili ʻole i ka metala. Kākaʻikahi ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana e like me ka metala a i ʻole ka alloy.
ʻO ka hui hoʻohana hope loa no ka bismuth ʻo ia ka hui kemika, e komo pū ana me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), nā mea hoʻonani maka me ka hopena pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), nā mea hoʻoulu, a me nā hoʻohana kemika ʻē aʻe e like me nā pena (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
ʻO ka hui hoʻohana hope loa koʻikoʻi no ka bismuth ʻo ia ka hui hoʻohui metallurgical, nona ka hui ʻana e pale ai i ka crystallization o ka graphite mai ke kila hoʻoheheʻe supersaturated carbon, paipai i ka mīkini manuahi o ke kila, ke keleawe a me ka alumini, a paipai i ka uhi like ʻana i ka galvanizing. No nā noi āpau o kēia hui hoʻohui, ʻaʻole hana ʻo bismuth ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui, akā hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu e pale ai, paipai a hana paha i kekahi mau hopena a i ʻole nā ​​​​waiwai. Pono ke kila i 0.1% bismuth a i ʻole selenium no ka mīkini maikaʻi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kēia mau hui hoʻohana hope, ʻo ka hui alloy bismuth he liʻiliʻi wale nō ka nui o ka bismuth a hoʻohana ʻia i nā alloys fusible, nā alloys melting point haʻahaʻa ʻē aʻe, a me nā bala.
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka antimony ma ke ʻano he mea pale ahi, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i nā plastics, nā mea hoʻopili a me nā textiles. He kuleana kūikawā ko Antimony oxide ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopau radical manuahi gas-phase i nā mea pale ahi, ma nā mea halogenated nui like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea pale ahi.
ʻO kekahi papa o nā huahana ʻaʻole metala e hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā pigments a me ke aniani (me nā keramika). Hana ka antimony oxide i ka hapa nui o nā aniani a me nā keramika ma ke ʻano he opacifier, akā hiki i ka antimony i nā aniani kūikawā ke hoʻomālamalama iā lākou. ʻO ka hui antimony lead a me ka alloy i hoʻokumu nui ʻia me ka antimony lead i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pila kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka gasoline.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana hou ʻana mai kahi aneane hiki ʻole (bismuth i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻōpū a me nā mea hoʻonaninani no ka mea ua hoʻopuehu loa ʻia) a hiki i ka paʻakikī i hoʻemi ʻia, e like me ka antimony i nā mea pale ahi, nā mea hoʻohui metallurgical a me ke bismuth i ka galvanizing, antimony i ke aniani Bismuth i nā Additives a me nā Catalysts. ʻO ke ala maʻalahi loa, maʻalahi a makepono loa e hana hou i ka bismuth i nā mea hoʻohui fusible a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe a me ka antimony i nā papa alakaʻi antimony pākahiko.
ʻAʻole i loli nui ka lawe ʻana mai o ka metala bismuth mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 2012 a me 2013 ma 1,699 tons (1,872 tons pōkole) a me 1,708 tons (1,882 tons pōkole). ʻO ka antimony oxide, ka mea i lawe nui ʻia mai ma ka nui, he 20.7 carats (22,800 tons pōkole) (huina) i ka makahiki 2012 a me 21.9 carats (24,100 tons) i ka makahiki 2013, he piʻi iki. Hōʻike nā ʻikepili ʻelua mahina o 2014 e hoʻomau nei kēia ʻano. ʻAʻole hoʻopuka hou ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) i kāna noiʻi hoʻohana bismuth hapaha.
ʻO ka huina hoʻohana hope loa o ka makahiki 2011 (i paʻi ʻia hou loa) no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bismuth ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 222 tons (245 tons) no ka hui hoʻohui metallurgical a me 54 tons (59 tons) no nā mea hoʻohui bismuth. ʻO ke koena no nā kemika, 6681 (736 st).
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka USGS i ka antimony ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 21.7 carats (23,900 tons pōkole) i ka makahiki 2012 a me 24 carats (26,500 tons pōkole) i ka makahiki 2013.
I ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hapa nui o ka ʻikepili, ʻaʻole i loli iki nā hopena 2013 no ka bismuth. No ka antimony, ke nānā nei i ka ʻikepili palena, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka makahiki 2013 ma kahi o 10% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka makahiki 2012. I ka makahiki 2014, me he mea lā e mau ana ka bismuth i ka loli a e emi iki ka antimony.
ʻEhā mau minelala e helu ana no 90 pakeneka o nā borates i hoʻohana ʻia e ka ʻoihana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa—sodium borate, calcium tin, a me ka potassium; calcium borate, calcium stearate; a me ka calcium sodium borate, colemanite. ʻO Borax kahi mea crystalline keʻokeʻo i ʻike ʻia i ka kemika ʻo sodium tetraborate decahydrate, kahi e kū maoli ana i loko o ka mineral tin. ʻO ka waikawa Boric kahi paʻa crystalline ʻole, kūʻai ʻia ma ke ʻano loea, nā palapala kauoha mokuʻāina a me nā ʻano kūlana kūikawā ma ke ʻano granular a pauka paha, ʻo ka hapa nui ma ke ʻano he waikawa boric anhydrous. Hoʻopili ʻia nā waihona Borate me ka hana lua pele a me nā aniau maloʻo, me nā waihona waiwai nui loa ma ka US Mojave Desert kokoke i boron.CA, Alpine Belt o South Asia, Andean Belt o ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ke ʻano o kahi kumuwaiwai a i ʻole kahi mālama e ana pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano o kāna ʻike like boron trioxide (B,0,).
Ua piʻi iki ka hana ʻana o nā minelala boron a me nā hui i ka makahiki 2013 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai ka makahiki 2012; Mālama ʻia nā huina e pale aku i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻikepili ponoʻī o ka hui. ʻElua mau hui ma Kaleponi Hema e hana ana i nā minelala boron, ʻo ia hoʻi ka sodium borate. ʻO Rio Tinto Borax, kahi lālā piha o Rio Tinto Minerals pic ma UK, unuhi i ka pōhaku kumu a me ka tin-calcium ma o nā ʻano hana mining lua hāmama ma kāna mau hana ma Boron, Kaleponi. Hana ʻia kēia mau minelala i loko o nā huahana boric acid a i ʻole sodium borate ma nā hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kokoke i ka lua a hoʻouna ʻia ma ke kaʻaahi a i ʻole kaʻa i nā mea kūʻai aku ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a kūʻai ʻia aku paha ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma o ke awa o Los Angeles. Hana ʻia nā borates kūikawā, e like me ka mahiʻai, nā mea mālama lāʻau a me nā huahana flame retardant, ma Wilmington, CA, ma Borax.plant. Hana ʻo Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) i ka borax a me ka boric acid mai nā brines potassium a me sodium borate ma kāna hale hana Searles Lake kokoke iā Trôna, Kaleponi. Ma nā hale hana ʻo SVM ʻo Trôna a me Westend, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia kēia mau brines i loko o ka anhydrous, decahydrate a me ka borax pentahydrate.
Hoʻopau nui ʻia nā minelala Boron a me nā kemika ma ka ʻākau waena a me ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO nā ʻano hoʻolaha i manaʻo ʻia no nā hui boron i hoʻopau ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 2013 he aniani a me nā keramika, 80%; nā kopa, nā mea holoi, a me nā mea hoʻokeʻokeʻo, 4%; mahiʻai, 4%; nā enamels a me nā glazes, 3% a me nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe, 9%. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Boron i ke aniani ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui e hōʻemi i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wela; hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika, ke kū'ē ʻana i nā kemika, a me ke kūpaʻa; a hāʻawi i ke kū'ē ʻana i ka haʻalulu, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, a me ka haʻalulu wela. ʻO ka insulation a me ka fiberglass textile ka hoʻohana hoʻokahi nui loa o nā borates ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO Boron ka micronutrient i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka mahiʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hana hua. Loaʻa nā mea hoʻouluulu Boron mai ka borax a me ka monetite, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia e ka wai pīpī a i ʻole ka wai hoʻoinu wai ma muli o ko lākou solubility wai kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO 650 kt (716,000 st) ka nui o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai (US sodium borate) i ka makahiki 2013, he piʻi iki mai 646 kt (712,000 st) i ka makahiki 2012. ʻAʻole i loli ka nui o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku mai ka waikawa Boric i ka makahiki 2012 ma 190 kt (209,000 st). Ua piʻi ka waiwai o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku mai ka waikawa boric mai $816/t ($740/st) i ka makahiki 2012 a i $910/t ($740/st) i ka makahiki 2013. ʻO Kōlea Hema ka mea nui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku mai ka waikawa boric i ka makahiki 2013, nona ka helu ʻana he 20 pakeneka. ʻO 53 kilotona (59,000 tonnes) ka nui o nā mea i lawe ʻia mai ka waikawa Boric i ka makahiki 2013, ma kahi o 4% ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka makahiki 2012. Ma kahi o 64% o nā mea i lawe ʻia mai ka waikawa boric i ka makahiki 2013 mai Turkey mai. ʻO 687/t ($623/st) ka nui o nā mea i lawe ʻia mai. $782/1 ($709/st) i ka makahiki 2012.
Ua alakaʻi ʻo Turkey a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka honua ma ka hana borate i ka makahiki 2013. Ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana o ʻAmelika, ua manaʻo ʻia ka nui o ke kaumaha borate o ka honua he 4.9 metric tons (5.4 miliona short tons) i ka makahiki 2013, he 11 pakeneka ka piʻi ʻana mai ka makahiki 2012.
ʻO Argentina kahi mea hana nui o ka boron ore ma ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana borate ma Argentina, ʻoiai ka waikawa boric, ma muli nui o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke koi no nā borates mai nā ʻoihana keramika a me ke aniani ma Asia a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.