Lunahooponopono: Annually.Mining Engineering features Industrial Minerals Review.He nui ka poʻe i hoʻolilo i ka manawa nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea no kēia pukana, me ka hana pū ʻana i kā lākou hana ponoʻī.
He lālā SME ʻo Rajesh Raitani o Cytec Industries Inc. a noho noho ʻo ia i ke Kōmike ʻenehana no ka Māhele ʻĀina a me nā Aggregates.
ʻO kā lākou kōkua i hiki ai i kēia pukana Industrial Minerals o Iulai. Ma ka inoa o kaʻu poʻe heluhelu, mahalo nā mea hoʻoponopono iā lākou.
ʻEhā mau hui - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. a me Unimin Corp. - Mined ball pālolo ma nā mokuʻāina ʻehā i 2013. E like me ka ʻikepili mua, ʻo ka hana ʻana he 1 metric ton (1.1 miliona mau pōkole pōkole) me ka waiwai i manaʻo ʻia he $47 miliona. 2012, waiwai ma $45.1 miliona. Tennessee ka mea alakaʻi, helu no ka 64% o ka home hana, ukali e Texas.Mississippi a me Kentucky. Ma kahi o 67% o ka huina o ka poepoe hana palolo ka ea flotation, 22% he coarse a palolo palolo, a me 11% ka wai slurry.
I ka makahiki 2013, kūʻai aku nā mea hana pālolo pōleʻa kūloko i ka pālolo i nā mākeke ma lalo iho nei: nā ʻili papa lepo a me nā pā (44%); nā hoʻokuʻu aku (21%); mea maʻemaʻe (18%); nā ʻano seramika (9%); ma ka hoʻohana hope ʻana i ka 2012 Mode a me ka mākeke o kēia manawa, fillers, extenders and binders and unspecified use (4% each).Other market account for less than 1% of the koena poepoe pālolo kuai a hoʻohana.
Wahi a kahi noiʻi mua o nā mea hana pālolo pōleʻa kūloko, ʻo ka awelika o ke kumukūʻai o ka pālolo pōleʻa kūloko ma kahi o US $47/t ($43/t) i ka makahiki 2013, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me US$46/t ($42/t) i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO nā kumukūʻai o ka pālolo pōleʻa i waho a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana mai he $126/t ($114/st) a me $338/st) a me $338/t. $62/t ($56/st) a me $314/t ($285/st) i 2013) i 2012, i kēlā me kēia. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o ka hapa nui o nā mea kūʻai aku i hoʻonui ʻia ma 2013, a ua pālua ʻia nā hoʻouna ʻana o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe ma 2013 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2012. ʻO ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka makahiki 2013 ka piʻi ʻana o ka waiwai lawe mai.
Wahi a ka US Census Bureau, 4,681 tons (516 tons) o ka pālolo pōleʻa i lawe ʻia mai i ka makahiki 2013, nona ke kumukūʻai he $174,000, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 436 tons (481 tons) i $137,000 i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO ka nui o ka pālolo pōlele i lawe ʻia mai United Kingdom. Ua hōʻike ka US Census Bureau he 52.2 carats (57,500 short tons) ka waiwai o $6.6 miliona, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 74 carats (81.600 tons) i ka makahiki 2012, ʻo $4.58 miliona. ka pakeneka o ka US poepoe palolo exports.US mea hana maʻamau hōʻike 'elua a ekolu manawa o ka nui o ka lawe 'ana aku e like me ka US Census Bureau.According i lawe mai i kalepa statistics paʻiʻia e ka Mexican Ministry of Economy, nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku o ka poepoe pālolo o ka nui tonage i hoʻouna 'ia maiʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i Mexico hiki ke helu 'ia he kaolin.
ʻO ka manaʻo no ka ʻoihana pālolo pōleʻa ke kūʻai aku nei i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika mai ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana. I ka makahiki 2013, ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale kūʻai a me nā hana kūkulu hale he mea koʻikoʻi i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka pālolo pālolo ma muli o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā tile ceramic a me nā mea maʻemaʻe. 2012, he 18 pakeneka piʻi. ʻO ka waiwai o nā hale noho a me nā hale noho ʻole i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2013 ua hoʻonui ʻia 5 pakeneka i $ 898 biliona mai $ 857 biliona i 2012. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nei nā pilikia paʻa i nā wahi he nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā hale hakahaka ma ka mākeke.
Hoʻopilikia pū ʻia nā kūʻai ʻana o ka pālolo pālolo ma ka lawe ʻia ʻana mai o nā huahana pālolo pālolo e like me nā tile a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe. code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ma ka iho o ka leo, Kina (22%); Mekiko (21%); Italia a me Tureke (10% kēlā me kēia); Palakila (7%); Kolombia, Peru a me Sepania (5% kēlā me kēia). ʻO nā mea hana pālolo ma mua o ka poʻe mai Kina, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hana ʻAmelika ka mea hoʻolako nui i ka pālolo pōlele i ka ʻoihana seramika Mekiko.
ʻAneʻane e lawe ʻia mai nā bauxite a pau i ʻai ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO Alabama, Arkansas, a me Georgia e hoʻopuka i ka liʻiliʻi o ka bauxite a me ka pālolo bauxite no ka hoʻohana ʻole i ka metallurgical.
Metallurgical grade bauxite (coarse dry) imports totaled 9.8 metric tonnes (10.1 miliona standard tonnes) ma 2013, he 5% emi mai ka 2012 imports.Jamaica (48%).Guinea (26%) a me Brazil (25%) ka luna lako i ka US ma 2013.In 2013.In 2013.In 2013. pōkole tons) refractory grade calcined bauxite i lawe ʻia mai, he piʻi o 58% makahiki-ma-makahiki.
Hoʻonui ʻia ka lawe ʻana mai o ka refractory grade calcined bauxite i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2012, e alakaʻi ana i ka replenishment o nā waihona e like me ka emi ʻana o ka lawe ʻana i nā huahana refractory ma muli o ka bauxite i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2012. ʻO ka hana kila home, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā huahana refractory ma muli o ka bauxite, hāʻule ma kahi o 2% ma 2013, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2013% (China 4%) nā kumu o ka US refractory-grade calcined bauxite import.
ʻO ka laweʻiaʻana o ka bauxite calcined non-refractory ka nui o 455 carats (501,500 short tons) i ka makahiki 2013, he 40% ka piʻiʻana ma luna o nā imports 2012. ʻO ka uluʻana i pili i ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka bauxite i loko o ka sima,ʻo kaʻoihanaʻaila he proppant no ka hydraulic fracturing, a me nā mea hana kila.Guyana (28%). nā kumu.
I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory grade calcined bauxite, he 40% hoʻonui ma mua o 2012 exports, me Canada (72%) a me Mexico (7%) nā wahi nui. (14,300 short tons) ma 2012. Coarse dry bauxite exports totally 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons), he 59% emi mai ka 2012 exports, me Canada (82%) ke kumu nui.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka hana alumina kūloko ma 4.1 metric tons (4.6 miliona short tons) i ka makahiki 2013, ma lalo o 7% mai 2012. ʻO ka emi ʻana ma muli o ka hana haʻahaʻa ma Ormet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery. i Almatis GmbH a hoʻomaka hou i ka waena o Kekemapa.
ʻO ka nui o nā alumina i lawe ʻia ma 2013 he 2.05 metric tons (2.26 miliona mau tons maʻamau), he 8% hoʻonui ma mua o 2012 alumina imports. ʻO Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) a me Brazil (12%) nā kumu kumu. 2012 exports. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo Canada (35%), ʻAigupita (17%) a me Iceland (13%) nā wahi nui.
ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bauxite home (ma ke kumu like maloʻo maloʻo) ma 2013 i manaʻo ʻia ma 9.8 mt (10.1 miliona mau tons), 2% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 2012. ʻO kēia, ma kahi o 8.8 metric tons (9.1 miliona mau tons maʻamau) i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka alumina.6% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka makahiki i hala. nā kemika a me nā refractory, a me ka ʻoihana ʻaila, hana kila a me ka mālama wai.
ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻohana alumina home o ka ʻoihana alumini ma 2013 he 3.89 metric tons (4.29 miliona mau tons), he emi o 6% mai 2012. Ma 2013, ua hoʻohana nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi o 490 kilotons (540,000 mau tons maʻamau) o ka alumina, he 16% hoʻohana alumina mai 2. sima, seramika a me kemika.
ʻOkoʻa nā kumukūʻai no ka bauxite i lawe ʻia mai a lawe ʻia aku i waho ma ke kumu, kahi e hele ai a me ka helu.
ʻO nā kumukūʻai no ka non-refractory grade calcined bauxite i lawe ʻia mai nā kumu nui mai $56/t ($51/st) ma Australia (lalo 20%) i $65/t ($59/st) ma Helene (up 12%) i ka makahiki 2013 ʻO ka alumina i lawe ʻia ma 2013 he $396/t ($359/st), 3% haʻahaʻa ma mua o 2012 2012. Ua hāʻule ka awelika kumu kūʻai o ka alumina i lawe ʻia mai ʻAmelika e 11% a i $400 i 2013 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kumukūʻai 2012 /t ($363/st).
Ua hoʻomau nā kumu kūʻai alumini ma 2013 a hiki i ka hapaha mua o 2014. ʻO nā kumu kūʻai alumini haʻahaʻa a me nā kumukūʻai uila kiʻekiʻe ke kumu no ka pani ʻana o kekahi hale hoʻoheheʻe alumini kumu mua i ka makahiki 2013 a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka pani ʻana o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe alumini mua ma ka hapaha mua o 2014. New Energy Ma ka hopena o 4smelter mua o 2013 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka 4smelter alumini. a ua hoʻokō nā mea hoʻolako mana i nā ʻaelike hoʻolako mana. Akā naʻe, ke hoʻāʻo nei nā mea nona nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻelua ʻē aʻe e kūkākūkā i nā mana mana e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumukūʻai uila.
ʻOiai ua hoʻokūpaʻa nā kumukūʻai alumini i ka hapaha mua o 2014, e hilinaʻi ka makemake alumina i nā ʻaelike hoʻolako mana hou me kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe.
ʻO ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka bauxite calcined refractory-grade e manaʻo ʻia e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka hana kila, akā ke hoʻololi nei i ke kila me ka alumini e nā mea hana kaʻa e ʻimi nei e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka wahie e hōʻemi paha i ka koi no ke kila a me nā huahana refractory no ka hana kila.
Ma 2013, ua hoʻololi ʻole ka ʻoihana bentonite mai 2012. ʻO ka nui o ka hana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o US he 4.95 metric tons (5.4 miliona kolamu), i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 4.98 metric tons (5.5 miliona kolamu) i ka makahiki 2012. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia e Wyoming, a ukali ʻia e Utahs.Nexava Montana. Colorado.Ma ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana mai ka US a me ka emi ʻana o ka honua (2007-2009). aia ma Alabama, Mississippi, Arizona, Kaleponi a me Nevada. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka bentonite ʻaʻole e hoʻonui ʻia ʻo ia nā mea paʻa one foundry, mālama wai a me ka kānana.
ʻO ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka mea hana nui o ka sodium activated bentonite ʻo Greece. Kina, ʻAigupita a me India.AMCOL (ʻo American Colloid Co. i 2013. Ua wehe ʻo Wyo-Ben Inc. i kahi lua hou ma kahi o Thermopolis, Wyoming. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka mālama ʻana o ka waihona ma kahi o 10 a 20 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka bentonite drilling-grade no ka ʻaila ʻaila a me ke kinoea a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana ʻo ia ka hoʻohana nui loa o ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia i ka makahiki 2013, e hana ana ma kahi o 1.15 metric tons (1.26 miliona mau pōkole pōkole). Ua hoʻomau ka nui o nā rigs ikaika i ka makahiki 2013, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea drilling.
ʻO ka mākeke pipi hoʻoheheʻe ʻōpala ʻo ia ka lua o ka mākeke nui loa no ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia. metric tons (1.15 miliona metric tons) ma 2013 mt).
ʻO nā pellets hao hao no ka bentonite hoʻonui ʻia ke kolu o ka mākeke nui loa, e ulu ana i 550 kilotons (606.000 short tons) i ka makahiki 2013 e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no ke kila no ka hana kaʻa a me nā mea kaumaha.
Mai ka makahiki 2011, ʻo ka awelika o ka bentonite i hoʻonui ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa i ke one foundry no ke kila a me nā metala ʻē aʻe ma mua o 500 carats (550,000 short tons).
ʻO ka mākeke no ka bentonite no nā noi ʻenekini kīwila, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai 2005, he 175 carats (192,000 short tons), e hōʻike ana ua hoʻomaka ka mākeke e hoʻihoʻi hou mai ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o 2008. Ua hoʻomau ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka mākeke wai wai a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka ʻoihana hana ma hope o ka emi ʻana o ka US, hiki i ka 150 a hiki i ka 150,000. no nā bentonites liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe no nā mea hoʻopili, nā meaʻai holoholona, ​​​​nā mea hoʻopiha a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i hoʻihoʻi ʻia mai ka 2008 recession.
ʻO kahi māhele liʻiliʻi o ka mākeke bentonite he loea i ka mea inu a me ka wehewehe waina a me nā huahana organoclay.AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie a me Elementis Specialties Inc. e alualu ana i ka mākeke nanocomposite bentonite. Ua hoʻonui ʻo Elementis i kāna mea kanu hectorite i hoʻonui ʻia ma Newbury Springs, Calif. Bentone 910, Bentone 920 a me Bentone 990 no ka wai wili ʻaila.
Ma ka makahiki 2013, ua hōʻike nā mea hana bentonite kūloko i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o 950 carats (1.05 miliona short tons) o ka bentonite no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lepo, nā mea hoʻopaʻa one foundry a me nā mākeke like ʻole.
ʻO Bismuth kahi mea kaumaha loa i pili i ke kemika.
ʻO ka Bismuth a me ka antimony pūhui a me nā mea hoʻohana ʻole-metallic e pili ana i ka hapa nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea kemika.
ʻO ka hui hoʻohana hope loa no ka bismuth ʻo ia ka hui kemika, ʻo ia hoʻi nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), nā mea hoʻonaninani maka me ka hopena pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), catalysts, a me nā mea hoʻohana kemika e like me ka pena (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
ʻO ka hui hoʻohana hope nui loa no ka bismuth ʻo ia ka hui hoʻohui metallurgical, nona ka mea e pale ai i ka crystallization o ka graphite mai ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o carbon supersaturated, e hoʻoikaika i ka mīkini manuahi o ke kila, keleawe a me ka aluminika, a hoʻoikaika i ka uhi like ʻana i ka galvanizing. Pono nā mea hao i ka 0.1% bismuth a i ʻole selenium no ka machinability maikaʻi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēia mau pūʻulu hoʻohana hope, ʻo ka hui bismuth alloy ka helu liʻiliʻi wale nō o ka bismuth a hoʻohana ʻia i nā huila fusible, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me nā pū.
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui loa o ka antimony e like me ka lapalapa ahi, ka mea nui i ka mālama ʻana i nā plastics, adhesives a me nā textiles.Antimony oxide he kuleana kūikawā ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe radical manuahi i loko o ka lapalapa ahi, ma nā ʻano mea halogenated nui i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke ahi retardants.
ʻO kekahi papa o nā huahana non-metallic ka mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā puaʻa a me ke aniani (me ka ceramics).
Recyclability pae mai aneane hiki ole (bismuth i loko o ka opu laau a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe no ka mea, ua hoʻopuehu loa ia) i emi pilikia, e like me antimony i loko o ke ahi retardants, metallurgical additives a me bismuth i galvanizing, antimony i ke aniani Bismuth i Additives a me Catalysts. ʻO ke ala maʻalahi, maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e hana hou i ka bismuth i nā huila fusible a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe a me ka antimony i loko o nā papa alakaʻi antimony.
ʻAʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ka lawe ʻana mai o ka metala bismuth mai ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 2012 a me 2013 ma 1,699 tons (1,872 short tons) a me 1,708 tons (1,882 short tons). (24,100 tons) i ka makahiki 2013, he piʻi iki. ʻElua mahina o ka ʻikepili 2014 e hōʻike ana e hoʻomau ana kēia ʻano.
ʻO ka 2011 (ka mea hou i paʻi ʻia) ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bismuth ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 222 tons (245 tons) no ka hui hoʻohui metala a me 54 tons (59 tons) no nā alloys bismuth. ʻO ke koena ka mea nui no nā kemika, 6681 (736 st).
He 21.7 carats (23,900 short tons) ka USGS i ka makahiki 2012 a me 24 carats (26,500 short tons) i ka makahiki 2013.
I ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hapa nui o ka ʻikepili, ua loli iki nā hopena no ka bismuth.
ʻEhā mau minelala ka 90 pakeneka o nā borate i hoʻohana ʻia e ka ʻoihana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa-sodium borate, calcium tin, a me ka potassium; calcium borate, calcium stearate; a me ka calcium sodium borate, colemanite.Borax mea he keokeo crystalline mea chemically ike like me ka sodium tetraborate decahydrate, i loaa maoli i loko o ka mineral tin.Boric waika mea he colorless, crystalline paʻa kuai ma oaoieei, moku'āina kauoha a kūikawā maikaʻi mākau ma granular a pauda palapala, ka hapanui pinepine like anhydrous boric acid.Borate waiho i pili i ka nui loa o ka lua pele hana. Desert kokoke i boron.CA, Alpine Belt of South Asia, Andean Belt of South America. ʻO ka maikaʻi o kahi punawai a i ʻole mālama ʻia e ana mau ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka boron trioxide (B,0,) like like.
2013 Ua hoʻonui iki ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā mineral boron a me nā mea hoʻohui mai ka makahiki 2012; ʻO nā hui ʻelua ma Kaleponi Hema e hana i nā minerala boron, ʻo ka sodium borate ka mea nui. Hoʻouna ʻia ma ke kaʻaahi a kaʻa paha i nā mea kūʻai aku ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a i kūʻai ʻia ma ka honua ma o ke awa o Los Angeles. ʻO nā borates kūikawā, e like me ka mahiʻai, mālama lāʻau a me nā huahana pale ahi, ua hana ʻia ma Wilmington, CA, ma Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. ʻO nā mea kanu ʻo Trôna a me Westend, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia kēia mau brines i anhydrous, decahydrate a me borax pentahydrate.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā minerala Boron a me nā kemika ma ka ʻākau waena a me ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. kopa, mea holoi, a me ka bleaches, 4%; mahiʻai, 4%; enamels a me nā aniani, 3% a me nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe, 9%. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Boron i ke aniani i mea hoʻohui e hōʻemi i ka hoʻonui wela; hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika, kūpaʻa kemika, a me ka lōʻihi; a hāʻawi i ke kū'ē i ka haʻalulu, ka wela kiʻekiʻe, a me ka haʻalulu.
ʻO Boron ka micronutrient nui loa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahiʻai, ka mea nui no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hua.
ʻO ka US sodium borate exports he 650 kt (716,000 st) i ka makahiki 2013, he piʻi iki mai ka 646 kt (712,000 st) i ka makahiki 2012. Ua hoʻololiʻoleʻia ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i ka wai boric ma 190 kt (209,000 st). 2012 i $910 / t ($740 / st) ma 2013. ʻO ka mea nui i loaʻa i ka boric acid exports ma 2013 ʻo South Korea, e helu ana i ka 20 pakeneka. ʻO ka lawe ʻana mai i ka waika Boric i 2013 he 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), e pili ana i 4% haʻahaʻa ma mua o 2012% mai ka 2012. Tureke. ʻO ka waiwai nui o ka waika boric i lawe mai i ka makahiki 2013 he $687/t ($623/st), ua piʻi aʻe mai $782/1 ($709/st) i ka makahiki 2012.
Ua alakaʻi ʻo Turkey a me ʻAmelika i ka honua i ka hana borate i ka makahiki 2013. Ma waho o ka hana ʻana o US, ʻo ka nui o ke kaumaha borate honua i manaʻo ʻia ma 4.9 metric tons (5.4 miliona short tons) i ka makahiki 2013, he 11 pakeneka hoʻonui mai 2012.
ʻO Argentina ka mea hana nui o ka boron ore ma ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka hana borate ma Argentina, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka boric acid, ma muli o ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka noi no nā borates mai nā ʻoihana ceramic a me nā aniani ma Asia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.