Ndemanga ya Mkonzi: Pachaka.Mining Engineering imaonetsa Industrial Minerals Review.Pali anthu angapo amene ataya nthawi yochuluka kukonza zinthu za nkhaniyi, pamene akugwiranso ntchito yawoyawo.Tithokoze kwa Akonzi a Ndemanga ya Pachaka ya Industrial Minerals, Wapampando ndi Wapampando wa Technical Committee of the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division, komanso olemba mbiri ya katunduyo.
Rajesh Raitani ndi membala wa SME wa Cytec Industries Inc. ndipo ndi wapampando wa Technical Committee for the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division.
Thandizo lawo lapangitsa kuti nkhani ya Julayi ya Industrial Minerals itheke. M'malo mwa owerenga anga, akonzi amawathokoza.
Makampani anayi - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. ndi Unimin Corp. - Dongo lopangidwa ndi mpira m'madera anayi mu 2013. Malinga ndi deta yoyambirira, kupanga ndi 1 metric toni (1.1 miliyoni matani afupi) ndi mtengo wake wa $ 47 miliyoni. 2012, yamtengo wapatali pa $ 45.1 miliyoni.Tennessee ndi wotsogolera wamkulu, wowerengera 64% ya zoweta zapakhomo, akutsatiridwa ndi Texas.Mississippi ndi Kentucky.About 67% ya okwana kupanga mpira dongo ndi mpweya kuyandama, 22% ndi coarse kapena dongo wosweka, ndi 11% ndi madzi slurry.
Mu 2013, opanga zoweta mpira dongo anagulitsa dongo misika zotsatirazi: ceramic pansi ndi khoma matailosi (44%); kutumiza kunja (21%); zinthu zaukhondo (18%); zoumba zosiyanasiyana (9%); potsirizira ntchito mu 2012 Mode ndi msika wamakono, fillers, extenders ndi binders ndi ntchito zosadziwika (4% aliyense) .Misika ina imakhala ndi ndalama zosakwana 1% za dongo lotsala logulitsidwa kapena logwiritsidwa ntchito.Zogulitsa zomwe zanenedwa popanga fiberglass kapena zodzaza zambiri, zodzaza ndi zomangira zimakhala makamaka za clay clay migodi ndi ogula.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku woyambirira wa opanga dongo la mpira wapakhomo, mtengo wapakati wa dongo la mpira wa pakhomo unali pafupi US $ 47 / t ($ 43 / t) mu 2013, poyerekeza ndi US $ 46 / t ($ 42 / t) mu 2012. Mitengo yamtengo wapatali yogulitsa kunja ndi kuitanitsa dongo inali $ 126 / t ($ 13337 / st) ndi $ 1333 / st 2013, poyerekeza ndi $ 62 / t ($ 56 / st) ndi $ 314 / t ($ 285 / st) mu 2013) mu 2012, motero. Mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa katundu wambiri wogulitsidwa kunja unawonjezeka mu 2013, ndipo kutumizidwa kwa matani otsika, okwera mtengo kwambiri kuwirikiza kawiri mu 2013 kugulitsa kunja kwa 2013, poyerekeza ndi 2013. zotsika mtengo, zotumiza zamtengo wapatali mu 2013 zidapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali.
Malinga ndi US Census Bureau, matani 4,681 (matani 516) a dongo la mpira adatumizidwa ku 2013, mtengo wake wa $ 174,000, poyerekeza ndi matani 436 (matani 481) ofunika $ 137,000 mu 2012.Kuchuluka kwa dongo la mpira kunatumizidwa kuchokera ku United Kingdom. Bungwe la US Census Bureau linanena kuti zogulitsa kunja ku 2013 zinali 52.2 carats (57,500 matani afupi) ofunika $ 6.6 miliyoni, poyerekeza ndi 74 carats (81.600 tons) mu 2012, Amtengo wapatali pa $ 4.58 miliyoni. Malo akuluakulu a dongo lotumizidwa kunja akutsika. 58 peresenti ya katundu wa dongo wa mpira ku US.Opanga aku US amafotokoza kuwirikiza katatu kuwirikiza katatu kuposa kuchuluka kwa US Census Bureau.Malinga ndi ziwerengero zamalonda zakunja zofalitsidwa ndi Unduna wa Zachuma ku Mexico, kutumizidwa kunja kwa dongo la mpira wamatani wochuluka wotumizidwa kuchokera ku United States kupita ku Mexico zitha kutchedwa kaolin.
Chiyembekezo cha malonda a dongo la mpira ndi kukula kwa malonda pamene chuma cha US chikupitirizabe kuyambiranso kuchoka ku chuma. Kuwonjezeka kwa 18 peresenti. Mtengo wa nyumba zogona ndi zosakhalamo zomwe zinamalizidwa mu 2013 zinawonjezeka ndi 5 peresenti kufika pa $ 898 biliyoni kuchokera ku $ 857 biliyoni mu 2012. Kuwonjezera apo, nkhani za kutsekedwa zikuthetsedwa m'madera ambiri a United States, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nyumba zopanda anthu pamsika.
M'chaka cha 2013, chiwerengero cha matailosi ochokera kunja chinatsika kuchoka pa $62.1 miliyoni mu 5.86 masikweya mita (63.1 miliyoni masikweya mita) mu 2012 kufika pa 5.58 masikweya mita (60.1 miliyoni masikweya mita). Khodi Yogwirizana ya Tariff 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Pakutsika kwa voliyumu, China (22%); Mexico (21%); Italy ndi Turkey (10% iliyonse); Brazil (7%); Colombia, Peru ndi Spain (5% aliyense) .Kutumizidwa kwa zinthu zaukhondo kudakwera kuchoka pa 25.2 miliyoni mu 2012 kufika pa 29.7 miliyoni mu 2013.China idatenga 14.7 miliyoni (49%) ya US sanitaryware imports mu 2013, ndi Mexico 11.6 miliyoni (39%). chidwi kwa opanga zoweta mpira dongo kuposa amene akuchokera China, monga US opanga ndi waukulu ogulitsa dongo mpira kwa Mexico ceramic makampani.Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito yomanga akusonyeza kuti kukula kwa malonda m'nyumba mpira dongo mu 2014 kungakhale pafupifupi chimodzimodzi monga 2013.
Pafupifupi bauxite onse omwe amadyedwa ku United States amatumizidwa kunja. Alabama, Arkansas, ndi Georgia amapanga dongo lochepa la bauxite ndi bauxite kuti agwiritse ntchito mopanda zitsulo.
Metallurgical grade bauxite (coarse dry) imports totaled 9.8 metric tonnes (10.1 million standard tonnes) mu 2013, 5% kuchepa kuchokera kunja kwa 2012. Jamaica (48%).Guinea (26%) ndi Brazil (25%) anali ogulitsa apamwamba ku US mu 2013, Mu 2013-rat. (144,400 matani achidule) refractory grade calcined bauxite idatumizidwa kunja, kuwonjezeka kwa 58% pachaka.
Kutumiza kwa refractory kalasi calcined bauxite kuchuluka poyerekeza ndi 2012, zikubweretsa kuwonjezeredwa kwa katundu monga kunja kwa bauxite ofotokoza mankhwala refractory utachepa poyerekeza 2012.Kupanga zitsulo zapakhomo, yomwe ndi ntchito yaikulu ya bauxite ofotokoza mankhwala refractory, anatsika ndi pafupifupi 2% mu 20201 2013 ndi 2013 9 2013 ndi China kupanga. (44%) ndi magwero akuluakulu a US refractory-grade calcined bauxite importation.
Kutuluka kwa non-refractory kalasi calcined bauxite okwana 455 carats (501,500 matani yochepa) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka 40% kuposa imports 2012. Kukula kunkachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito bauxite mu simenti, makampani mafuta monga proppant for hayidiroliki hydraulic, Brazil Guyana fracturing ndi 28% Brazil fracturing, 2012% ndi Brazil fracturing. (20%) anali magwero akuluakulu.
Mu 2013, United States inatumiza kunja 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory grade calcined bauxite, kuwonjezeka kwa 40% kuposa katundu wa 2012, ndi Canada (72%) ndi Mexico (7%) komwe amapitako. (14,300 matani yochepa) mu 2012.Coarse dry bauxite zogulitsa kunja zinakwana pafupifupi 4,000 tonnes (4,400 yochepa matani), 59% kuchepa kuchokera 2012 kunja, ndi Canada (82%) kopita waukulu.
Kupanga kwa alumina m'nyumba kunayesedwa pa matani a 4.1 (matani 4.6 miliyoni) mu 2013, kutsika ndi 7% kuchokera ku 2012. idagulitsidwa ku Almatis GmbH ndikuyambiranso mkati mwa Disembala.
Total aluminiyamu imports mu 2013 anali 2.05 metric matani (2.26 miliyoni muyezo matani), ndi 8% kuwonjezeka 2012 alumina imports.Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) ndi Brazil (12%) anali magwero waukulu.Total aluminiyamu zotumiza kunja mu 2013 anali 2.25 mamita 8 miliyoni 20% kuwonjezeka 20% kuwonjezeka 20%. kutumiza kunja. Pakati pawo, Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) ndi Iceland (13%) ndi malo akuluakulu.
Total zoweta mowa bauxite mowa (pa zosauma youma ofanana maziko) mu 2013 akuti 9.8 mt (10.1 miliyoni muyezo matani), 2% kuposa mu 2012. Mwa ichi, pafupifupi 8.8 metric matani (9.1 miliyoni muyezo matani) anagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga alumina.6% m'munsi kuposa chaka chapitacho. refractories, komanso m'makampani amafuta, kupanga zitsulo ndi kuyeretsa madzi.
Okwana zoweta mowa aluminiyamu mowa wa makampani zotayidwa mu 2013 anali 3.89 metric matani (4.29 miliyoni matani muyezo), kuchepa kwa 6% kuchokera 2012. abrasives, simenti, ceramics ndi mankhwala.
Mitengo ya bauxite yochokera kunja ndi kutumizidwa kunja imasiyana malinga ndi kumene wachokera, kumene akupita komanso giredi. Mitengo ya mayunitsi a bauxite yochokera kunja kuchokera kumadera akuluakulu mu 2013 inali $813/t ($737/st) kuchokera ku Brazil (mpaka 5%) ndi $480/t ($435/st) kuchokera ku China $40 (kutsika pang'ono) $40 kutsika pang'ono) pang'ono).
Mitengo ya non-refractory grade calcined bauxite yotumizidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zazikulu idachokera ku $56/t ($51/st) ku Australia (pansi pa 20%) kufika pa $65/t ($59/st) ku Greece (mpaka 12%) mu 2013 .Avereji yamtengo wapatali wa bauxite wouma wowuma wochokera kunja mu 2013), mu 2013 / $ 70 anali $2% 2012. The avareji mtengo wa kunja alumina mu 2013 anali $396/t ($359/st), 3% m'munsi kuposa 2012 2012. The avareji mtengo wa aluminiyamu kunja ku US inagwa ndi 11% kwa $400 mu 2013 poyerekeza ndi 2012 mitengo / t (363/st) $363/st.
Mitengo ya aluminiyamu inapitirira mu 2013 mpaka kotala loyamba la 2014. Mitengo yotsika ya aluminiyamu ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa magetsi amatchulidwa ngati zifukwa za kutsekedwa kwa smelter imodzi yamtundu wa aluminiyamu mu 2013 ndi kulengeza kwa kutsekedwa kwa smelter ina yoyamba ya aluminiyamu mu kotala loyamba la 2014. New Energy Pamapeto a 42 oyambirira ndi 4231 osungunula aluminiyamu ndi ogulitsa magetsi adafikira mgwirizano wamagetsi.
Ngakhale mitengo ya aluminiyamu yakhazikika m'gawo loyamba la 2014, kufunikira kwa aluminiyamu kudzadalira mgwirizano watsopano wamagetsi ndi ena osungunula.Ngakhale mitengo ya gasi yachilengedwe ya US ikupitiriza kukwera m'chaka chathachi, mitengo yotsika kwambiri ikuyembekezeka kupitiriza kupereka ubwino wamtengo wapatali kwa oyenga aluminiyamu m'nyumba mu 2014.
Kutumiza kwa refractory-grade calcined bauxite akuyembekezeka kudalira kupanga zitsulo, koma m'malo mwa zitsulo zotayidwa ndi ma automakers omwe akufuna kukonza bwino mafuta amatha kuchepetsa kufunika kwa zitsulo ndi zopangira zopangira zitsulo. The mowa wa non-refractory kalasi calcined bauxite akuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka mu 2014 monga mafakitale a mafuta opangira magetsi, magetsi opangira magetsi komanso magetsi opangira magetsi. kusweka.
Mu 2013, makampani a bentonite anakhalabe osasinthika kuchokera ku 2012.Total US kupanga ndi malonda anali 4.95 metric tons (5.4 miliyoni mizati), poyerekeza ndi 4.98 metric matani (5.5 miliyoni mizati) mu 2012.Kupanga kukod bentonite ikulamulidwa ndi Wyoming, kutsatiridwa ndi Utah ndi Oregon. 2011, kuchira kuchokera ku US ndi kuchepa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi (2007-2009) kunawoneka kukhala kokwanira. Arizona, California ndi Nevada.Magwiritsidwe akuluakulu a bentonite osakulitsa ndi zomangira mchenga wa foundry, kuthira madzi ndi kusefera.
Padziko lonse lapansi, wopanga wamkulu wa sodium activated bentonite ndi Greece.China, Egypt ndi India.AMCOL (omwe kale anali American Colloid Co.) amakhalabe otsogolera sodium bentonite wopanga ndi pafupifupi 40% gawo la msika, pomwe BPM Minerals LLC (yothandizira ya Halliburton) ili ndi gawo la 30% la msika waku US.Omwe amapanga sodium bentonite wamkulu ndi MI-BenLLC yatsopano ndi MI-BenLLC. opanga anayamba kumanga mu 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. anatsegula mgodi watsopano pafupi ndi Thermopolis, Wyoming. Zosungirako zosungirako zikuyembekezeka kukhala zaka zosachepera 10 mpaka zaka 20. Mitengo yamtengo wapatali inakhalabe yokhazikika, pamene mitengo ya katundu wagalimoto sinasinthe mu 2013.
Pobowola kalasi bentonite kwa mafuta ndi gasi pobowola ndi kuchira anali ntchito yaikulu ya kukodzedwa bentonite mu 2013, kupanga pafupifupi 1.15 matani metric (1.26 miliyoni matani yochepa) .The chiwerengero cha zida yogwira anapitiriza kuwonjezeka mu 2013, kutsimikizira kubwerera kwa mafuta ndi gasi pobowola.Mwamakamaka, yopingasa ntchito yopingasa pobowola shantoni ndi pobowola.
Msika woyamwitsa zinyalala za ziweto ndi msika wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri wa bentonite wokulitsidwa pang'ono. 1.05 metric tons (1.15 miliyoni metric tons) mu 2013 mt).
Iron ore pellets kwa kukodzedwa bentonite anali msika wachitatu waukulu, kukula kwa 550 kilotons (606.000 matani yochepa) mu 2013 monga kufunika zitsulo kuchuluka kwa US galimoto ndi katundu kupanga zida.
Kuyambira 2011, pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa kukodzedwa bentonite ntchito ngati binder mu Foundry mchenga zitsulo ndi zitsulo zina kuposa 500 carats (550,000 matani yochepa) .Kupangidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano sizinakhudze kwambiri izi zinayi zazikulu granular ndi ufa kukodzedwa misika bentonite.
Msika wa bentonite kwa ntchito zomangamanga boma, wachinsinsi mosiyana ndi 2005, anali 175 carats (192,000 matani yochepa), kusonyeza kuti msika anayamba kuchira kuchokera kugwa kwachuma cha 2008.The kutsekereza madzi ndi kusindikiza bentonite msika anapitiriza kukula ndi makampani yomanga kutsatira kuchepa kwachuma US, kufika 10010 carats (12510) (kufupi ndi 12500 carats). msika wa ena ang'onoang'ono kukodzedwa bentonites zomatira, nyama chakudya, fillers ndi fillers, ndi ntchito zina zambiri sizinayambe anachira ku 2008.
Gawo laling'ono la msika wa bentonite ndi lodziwika bwino pazakumwa ndi vinyo kumveka bwino ndi zinthu za organoclay.AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie ndi Elementis Specialties Inc. akutsata msika wa bentonite nanocomposite. kupanga zinthu zotsika mtengo za organoclay monga Bentone 910, Bentone 920 ndi Bentone 990 zamadzimadzi obowola mafuta.
Chiyambire kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi mu 2008, mtengo wosinthanitsa wa dollar yaku US wathandizira kutukusira kwa bentonite kunja.
Bismuth ndi chinthu cholemera kwambiri chomwe chimagwirizana ndi mankhwala a antimony.Ndichopangidwa kuchokera ku lead ndi tungsten m'zigawo, komanso pang'ono mkuwa ndi tini.Antimony ndi chinthu chopepuka chamankhwala.Ndizopangidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zitsulo monga lead, silver ndi gold.Njira yaikulu ya bismuth ndi antimony imakhala ngati pawiri.
Bismuth ndi antimony compounds ndi ntchito zosagwirizana ndi zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsulo kapena aloyi.
Gulu lalikulu kwambiri logwiritsa ntchito bismuth ndi gulu lamankhwala, lomwe limaphatikizapo mankhwala monga Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), zodzola zamaso zokhala ndi pearlescent effect (bismuth oxychloride), zothandizira, ndi ntchito zina zama mankhwala monga utoto (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Chotsatira chofunika kwambiri mapeto ntchito gulu kwa bismuth ndi zitsulo zowonjezera gulu, amene zikuchokera kupewa crystallization wa graphite ku carbon supersaturated chitsulo chosungunula, amalimbikitsa machining ufulu wa chitsulo, mkuwa ndi zotayidwa, ndi kulimbikitsa yunifolomu ❖ kuyanika mu galvanizing. zimalimbikitsa kapena zimapanga zochitika zina kapena katundu.Chitsulo chimangofunika 0.1% bismuth kapena selenium yokha kuti ikhale yabwino.Poyerekeza ndi magulu ogwiritsira ntchito mapetowa, gulu la bismuth alloy limagwiritsa ntchito kagawo kakang'ono ka bismuth ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fusible alloys, ma alloys ena otsika osungunuka, ndi zipolopolo.
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa antimony kumakhala ngati chowotcha moto, makamaka pochiza mapulasitiki, zomatira ndi nsalu.Antimony oxide ili ndi ntchito yapadera monga gawo la gasi laulere lozimitsa moto muzitsulo zamoto, muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zazikulu za halogenated zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoletsa moto.
Kalasi ina ya zinthu zopanda zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu ma inki ndi magalasi (kuphatikizapo zoumba) .Antimony oxide m'magalasi ambiri ndi zoumba zimakhala ngati opacifier, koma antimoni mu magalasi apadera amatha kuwafotokozera.Gulu la antimony lead ndi alloy limapangidwa makamaka ndi antimony lead yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi mafuta.
Kubwezeretsanso kumachokera ku pafupifupi kosatheka (bismuth m'mankhwala am'mimba ndi zodzoladzola chifukwa zimabalalika kwathunthu) mpaka kuchepa kwa zovuta, monga antimoni mu zoletsa moto, zowonjezera zitsulo ndi bismuth mu galvanizing, antimony mu galasi Bismuth mu Zowonjezera ndi Catalysts. Njira yosavuta, yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo yobwezeretsanso bismuth mu ma aloyi a fusible ndi ma aloyi ena ndi antimoni mu mbale zotsogolera za antimoni.
Kutumiza kunja kwa zitsulo za bismuth ku US kunakhalabe kosasinthika mu 2012 ndi 2013 pa matani 1,699 (1,872 matani afupi) ndi matani 1,708 (matani afupiafupi 1,882) . (24,100 matani) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka pang'ono.Miyezi iwiri ya data ya 2014 ikusonyeza kuti chitsanzochi chikupitirirabe.Bungwe la United States Geological Survey (USGS) silisindikizanso kafukufuku wake wogwiritsa ntchito bismuth wa quarterly.
The 2011 (yofalitsidwa posachedwa) chaka chonse chogwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa mowa wa bismuth ku United States chinali matani 222 (matani 245) a gulu lowonjezera lazitsulo ndi matani 54 (matani 59) a aloyi a bismuth. The balance is especially for chemicals, 6681 (736 st).
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa antimony kwa USGS ku United States kunali 21.7 carats (23,900 matani afupi) mu 2012 ndi 24 carats (26,500 matani afupi) mu 2013.
Popanda deta zambiri, zotsatira za 2013 za bismuth sizinasinthidwe pang'ono.Kwa antimony, kufufuza deta yochepa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2013 kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 10% kuposa mu 2012.Mu 2014, bismuth ikuwoneka kuti idzakhala yosasinthika ndipo antimony ikuchepa pang'ono.
Miyezo inayi imapanga 90 peresenti ya mabote omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale padziko lonse—sodium borate, calcium tin, ndi potaziyamu; calcium borate, calcium stearate; ndi kashiamu sodium borate, colemanite.Borax ndi woyera crystalline mankhwala mankhwala monga sodium tetraborate decahydrate, amene amapezeka mwachibadwa mu mchere tin.Boric asidi ndi colorless, crystalline olimba ogulitsidwa luso, boma mankhwala ndi magiredi apadera khalidwe mu granular kapena ufa mawonekedwe, nthawi zambiri monga anhydrous boric acid.Borate madipoziti amagwirizana ndi arid yaikulu nyengo viphalaphala ntchito ndi kuphulika kwa US ndi volcanic depositi US Desert pafupi ndi boron.CA, Alpine Belt of South Asia, Andean Belt of South America.Mtundu wa gwero kapena nkhokwe nthawi zambiri umayesedwa potengera boron trioxide (B,0,) yake yofanana.
Kupanga kwa 2013 US kwa mchere wa boron ndi mankhwala kunakwera pang'ono kuchokera ku 2012; Makampani awiri ku Southern California amatulutsa mchere wa boron, makamaka sodium borate.Rio Tinto Borax, kampani yapadziko lonse ya Rio Tinto Minerals ya ku UK ku Rio Tinto Minerals pic, imatulutsa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi malata pogwiritsa ntchito njira za migodi yotseguka pazitsulo za sodium boteseric ku California. zoyenga pafupi ndi mgodi ndi kutumizidwa ndi njanji kapena galimoto kwa makasitomala ku North America kapena kugulitsidwa padziko lonse kudzera Port of Los Angeles.Specialty borates, monga ulimi, nkhuni preservative ndi flame retardant mankhwala, amapangidwa ku Wilmington, CA, mu Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) imapanga borax ndi boric acid ndi sodium boric acid kuchokera ku malo ake a Tchizimezi otchedwa Searles, potaziyamu ndi boric acid kuchokera ku Searles brine Lake. California.Ku zomera za SVM's Trôna ndi Westend, ma brines awa amayeretsedwa kukhala anhydrous, decahydrate ndi borax pentahydrate.
Mchere wa Boron ndi mankhwala amadyedwa makamaka kumpoto chapakati ndi kum'mawa kwa United States.Maganizidwe ogawa amagulu a boron omwe amadya ku United States mu 2013 anali magalasi ndi zitsulo, 80%; sopo, zotsukira, ndi mabuleki, 4%; ulimi, 4%; enamels ndi glazes, 3% ndi ntchito zina, 9%.Boron amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galasi monga chowonjezera kuchepetsa kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha; kusintha mphamvu, kukana mankhwala, ndi durability; ndikupereka kukana kugwedezeka, kutentha kwambiri, ndi kutenthedwa kwa kutentha.Kudziletsa ndi nsalu za fiberglass ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Boron ndi micronutrient yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazaulimi, makamaka polimbikitsa ulimi wa mbeu.Feteleza za boron zimachokera ku borax ndi monetite, zomwe zimatha kuperekedwa ndi kupopera kapena madzi othirira chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwawo kwamadzi.
Kutumiza kwa sodium borate ku US kunali 650 kt (716,000 st) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka pang'ono kuchokera ku 646 kt (712,000 st) mu 2012. Kutumiza kwa boric acid kunakhalabe kosasintha pa 190 kt (209,000 st) . 2012 mpaka $ 910 / t ($ 740 / st) mu 2013. Wolandira wamkulu wa boric acid kunja kwa 2013 anali South Korea, kuwerengera 20 peresenti. Boric acid imports mu 2013 anali 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), pafupifupi 4% m'munsi kuposa 201% ya 201 acid 62. adachokera ku Turkey. Mtengo wa unit wa boric acid wotuluka kunja mu 2013 unali $687/t ($623/st), kuchokera ku $782/1 ($709/st) mu 2012.
Turkey ndi United States adatsogolera dziko lonse lapansi popanga borate mu 2013.Kupatulapo kupanga kwa US, kulemera konse kwa borate padziko lonse lapansi kudafikira matani 4.9 (matani amfupi miliyoni 5.4) mu 2013, kuchuluka kwa 11 peresenti kuyambira 2012.
Dziko la Argentina ndilopanga kwambiri boron ore ku South America.Kuwonjezeka kwaposachedwapa kwa kupanga borate ku Argentina, makamaka boric acid, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa borates kuchokera ku mafakitale a ceramic ndi galasi ku Asia ndi North America.