Chinyorwa cheMupepeti: Gore rega rega. Uinjiniya weMigodhi une Ongororo yeZvicherwa zveIndasitiri. Kune vanhu vakati wandei vakashandisa nguva yakawanda vachigadzira zvinyorwa zvenyaya iyi, ukuwo vachiita basa ravo vega. Tinotenda Vanyori veAnnual Review of Industrial Minerals, Sachigaro uye Mutevedzeri weSachigaro weTechnical Committee yeIndasitiri Minerals and Aggregates Division, pamwe nevanyori vemaprofiles ezvigadzirwa zvega zvega.
Rajesh Raitani inhengo yeSME yeCytec Industries Inc. uye ndiye sachigaro weTechnical Committee yeIndustrial Minerals and Aggregates Division.
Rubatsiro rwavo rwakabatsira kuti nyaya yeIndustrial Minerals yaChikunguru ino ibudirire. Vaverengi vangu vanotenda zvikuru.
Makambani mana - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. neUnimin Corp. - Vakachera ivhu remabhora mumatunhu mana muna 2013. Sekureva kwedata rekutanga, kugadzirwa kwacho i metric ton (1.1 miriyoni matani mapfupi) nemutengo unofungidzirwa we $47 miriyoni. Kugadzirwa kwakawedzera ne3 muzana kubva pamakarati 973 (1.1 miriyoni matani mapfupi) muna 2012, ukoshi hwe $45.1 miriyoni.Tennessee ndiyo inotungamira mukugadzira, ichitora 64% yekugadzirwa kwemumba, ichiteverwa neTexas.Mississippi neKentucky. Inenge 67% yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwevhu remabhora ivhu rinoyerera mumhepo, 22% ivhu rakaomarara kana rakapwanywa, uye 11% ivhu remvura.
Muna 2013, vagadziri vevhu remabhora remuno vakatengesa ivhu kumisika inotevera: mataira epasi nemadziro eceramic (44%); kunze kwenyika (21%); zvimbuzi zvekuchenesa (18%); zvimbuzi zvakasiyana-siyana (9%); pakushandiswa kwekupedzisira muna 2012 Mode uye musika wazvino, zviputiriso, zviwedzere uye zviputiriso uye mashandisirwo asina kutaurwa (4% imwe neimwe). Mimwe misika ine isingasviki 1% yevhu remabhora rasara rakatengeswa kana kushandiswa. Kutengeswa kwakataurwa kwekugadzirwa kwefiberglass kana akawanda maapplication ezviputiriso, zviputiriso uye zviputiriso zvingangove zvakanyanya kuve kaolin ivhu rinocherwa kana kutengwa nevagadziri vevhu remabhora.
Sekureva kweongororo yekutanga yevanogadzira ivhu remabhora remumba, avhareji yemutengo wevhu remabhora remumba yaive inosvika US$47/t ($43/t) muna 2013, zvichienzaniswa neUS$46/t ($42/t) muna 2012. Mitengo yeivhu remabhora rekutumira kunze kwenyika nerekupinza kunze yaive $126/t ($114/st) uye $373/t ($338/st) zvakateerana muna 2013, zvichienzaniswa ne$62/t ($56/st) uye $314/t ($285/st) muna 2013) muna 2012, zvichiteerana. Mutengo weivhu remabhora rekutengesa kunze kwenyika wakawedzera muna 2013, uye kutumirwa kweivhu remabhora rematonnage rakaderera, rine mutengo mukuru kwakapetwa kaviri muna 2013 zvichienzaniswa na2012, zvichikonzera avhareji yemutengo wekutengesa kunze kwenyika. Kutumirwa kweivhu rematonnage maviri ane mutengo wakaderera, rine mutengo mukuru muna 2013 kwakaita kuti kukosha kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika kuwedzere.
Sekureva kweUS Census Bureau, matani 4,681 (matani 516) evhu rebhora akaunzwa muna 2013, aine kukosha kwemadhora zviuru zana nemakumi manomwe nemana ($174,000), zvichienzaniswa nematani 436 (matani 481) ane kukosha kwemadhora zviuru zana nemakumi matatu nenomwe ($137,000) muna 2012. Huwandu hwevhu rebhora rakaunzwa kubva kuUnited Kingdom. US Census Bureau yakashuma kuti zvinhu zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2013 zvaive macarat 52.2 (57,500 short tonnes) aikosha $6.6 miriyoni, zvichienzaniswa nemacarat 74 (81.600 tonnes) muna 2012, zvine mutengo we $4.58 miriyoni. Nzvimbo huru dzekutengesa ivhu rebhora kunze kwenyika dzinosanganisira Belgium, nzvimbo huru dzekutengeserana muEurope, Venezuela neNicaragua. Nyika idzi nhatu dzinotora 58 muzana yeivhu rebhora reUS rinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Vagadziri vemuUS vanowanzo taura kuti zvinhu zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakapetwa kaviri kusvika katatu kupfuura US Census Bureau. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekutengeserana kunze kwenyika hwakaburitswa neMexico Ministry of Economy, kutengeswa kweivhu rebhora rematani akawanda anotumirwa kubva kuUnited States kuenda kuMexico kunogona kuverengerwa sekaolin.
Tariro yeindasitiri yevhu remabhora ndeyekukura kwekutengesa sezvo hupfumi hweUS huchiri kuramba huchidzoka kubva mukushomeka kwehupfumi. Muna 2013, mabasa ekuvaka emabhizimisi nekuvaka dzimba aive akakosha pakutengeswa kwevhu remabhora nekuda kwekushandiswa kwaro mukugadzira mataira eceramic nemidziyo yekuchenesa. US Census Bureau yakashuma kuti dzimba dzepachivande dzinosvika 923,000 dzakatanga muna 2013, zvichienzaniswa nedzimba 781,000 dzakatanga muna 2012, kuwedzera kwe18 muzana. Kukosha kwezvivakwa zvekugara uye zvisiri zvekugara zvakapedzwa muna 2013 kwakawedzera ne5 muzana kusvika pamadhora mabhiriyoni 898 kubva pamadhora mabhiriyoni 857 muna 2012. Pamusoro pezvo, nyaya dzekutorwa kwedzimba dziri kugadziriswa munzvimbo zhinji dzeUnited States, zvichideredza huwandu hwedzimba dzisina vanhu dziri pamusika. Pasinei nekuvandudzwa uku, dzimba dzakatanga dzichiri pasi pemazinga ekudzikira kwehupfumi asati asvika.
Kutengeswa kwevhu rebhora mudzimba kunokanganiswawo nekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevhu rebhora zvakaita semataira nezvishandiso zvekuchenesa. Muna 2013, huwandu hwemataira akapinzwa munyika hwakaderera kubva pamadhora mazana matanhatu nemakumi maviri nembiri ($62.1 miriyoni) mu5.86 square metres (63.1 miriyoni square feet) muna 2012 kusvika pa5.58 square metres (60.1 miriyoni square feet) inokosha $64.7 miriyoni. Manyuko makuru emataira zvichienderana neHarmonized Tariff Schedule code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50. Muhuwandu hwakaderera, China (22%); Mexico (21%); Italy neTurkey (10% imwe neimwe); Brazil (7%); Colombia, Peru neSpain (5% imwe neimwe). Kutengeswa kwemidziyo yetsvina kwakawedzera kubva pa25.2 miriyoni muna 2012 kusvika pa29.7 miriyoni muna 2013. China yakaita 14.7 miriyoni (49%) yezvinhu zvetsvina zvekuUS zvakapinzwa muna 2013, uye Mexico mamiriyoni 11.6 (39%). Kutengeswa kwemataira eceramic nezvinhu zvetsvina Vagadziri vevhu rebhora kubva kuMexico havanyanyi kutarisisa vagadziri vevhu rebhora remuno kupfuura vanobva kuChina, sezvo vagadziri vekuUS vari ivo vanotengesa ivhu rebhora kuindasitiri yetsvina yekuMexico. Kuwedzera kwebasa rekuvaka kunoratidza kuti kukura kwekutengeswa kwevhu rebhora remuno muna 2014 kunogona kunge kwakafanana nekwa2013.*
Inenge bauxite yese inodyiwa muUnited States inotengwa kunze kwenyika. Alabama, Arkansas, neGeorgia vanogadzira huwandu hushoma hwebauxite nevhu rebauxite rekushandisa zvisiri zvesimbi.
Kutengeswa kwesimbi ye bauxite (yakaoma zvakanyanya) kwakasvika matani 9.8 (mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe ematani akajairwa) muna 2013, kudzikira kwe5% kubva pane zvakatengeswa muna 2012. Jamaica (48%). Guinea (26%) neBrazil (25%) ndidzo dzaive vatengesi vepamusoro kuUS muna 2013. Muna 2013, 131-carat (144,400 short tons) refractory calcined bauxite yakaunzwa, kuwedzera kwe58% gore negore.
Kupinzwa kwe bauxite ine calcium grade refractory kwakawedzera zvichienzaniswa negore ra2012, zvichikonzera kudzoserwa kwemidziyo sezvo kutengeswa kwezvinhu zve bauxite-based refractory kwakaderera zvichienzaniswa negore ra2012. Kugadzirwa kwesimbi yemumba, inova ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwezvinhu zve bauxite-based refractory, kwakadzikira ne2% muna 2013, zvichienzaniswa nekugadzirwa kwa2012. China (49%) neGuyana (44%) ndidzo nzvimbo huru dzekuunzwa kwe bauxite ine calcium calcium grade refractory muUS.
Kupinzwa kwe bauxite isina refractory grade calcined bauxite kwakasvika macarat 455 (501,500 short tons) muna 2013, kuwedzera kwe40% kupfuura zvakapinzwa muna 2012. Kukura uku kwakakonzerwa nekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwe bauxite mu simende, indasitiri yemafuta sechinhu chinopa simba re hydraulic fracturing, uye vagadziri vesimbi. Guyana (38%), Australia (28%) neBrazil (20%) ndidzo dzainyanya kutengeswa.
Muna 2013, United States yakatumira kunze kwenyika 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory grade calcined bauxite, kuwedzera kwe40% kupfuura 2012 exports, Canada (72%) neMexico (7%) dziri nzvimbo huru dzekutengesera. Muna 2013, United States yakatumira kunze kwenyika huwandu hushoma hwe calcined bauxite isina refractory grade, zvichienzaniswa ne 13 kilotons (14,300 short tons) muna 2012. Coarse dry bauxite exports yakasvika matani angangoita 4,000 (4,400 short tons), kudzikira kwe59% kubva 2012 exports, Canada (82%) iriyo nzvimbo huru yekutengesera.
Kugadzirwa kwealumina yemuno kwakafungidzirwa kuva matani 4.1 (matani mapfupi mamiriyoni 4.6) muna 2013, kuderera ne7% kubva mugore ra2012. Kuderera uku kwakakonzerwa nekudzikira kwekugadzirwa kweOrmet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvesimba rayo rakavharwa muna Nyamavhuvhu uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chakasara muna Gumiguru. Refinery iyi yakatengeswa kuAlmatis GmbH ndokuzotangwazve pakati paZvita.
Huwandu hwealumina hwakatengwa muna 2013 hwaive matani 2.05 (mamiriyoni 2.26 ematani akajairwa), kuwedzera kwe8% kupfuura huwandu hwealumina hwakatengwa muna 2012. Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) neBrazil (12%) ndidzo dzaive nzvimbo huru. Huwandu hwealumina hwakatengwa muna 2013 hwaive matani 2.25 (mamiriyoni 2.48 ematani akajairwa), kuwedzera kwe27% kupfuura huwandu hwegore ra2012. Pakati pavo, Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) neIceland (13%) ndidzo nzvimbo huru dzinoshandiswa.
Kushandiswa kwe bauxite mudzimba (pachiyero chemafuta asina kucheneswa) muna 2013 kwakafungidzirwa kuva 9.8 mt (mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe ematani akajairwa), 2% yakakwira kupfuura muna 2012. Panyaya iyi, matani angangoita 8.8 metric (mamiriyoni mapfumbamwe nerimwe ematani akajairwa) akashandiswa kugadzira alumina. 6% yakaderera pane gore rapfuura. Mamwe mashandisirwo e bauxite anosanganisira kugadzira zvinhu zvinobvisa mabhakitiriya, simende, makemikari nezvimwe zvinodzivirira mabhakitiriya, pamwe chete neindasitiri yemafuta, kugadzira simbi uye kurapa mvura.
Huwandu hwese hwekushandiswa kwealumina muindasitiri yearuminiyamu muna 2013 hwaive matani 3.89 (mamiriyoni 4.29 ematani akajairwa), kudzikira kwe6% kubva muna 2012. Muna 2013, mamwe maindasitiri muUnited States akadya makirotoni 490 (matani 540,000 akajairwa) ealumina, kudzikira kwe16% kubva muhuwandu hwa2012. Mamwe mashandisirwo ealumina anosanganisira abrasives, simende, ceramics uye makemikari.
Mitengo yebauxite inounzwa neinotengeswa kunze kwenyika inosiyana zvichienderana nekwainobva, kwainoenda uye giredhi. Mitengo yebhauxite ine calcium yakatorwa kubva kumakambani makuru muna 2013 yaive $813/t ($737/st) kubva kuBrazil (yakakwira ne5%) uye $480/t ($435/st) kubva kuChina (yakaderera zvishoma) uye $441 It ($400/st) kubva kuGuyana (yakaderera zvishoma).
Mitengo yebauxite isina kusimba inotorwa kubva kunzvimbo huru yaitangira pa$56/t ($51/st) muAustralia (yakaderera ne20%) kusvika pa$65/t ($59/st) muGreece (yakakwira ne12%) muna 2013. Avhareji yemutengo webauxite yakaoma yakaunzwa kunze kwenyika muna 2013 yaive $30/t ($27/st), yakakwira ne7% kupfuura muna 2012. Avhareji yemutengo wealumina yakaunzwa kunze kwenyika muna 2013 yaive $396/t ($359/st), 3% yakaderera pane muna 2012 2012. Avhareji yemutengo wealumina yakaunzwa kunze kwenyika kubva kuUS yakaderera ne11% kusvika pa$400 muna 2013 zvichienzaniswa nemitengo ya2012 /t ($363/st).
Mitengo yearuminiyamu yakaramba iripo muna 2013 kusvika kota yekutanga ya2014. Mitengo yakaderera yearuminiyamu uye mitengo yakakwira yemagetsi ndizvo zvakaita kuti pave nekuvharwa kwemuchina mumwe chete wekugadzira aruminiyamu wepamba muna 2013 uye kuziviswa kwekuvharwa kwemuchina mumwe chete wekugadzira aruminiyamu wepamba mukota yekutanga ya2014. Simba Idzva Pakupera kwa2013 nekutanga kwa2014, varidzi vemuchina vatatu wekugadzira aruminiyamu wepakutanga nevatengesi vemagetsi vakasvika pachibvumirano chekupa magetsi. Zvisinei, varidzi vemuchina mumwe chete wekugadzira aruminiyamu wepamusoro vari kuedza kutaurirana nezvezvibvumirano zvemagetsi kuti vaderedze mitengo yemagetsi.
Kunyangwe mitengo yearuminiyamu yakagara zvakanaka muchikamu chekutanga chegore ra2014, kudiwa kwearumina kuchaenderana nezvibvumirano zvitsva zvemagetsi nevamwe vanonyungudutsa. Kunyange hazvo mitengo yegasi rechisikigo muUS yakaramba ichikwira mugore rapfuura, mitengo yakaderera inotarisirwa kuramba ichipa zvakanakira mutengo kune vanonatsa alumina vemuno muna 2014.
Kutengeswa kwe bauxite ine calcium grade refractory kunotarisirwa kuti kunoenderana nekugadzirwa kwesimbi, asi kutsiva simbi nearuminiyamu nevagadziri vemotokari vari kutsvaga kuvandudza mashandiro emafuta kunogona kuderedza kudiwa kwesimbi nezvinhu zvinodzivirira kugadzirwa kwesimbi. Kushandiswa kwe bauxite ine calcium grade refractory kunotarisirwa kuwedzera muna 2014 sezvo indasitiri yepeturu ichizoishandisa zvakare kugadzira zvinhu zvinobvisa hutsi, simende uye hydraulic fracturing.*
Muna 2013, indasitiri yebentonite haina kuchinja kubva muna 2012. Huwandu hwese hwekugadzirwa nekutengesa muUS hwaive matani 4.95 (makoramu mamiriyoni 5.4), zvichienzaniswa nematani 4.98 (makoramu mamiriyoni 5.5) muna 2012. Kugadzirwa kwebentonite yakawedzerwa kwaitungamirwa neWyoming, ichiteverwa neUtah neMontana.Texas.california.Oregon.Nevada neColorado. Pakazosvika 2011, kupora kubva kuUS nekudzikira kwenyika (2007-2009) kwairatidzika kunge kwapera zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwedzimba uye kushandiswa kwekuvaka kwebentonite kwakabatana kuri kutanga kupora. MuNorth America (US neCanada), sodium bentonite yakazvimba ndiyo inonyanya kutonga calcium bentonite isina kuzvimba, ichitora chikamu chinodarika 97% yemusika wese webentonite. Kugadzirwa kwebentonite isina kuwedzerwa kunoitika muAlabama, Mississippi, Arizona, California neNevada. Mashandisirwo makuru ebentonite isina kuwedzera ndeye foundry sand binders, kurapwa kwemvura uye kusefa.
Pasi rose, mugadziri mukuru we sodium activated bentonite iGreece.China, Egypt neIndia. AMCOL (yaimbova American Colloid Co.) ichiri kutungamira mugadziri we sodium bentonite ine chikamu chemusika chinosvika 40%, nepo BPM Minerals LLC (imwe kambani iri pasi peHalliburton) ine chikamu chemusika chinosvika 30% muUS. Vamwe vagadziri vakuru ve sodium bentonite ndiMI-LLC, Black Hills Bentonite naWyo-Ben. Hapana vagadziri vatsva ve bentonite vakatanga kuvaka muna 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. yakavhura mugodhi mutsva pedyo neThermopolis, Wyoming. Mari yedhipoziti inotarisirwa kugara kwemakore angangoita gumi kusvika makumi maviri. Mari yezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa yakaramba yakagadzikana, nepo mitengo yemotokari isina kuchinja muna 2013.
Bentonite yemhando yepamusoro yekuchera mafuta negasi ndiyo yakashandiswa zvakanyanya nebentonite yakawedzerwa muna 2013, ichigadzira matani angangoita 1.15 metric (matani mapfupi mamiriyoni 1.26). Huwandu hwema rigs anoshanda hwakaramba huchiwedzera muna 2013, zvichiratidza kudzoka kwekuchera mafuta negasi. Kunyanya, kuchera kwakatwasuka kwekugadzira shale ibasa guru rebentonite.
Musika wekubvisa marara ezvipfuyo wakakangwa ndiwo musika wechipiri mukuru wegranular expanded bentonite. Kunyangwe huwandu hwemarara ezvipfuyo hwakasvika 1.24 metric tons (1.36 miriyoni metric tons) muna 2005, hwakachinja-chinja pakati pe1.05 ne1.08 metric tons (1.15 ne1.19 miriyoni metric tons) mumakore apfuura, nemusika weanosvika 1.05 metric tons (1.15 miriyoni metric tons) muna 2013 mt).
Mapellet esimbi ekugadzira bentonite yakawedzerwa ndiwo aive musika wechitatu pakukura, achikura kusvika pamakirotoni mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu (606,000 matani mapfupi) muna 2013 sezvo kudiwa kwesimbi kwakawedzera mukugadzirwa kwemotokari nemidziyo mikuru muUS.
Kubva muna 2011, avhareji yehuwandu hwebentonite yakawedzerwa inoshandiswa sechisungo chekubatanidza mujecha resimbi nedzimwe simbi inodarika 500 carats (550,000 short tons). Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva hakuna kukanganisa zvakanyanya misika mina mikuru yebentonite yakawedzerwa ine granular uye upfu.
Musika webentonite wekushandiswa kweinjiniya yezvivakwa, wakapatsanurwa zvakasiyana kubva mugore ra2005, waive 175 carats (192,000 short tons), zvichiratidza kuti musika wakatanga kupora kubva mukudzikira kwehupfumi kwa2008. Musika webentonite wekudzivirira mvura nekuvhara wakaramba uchikura neindasitiri yekuvaka mushure mekudzikira kwehupfumi kweUS, kusvika 150 carats (165,000 short tons) muna 2013. Musika wemamwe mabentonite madiki akawedzerwa ekunamatira, chikafu chemhuka, mafiller nefillers, nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa hauna kupora kubva mukudzikira kwehupfumi kwa2008.
Chikamu chidiki chemusika webentonite chakanyanya mukugadzira zvinwiwa newaini uye zvigadzirwa zve organoclay. AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie neElementis Specialties Inc. vari kutsvaga musika we bentonite nanocomposite. Elementis yakawedzera fekitari yayo ye hectorite yakawedzerwa muNewbury Springs, Calif., kwemakore akawanda, yakapetwa kaviri simba rayo rekare uye ichiita kuti ishandise simba rakawanda. Elementis iri kuramba ichigadzira zvigadzirwa zve organoclay zvinodhura zvishoma zvakaita seBentone 910, Bentone 920 neBentone 990 zvemafuta ekuboorera.
Kubva pakatanga kudzikira kwehupfumi hwenyika muna 2008, mwero wekutsinhana kwedhora rekuAmerica wakabatsira kuwedzera kutengeswa kwebentonite. Muna 2013, vagadziri vebentonite vemuno vakataura kuti bentonite yakatengeswa kunze kwenyika inosvika 950 carats (1.05 miriyoni matani mapfupi) yebentonite yekuchera matope, foundry sand binders nedzimwe misika dzakasiyana-siyana. Bentonite shoma yakaunzwa kubva kuCanada.2013.1 Mexico neGreece
Bismuth chinhu chinorema chine chekuita nemakemikari ane chekuita neantimony. Chinhu chinobva mukuburitswa kwelead netungsten, uye zvishoma copper netin. Antimony chinhu chemakemikari chakareruka. Chinhu chinobva mukuburitswa kwesimbi dzakadai selead, sirivha negoridhe. Kushandiswa kukuru kwebismuth neantimony imusanganiswa.
Makemikoro eBismuth neantimony pamwe chete nemamwe mashandisirwo asiri esimbi anosanganisira kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemakemikari aya. Haawanzo shandiswa sesimbi kana alloy.
Boka guru rekushandisa bismuth ndiro boka remakemikari, rinosanganisira mishonga yakaita sePepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), zvizoro zvemaziso zvine pearlescent effect (bismuth oxychloride), catalysts, uye mamwe mashandisirwo emakemikari akadai sependi (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Boka rinotevera rakakosha rekushandisa bismuth ndiro boka rekuwedzera resimbi, iro rine musanganiswa unodzivirira kugadzirwa kwegraphite kubva musimbi yakanyungudutswa ine carbon supersaturated, rinokurudzira kugadzirwa kwesimbi, mhangura nearuminiyamu, uye rinokurudzira kupfeka kwakafanana mu galvanizing. Pakushandisa kwese kweboka iri rekuwedzera, bismuth haishande semushonga wekubatanidza, asi inoshanda sechinokonzeresa chinodzivirira, chinokurudzira kana kugadzira mamwe maitiro kana hunhu. Simbi inoda 0.1% bismuth kana selenium chete kuti ikwanise kushanda zvakanaka. Zvichienzaniswa nemapoka aya ekupedzisira, boka rebismuth alloy rinongosanganisira bismuth shoma uye rinoshandiswa mu fusible alloys, mamwe ma low melting point alloys, uye zvombo.
Kushandiswa kukuru kweantimony kunoshandiswa semushonga unodzivisa moto, kunyanya mukurapa mapurasitiki, manamatiro nemachira. Antimony oxide ine basa rakakosha semudzivisi wegasi-phase free radical muzvinodzivisa moto, muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine halogenated zvinoshandiswa sezvinodzivisa moto.
Rumwe rudzi rwezvigadzirwa zvisiri zvesimbi runonyanya kushandiswa mu pigments negirazi (kusanganisira ceramics). Antimony oxide mumagirazi mazhinji neceramics inoshanda se opacifier, asi antimony mumagirazi akasarudzika inogona kujekesa. Boka re antimony lead ne alloy rinonyanya kuumbwa ne antimony lead inoshandiswa mumabhatiri emotokari anoshandisa peturu.
Kugona kudzokorodza zvinhu kunobva pane zvisingaite (bismuth mumishonga yemudumbu uye zvekuzora nekuti inopararira zvachose) kusvika pakuomerwa kwakaderera, senge antimony muzvinodzivisa moto, metallurgical additives uye bismuth mugalvanizing, antimony mugirazi Bismuth muAdditives uye Catalysts. Nzira iri nyore, iri nyore uye yakachipa yekudzokorora bismuth mufusible alloys nedzimwe alloys uye antimony mubattery antimony lead plates.
Kutengeswa kwesimbi yebismuth muUS hakuna kuchinja zvakanyanya muna 2012 na 2013 pa 1,699 matani (1,872 matani mapfupi) uye 1,708 matani (1,882 matani mapfupi). Antimony oxide, iyo yakanyanya kutengeswa nehuwandu, yaive 20.7 carats (22,800 matani mapfupi) (huwandu hwese) muna 2012 uye 21.9 carats (24,100 matani) muna 2013, kuwedzera kudiki. Mwedzi miviri yedata ra2014 inoratidza kuti maitiro aya ari kuenderera mberi. United States Geological Survey (USGS) haichabudisi ongororo yayo yekota yekushandiswa kwebismuth.
Huwandu hwegore negore hwekushandiswa kwebismuth (yakaburitswa munguva pfupi yapfuura) muUnited States hwaive matani 222 (matani 245) eboka rekuwedzera resimbi uye matani 54 (matani 59) ebismuth alloys. Yakaenzana ndeyemakemikari, 6681 (736 st).
Kushandiswa kweantimony kwaionekwa neUSGS muUnited States kwaive macarat 21.7 (23,900 short tons) muna 2012 uye macarat 24 (26,500 short tons) muna 2013.
Pasina ruzivo rwakawanda, mhedzisiro yebismuth ya2013 haina kuchinja zvakanyanya. Kune antimony, tichitarisa data shoma, kushandiswa kwayo muna 2013 kunofanirwa kunge kwakakwira ne10% kupfuura muna 2012. Muna 2014, bismuth inoita kunge isingachinji uye antimony ichidzikira zvishoma.
Zvicherwa zvina zvinoumba 90 muzana yeborates dzinoshandiswa nemaindasitiri pasi rose—sodium borate, calcium tin, uye potassium; calcium borate, calcium stearate; uye calcium sodium borate, colemanite. Borax chinhu chichena chekristalline chinozivikanwa nemakemikari sesodium tetraborate decahydrate, chinowanikwa zvakasikwa mu mineral tin. Boric acid isimbi isina ruvara, crystalline solid inotengeswa muhunyanzvi, gwaro rehurumende uye mhando yepamusoro muchimiro chegranular kana powder, kazhinji se anhydrous boric acid. Mafuta eborate anobatanidzwa nekuputika kwemakomo uye mamiriro ekunze akaoma, ane nzvimbo dzakakura dzehupfumi muUS Mojave Desert pedyo ne boron.CA, Alpine Belt of South Asia, Andean Belt of South America. Hunhu hwechiwanikwa kana nzvimbo inochengeterwa hunowanzo kuyerwa maererano nehuwandu hwayo hwe boron trioxide (B,0,) hwakaenzana.
2013 Kugadzirwa kwezvicherwa zve boron nemakemikari muUS kwakawedzera zvishoma kubva muna 2012; huwandu hwese hunochengetwa kudzivirira kuburitswa kwedata rekambani. Makambani maviri muSouthern California anogadzira zvicherwa zveboron, kunyanya sodium borate. Rio Tinto Borax, kambani iri pasi peRio Tinto Minerals iri muUK, inoburitsa dombo guru uye tin-calcium kuburikidza nenzira dzekuchera mugomba rakavhurika pamabasa ayo muBoron, California. Zvicherwa izvi zvinogadziriswa kuita boric acid kana sodium borate zvigadzirwa munzvimbo dzinocheneswa dziri pedyo nemugodhi uye zvinotumirwa nechitima kana nerori kuvatengi vari kuNorth America kana kutengeswa pasi rese kuburikidza nePort of Los Angeles. Maborate akakosha, akadai sezvigadzirwa zvekurima, zvekuchengetedza huni uye zvinodzora moto, anogadzirwa muWilmington, CA, muBorax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) inogadzira borax neboric acid kubva mu potassium nesodium borate brine panzvimbo yayo yeSearles Lake pedyo neTrôna, California.Pamafekitori eSVM eTrôna neWestend, mabrine aya anonatswa kuita anhydrous, decahydrate uye borax pentahydrate.
Zvicherwa zveBoron nemakemikari zvinonyanya kushandiswa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUnited States. Mapatani ekugoverwa kwemakemikari eBoron anoshandiswa muUnited States muna 2013 aive magirazi neceramics, 80%; sipo, sipo, uye bleaches, 4%; kurima, 4%; enamel neglazes, 3% nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa, 9%. Boron inoshandiswa mugirazi sekuwedzera kuderedza kuwedzera kwekupisa; kuvandudza simba, kuramba makemikari, uye kugara kwenguva refu; uye kupa kuramba kuzununguka, kupisa kwakanyanya, uye kupisa kwakanyanya. Insulation uye textile fiberglass ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kweborates pasi rose.
Boron ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukurima, kunyanya mukusimudzira kugadzirwa kwembeu. Fetereza yeBoron inonyanya kubva muborax nemonetite, iyo inogona kuendeswa nemvura inopfapfaidzwa kana yekudiridza nekuda kwekunyungudika kwayo mumvura.
Kutengeswa kwe sodium borate muUS kwaive 650 kt (716,000 st) muna 2013, kuwedzera kudiki kubva pa646 kt (712,000 st) muna 2012. Kutengeswa kwe boric acid kunze kwenyika kwakaramba kusina kuchinja pa190 kt (209,000 st). Kukosha kweyuniti yekutengeswa kwe boric acid kunze kwenyika kwakawedzera kubva pa$816/t ($740/st) muna 2012 kusvika pa$910/t ($740/st) muna 2013. South Korea ndiyo yakagamuchira zvikuru boric acid kunze kwenyika muna 2013, ichitora 20 muzana. Boric acid kunze kwenyika muna 2013 yaive 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), inenge 4% yakaderera pane muna 2012. Inenge 64% ye boric acid kunze kwenyika muna 2013 yakabva kuTurkey. Kukosha kweyuniti yekutengeswa kwe boric acid muna 2013 kwaive $687/t ($623/st), kubva pa $782/1 ($709/st) muna 2012.
Turkey neUnited States dzakatungamira pasi rose mukugadzira borate muna 2013. Kunze kwekugadzirwa kweUS, huremu hwese hweborate pasi rose hwakafungidzirwa kuva matani 4.9 (matani mapfupi mamiriyoni 5.4) muna 2013, kuwedzera kwe11 muzana kubva muna 2012.
Argentina ndiyo inonyanya kugadzira boron ore muSouth America. Kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kweborate muArgentina munguva pfupi yapfuura, kunyanya boric acid, kwakakonzerwa zvakanyanya nekudiwa kweborates kubva kumaindasitiri eceramic negirazi muAsia neNorth America.