Chiziviso cheMupepeti: Gore negore.Mining Engineering inoratidzira Ongororo yeIndustrial Minerals.Kune vanhu vakati wandei vakadyara nguva yakawanda vachigadzira zvinyorwa zvechinyorwa chino, uku vachiitawo basa ravo.Tinotenda Vapepeti veOngororo yeGore yeIndustrial Minerals, Sachigaro neMutevedzeri waSachigaro weTechnical Committee yeIndustrial Minerals and Aggregates Division, uye vanyori venhoroondo yezvigadzirwa zvemunhu.
Rajesh Raitani inhengo yeSME yeCytec Industries Inc. uye anotungamira Technical Committee yeIndustrial Minerals uye Aggregates Division.
Rubatsiro rwavo rwakaita kuti nyaya yeIndustrial Minerals yaChikunguru ibudirire. Pamusoro pevaverengi vangu, vapepeti vanovatenda.
Makambani mana - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. uye Unimin Corp. - Yakacherwa bhora revhu mumatunhu mana muna 2013. Maererano nekutanga data, kugadzirwa ndeye 1 metric toni (1.1 mamiriyoni mapfupi matani) nehuwandu hunofungidzirwa hwemadhora mamiriyoni 47. Kugadzirwa kwakawedzera 7 mamiriyoni e3 carats. 2012, inokosha pamadhora mamiriyoni 45.1.Tennessee ndiye mugadziri anotungamirira, achiverengera 64% yezvigadzirwa zvemumba, zvichiteverwa neTexas.Mississippi neKentucky.About 67% yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwevhu bhora imhepo inoyerera, 22% ivhu rakaoma kana rakapwanyika, uye 11% imvura inoyerera.
Muna 2013, vagadziri vevhu bhora repamba vakatengesa ivhu kumisika inotevera: ceramic pasi uye madziro mataira (44%); zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika (21%); midziyo yehutsanana (18%); zvakasiyana-siyana zveceramic (9%); nekuguma kushandiswa muna 2012 Mode uye misika yazvino, fillers, extenders uye binders uye kushandiswa kusingataurwi (4% imwe neimwe).Mimwe misika inotora isingasviki 1% yevhu rakasara rebhora rinotengeswa kana kushandiswa.Kutengeswa kwakashumwa kugadzirwa kwefiberglass kana yakawanda yekuzadza, filler uye binder applications ingangove yakanyanya clay clay inocherwa kana vanotenga.
Zvinoenderana neongororo yekutanga yevagadziri vevhu bhora remumba, mutengo wepakati wevhu bhora remumba waive US$47/t ($43/t) muna 2013, zvichienzaniswa neUS$46/t ($42/t) muna 2012. Mitengo yekutenga kunze kwenyika uye yevhu yevhu yaive $126/t ($1337/st) uye $1133/st 2013, ichienzaniswa ne $ 62 / t ($ 56 / st) uye $ 314 / t ($ 285 / st) mu2013) mu2012, maererano.Mutengo wekutengesa kwehuwandu hwekutengesa kunze kwenyika wakawedzera muna 2013, uye kutumirwa kwe-low-tonnage, kutengeswa kwepamusoro-soro kwakapetwa kaviri mu 2011 kuenzaniswa nekutengesa kwe2013. low-tonnage, high-value shipments muna 2013 yakakonzera kuwedzera kwekukosha kwekutengesa.
Sekureva kweUS Census Bureau, matani 4,681 (516 matani) evhu rebhora akatengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2013, aikosha $174,000, zvichienzaniswa ne436 matani (481 matani) anokosha $137,000 mu2012. The US Census Bureau yakashuma kuti kunze kwenyika muna 2013 aiva 52.2 carats (57,500 mapfupi matani) anokosha $6.6 mamiriyoni, zvichienzaniswa 74 carats (81.600 matani) muna 2012, Vaikosha $4.58 mamiriyoni.The main destinations nokuda kunze bhora ivhu ivhu vari kuburuka.The European ngarava Nigua nyika, Belgium huru yekutora Nigua nyika. 58 percent of US ball clay exports.Vagadziri veUS vanowanzo taura zvakapetwa kaviri kana katatu zvakapetwa kaviri kune zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika seUS Census Bureau.Maererano nenhamba dzekutengeserana kubva kunze dzakaburitswa neMexico Ministry of Economy, kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwevhu revhu rematani akawanda rakatumirwa kubva kuUnited States kuenda kuMexico rinogona kunzi kaolin.
Maonero eindasitiri yevhu bhora kukura kwekutengesa sezvo hupfumi hweUS hunoramba huchidzoreredza kubva mukuderera kwehupfumi.Muna 2013, zvivakwa zvekutengesa uye zvekugara zvivakwa zvaive zvakakosha kune bhora revhu kutengesa nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo mukugadzira mataira edongo uye utsanana ware.The US Census Bureau yakashuma 923,000 private imba unit inotanga muna 20712, zvichienzaniswa ne207120, 2012. 18 muzana inowedzera.Kukosha kwezvivako zvekugara uye zvisiri zvekugara zvakapedzwa muna 2013 zvakawedzera 5 kubva muzana kusvika ku $ 898 mabhiriyoni kubva pamadhora 857 bhiriyoni muna 2012. Pamusoro pezvo, nyaya dzekuvharirwa dziri kugadziriswa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeUnited States, kuderedza nhamba yedzimba dzisina vanhu pamusika.Pasinei nekuvandudzwa uku, kutanga kwedzimba kuchiri pasi pekutanga.
Kutengeswa kwevhu kwebhora mudzimba kunokanganiswawo nekutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwezvigadzirwa zvevhu zvakaita sematiles uye sanitary ware. Muna 2013, huwandu hwematairi akaunzwa kunze kwenyika hwakadzikira kubva pamadhora 62.1 miriyoni mu5.86 square metres (63.1 miriyoni masikweya mamita) muna 2012 kusvika pa5.58 square metres (60.1 miriyoni mativi emamita) akakosha $60.1 miriyoni masikweya mita. Harmonized Tariff Schedule code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Mukudzika kwehuwandu, China (22%); Mexico (21%); Italy neTurkey (10% imwe neimwe); Brazil (7%); Colombia, Peru neSpain (5% imwe neimwe) .Imports of sanitary ware yakawedzera kubva pa 25.2 miriyoni muna 2012 kusvika pa 29.7 miriyoni muna 2013.China yakaverengera 14.7 miriyoni (49%) yeUS sanitaryware imports in 2013, and Mexico 11,6 miriyoni (39%). kutarisa kune vekumba bhora ivhu vanogadzira pane avo vanobva kuChina, sezvo vagadziri veUS ndivo vatengesi vevhu bhora kuMexico indasitiri yedongo.Kuwedzera kwebasa rekuvaka kunoratidza kuti kukura kwekutengesa kwevhu bhora revhu muna 2014 kunogona kunge kwakangofanana ne2013.
Inenge yose bauxite inodyiwa muUnited States inotengeswa kunze kwenyika.Alabama, Arkansas, neGeorgia inogadzira zvishoma zvebauxite nevhu rebauxite kuitira kushandiswa kusina simbi.
Metallurgical giredhi bauxite (yakaoma yakaoma) zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakasvika 9.8 metric tonnes (10.1 miriyoni standard tonnes) muna 2013, a 5% kuderera kubva 2012 imports.Jamaica (48%).Guinea (26%) neBrazil (25%) ndivo vainyanya kutengesa kuUS muna 2013,Muna 2013-rat. (144,400 matani mapfupi) refractory giredhi calcined bauxite yakaunzwa kunze, kuwedzera kwe58% gore negore.
Kutengeswa kunze kwegiredhi refractory calcined bauxite kwakawedzera zvichienzaniswa ne2012, zvichikonzera kudzokororwa kwezvinhu sezvo kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwebauxite-based refractory zvigadzirwa zvakaderera zvichienzaniswa ne2012. Domestic steel production, inova ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwebauxite-based refractory products, yakadonha neinenge 2% mu20201, China 2013 kugadzirwa uye 2013 920192%. (44%) ndiwo masosi makuru eUS refractory-giredhi calcined bauxite kunze kwenyika.
Kunotengeswa kunze kwegiredhi isina-refractory calcined bauxite yakazara 455 carats (501,500 matani mapfupi) muna 2013, kuwedzera kwe40% kupfuura kunze kwenyika muna 2012. Kukura kwacho kwaikonzerwa nekuwedzera kushandiswa kwebauxite musimende, indasitiri yemafuta senge proppant for hydraulic and steel fracturing, Australia Guyana fracturing, Australia fracturing, Australia fracturing, 2012%. (20%) ndiwo aive manyuko makuru.
Muna 2013, United States yakatumira kunze 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory giredhi calcined bauxite, kuwedzera kwe40% pane 2012 kunze kwenyika, neCanada (72%) neMexico (7%) nzvimbo huru. (14,300 matani mapfupi) muna 2012.Coarse yakaoma bauxite kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwakasvika anenge 4,000 matani (4,400 matani mapfupi), 59% kuderera kubva 2012 kunze kwenyika, neCanada (82%) nzvimbo huru yekuenda.
Domestic alumina production yaifungidzirwa pa 4.1 metric tons (4.6 miriyoni mapfupi matani) muna 2013, pasi ne7% kubva 2012. Kuderera kwacho kwakakonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwakaderera paOrmet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery.Zviviri-zvitatu zvakasara muchikamu chaAugust chekuchenesa. yakatengeswa kuAlmatis GmbH uye yakatangazve pakati paZvita.
Total aluminium imports muna 2013 vaiva 2.05 metric matani (2.26 miriyoni mureza matani), mumwe 8% kuwedzera pamusoro 2012 alumina imports.Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) uye Brazil (12%) vaiva main sources.Total alumina ekunze muna 2013 aiva 2.25 metric mureza pamusoro 20% matani 2% 2. kunze kwenyika.Pakati pavo, Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) neIceland (13%) ndiyo nzvimbo huru dzekuenda.
Yese yekushandisa mudzimba bauxite (pa crude yakaoma yakaenzana hwaro) muna 2013 yaifungidzirwa pa 9.8 mt (10.1 miriyoni standard matani), 2% yakakwirira kupfuura muna 2012. Pane izvi, anenge 8.8 metric matani (9.1 miriyoni standard matani) yakashandiswa kugadzira alumina.6% yakaderera kupfuura gore rapfuura. refractories, pamwe chete neindasitiri yemafuta, kugadzirwa kwesimbi uye kurapwa kwemvura.
Kushandiswa kwealuminamu mudzimba muna 2013 kwaiva 3.89 metric tons (4.29 miriyoni matani akajairwa), kuderera kwe6% kubva 2012. Muna 2013, mamwe maindasitiri muUnited States akadya makirogiramu mazana mana nemakumi mapfumbamwe (540,000 matani akajairwa) ealuminium anodzikira kubva pamakumi maviri negumi nemazana maviri emakumi maviri nechidimbu. abrasives, simende, ceramics uye makemikari.
Mitengo yebauxite inotengeswa kunze kwenyika inosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo, kwainosvika uye giredhi. Mitengo yeyuniti yeyakatengwa kunze refractory giredhi calcined bauxite kubva kunzvimbo huru muna 2013 yaive $813/t ($737/st) kubva kuBrazil (kukwira 5%) uye $480/t ($435/st) kubva kuChina ($401/$ zvishoma) zvishoma).
Mitengo yeasiri-refractory giredhi calcined bauxite inounzwa kubva kune makuru masosi kubva ku $56/t ($51/st) muAustralia (pasi 20%) kusvika $65/t ($59/st) muGreece (kukwira 12%) muna 2013 .Mutengo wepakati wekutengwa kunze kwenyika yakaoma yakaoma bauxite muna 2013 ($ 7/st yakakwirira kupfuura $ 7/st mu2013 $ 2% yakakwirira kupfuura $ 2/st) 2012.Ivhareji yemutengo wealumina inotengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2013 yaiva $396 / t ($ 359 / st), 3% yakaderera pane muna 2012 2012. Mutengo wealumina wakatengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva kuU.
Mitengo yeAluminium yakaenderera mberi muna 2013 kusvika pachikamu chekutanga che 2014. Mitengo yakaderera yealuminium uye mari yakakwirira yemagetsi inotaurwa sezvikonzero zvekuvharwa kweimwe yeimba yekutanga aluminium smelter muna 2013 uye chiziviso chekuvharwa kweimwe primary aluminium smelter muchikamu chekutanga che2014. aruminiyamu anonyungudutsa uye vatengesi vemagetsi vakawana zvibvumirano zvemagetsi.Zvisinei, varidzi vemamwe maviri anonyungudutsa vari kuedza kutaurirana zvibvumirano zvemagetsi kuderedza mitengo yemagetsi.
Kunyange zvazvo mitengo yealuminium yakagadzikana muchikamu chekutanga chegore ra2014, kudiwa kwealuminium kuchaenderana nezvibvumirano zvemagetsi matsva nemamwe smelters.Kunyange zvazvo mitengo yegasi yeUnited States yakaramba ichikwira mugore rapfuura, mitengo yakaderera inotarisirwa kuenderera mberi ichipa zvakanakira mari kune vanochenesa aluminium mu2014.
Kupinzwa kunze kwenyika kwerefractory-giredhi calcined bauxite kunotarisirwa kuenderana nekugadzirwa kwesimbi, asi kutsiva simbi nealuminium nevagadziri vemotokari vari kutsvaga kuvandudza kushanda kwemafuta kungangoita kuderedza kudiwa kwesimbi uye refractory zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira simbi.Kushandiswa kweiyo non-refractory giredhi calcined bauxite inotarisirwa kuwedzera muna 2014 sezvo indasitiri yepetroleum uye hydraulic indasitiri inowedzera. kutsemuka.
Muna 2013, indasitiri yebentonite yakaramba isina kuchinjwa kubva ku2012.Total US kugadzirwa uye kutengesa kwaiva 4.95 metric tons (5.4 mamiriyoni emakoroni), zvichienzaniswa ne 4.98 metric tons (5.5 mamiriyoni emakoroni) mu 2012.Kugadzirwa kwebentonite yakawedzerwa inotungamirirwa neWyoming, inoteverwa neUtah uye Oregon. 2011, the recovery from the US and world recession (2007-2009) akaonekwa kuti zvikuru yakakwana.Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwedzimba uye ane chokuita bentonite kuvaka kushandiswa vari pakupedzisira kutanga kupora.In North America (US uye Canada), kuzvimba sodium bentonite inotonga asiri kuzvimba karusiyamu bentonite, accounting kuti pamusoro 97% of the whole bentonin-extpande, Mississippi Arizona, California neNevada.Kushandiswa kukuru kwebentonite isiri-kuwedzera ndeye foundry jecha binders, kugadzirisa mvura uye kusefa.
Munyika yose, mugadziri mukuru we sodium activated bentonite iGreece.China, Egypt neIndia.AMCOL (yaimbova American Colloid Co.) inoramba iri iyo inotungamira sodium bentonite mugadziri ane inenge 40% yemugove wemusika, ukuwo BPM Minerals LLC (inonzi Halliburton subsidiary) ine inenge 30% US market share.Mamwe makuru makuru e sodium bentonite anogadzira, Hill New Bentonite MI-BenCC vagadziri vakatanga kuvaka muna 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. yakavhura mugodhi mutsva pedyo neThermopolis, Wyoming. Matura edhipoziti anotarisirwa kugara makore gumi kusvika makumi maviri. Mari yemidziyo yakaramba yakagadzikana, nepo mitengo yerori isina kuchinjwa mu2013.
Kuchera-giredhi bentonite yemafuta uye gasi kuchera uye kupora kwaive kushandiswa kukuru kwebentonite yakawedzera mu2013, ichigadzira anenge 1.15 metric tons (1.26 miriyoni mapfupi matani) .Nhamba yemagetsi anoshanda yakaramba ichiwedzera mu2013, ichisimbisa kudzoka kwemafuta uye gasi kuchera.Kunyanya, horizontal application yekugadzira shantoni drilling.
The caked pet pet asste absorber market ndiyo yechipiri pakukura musika we granular expanded bentonite.Kunyangwe mhomho ye pet pet yakasvika 1.24 metric tons (1.36 miriyoni metric matani) muna 2005, yachinja pakati pe 1.05 ne 1.08 metric tons (1.15 musika pamusoro pemakore 1.19 musika wematani 1.19) 1.05 metric tons (1.15 miriyoni metric toni) muna 2013 mt).
Iron ore pellets yekuwedzera bentonite yaive musika wechitatu pakukura, uchikura kusvika 550 kilotons (606.000 matani mapfupi) muna 2013 sezvo kudiwa kwesimbi kwakawedzera kuUS auto uye inorema michina kugadzirwa.
Kubva 2011, avhareji uwandu yakawedzerwa bentonite rinoshandiswa bhainda mune foundry jecha resimbi uye dzimwe simbi dzinopfuura 500 carats (550,000 matani mapfupi) .Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva hazvina kunyanya kukanganisa aya mana makuru granular uye poda akawedzera bentonite misika.
Musika webentonite wezvikumbiro zveinjiniya zvehurumende, wakarongerwa zvakasiyana kubva ku2005, waive 175 carats (192,000 matani mapfupi), zvichiratidza kuti musika wakatanga kupora kubva mukuderera kwe2008.Iyo yekudzivirira mvura nekuisa chisimbiso bentonite musika yakaramba ichikura pamwe neindasitiri yekuvaka zvichitevera kuderera kweUS, ichisvika 12010 mapfupi carats (16010 carats). musika wemamwe mabentonite madiki akawedzerwa ekunamira, chikafu chemhuka, mafirita uye mafirita, uye mamwe maapplication haasati adzoka kubva mukuderera kwe2008.
Chikamu chidiki chemusika webentonite chakanyanya kujekeswa kwechinwiwa uye waini uye zvigadzirwa zve organoclay.AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie uye Elementis Specialties Inc. vari kutsvaga bentonite nanocomposite musika. kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakaderera zve organoclay zvakaita seBentone 910, Bentone 920 uye Bentone 990 yemafuta-based drilling fluid.
Kubva pakudzikira kwepasi rose muna 2008, chiyero chekuchinjana chedhora rekuAmerica chakabatsira kuzvimba kutengesa kunze kwenyika.Muna 2013, vagadziri vepamba bentonite vakashuma kunze kwenyika kwe950 carats (1.05 miriyoni mapfupi matani) yebentonite yekuchera dhaka, foundry sand binders nezvimwe misika dzakasiyana.
Bismuth chinhu chinorema chine makemikari ane chekuita neantimony.Ichigadzirwa chemutobvu uye tungsten kutorwa, uye kusvika padiki mhangura netin.Antimony chinhu chakareruka chemakemikari.Ichigadzirwa chekubviswa kwesimbi dzakaita se lead, sirivheri negoridhe.Kushandiswa kukuru kwebismuth neantimony kwakafanana nekomboni.
Bismuth uye antimony compounds uye inoenderana isiri-metallic inoshandisa iyo yakawanda yekudyiwa kwezvinhu izvi zvemakemikari.Kashoma kushandiswa sesimbi kana alloy.
Boka guru rekupedzisira-rekushandisa bismuth iboka remakemikari, rinosanganisira mishonga yakadai sePepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), maziso ekuzora ane pearlescent effect (bismuth oxychloride), catalysts, uye kumwe kushandiswa kwemakemikari sependi (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Boka rinotevera rinonyanya kukosha rekupedzisira-kushandiswa kwebismuth ndiro boka remetallurgical additive, iro rakaumbwa rinodzivirira crystallization ye graphite kubva ku carbon supersaturated yakanyungudutswa simbi, inosimudzira machining emahara esimbi, mhangura nealuminium, uye inosimudzira yunifomu yekupfekedza mumarara. inokurudzira kana kubudisa mamwe maitiro kana zvivako.Simbi inoda chete 0.1% bismuth kana selenium kuitira machinability yakanaka.Ichienzaniswa nemapoka aya ekupedzisira-kushandiswa, boka rebismuth alloy rinotora chikamu chiduku chebismuth uye chinoshandiswa mu fusible alloys, mamwe alloys akaderera, uye zvombo.
Kunyanya kushandiswa kweantimony kwakafanana nemurazvo wemoto, kunyanya mukurapa kwepurasitiki, zvinonamira uye micheka.Antimony oxide ine basa rinokosha segasi-phase free radical quencher mumoto wemoto, mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehalogenated dzinoshandiswa semoto retardants.
Imwe kirasi yezvigadzirwa zvisiri zvesimbi inonyanya kushandiswa mu pigment uye girazi (kusanganisira ceramics) .Antimony oxide mumagirazi akawanda uye ceramics inoshanda se opacifier, asi antimony mune magirazi anokosha anogona kujekesa iwo.Iyo antimony lead uye alloy boka rinosanganisira zvakanyanya antimony lead inoshandiswa mupeturu-powered mabhatiri emotokari.
Kudzokororwa kunobva pazvinenge zvisingagoneki (bismuth mumishonga yemudumbu uye zvizoro nekuti yakapararira zvachose) kusvika pakuomerwa kwakadzikira, senge antimony mumurazvo retardants, metallurgical additives uye bismuth mukuvheneka, antimony mugirazi Bismuth mune Additives uye Catalysts. Iyo iri nyore, iri nyore uye yakachipa nzira yekudzokorodza bismuth mune fusible alloys uye mamwe alloys uye antimony mubhatiri antimony lead plate.
US inotorwa kunze kwebismuth metal yakaramba isingachinji muna 2012 uye 2013 pa1,699 matani (1,872 matani mapfupi) uye 1,708 matani (1,882 matani mapfupi).Antimony oxide, yakanyanya kutengwa nevhoriyamu, yaive 20.7 carats (22,800tal. (24,100 tons) muna 2013, kuwedzera kuduku.Mwedzi miviri ye2014 data inoratidza kuti chimiro ichi chiri kuenderera mberi.United States Geological Survey (USGS) haichabudisi ongororo yayo yekota yebismuth kushandiswa.
The 2011 (yazvino yakadhindwa) gore negore kupera-kushandiswa kwese kudyiwa kwebismuth muUnited States yaive matani 222 (245 matani) yeboka remetallurgical additive uye 54 matani (59 matani) yebismuth alloys.Chiyero chinonyanya kukosha chemakemikari, 6681 (736 st).
USGS 'inooneka antimony inoshandiswa muUnited States yaive 21.7 carats (23,900 matani mapfupi) muna 2012 uye 24 carats (26,500 mapfupi matani) muna 2013.
Mukushaikwa kwedata rakawanda, mhedzisiro ye2013 yebismuth haina kushandurwa zvishoma.Kune antimony, kuongorora data shoma, kushandiswa muna 2013 kunofanira kunge kwakatenderedza 10% kumusoro kupfuura muna 2012.Muna 2014, bismuth inoratidzika kunge icharamba isingachinji uye antimony inoderera zvishoma.
Zvicherwa zvina zvinoita 90 muzana yemabhorati anoshandiswa neindasitiri pasi rose—sodium borate, calcium tin, uye potassium; calcium borate, calcium stearate; uye calcium sodium borate, colemanite.Borax is a white crystalline substancely known as sodium tetraborate decahydrate, iyo inowanzoitika mumineral tin.Boric acid is a colorless, crystalline solid is a colorless, crystalline solid sold in technical, state prescription and special quality grades in granular or powder form, most often as anhydrous boric acid.Borate deposits are associated with the arid economy Desert pedyo neboron.CA, Alpine Belt yekuSouth Asia, Andes Belt yekuSouth America.Hunhu hwechiwanikwa kana kuti chengetedzo inowanzoyerwa maererano ne boron trioxide (B,0,) yayo yakaenzana.
2013 US kugadzirwa kwemaminerari eboron uye makomisheni akawedzera zvishoma kubva ku2012; Makambani maviri ekuSouthern California anogadzira zvicherwa zveboron, kunyanya sodium borate.Rio Tinto Borax, kambani inoripa kuUK-based Rio Tinto Minerals pic, inobvisa core rock netin-calcium kuburikidza nenzira dzekuchera gomba rakavhurika pakugadzirwa kwayo muBoteseric acid. nzvimbo dzekuchenesa pedyo nemugodhi uye dzinotumirwa nechitima kana rori kune vatengi vari kuNorth America kana kutengeswa kune dzimwe nyika kuburikidza nePort of Los Angeles.Specialty borates, sekurima, huni inochengetedza uye zvigadzirwa zvisingadzoreki mumoto, zvinogadzirwa muWilmington, CA, muBorax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) inogadzira borax uye boric acid kubva kuTroôtasiamu yeSearles, potassium pedyo neSearles Lake, T. California.Ku SVM's Trôna neWestend zvirimwa, mabrines aya anonatswa kuita anhydrous, decahydrate uye borax pentahydrate.
Boron minerals uye makemikari anonyanya kudyiwa kuchamhembe nechepakati uye kumabvazuva kweUnited States.Inofungidzirwa kugovera maitiro emakemikari eboron akadyiwa muUnited States mu2013 aiva girazi uye ceramics, 80%; sipo, mishonga yekugezesa, uye mableaches, 4%; kurima, 4%; enamels uye glazes, 3% uye mamwe mashandisirwo, 9%.Boron inoshandiswa mugirazi sechinhu chinowedzera kuderedza kuwedzera kwekushisa; kunatsiridza simba, makemikari kuramba, uye kusimba; uye kupa kuramba kuzununguka, tembiricha yakakwira, uye kudziya kwekushisa.Insulation uye textile fiberglass ndiyo yakanyanya kushandiswa imwechete yeborates pasi rose.
Boron ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukurima, kunyanya kusimudzira kugadzirwa kwembeu.Mafetereza eBoron anonyanya kubva muborax nemonetite, anogona kuendeswa nespray kana kudiridza mvura nekuda kwekunyungudika kwawo kwemvura.
US sodium borate yakatengeswa kunze kwenyika yaiva 650 kt (716,000 st) mu2013, kuwedzera kuduku kubva ku646 kt (712,000 st) muna 2012.Boric acid kunze kwenyika yakaramba isina kuchinjwa pa 190 kt (209,000 st) . 2012 kusvika ku $ 910 / t ($ 740 / st) muna 2013. Mutori mukuru we boric acid inotengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2013 yaiva South Korea, inoverengera 20 muzana. Boric acid inotengeswa muna 2013 yaiva 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), inenge 4% yakaderera pane 201% ye201 201 asidhi ye201. yakabva kuTurkey.Kukosha kwechikwata che boric acid kunze kwenyika muna 2013 kwaiva $687/t ($623/st), kubva pa$782/1 ($709/st) mu2012.
Turkey neUnited States vakatungamira pasi rose mukugadzirwa kweborate muna 2013.Kusingabatanidzi kugadzirwa kweUS, huremu hwepasi rose hweborate hwakafungidzirwa pa4.9 metric tons (5.4 miriyoni mapfupi matani) mu2013, 11 muzana kuwedzera kubva 2012.
Argentina inyanzvi yekugadzira boron ore muSouth America.Kuwedzera kwekupedzisira kwekugadzirwa kweborate muArgentina, kunyanya boric acid, kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekuwedzera kudiwa kwema borates kubva kumaindasitiri e ceramic uye magirazi muAsia neNorth America.