Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuphrinta kwe-3D, kuqhubeke nokukhula iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-35 kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kwezentengiselwano. Izimboni zezindiza, zezimoto, ezokuvikela, zamandla, ezokuthutha, zezokwelapha, zamazinyo, kanye nezabathengi zisebenzisa ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kwezicelo eziningi.
Ngokwamukelwa kabanzi kangaka, kusobala ukuthi ukukhiqiza okungeziwe akuyona ikhambi elifanela wonke umuntu. Ngokusho kwendinganiso yamagama ye-ISO/ASTM 52900, cishe zonke izinhlelo zokukhiqiza okungeziwe kwezentengiselwano ziwela kwesinye sezigaba eziyisikhombisa zenqubo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-material extrusion (MEX), i-bath photopolymerization (VPP), i-powder bed fusion (PBF), i-binder spraying (BJT), i-material spraying (MJT), i-directed energy deposition (DED), kanye ne-sheet lamination (SHL). Lapha zihlelwa ngokuthandwa ngokusekelwe ekuthengisweni kwamayunithi.
Inani elikhulayo lochwepheshe bemboni, okuhlanganisa onjiniyela nabaphathi, bafunda ukuthi ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kungasiza nini ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo noma inqubo kanye nalapho kungenakukwazi. Ngokomlando, imizamo emikhulu yokusebenzisa ukukhiqiza okungeziwe ivela konjiniyela abanolwazi ngobuchwepheshe. Abaphathi babona izibonelo ezengeziwe zendlela ukukhiqiza okungeziwe okungathuthukisa ngayo umkhiqizo, kunciphise izikhathi zokuhola futhi kudale amathuba ebhizinisi amasha. I-AM ngeke ithathe indawo yezinhlobo eziningi zendabuko zokukhiqiza, kodwa izoba yingxenye yezikhali zosomabhizinisi zokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye namakhono okukhiqiza.
Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, kusukela kuma-microfluidics kuya ekwakheni okukhulu. Izinzuzo ze-AM ziyahlukahluka ngemboni, uhlelo lokusebenza, kanye nokusebenza okudingekayo. Izinhlangano kumele zibe nezizathu ezinhle zokusebenzisa i-AM, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Ezivame kakhulu ukumodela okunengqondo, ukuqinisekiswa komklamo, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokufaneleka nokusebenza. Izinkampani eziningi ziyayisebenzisa ukudala amathuluzi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhiqiza ngobuningi, okuhlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo ngokwezifiso.
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zezindiza, isisindo siyisici esiyinhloko. Kubiza cishe u-$10,000 ukufaka umthwalo osindayo ongu-0.45kg emjikelezweni woMhlaba, ngokusho kweMarshall Space Flight Center ye-NASA. Ukunciphisa isisindo samasathelayithi kungonga izindleko zokuqalisa. Isithombe esinamathiselwe sibonisa ingxenye ye-AM yensimbi ye-Swissto12 ehlanganisa ama-waveguides amaningana abe yingxenye eyodwa. Nge-AM, isisindo sincishiswa sibe ngaphansi kuka-0.08 kg.
Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kusetshenziswa kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani embonini yamandla. Kwezinye izinkampani, icala lebhizinisi lokusebenzisa i-AM ukuphinda amaphrojekthi ngokushesha ukuze kudalwe umkhiqizo ongcono kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Embonini kawoyela negesi, izingxenye noma izinhlangano ezonakele zingabiza izinkulungwane zamaRandi noma ngaphezulu ekulahlekelweni komkhiqizo ngehora. Ukusebenzisa i-AM ukubuyisela imisebenzi kungaba kuhle kakhulu.
Umkhiqizi omkhulu wezinhlelo ze-DED i-MX3D ukhiphe ithuluzi lokulungisa ipayipi eliyisibonelo. Ipayipi elonakele lingabiza phakathi kuka-€100,000 no-€1,000,000 ($113,157-$1,131,570) ngosuku, ngokusho kwenkampani. I-fixture eboniswe ekhasini elilandelayo isebenzisa ingxenye ye-CNC njengohlaka futhi isebenzisa i-DED ukushisela umjikelezo wepayipi. I-AM inikeza amazinga aphezulu okufakwa kwepayipi ngokungcola okuncane, kuyilapho i-CNC inikeza ukunemba okudingekayo.
Ngo-2021, kwafakwa ikheyiji lamanzi eliphrintiwe nge-3D endaweni yokumba uwoyela ye-TotalEnergies eNorth Sea. Amajekethi amanzi ayisici esibalulekile esisetshenziswa ukulawula ukubuyiswa kwama-hydrocarbon emithonjeni esakhiwayo. Kulokhu, izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwezengezo ziyancipha izikhathi zokukhipha kanye nokukhishwa okuncishisiwe ngo-45% uma kuqhathaniswa namajekethi amanzi endabuko ahlanganisiwe.
Esinye isimo sebhizinisi sokukhiqiza okungeziwe ukunciphisa amathuluzi abizayo. I-Phone Scope ithuthukise ama-adapter e-digiscoping amadivayisi axhumanisa ikhamera yefoni yakho netheleskopu noma i-microscope. Amafoni amasha akhishwa minyaka yonke, okudinga izinkampani ukuthi zikhiphe umugqa omusha wama-adapter. Ngokusebenzisa i-AM, inkampani ingonga imali kumathuluzi abizayo adinga ukushintshwa lapho kukhishwa amafoni amasha.
Njenganoma iyiphi inqubo noma ubuchwepheshe, ukukhiqizwa kwezengezo akufanele kusetshenziswe njengoba kubhekwa njengokusha noma okuhlukile. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo kanye/noma zokukhiqiza. Kufanele kweneze inani. Izibonelo zamanye amacala ebhizinisi zifaka phakathi imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso kanye nokwenza ngokwezifiso ngobuningi, ukusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi, izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe, izinto ezincane kanye nesisindo, kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe.
Ukuze i-AM iqaphele amandla ayo okukhula, kudingeka kuxazululwe izinselele. Eziningi zezicelo zokukhiqiza, inqubo kumele ibe ethembekile futhi ikwazi ukuphinda ikhiqizwe. Izindlela ezilandelayo zokususa izinto zezingxenye nezisekelo ngokuzenzakalela kanye nokucubungula ngemva kokwenziwa zizosiza. Ukuzenzakalela kwandisa nokukhiqiza futhi kunciphisa izindleko ngengxenye ngayinye.
Enye yezindawo ezithakazelisa kakhulu ukuzisebenzela ngemuva kokucubungula njengokususa impuphu nokuqedela. Ngokuzenzakalela inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwezicelo ngobuningi, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bungaphindwa izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane. Inkinga ukuthi izindlela ezithile zokuzenzakalela zingahluka ngohlobo lwengxenye, usayizi, izinto, kanye nenqubo. Isibonelo, ukucutshungulwa ngemuva kokucubungula imiqhele yamazinyo ezenzakalelayo kuhluke kakhulu ekucutshungulweni kwezingxenye zenjini yerokhethi, yize zombili zingenziwa ngensimbi.
Ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye zilungiselelwe i-AM, izici ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu kanye neziteshi zangaphakathi zivame ukungezwa. Ku-PBF, umgomo oyinhloko ukususa u-100% wempuphu. I-Solukon ikhiqiza izinhlelo zokususa impuphu ngokuzenzakalelayo. Le nkampani ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi i-Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) obujikeleza futhi budlidlize izingxenye zensimbi ezisanamathele epuletini lokwakha. Ukujikeleza nokudlidliza kulawulwa yimodeli ye-CAD yengxenye. Ngokuhambisa nokushukumisa ngqo izingxenye, impuphu ebanjiwe igeleza cishe njengoketshezi. Lokhu kuzenzakalelayo kunciphisa umsebenzi wezandla futhi kungathuthukisa ukuthembeka kanye nokuphindaphindeka kokususwa kwempuphu.
Izinkinga kanye nemikhawulo yokususa impuphu ngesandla kunganciphisa ukusebenza kokusebenzisa i-AM ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi, ngisho nangobuningi obuncane. Izinhlelo zokususa impuphu yensimbi yeSolukon zingasebenza endaweni engasebenzi futhi ziqoqe impuphu engasetshenziswanga ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha emishinini ye-AM. I-Solukon yenze inhlolovo yamakhasimende futhi yashicilela ucwaningo ngoDisemba 2021 olubonisa ukuthi izinto ezimbili ezikhathazayo kakhulu impilo yomsebenzi kanye nokuphindaphinda.
Ukususwa ngesandla kwempuphu ezakhiweni ze-resin ze-PBF kungadla isikhathi. Izinkampani ezifana ne-DyeMansion kanye ne-PostProcess Technologies zakha izinhlelo zokucubungula ngemuva kokukhipha impuphu ngokuzenzakalelayo. Izingxenye eziningi zokukhiqiza ezengeziwe zingafakwa ohlelweni oluguqula futhi lukhiphe i-medium ukuze kususwe impuphu eningi. I-HP inesistimu yayo okuthiwa isusa impuphu ekamelweni lokwakha le-Jet Fusion 5200 ngemizuzu engama-20. Uhlelo lugcina impuphu engancibilikisiwe esitsheni esihlukile ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha noma isetshenziswe kabusha kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Izinkampani zingazuza ngokuzenzakalelayo uma kungasetshenziswa ezinyathelweni eziningi zangemva kokucubungula. I-DyeMansion inikeza izinhlelo zokususa impuphu, ukulungiselela ubuso kanye nokupenda. Uhlelo lwe-PowerFuse S lulayisha izingxenye, lushise izingxenye ezibushelelezi bese luzithulula. Le nkampani inikeza irakhi yensimbi engagqwali yokulengisa izingxenye, okwenziwa ngesandla. Uhlelo lwe-PowerFuse S lungakhiqiza ubuso obufana nesikhunta somjovo.
Inselele enkulu ebhekene nale mboni ukuqonda amathuba angempela anikezwa yi-automation. Uma kudingeka kwenziwe izingxenye ze-polymer eziyisigidi, izinqubo zokwenziwa noma zokubumba zendabuko zingaba yisisombululo esingcono kakhulu, yize lokhu kuncike engxenyeni. I-AM ivame ukutholakala ekukhiqizweni kokuqala ekukhiqizweni nasekuhlolweni kwamathuluzi. Ngokusebenzisa ukucubungula okuzenzakalelayo, izinkulungwane zezingxenye zingakhiqizwa ngokuthembekile nangokuphindaphindwayo kusetshenziswa i-AM, kodwa iqondene nengxenye ethile futhi ingadinga ikhambi elenziwe ngokwezifiso.
I-AM ayihlangene neze nemboni. Izinhlangano eziningi ziveza imiphumela yocwaningo nentuthuko ethokozisayo engaholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwemikhiqizo nezinsizakalo. Embonini yezindiza, i-Relativity Space ikhiqiza enye yezinhlelo ezinkulu kakhulu zokukhiqiza izengezo zensimbi kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-DED obuyimpahla, inkampani enethemba lokuthi buzosetshenziswa ukukhiqiza iningi lamarokhethi ayo. Irokhethi yayo ye-Terran 1 ingaletha umthwalo wokulayisha ongu-1,250 kg endaweni ephansi yokujikeleza komhlaba. I-Relativity ihlela ukwethula irokhethi yokuhlola maphakathi no-2022 futhi isivele ihlela irokhethi enkulu, engasetshenziswa kabusha ebizwa ngokuthi i-Terran R.
Amarokhethi e-Terran 1 kanye ne-R e-Relativity Space ayindlela entsha yokucabanga kabusha ukuthi ukundiza kwesikhala kwesikhathi esizayo kungase kubukeke kanjani. Ukuklama nokwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezengeziwe kubangele isithakazelo kulokhu kuthuthukiswa. Le nkampani ithi le ndlela yehlisa inani lezingxenye ngokuphindwe kayi-100 uma kuqhathaniswa namarokhethi endabuko. Le nkampani ithi futhi ingakhiqiza amarokhethi ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-60. Lesi yisibonelo esihle sokuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningi zibe yinye nokwenza lula kakhulu uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
Embonini yamazinyo, ukukhiqizwa okungeziwe kusetshenziselwa ukwenza imiqhele, amabhuloho, amathempulethi okubhoboza ngokuhlinzwa, amazinyo okufakelwa angaphelele kanye nama-aligner. I-Align Technology kanye ne-SmileDirectClub zisebenzisa ukuphrinta kwe-3D ukukhiqiza izingxenye zama-aligner epulasitiki acacile e-thermoforming. I-Align Technology, umenzi wemikhiqizo enophawu lwe-Invisalign, isebenzisa izinhlelo eziningi ze-photopolymerization ezindlini zokugeza ze-3D Systems. Ngo-2021, inkampani yathi yelaphe iziguli ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 selokhu yathola imvume ye-FDA ngo-1998. Uma ukwelashwa kwesiguli okuvamile kuqukethe ama-aligner ayi-10, okuyisilinganiso esiphansi, inkampani ikhiqize izingxenye ze-AM eziyizigidi eziyi-100 noma ngaphezulu. Izingxenye ze-FRP kunzima ukuziphinda zisetshenziswe ngoba ziyi-thermoset. I-SmileDirectClub isebenzisa uhlelo lwe-HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) ukukhiqiza izingxenye ze-thermoplastic ezingaphinde zisetshenziswe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ngokomlando, i-VPP ayikwazanga ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezincane, ezisobala ezinezakhiwo zamandla zokusetshenziswa njengemishini yokwelapha amazinyo. Ngo-2021, i-LuxCreo ne-Graphy bakhiphe ikhambi elingenzeka. Kusukela ngoFebhuwari, i-Graphy inemvume ye-FDA yokuphrinta ngqo kwe-3D kwemishini yamazinyo. Uma uyiphrinta ngqo, inqubo yokuphela kwayo ibhekwa njengemfushane, elula, futhi engabizi kakhulu.
Intuthuko yokuqala eyathola ukunakwa okukhulu kwabezindaba kwakuwukusetshenziswa kokunyathelisa kwe-3D kwezicelo ezinkulu zokwakha njengezindlu. Ngokuvamile izindonga zendlu zinyatheliswa nge-extrusion. Zonke ezinye izingxenye zendlu zenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela nezinto zendabuko, okuhlanganisa phansi, ophahleni, ophahleni, izitebhisi, iminyango, amafasitela, izinto zikagesi, amakhabethe nama-countertop. Izindonga ezinyatheliswe nge-3D zingakhuphula izindleko zokufaka ugesi, ukukhanyisa, amapayipi, amapayipi, kanye nezindawo zokungenisa umoya zokushisa kanye ne-air conditioner. Ukuqeda ingaphakathi nengaphandle lodonga lwekhonkrithi kunzima kakhulu kunokwakhiwa kodonga lwendabuko. Ukuvuselela ikhaya ngezindonga ezinyatheliswe nge-3D nakho kuyinto ebalulekile yokucatshangelwa.
Abacwaningi e-Oak Ridge National Laboratory bafunda indlela yokugcina amandla ezindongeni eziphrintiwe nge-3D. Ngokufaka amapayipi odongeni ngesikhathi sokwakha, amanzi angageleza kulo ukuze afudumale futhi apholise. Le phrojekthi ye-R&D iyathakazelisa futhi inezinto ezintsha, kodwa isesesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa. Le phrojekthi ye-R&D iyathakazelisa futhi inezinto ezintsha, kodwa isesesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa.Lo msebenzi wocwaningo uyathakazelisa futhi unezinto ezintsha, kodwa usesesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa.Lo msebenzi wocwaningo uyathakazelisa futhi usungula izinto ezintsha, kodwa usesesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa.
Iningi lethu alikajwayelani nomnotho wezingxenye zesakhiwo sokunyathelisa nge-3D noma ezinye izinto ezinkulu. Ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswe ukukhiqiza amabhuloho athile, ama-awning, amabhentshi epaki, kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa zezakhiwo kanye nendawo engaphandle. Kukholelwa ukuthi izinzuzo zokukhiqiza okungeziwe ngezikali ezincane (kusukela kumasentimitha ambalwa kuya kumamitha amaningana) zisebenza ekunyatheliseni okukhulu kwe-3D. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa okungeziwe zifaka phakathi ukudala izimo nezici eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukunciphisa inani lezingxenye, ukunciphisa izinto kanye nesisindo, kanye nokwandisa umkhiqizo. Uma i-AM ingangezi inani, ukusebenza kwayo kufanele kungatshazwa.
Ngo-Okthoba 2021, i-Stratasys yathola isabelo esisele esingu-55% ku-Xaar 3D, inkampani engaphansi komkhiqizi wephrinta ye-inkjet yezimboni zaseBrithani i-Xaar. Ubuchwepheshe be-polymer PBF be-Stratasys, obubizwa ngokuthi i-Selective Absorbion Fusion, busekelwe kuma-printhead e-inkjet e-Xaar. Umshini we-Stratasys H350 uncintisana nohlelo lwe-HP MJF.
Ukuthenga i-Desktop Metal kwakumangalisa. NgoFebhuwari 2021, inkampani yathenga i-Envisiontec, umkhiqizi wezinhlelo zokukhiqiza izengezo zezimboni isikhathi eside. NgoMeyi 2021, inkampani yathenga i-Adaptive3D, unjiniyela wama-polymer e-VPP aguquguqukayo. NgoJulayi 2021, i-Desktop Metal yathenga i-Aerosint, unjiniyela wezinqubo zokuvuselela i-powder coating yezinto eziningi. Ukuthengwa okukhulu kakhulu kwenzeke ngo-Agasti lapho i-Desktop Metal ithenga i-ExOne encintisana nayo ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-575.
Ukuthengwa kwe-ExOne yi-Desktop Metal kuhlanganisa abakhiqizi ababili abadumile bezinhlelo ze-BJT zensimbi. Ngokuvamile, ubuchwepheshe abukafiki ezingeni abaningi abalikholelwayo. Izinkampani ziyaqhubeka nokubhekana nezinkinga ezifana nokuphindaphindeka, ukuthembeka, nokuqonda imbangela yezinkinga njengoba zivela. Noma kunjalo, uma izinkinga zixazululwa, kusenendawo yokuthi ubuchwepheshe bufinyelele ezimakethe ezinkulu. NgoJulayi 2021, i-3DEO, umhlinzeki wesevisi osebenzisa uhlelo lokuphrinta lwe-3D oluyimpahla, uthe ithumele ingxenye yesigidi kumakhasimende.
Abathuthukisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe kanye namafu babone ukukhula okukhulu embonini yokukhiqiza eyengeziwe. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokuphatha ukusebenza (i-MES) ezilandela uchungechunge lwenani le-AM. I-3D Systems ivumile ukuthenga i-Oqton ngoSepthemba 2021 ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-180. Yasungulwa ngo-2017, i-Oqton inikeza izixazululo ezisekelwe efwini zokuthuthukisa ukuhamba komsebenzi nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-AM. Yenza i-Link3D etholwe ngoNovemba 2021 ibe yinto ebonakalayo ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-33.5. Njengo-Oqton, ipulatifomu yamafu ye-Link3D ilandelela umsebenzi futhi yenza kube lula ukuhamba komsebenzi kwe-AM.
Enye yezinto zakamuva ezithengiwe ngo-2021 ukuthengwa kwe-Wohlers Associates yi-ASTM International. Basebenza ndawonye ukuze basebenzise uphawu lwe-Wohlers ukusekela ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwe-AM emhlabeni jikelele. Nge-ASTM AM Center of Excellence, i-Wohlers Associates izoqhubeka nokukhiqiza imibiko ye-Wohlers nezinye izincwadi, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokweluleka, ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe kanye nokuqeqeshwa.
Imboni yokukhiqiza eyengeziwe isivuthiwe futhi izimboni eziningi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Kodwa ukuphrinta kwe-3D ngeke kuthathe indawo yezinye izinhlobo eziningi zokukhiqiza. Esikhundleni salokho, kusetshenziselwa ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha zemikhiqizo namamodeli ebhizinisi. Izinhlangano zisebenzisa i-AM ukunciphisa isisindo sezingxenye, ukunciphisa izikhathi zokuhola kanye nezindleko zamathuluzi, nokuthuthukisa ukwenziwa komkhiqizo ngokwezifiso kanye nokusebenza. Imboni yokukhiqiza eyengeziwe kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nokukhula kwayo ngezinkampani ezintsha, imikhiqizo, izinsizakalo, izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye namacala okusetshenziswa avelayo, ngokuvamile ngesivinini esikhulu.