Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuphrinta kwe-3D, kuqhubekile nokuvela cishe iminyaka engama-35 kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwakho kwezohwebo.I-aerospace, izimoto, ezokuvikela, amandla, ezokuthutha, ezokwelashwa, ezamazinyo, nezimboni zabathengi zisebenzisa ukukhiqiza okungeziwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ngokutholwa okusabalele kangaka, kuyacaca ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezithasiselo akusona isixazululo esilingana nakho konke.Ngokwezinga le-ISO/ASTM 52900 lamagama, cishe zonke izinhlelo zokukhiqiza izithasiselo zentengiso ziwela kwesinye sezigaba eziyisikhombisa zenqubo.Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-extrusion (MEX), i-photopolymerization yokugeza (VPP), i-powder bed fusion (PBF), i-binder spraying (BJT), isifutho sezinto ezibonakalayo (MJT), ukufakwa kwamandla okuqondisiwe (DED), kanye neshidi lamination (SHL).Lapha ahlungwa ngokuduma ngokusekelwe ekuthengisweni kwamayunithi.
Inani elikhulayo lochwepheshe bemboni, okuhlanganisa onjiniyela nabaphathi, bayafunda lapho ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kungasiza ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo noma inqubo nalapho kungakwazi.Ngokomlando, imizamo emikhulu yokuqalisa ukukhiqiza okungeziwe iqhamuke konjiniyela abanolwazi ngobuchwepheshe.Abaphathi babona izibonelo ezengeziwe zokuthi ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kungathuthukisa kanjani ukukhiqiza, ukunciphisa izikhathi zokuhola nokudala amathuba amasha ebhizinisi.I-AM ngeke ithathe indawo yezinhlobo eziningi zokukhiqiza, kodwa izoba yingxenye yezikhali zosomabhizinisi zokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye namakhono okukhiqiza.
Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kusukela kuma-microfluidics kuya ekwakhiweni okukhulu.Izinzuzo ze-AM ziyahlukahluka ngomkhakha, ukusetshenziswa, nokusebenza okudingekayo.Izinhlangano kufanele zibe nezizathu ezizwakalayo zokwenza i-AM, ngokunganaki isimo sokusebenzisa.Okuvame kakhulu ukumodeliswa komqondo, ukuqinisekiswa komklamo, nokufaneleka nokuqinisekiswa kokusebenza.Izinkampani eziningi ziyayisebenzisa ukuze zenze amathuluzi nezicelo zokukhiqiza ngobuningi, okuhlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wangokwezifiso.
Kuzicelo ze-aerospace, isisindo siyisici esikhulu.Kubiza cishe u-$10,000 ukufaka umthwalo okhokhelwayo ongu-0.45kg ku-Earth orbit, ngokusho kweMarshall Space Flight Center yeNASA.Ukunciphisa isisindo samasathelayithi kungonga izindleko zokuqalisa.Isithombe esinamathiselwe sibonisa ingxenye ye-Swissto12 yensimbi ye-AM ehlanganisa amagagasi amaningana abe ingxenye eyodwa.Nge-AM, isisindo sehliswa sibe ngaphansi kuka-0.08 kg.
Ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kusetshenziswa kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani embonini yamandla.Kwezinye izinkampani, icala lebhizinisi lokusebenzisa i-AM ukuphindaphinda amaphrojekthi ngokushesha ukuze udale umkhiqizo ongcono kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.Embonini kawoyela negesi, izingxenye ezilimele noma imihlangano emikhulu ingadla izinkulungwane zamaRandi noma ngaphezulu ekukhiqizeni okulahlekile ngehora.Ukusebenzisa i-AM ukubuyisela ukusebenza kungakhanga kakhulu.
Umkhiqizi omkhulu wezinhlelo ze-DED MX3D ukhiphe ithuluzi lokulungisa ipayipi eliyisibonelo.Ipayipi elimele lingabiza phakathi kuka-€100,000 no-€1,000,000 ($113,157-$1,131,570) ngosuku, ngokusho kwenkampani.Isakhiwo esiboniswe ekhasini elilandelayo sisebenzisa ingxenye ye-CNC njengohlaka futhi sisebenzisa i-DED ukushisela isiyingi sepayipi.I-AM ihlinzeka ngezilinganiso eziphezulu zokubeka imfucuza encane, kuyilapho i-CNC ihlinzeka ngokunemba okudingekayo.
Ngo-2021, isikhwama samanzi esiphrintiwe se-3D safakwa kumshini kawoyela we-TotalEnergies eNorth Sea.Amajakhethi amanzi ayisici esibalulekile esisetshenziswa ukulawula ukutholakala kwe-hydrocarbon emithonjeni esakhiwayo.Kulokhu, izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ukukhiqiza okungeziwe zincishiswa izikhathi zokuhola futhi kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngo-45% uma kuqhathaniswa namabhantshi amanzi omgunyathi endabuko.
Esinye isimo sebhizinisi sokukhiqiza okungeziwe ukuncishiswa kwamathuluzi abizayo.I-Phone Scope ithuthukise ama-adaptha e-digiscoping wamadivayisi axhuma ikhamera yefoni yakho kusibonakude noma isibonakhulu.Amafoni amasha akhishwa minyaka yonke, okudinga izinkampani ukuthi zikhiphe umugqa omusha wama-adaptha.Ngokusebenzisa i-AM, inkampani ingonga imali kumathuluzi abizayo adinga ukushintshwa lapho kukhishwa amafoni amasha.
Njenganoma iyiphi inqubo noma ubuchwepheshe, ukukhiqiza okungeziwe akufanele kusetshenziswe njengoba kuthathwa njengokusha noma okwehlukile.Lokhu okokuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo kanye/noma izinqubo zokukhiqiza.Kufanele yengeze inani.Izibonelo zamanye amacala ebhizinisi zifaka imikhiqizo engokwezifiso nokwenza ngokwezifiso okukhulu, ukusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi, izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe, into encane nesisindo, kanye nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe.
Ukuze i-AM ibone amandla ayo okukhula, izinselele kufanele kubhekwane nazo.Eziningi zezinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhiqiza, inqubo kufanele ithembeke futhi ikhiqize kabusha.Izindlela ezilandelayo zokwenza ngokuzenzakalela ukukhishwa kwezingxenye kanye nezisekelo kanye nokucubungula ngemuva kokucubungula kuzosiza.I-Automation iphinde ikhulise ukukhiqiza futhi inciphise izindleko ingxenye ngayinye.
Enye yezindawo ezithakaselwa kakhulu ukuzenzela kwangemuva kokucubungula njengokususwa kwempushana nokuqeda.Ngokuzenzakalela inqubo yokukhiqiza ngobuningi bezicelo, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bungaphindaphindwa izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane.Inkinga ukuthi izindlela ezithile zokuzenzakalela zingahluka ngokwengxenye yohlobo, usayizi, impahla, kanye nenqubo.Isibonelo, ukucutshungulwa kwangemuva kwemiqhele yamazinyo okuzenzakalelayo kuhluke kakhulu ekucutshungulweni kwezingxenye zenjini ye-rocket, nakuba zombili zingenziwa ngensimbi.
Ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye zenzelwe i-AM, izici ezithuthuke kakhulu namashaneli angaphakathi kuvame ukwengezwa.Ku-PBF, umgomo oyinhloko ukukhipha i-100% yempushana.I-Solukon ikhiqiza amasistimu okukhipha impushana okuzenzakalelayo.Le nkampani ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obubizwa nge-Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) obuzungeza futhi bunyakazise izingxenye zensimbi ezisanamathiselwe epuleti lokwakha.Ukuzungezisa nokudlidliza kulawulwa imodeli ye-CAD yengxenye.Ngokuhamba kahle nangokunyakazisa izingxenye, impushana ebanjiwe igeleza cishe njengoketshezi.Lokhu kuzenzakalela kunciphisa umsebenzi wezandla futhi kungathuthukisa ukuthembeka nokukhiqizwa kabusha kokususwa kwempushana.
Izinkinga kanye nemikhawulo yokususwa kwempushana yezandla kungakhawulela ukusebenza kokusetshenziswa kwe-AM ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi, ngisho nangenani elincane.Amasistimu okukhipha impushana yensimbi ye-Solukon angasebenza endaweni engasebenzi futhi aqoqe impushana engasetshenzisiwe ukuze iphinde isetshenziswe emishinini ye-AM.I-Solukon yenza inhlolovo yamakhasimende futhi yashicilela ucwaningo ngoDisemba 2021 olubonisa ukuthi izinto ezimbili ezikhathaza kakhulu impilo yasemsebenzini kanye nokuzala kabusha.
Ukususwa ngesandla kwempushana ezakhiweni ze-PBF resin kungadla isikhathi.Izinkampani ezifana ne-DyeMansion kanye ne-PostProcess Technologies zakha amasistimu okucubungula ngemva kokukhipha impushana ngokuzenzakalelayo.Izingxenye eziningi zokukhiqiza ezingeziwe zingalayishwa kusistimu ehlanekezela futhi ikhiphe okuphakathi ukuze kukhishwe impushana eyeqile.I-HP inesistimu yayo okuthiwa isusa impushana egunjini lokwakha i-Jet Fusion 5200's ngemizuzu engu-20.Uhlelo lugcina impushana engancibilikisiwe esitsheni esihlukile ukuze siphinde sisetshenziswe noma sigaywe kabusha kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Izinkampani zingazuza ku-automation uma ingasetshenziswa ezinyathelweni eziningi zangemuva kokucubungula.I-DyeMansion inikezela ngezinhlelo zokususa impushana, ukulungiswa kwendawo kanye nokupenda.Isistimu ye-PowerFuse S ilayisha izingxenye, ishuthe izingxenye ezibushelelezi futhi izithukulule.Le nkampani inikeza insimbi engagqwali yokubeka izingxenye ezilengayo, okwenziwa ngesandla.Uhlelo lwe-PowerFuse S lungakhiqiza indawo efana nesikhunta somjovo.
Inselele enkulu ebhekene nemboni ukuqonda amathuba angempela i-automation okufanele iwanikeze.Uma izingxenye ze-polymer eziyisigidi zidinga ukwenziwa, ukubunjwa kwendabuko noma izinqubo zokubumba kungase kube yisixazululo esingcono kakhulu, nakuba lokhu kuncike engxenyeni.I-AM ivamise ukutholakala ekukhiqizeni kokuqala ekukhiqizeni nasekuhlolweni kwamathuluzi.Ngokucutshungulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwangemuva, izinkulungwane zezingxenye zingakhiqizwa ngendlela enokwethenjelwa futhi kusetshenziswa i-AM, kodwa iyingxenye ethile futhi ingase idinge isixazululo sangokwezifiso.
I-AM ayihlangene nomkhakha.Izinhlangano eziningi zethula ucwaningo oluthokozisayo nemiphumela yentuthuko engaholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwemikhiqizo namasevisi.Embonini ye-aerospace, i-Relativity Space ikhiqiza enye yezinhlelo ezinkulu kakhulu zokukhiqiza izithasiselo zensimbi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-DED yobunikazi, inkampani enethemba lokuthi izosetshenziswa ukwenza iningi lamarokhethi ayo.Irokhethi yayo ye-Terran 1 ingaletha umthwalo okhokhelwayo ongu-1,250 kg emzileni ophansi woMhlaba.I-Relativity ihlela ukwethula i-rocket yokuhlola maphakathi no-2022 futhi isivele ihlela i-rocket enkulu, engasetshenziswa kabusha ebizwa ngokuthi i-Terran R.
Amarokhethi e-Relativity Space's Terran 1 kanye no-R ayindlela entsha yokucabanga kabusha ukuthi i-spaceflight yesikhathi esizayo ingase ibukeke kanjani.Idizayini nokwenza kahle kokukhiqiza okungeziwe kwavusa isithakazelo kule ntuthuko.Le nkampani ithi le ndlela inciphisa inani lezingxenye izikhathi eziyikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namarokhethi endabuko.Le nkampani iphinde ithi ingakhiqiza amarokhethi ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-60.Lesi isibonelo esihle sokuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningi zibe yinto eyodwa nokwenza lula kakhulu uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
Embonini yamazinyo, ukukhiqiza okungeziwe kusetshenziselwa ukwenza imiqhele, amabhuloho, izifanekiso zokumba ukuhlinzwa, amazinyo okufakelwa ingxenye kanye nama-aligner.Qondanisa Ubuchwepheshe kanye ne-SmileDirectClub zisebenzisa ukuphrinta kwe-3D ukukhiqiza izingxenye ze-thermoforming ecacile yokuqondanisa epulasitiki.I-Align Technology, umkhiqizi wemikhiqizo enegama le-Invisalign, isebenzisa izinhlelo eziningi ze-photopolymerization kubhavu we-3D Systems.Ngo-2021, inkampani yathi yelapha iziguli ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 kusukela yathola imvume ye-FDA ngo-1998. Uma ukwelashwa kwesiguli okujwayelekile kuqukethe ama-aligner ayi-10, okuyisilinganiso esiphansi, inkampani ikhiqize izingxenye ze-AM eziyizigidi eziyi-100 noma ngaphezulu.Izingxenye ze-FRP zinzima ukuzisebenzisa kabusha ngoba ziyi-thermoset.I-SmileDirectClub isebenzisa uhlelo lwe-HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) ukukhiqiza izingxenye ze-thermoplastic ezingagaywa kabusha kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ngokomlando, i-VPP ayikwazanga ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezincane, ezibonisa izinto ezinamandla ukuze zisetshenziswe njengezinto zikagesi ze-orthodontic.Ngo-2021, i-LuxCreo ne-Graphy yakhipha isisombululo esingaba khona.Kusukela ngoFebhuwari, iGraphy inemvume ye-FDA yokuphrinta okuqondile kwe-3D kwemishini yamazinyo.Uma uziphrinta ngokuqondile, inqubo yokuphela ukuya ekupheleni ibhekwa njengemfushane, ilula, futhi ingase ibe nezindleko eziphansi.
Intuthuko yangaphambi kwesikhathi eyathola ukunakwa okuningi kwabezindaba kwaba ukusetshenziswa kokuphrinta kwe-3D kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu zokwakha njengezindlu.Ngokuvamile izindonga zendlu zinyatheliswa nge-extrusion.Zonke ezinye izingxenye zendlu zazenziwe kusetshenziswa izindlela zendabuko nezinto zokwakha, okuhlanganisa iphansi, usilingi, uphahla, izitebhisi, izicabha, amafasitela, izinto zikagesi, amakhabethe namatafula.Izindonga eziphrintiwe ze-3D zingakhuphula izindleko zokufaka ugesi, ukukhanyisa, amapayipi amanzi, amapayipi, namapayipi okufudumeza nomoya.Ukuqeda ingaphakathi nangaphandle kodonga lwekhonkrithi kunzima kakhulu kunokwakheka kodonga lwendabuko.Ukwenza ikhaya libe yisimanje ngezindonga eziphrintiwe ze-3D nakho kubalulekile.
Abacwaningi e-Oak Ridge National Laboratory bafunda indlela yokugcina amandla ezindongeni eziphrintiwe ze-3D.Ngokufaka amapayipi odongeni ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, amanzi angageleza kulo ukuze afudumale futhi apholise. Le phrojekthi ye-R&D iyathakazelisa futhi inobuhlakani obusha, kodwa isesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka. Le phrojekthi ye-R&D iyathakazelisa futhi inobuhlakani obusha, kodwa isesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka.Le phrojekthi yocwaningo iyathakazelisa futhi isungula izinto ezintsha, kodwa isesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka.Le phrojekthi yocwaningo iyathakazelisa futhi isungula izinto ezintsha, kodwa isesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka.
Iningi lethu alikajwayelani nezomnotho zezingxenye zesakhiwo sokuphrinta se-3D noma ezinye izinto ezinkulu.Ubuchwepheshe buye basetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amabhuloho athile, ama-awnings, amabhentshi epaki, nezinto zokuhlobisa izakhiwo kanye nemvelo yangaphandle.Kukholakala ukuthi izinzuzo zokukhiqiza okungeziwe ezikalini ezincane (kusuka kumasentimitha ambalwa kuya kumamitha ambalwa) zisebenza ekunyatheliseni okukhulu kwe-3D.Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa ukukhiqiza okungeziwe zihlanganisa ukudala izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezici, ukunciphisa inani lezingxenye, ukunciphisa impahla nesisindo, nokwandisa umkhiqizo.Uma i-AM ingengezi inani, ukuba wusizo kwayo kufanele kungatshazwa.
Ngo-Okthoba 2021, i-Stratasys yathola ingxenye esele engu-55% ku-Xaar 3D, inkampani ephethwe ngumkhiqizi wephrinta ye-inkjet yezimboni yaseBrithani i-Xaar.Ubuchwepheshe be-polymer PBF be-Stratasys, obubizwa ngokuthi i-Selective Absorbion Fusion, busekelwe kuma-printheads e-inkjet e-Xaar.Umshini we-Stratasys H350 uqhudelana nohlelo lwe-HP MJF.
Ukuthenga i-Desktop Metal bekumangalisa.NgoFebhuwari 2021, inkampani yathola i-Envisiontec, umkhiqizi wesikhathi eside wezinhlelo zokukhiqiza izithasiselo zezimboni.NgoMeyi 2021, inkampani yathola i-Adaptive3D, umthuthukisi wama-polymer e-VPP aguquguqukayo.NgoJulayi 2021, i-Desktop Metal yathola i-Aerosint, umthuthukisi wezinqubo zokuhlanganisa izinto eziningi zempushana.Ukuthengwa okukhulu kunakho konke kwafika ngo-Agasti lapho iDesktop Metal ithenga esiqhudelana nayo i-ExOne ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-575.
Ukutholwa kwe-ExOne nge-Desktop Metal kuhlanganisa ndawonye abakhiqizi ababili abadumile bezinhlelo zensimbi ze-BJT.Ngokuvamile, ubuchwepheshe abukafiki ezingeni abaningi abakholelwa kulo.Izinkampani ziyaqhubeka nokubhekana nezindaba ezinjengokuphindaphinda, ukwethembeka, nokuqonda umsuka wezinkinga njengoba ziphakama.Noma kunjalo, uma izinkinga zixazululwa, sisekhona isikhala sokuthi ubuchwepheshe bufinyelele izimakethe ezinkulu.NgoJulayi 2021, i-3DEO, umhlinzeki wesevisi esebenzisa isistimu yokuphrinta ye-3D, yathi ithumele ingxenye yesigidi kumakhasimende.
Abathuthukisi be-Software kanye ne-cloud platform babone ukukhula okuphawulekayo embonini yokukhiqiza okungeziwe.Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kumasistimu okuphatha ukusebenza (MES) alandelela uchungechunge lwenani le-AM.I-3D Systems ivumile ukuthola i-Oqton ngoSepthemba 2021 ngama- $ 180 wezigidi.Yasungulwa ngo-2017, i-Oqton inikeza izixazululo ezisekelwe emafini zokuthuthukisa ukuhamba komsebenzi kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwe-AM.I-Materialize ithole i-Link3D ngoNovemba 2021 ngama- $ 33.5 wezigidi.Njengo-Oqton, inkundla yamafu ye-Link3D ilandelela umsebenzi futhi yenza ukuhamba komsebenzi kwe-AM kube lula.
Okunye okuthengiwe kwakamuva ngo-2021 ukutholwa kwe-ASTM International kwe-Wohlers Associates.Ngokubambisana basebenzela ukuthuthukisa uhlobo lwe-Wohlers ukuze basekele ukwamukelwa okubanzi kwe-AM emhlabeni wonke.Nge-ASTM AM Centre of Excellence, i-Wohlers Associates izoqhubeka nokukhiqiza imibiko ye-Wohlers nokunye okushicilelwe, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokweluleka, ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe nokuqeqeshwa.
Imboni yokukhiqiza izithasiselo isikhulile futhi izimboni eziningi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza.Kodwa ukuphrinta kwe-3D ngeke kuthathe indawo yezinye izinhlobo zokukhiqiza.Kunalokho, isetshenziselwa ukwakha izinhlobo ezintsha zemikhiqizo namamodeli ebhizinisi.Izinhlangano zisebenzisa i-AM ukuze zehlise isisindo sezingxenye, zehlise izikhathi zokuhola nezindleko zamathuluzi, futhi zithuthukise ukwenza kube ngokwakho umkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza.Imboni yokukhiqiza okungeziwe kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nomkhondo wayo wokukhula nezinkampani ezintsha, imikhiqizo, izinsizakalo, izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye namacala okusetshenziswa avelayo, ngokuvamile ngesivinini esisheshayo.