Inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro, zizwi kandi nka 3D printing, zakomeje gutera imbere mu myaka hafi 35 ishize zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi. Inganda zikora mu kirere, mu modoka, mu by’ubwubatsi, mu by’ingufu, mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu, mu buvuzi, mu by’amenyo no mu by’abaguzi zikoresha inyongeramusaruro mu bikorwa bitandukanye.
Kubera ko hakoreshwa uburyo bwinshi, biragaragara ko gukora inyongeramusaruro atari igisubizo kimwe gikwiranye na byose. Dukurikije amahame ngenderwaho ya ISO/ASTM 52900, hafi ya sisitemu zose z’ubucuruzi zikora inyongeramusaruro zigwa mu byiciro birindwi by’imikorere. Ibi birimo gusohora ibikoresho (MEX), gushushanya imiterere y’amazi mu bwogero (VPP), guhuza ifu (PBF), gutera imiti mu buryo bwa binder (BJT), gutera imiti mu buryo bwa material (MJT), gushyira ingufu mu buryo bwa directed energy (DED), na lamination (SHL). Aha bitondekwa hakurikijwe ukumenyekana hashingiwe ku kugurisha ibikoresho.
Umubare munini w’abahanga mu nganda, barimo injeniyeri n’abayobozi, barimo kwiga igihe gukora inyongeramusaruro bishobora gufasha kunoza ibicuruzwa cyangwa inzira ndetse n’igihe bitashoboka. Mu mateka, ingamba zikomeye zo gushyira mu bikorwa inyongeramusaruro zaturutse ku bahanga bafite uburambe mu ikoranabuhanga. Ubuyobozi bubona ingero nyinshi z’uburyo inyongeramusaruro zishobora kunoza umusaruro, kugabanya igihe cyo gukora no guhanga amahirwe mashya y’ubucuruzi. AM ntabwo izasimbura ubwoko bwinshi bw’inganda busanzwe, ahubwo izaba igice cy’ibikoresho by’ubucuruzi bya rwiyemezamirimo mu guteza imbere ibicuruzwa no kubitunganya.
Inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro zifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha, kuva kuri microfluidics kugeza ku bwubatsi bunini. Inyungu za AM ziratandukanye bitewe n'inganda, uburyo zikoreshwa, n'imikorere isabwa. Amasosiyete agomba kugira impamvu zumvikana zo gushyira mu bikorwa AM, hatitawe ku ikoreshwa ryayo. Ikoreshwa cyane ni ibishushanyo mbonera, kugenzura imiterere, no kugenzura imikorere. Amasosiyete menshi arimo kuyikoresha mu guhanga ibikoresho na porogaramu zo gukora ibicuruzwa byinshi, harimo no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa byihariye.
Ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho byo mu kirere, uburemere ni ikintu gikomeye. Bitwara hafi $10.000 kugira ngo ushyire umutwaro wa 0.45kg mu kirere cy'Isi, nk'uko ikigo cya NASA cyitwa Marshall Space Flight Center kibitangaza. Kugabanya uburemere bwa satelite bishobora kuzigama amafaranga yo kurasa. Ishusho iri ku rupapuro igaragaza igice cya Swissto12 AM cy'icyuma gihuza imirongo myinshi y'amazi mu gice kimwe. Hamwe na AM, uburemere bugabanuka bukagera munsi ya 0.08 kg.
Inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro zikoreshwa mu ruhererekane rw'agaciro mu nganda z'ingufu. Ku bigo bimwe na bimwe, ubucuruzi bwo gukoresha AM ni uguhindura vuba imishinga kugira ngo habeho umusaruro mwiza ushoboka mu gihe gito. Mu nganda zikora peteroli na gaze, ibice byangiritse cyangwa ibyuma bishobora gutwara ibihumbi by'amadolari cyangwa arenga mu musaruro watakaye ku isaha. Gukoresha AM mu gusana ibikorwa bishobora gukurura cyane.
Isosiyete ivuga ko ikigo gikomeye mu gukora sisitemu za DED MX3D cyashyize ahagaragara igikoresho cyo gusana imiyoboro y’icyitegererezo. Umuyoboro wangiritse ushobora gutwara hagati ya €100.000 na €1.000.000 ($113.157-$1.131.570) ku munsi. Ibikoresho bigaragara ku ipaji ikurikira bikoresha igice cya CNC nk'umuyoboro kandi bikoresha DED mu gusudira uruziga rw'umuyoboro. AM itanga igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gushyiramo imyanda ku buryo budahagije, mu gihe CNC itanga ubuziranenge bukenewe.
Mu 2021, hashyizweho agasanduku k'amazi kacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D ku cyuma gipima peteroli cya TotalEnergies mu Nyanja y'Amajyaruguru. Amakoti y'amazi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi gikoreshwa mu kugenzura igaruka ry'amazi ya hydrocarbon mu byobo birimo kubakwa. Muri iki gihe, inyungu zo gukoresha ibikoresho byongeramo ni ukugabanya igihe cy'amazi akoreshwa mu gutwika no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku kigero cya 45% ugereranije n'amakoti y'amazi asanzwe akozwe mu buryo bwa "water jackets".
Indi ngingo y'ubucuruzi mu gukora inyongeramusaruro ni ukugabanya ibikoresho bihenze. Phone Scope yateguye adaptateri za digiscoping ku bikoresho bihuza kamera ya telefoni yawe na telesikope cyangwa mikorosikopi. Terefone nshya zirasohoka buri mwaka, bigasaba amasosiyete gutanga umurongo mushya wa adaptateri. Mu gukoresha AM, isosiyete ishobora kuzigama amafaranga ku bikoresho bihenze bigomba gusimburwa iyo telefoni nshya zisohotse.
Nkuko bigenda ku buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gukora cyangwa ikoranabuhanga, gukora inyongeramusaruro ntigomba gukoreshwa kuko bifatwa nk'ibishya cyangwa bitandukanye. Ibi ni ukugira ngo kunoze iterambere ry'ibicuruzwa cyangwa inzira zo kubitunganya. Bigomba kongera agaciro. Ingero z'ibindi bikorwa by'ubucuruzi zirimo ibicuruzwa byihariye no guhindura ibintu ku bwinshi, imikorere igoye, ibice bihujwe, ibikoresho bike n'uburemere, hamwe n'imikorere myiza.
Kugira ngo AM igere ku bushobozi bwayo bwo gukura, imbogamizi zigomba kubonerwa umuti. Ku bikorwa byinshi byo mu nganda, inzira igomba kuba yizewe kandi ishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Uburyo bukurikira bwo gukuraho ibikoresho by'ibice n'ibishyigikirwa no kubitunganya nyuma bizafasha. Ikoranabuhanga rituma ibintu byikora kandi rikongera umusaruro kandi rigagabanya ikiguzi kuri buri gice.
Kimwe mu bintu bishishikaje cyane ni ikoranabuhanga rigezweho nyuma yo gutunganya ibikoresho nko gukuraho ifu no kuyirangiza. Mu gukora ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu buryo bwikora, ikoranabuhanga rimwe rishobora gusubirwamo incuro ibihumbi. Ikibazo ni uko uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora ikoranabuhanga bushobora gutandukana bitewe n'ubwoko bw'igice, ingano, ibikoresho, n'uburyo bikorwamo. Urugero, gutunganya amenyo y'amenyo nyuma yo gukora ikoranabuhanga bitandukanye cyane no gutunganya ibice bya moteri ya roketi, nubwo byombi bishobora gukorwa mu cyuma.
Kubera ko ibice bitunganyijwe neza kuri AM, ibintu bigezweho n'imiyoboro y'imbere akenshi byongerwamo. Kuri PBF, intego nyamukuru ni ugukuraho 100% by'ifu. Solukon ikora sisitemu zo gukuraho ifu zikora. Iyi sosiyete yateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryitwa Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) rizunguruka kandi rigahindagura ibice by'icyuma bigifatanye n'icyuma cyo kubaka. Kuzunguruka no guhindagura bigenzurwa na CAD moderi y'igice. Mu kwimura no kunyeganyeza ibice neza, ifu yafashwe itemba hafi nk'amazi. Ubu buryo bwo gukora bugabanya akazi k'amaboko kandi bushobora kunoza ubwizerwe no kongera gukurura ifu.
Ibibazo n'imbogamizi byo gukuraho ifu n'intoki bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo gukoresha AM mu gukora byinshi, ndetse no mu rugero ruto. Sisitemu zo gukuraho ifu y'icyuma ya Solukon zishobora gukora mu kirere kidakora neza no gukusanya ifu idakoreshwa kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu mashini za AM. Solukon yakoze ubushakashatsi ku bakiliya ndetse anashyira ahagaragara ubushakashatsi mu Kuboza 2021 bwerekana ko impungenge ebyiri zikomeye ari ubuzima bw'akazi no kongera kubyara.
Gukuramo ifu mu nganda za resin za PBF bishobora gufata igihe kinini. Ibigo nka DyeMansion na PostProcess Technologies birimo kubaka sisitemu zo gutunganya ifu mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo bikuremo ifu mu buryo bwikora. Ibice byinshi by’inyongera bishobora gushyirwa muri sisitemu ihindura ikanasohora ifu irenze. HP ifite sisitemu yayo bivugwa ko ikuramo ifu mu cyumba cy’ubwubatsi cya Jet Fusion 5200 mu minota 20. Sisitemu ibika ifu idashongeshejwe mu gikoresho cyihariye kugira ngo ikoreshwe cyangwa ikoreshwe mu bindi bikorwa.
Ibigo bishobora kungukira mu gukora ikoranabuhanga mu gihe bishobora gukoreshwa ku ntambwe nyinshi nyuma yo gutunganya. DyeMansion itanga uburyo bwo gukuraho ifu, gutegura ubuso no gusiga amarangi. Sisitemu ya PowerFuse S ishyiramo ibice, igashyiramo umwuka ushyushye hanyuma ikabipakurura. Iyi sosiyete itanga agakoresho k'icyuma kidashonga ko kumanika ibice, gakorwa n'intoki. Sisitemu ya PowerFuse S ishobora gukora ubuso busa n'ibumba rikoreshwa mu gutera inshinge.
Ikibazo gikomeye cyane uru rwego ruhura nacyo ni ukumva amahirwe nyayo atangwa n’ikoranabuhanga. Niba hakenewe gukorwa ibice miliyoni bya polymer, uburyo bwo gushushanya cyangwa gushushanya bushobora kuba igisubizo cyiza, nubwo ibi biterwa n’igice. AM ikunze kuboneka mu ikorwa rya mbere mu gukora no gupima ibikoresho. Binyuze mu gutunganya ibikoresho mu buryo bwikora, ibice ibihumbi bishobora gukorwa mu buryo bwizewe kandi bukongera gukoreshwa hakoreshejwe AM, ariko ni igice cyihariye kandi gishobora gusaba igisubizo cyihariye.
AM ntaho ihuriye n'inganda. Imiryango myinshi igaragaza ibisubizo bishimishije by'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa na serivisi bikora neza. Mu nganda z'indege, Relativity Space ikora imwe muri sisitemu nini cyane zo gukora inyongeramusaruro z'ibyuma ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya DED, iyi sosiyete yizera ko izakoreshwa mu gukora roketi nyinshi zayo. Roketi yayo ya Terran 1 ishobora gutanga umutwaro wa kg 1.250 mu kirere gito cy'Isi. Relativity irateganya kohereza roketi yo kugerageza hagati mu 2022 kandi isanzwe iteganya roketi nini ishobora kongera gukoreshwa yitwa Terran R.
Roketi za Terran 1 na R za Relativity Space ni uburyo bushya bwo gutekereza uko indege yo mu kirere ishobora kumera mu gihe kizaza. Igishushanyo mbonera no kunoza uburyo bwo gukora inyongeramusaruro byateye amatsiko muri iri terambere. Isosiyete ivuga ko ubu buryo bugabanya umubare w'ibice inshuro 100 ugereranije na roketi zisanzwe. Isosiyete kandi ivuga ko ishobora gukora roketi mu bikoresho fatizo mu minsi 60. Uru ni urugero rwiza rwo guhuza ibice byinshi muri kimwe no koroshya cyane uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa.
Mu nganda z'amenyo, inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro zikoreshwa mu gukora amakamba, ibiraro, ibishushanyo mbonera byo kubaga, amenyo y'inyongeramusaruro n'ay'inyongeramusaruro. Align Technology na SmileDirectClub bakoresha uburyo bwa 3D printing kugira ngo bakore ibice byo gukora thermoforming clear plastic aligners. Align Technology, uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa bya Invisalign, ikoresha sisitemu nyinshi za photopolymerization mu bwogero bwa 3D Systems. Mu 2021, isosiyete yavuze ko imaze kuvura abarwayi barenga miliyoni 10 kuva yemerewe na FDA mu 1998. Niba ubuvuzi busanzwe bw'umurwayi bugizwe na aligners 10, ari nabyo bigereranyo gito, isosiyete yakoze ibice bya AM miliyoni 100 cyangwa birenga. Ibice bya FRP biragoye kongera gukoreshwa kuko ari thermoset. SmileDirectClub ikoresha sisitemu ya HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) kugira ngo ikore ibice bya thermoplastic bishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu bindi bikorwa.
Mu mateka, VPP ntiyashoboye gukora ibice bito kandi bibonerana bifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa orthodontics. Mu 2021, LuxCreo na Graphy basohoye igisubizo gishoboka. Guhera muri Gashyantare, Graphy yemerewe na FDA gucapa ibikoresho by'amenyo mu buryo bwa 3D. Iyo ubicapishije mu buryo butaziguye, inzira yo kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera ifatwa nk'igihe gito, cyoroshye, kandi gishobora kuba gito.
Iterambere rya mbere ryakunzwe cyane n'itangazamakuru ni ikoreshwa ry'icapiro rya 3D mu bikorwa binini by'ubwubatsi nko mu mazu. Akenshi inkuta z'inzu zicapishwa hakoreshejwe extrusion. Ibindi bice byose by'inzu byakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo n'ibikoresho gakondo, harimo hasi, ibisenge, ibisenge, ingazi, inzugi, amadirishya, ibikoresho, akabati n'amakabati. Inkuta zacapishijwe 3D zishobora kongera ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho amashanyarazi, amatara, amazi, imiyoboro y'amazi, n'imyobo yo gushyushya no gukonjesha. Kurangiza imbere n'inyuma y'urukuta rwa sima biragoye kuruta uko ukurikije igishushanyo mbonera cy'urukuta gakondo. Kuvugurura inzu ukoresheje inkuta zacapishijwe 3D nabyo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi.
Abashakashatsi bo muri Laboratwari y'Igihugu ya Oak Ridge barimo kwiga uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu nkuta zacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D. Mu gushyira imiyoboro mu rukuta mu gihe cyo kubaka, amazi ashobora gutembamo kugira ngo ashyushye kandi akonje. Uyu mushinga w’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere urashimishije kandi urimo udushya, ariko uracyari mu ntangiriro z’iterambere. Uyu mushinga w’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere urashimishije kandi urimo udushya, ariko uracyari mu ntangiriro z’iterambere.Uyu mushinga w’ubushakashatsi urashimishije kandi urimo udushya, ariko uracyari mu ntangiriro z’iterambere.Uyu mushinga w’ubushakashatsi urashimishije kandi urimo udushya, ariko uracyari mu ntangiriro z’iterambere.
Abenshi muri twe ntituramenyera ubukungu bw'ibice by'inyubako bya 3D icapiro cyangwa ibindi bintu binini. Iri koranabuhanga ryakoreshejwe mu gukora ibiraro bimwe na bimwe, amahema, intebe zo muri pariki, n'imitako y'inyubako n'ibidukikije byo hanze. Bikekwa ko ibyiza byo gukora inyongeramusaruro ku bipimo bito (kuva kuri santimetero nke kugeza kuri metero nyinshi) bireba icapiro rinini rya 3D. Inyungu nyamukuru zo gukoresha inyongeramusaruro zirimo gukora imiterere n'imiterere bigoye, kugabanya umubare w'ibice, kugabanya ibikoresho n'uburemere, no kongera umusaruro. Niba AM idatanga agaciro, akamaro kayo kagomba kwibazwa.
Mu Ukwakira 2021, Stratasys yaguze imigabane isigaye ya 55% muri Xaar 3D, ishami ry’uruganda rw’inganda rwa Xaar rukora imashini zicapa inkjet. Ikoranabuhanga rya Stratasys rya polymer PBF, ryitwa Selective Absorbion Fusion, rishingiye ku mashusho ya Xaar inkjet. Imashini ya Stratasys H350 ihangana na sisitemu ya HP MJF.
Kugura Desktop Metal byari bitangaje cyane. Muri Gashyantare 2021, sosiyete yaguze Envisiontec, uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’inganda kuva kera. Muri Gicurasi 2021, sosiyete yaguze Adaptive3D, umuhanga mu gukora polymer za VPP zihindagurika. Muri Nyakanga 2021, Desktop Metal yaguze Aerosint, umuhanga mu gukora ibikoresho byinshi byo gusiga ifu. Igura rikomeye ryabonetse muri Kanama ubwo Desktop Metal yaguraga ExOne ku giciro cya miliyoni 575 z'amadolari.
Kugura ExOne na Desktop Metal bihuza abakora sisitemu ebyiri zizwi cyane za BJT z'ibyuma. Muri rusange, ikoranabuhanga ntiriragera ku rwego nk'uko benshi babyibwira. Amasosiyete akomeje gukemura ibibazo nko gusubiramo, kwizerwa, no gusobanukirwa impamvu nyamukuru y'ibibazo uko bivuka. Nubwo bimeze bityo, niba ibibazo bikemutse, haracyari umwanya wo kugera ku masoko manini. Muri Nyakanga 2021, 3DEO, ikigo gitanga serivisi gikoresha sisitemu yihariye yo gucapa ya 3D, yavuze ko cyohereje kimwe cya miliyoni ku bakiriya.
Abakora porogaramu za mudasobwa n'izikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya "cloud" babonye iterambere rigaragara mu nganda zikora inyongeramusaruro. Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane kuri sisitemu zo gucunga imikorere (MES) zikurikirana uruhererekane rw'agaciro rwa AM. 3D Systems yemeye kugura Oqton muri Nzeri 2021 ku giciro cya miliyoni 180 z'amadolari. Oqton yashinzwe mu 2017, itanga ibisubizo bishingiye ku bicu kugira ngo inoze imikorere no kunoza imikorere ya AM. Shyira Link3D yaguzwe mu Ugushyingo 2021 ku giciro cya miliyoni 33.5 z'amadolari. Kimwe na Oqton, urubuga rwa Link3D rwo mu bicu rukurikirana imikorere kandi rworoshya imikorere ya AM.
Kimwe mu byaguzwe vuba mu 2021 ni ASTM International yaguze Wohlers Associates. Bafatanyije barimo gukorana kugira ngo bakoreshe ikirango cya Wohlers kugira ngo bashyigikire ikoreshwa rya AM ku isi hose. Binyuze mu kigo cy’indashyikirwa cya ASTM AM, Wohlers Associates izakomeza gukora raporo za Wohlers n’ibindi bitabo, ndetse no gutanga serivisi z’ubujyanama, isesengura ry’isoko n’amahugurwa.
Inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro zarakuze kandi inganda nyinshi zikoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buryo butandukanye. Ariko gucapa mu buryo bwa 3D ntabwo bizasimbura ubundi buryo bwinshi bwo gukora. Ahubwo, bikoreshwa mu guhanga ubwoko bushya bw'ibicuruzwa n'uburyo bw'ubucuruzi. Amasosiyete akoresha AM kugira ngo agabanye uburemere bw'ibice, agabanye igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho n'ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho, kandi anonosore uburyo ibicuruzwa byihariye n'imikorere yabyo. Inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro zitezweho gukomeza iterambere ryazo aho ibigo bishya, ibicuruzwa, serivisi, porogaramu n'ikoreshwa bivuka, akenshi ku muvuduko ukabije.