Inganda ziyongera, zizwi kandi ku icapiro rya 3D, zakomeje kwiyongera mu myaka igera kuri 35 kuva zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi.Ikirere, ibinyabiziga, ubwirinzi, ingufu, ubwikorezi, ubuvuzi, amenyo, hamwe n’abaguzi bakoresha inganda ziyongera ku bikorwa byinshi.
Hamwe nogukwirakwizwa kwinshi, biragaragara ko gukora inyongeramusaruro atari igisubizo kimwe.Ukurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ISO / ASTM 52900, sisitemu zose zikora ibicuruzwa byongera ibicuruzwa biri mubice bimwe birindwi.Muri byo harimo gukuramo ibikoresho (MEX), gufotora fotopolymerisation (VPP), ifu yo kuryamaho ifu (PBF), gutera imiti (BJT), gutera ibikoresho (MJT), kubitsa ingufu (DED), no kumurika impapuro (SHL).Hano batondekanye kubwamamare bushingiye kugurisha ibice.
Umubare munini winzobere mu nganda, harimo naba injeniyeri n’abayobozi, biga igihe inganda ziyongera zishobora gufasha kuzamura ibicuruzwa cyangwa inzira nigihe bidashoboka.Amateka, ibikorwa byingenzi byo gushyira mubikorwa inganda ziyongera byaturutse kubashakashatsi bafite uburambe mu ikoranabuhanga.Ubuyobozi bubona izindi ngero zerekana uburyo inganda ziyongera zishobora kuzamura umusaruro, kugabanya ibihe byo kuyobora no guhanga amahirwe mashya yubucuruzi.AM ntizasimbuza uburyo gakondo bwo gukora, ahubwo izahinduka igice cya arsenal ya rwiyemezamirimo yiterambere ryibicuruzwa nubushobozi bwo gukora.
Gukora inyongeramusaruro bifite intera nini ya porogaramu, kuva microfluidics kugeza mubwubatsi bunini.Inyungu za AM ziratandukanye ninganda, gusaba, nibikorwa bikenewe.Amashyirahamwe agomba kuba afite impamvu zifatika zo gushyira mubikorwa AM, hatitawe kubibazo byakoreshejwe.Ibisanzwe ni uburyo bwo kwerekana imiterere, kugenzura ibishushanyo, no kugenzura no kugenzura imikorere.Ibigo byinshi kandi byinshi birabikoresha mugukora ibikoresho nibisabwa kubyara umusaruro mwinshi, harimo no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa byabigenewe.
Kubisabwa mu kirere, uburemere ni ikintu gikomeye.Nk’uko ikigo cya NASA cyo mu kirere cya NASA kibitangaza ngo bisaba amadorari 10,000 yo gushyira umutwaro wa 0.45 kg mu kuzenguruka isi.Kugabanya uburemere bwa satelite birashobora kuzigama amafaranga yo kohereza.Ishusho yometseho yerekana icyuma cya Swissto12 igice AM gihuza imirongo myinshi mugice kimwe.Hamwe na AM, uburemere bugabanuka munsi ya 0.08 kg.
Inganda ziyongera zikoreshwa murwego rwagaciro mu nganda zingufu.Ku masosiyete amwe, urubanza rwubucuruzi rwo gukoresha AM nugusubiramo byihuse imishinga yo gukora ibicuruzwa byiza bishoboka mugihe gito.Mu nganda za peteroli na gaze, ibice cyangwa inteko byangiritse birashobora gutwara amadorari ibihumbi cyangwa arenga mu musaruro wabuze ku isaha.Gukoresha AM kugarura ibikorwa birashobora kuba byiza cyane.
Uruganda rukomeye rwa sisitemu ya DED MX3D yasohoye igikoresho cyo gusana imiyoboro ya prototype.Umuyoboro wangiritse urashobora kugura hagati y 100.000 na 1.000.000 € ($ 113,157- $ 1,131.570) kumunsi nkuko iyi sosiyete ibitangaza.Ibikoresho byerekanwe kurupapuro rukurikira bikoresha igice cya CNC nkikadiri kandi ikoresha DED kugirango izenguruke umuzenguruko.AM itanga igipimo kinini cyo kubitsa hamwe n imyanda mike, mugihe CNC itanga ibisobanuro bikenewe.
Mu 2021, amazi yacapishijwe 3D yashyizwe ku ruganda rwa peteroli rwa TotalEnergies mu nyanja y'Amajyaruguru.Amakoti y'amazi nikintu gikomeye gikoreshwa mugucunga hydrocarubone mumariba arimo kubakwa.Muri iki gihe, inyungu zo gukoresha inganda ziyongera zigabanuka inshuro ziyobora kandi zigabanya ibyuka bihumanya 45% ugereranije namakoti y'amazi yahimbwe.
Urundi rubanza rwubucuruzi kubwinyongera ni kugabanya ibikoresho bihenze.Terefone ya Scope yakoze adapteri ya digiscoping kubikoresho bihuza kamera ya terefone yawe na telesikope cyangwa microscope.Amaterefone mashya asohoka buri mwaka, bisaba ibigo kurekura umurongo mushya wa adapt.Ukoresheje AM, isosiyete irashobora kuzigama amafaranga kubikoresho bihenze bigomba gusimburwa mugihe terefone nshya zisohotse.
Kimwe nuburyo ubwo aribwo bwose cyangwa ikoranabuhanga, gukora inyongeramusaruro ntibigomba gukoreshwa kuko bifatwa nkibishya cyangwa bitandukanye.Nukuzamura iterambere ryibicuruzwa na / cyangwa ibikorwa byo gukora.Igomba kongerera agaciro.Ingero zindi manza zubucuruzi zirimo ibicuruzwa byabigenewe no kwihitiramo imbaga, imikorere igoye, ibice byahujwe, ibikoresho bike nuburemere, hamwe no kunoza imikorere.
Kugirango AM imenye ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukura, ibibazo bigomba gukemurwa.Kubikorwa byinshi byo gukora, inzira igomba kuba yizewe kandi ikororoka.Uburyo bukurikira bwo gutangiza ibyakuweho ibice nibishyigikirwa hamwe na nyuma yo gutunganya bizafasha.Automation nayo yongera umusaruro kandi igabanya ikiguzi kuri buri gice.
Kimwe mubice bishimishije cyane ni nyuma yo gutunganya ibyuma nko gukuramo ifu no kurangiza.Muguhindura uburyo bwo gukora byinshi mubikorwa, tekinoroji imwe irashobora gusubirwamo inshuro ibihumbi.Ikibazo nuko uburyo bwihariye bwo gutangiza bushobora gutandukana muburyo bwigice, ingano, ibikoresho, nibikorwa.Kurugero, nyuma yo gutunganya amakamba y amenyo yikora aratandukanye cyane no gutunganya ibice bya moteri ya roketi, nubwo byombi bishobora gukorwa mubyuma.
Kuberako ibice byateguwe neza kuri AM, ibintu byinshi byateye imbere hamwe numuyoboro wimbere wongeyeho.Kuri PBF, intego nyamukuru ni ugukuraho 100% yifu.Solukon ikora sisitemu yo gukuraho ifu yikora.Isosiyete yateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryitwa Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) rizunguruka kandi rinyeganyeza ibice byibyuma bikiri ku cyapa cyubaka.Kuzunguruka no kunyeganyega bigenzurwa na CAD yerekana igice.Mugihe cyimuka no kunyeganyeza ibice, ifu yafashwe itemba nkamazi.Iyimikorere igabanya imirimo yintoki kandi irashobora kunoza kwizerwa no kubyara ifu.
Ibibazo nimbogamizi zo gukuramo ifu yintoki birashobora kugabanya imbaraga zo gukoresha AM kubyara umusaruro mwinshi, nubwo ari bike.Sisitemu yo gukuraho ifu ya Solukon irashobora gukorera mukirere cya inert no gukusanya ifu idakoreshwa kugirango ikoreshwe mumashini ya AM.Solukon yakoze ubushakashatsi ku bakiriya maze asohora ubushakashatsi mu Kuboza 2021 yerekana ko impungenge ebyiri zikomeye ari ubuzima bw'akazi no kororoka.
Gukuramo intoki munganda za PBF resin birashobora gutwara igihe.Ibigo nka DyeMansion na PostProcess Technologies byubaka sisitemu yo gutunganya nyuma yo gukuraho ifu.Ibice byinshi byongeweho gukora birashobora kwinjizwa muri sisitemu ihindura kandi ikanasohora uburyo bwo gukuraho ifu irenze.HP ifite sisitemu yayo ivugako ikuramo ifu muri Jet Fusion 5200′s yubaka icyumba muminota 20.Sisitemu ibika ifu idashongeshejwe mubintu bitandukanye kugirango ikoreshwe cyangwa ikoreshwe kubindi bikorwa.
Isosiyete irashobora kungukirwa no kwikora niba ishobora gukoreshwa mubyiciro byinshi nyuma yo gutunganya.DyeMansion itanga sisitemu yo gukuraho ifu, gutegura hejuru no gushushanya.Sisitemu ya PowerFuse S yikoreza ibice, ikayobora ibice byoroshye kandi ikabipakurura.Isosiyete itanga ibyuma bidafite ingese kubice bimanikwa, bikorwa n'intoki.Sisitemu ya PowerFuse S irashobora gutanga ubuso busa nuburyo bwo gutera inshinge.
Ikibazo gikomeye cyugarije inganda nukumva amahirwe nyayo automatisation itanga.Niba miliyoni ya polymer ibice bigomba gukorwa, uburyo bwa gakondo bwo gutara cyangwa kubumba bishobora kuba igisubizo cyiza, nubwo ibi biterwa nigice.AM ikunze kuboneka kubikorwa byambere bikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho no kugerageza.Binyuze mu buryo bwikora nyuma yo gutunganya, ibice ibihumbi nibihumbi bishobora kubyara umusaruro wizewe kandi byororoka ukoresheje AM, ariko birihariye kandi birashobora gusaba igisubizo cyihariye.
AM ntaho ihuriye n'inganda.Amashyirahamwe menshi yerekana ubushakashatsi bushimishije nibisubizo byiterambere bishobora kuganisha kumikorere myiza yibicuruzwa na serivisi.Mu nganda zo mu kirere, Relativity Space itanga imwe muri sisitemu nini nini yo kongera ibyuma byifashisha ikoranabuhanga rya DED, isosiyete yizera ko izakoreshwa mu gukora roketi nyinshi.Roketi yayo ya Terran 1 irashobora gutanga kg 1,250 yikoreza imitwaro yo hasi yisi.Relativity irateganya kohereza roketi yipimishije hagati ya 2022 kandi isanzwe itegura roketi nini, yongeye gukoreshwa yitwa Terran R.
Umwanya wa roketi ya Terran 1 na R ni uburyo bushya bwo kongera gutekereza uko icyogajuru kizaba gisa.Igishushanyo nogutezimbere ibikorwa byongeweho byakuruye inyungu muri iri terambere.Isosiyete ivuga ko ubu buryo bugabanya umubare w’ibice inshuro 100 ugereranije na roketi gakondo.Isosiyete ivuga kandi ko ishobora gukora roketi mu bikoresho bitarenze iminsi 60.Uru nurugero rwiza rwo guhuza ibice byinshi murimwe no koroshya cyane urwego rwo gutanga.
Mu nganda z’amenyo, gukora inyongeramusaruro bikoreshwa mugukora amakamba, ibiraro, inyandikorugero yo kubaga, kubaga amenyo igice no guhuza.Guhuza Ikoranabuhanga na SmileDirectClub koresha icapiro rya 3D kugirango ubyare ibice bya thermoforming bisobanutse neza.Align Technology, ikora ibicuruzwa byanditseho Invisalign, ikoresha sisitemu nyinshi ya Photopolymerisation mu bwogero bwa 3D Sisitemu.Mu 2021, isosiyete yavuze ko imaze kuvura abarwayi barenga miliyoni 10 kuva yemerwa na FDA mu 1998. Niba ubuvuzi busanzwe bw’umurwayi bugizwe na aligners 10, ibyo bikaba ari igereranyo gito, isosiyete yakoze ibice 100 cyangwa birenga AM.Ibice bya FRP biragoye kubisubiramo kuko ni thermoset.SmileDirectClub ikoresha sisitemu ya HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) kugirango itange ibice bya termoplastique bishobora gukoreshwa mubindi bikorwa.
Amateka, VPP ntabwo yashoboye kubyara ibice bito, bisobanutse bifite imbaraga zo gukoresha nkibikoresho bya ortodontique.Muri 2021, LuxCreo na Graphy basohoye igisubizo gishoboka.Kuva muri Gashyantare, Graphy ifite icyemezo cya FDA cyo gucapisha 3D ibikoresho by amenyo.Niba ubicapuye muburyo butaziguye, inzira yanyuma-iherezo ifatwa nkigufi, yoroshye, kandi birashoboka ko bidahenze.
Iterambere ryambere ryakiriwe nabanyamakuru benshi ni ugukoresha icapiro rya 3D kubikorwa binini byubaka nkamazu.Akenshi inkuta zinzu zacapishijwe no gusohora.Ibindi bice byose byinzu byakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo nibikoresho gakondo, birimo amagorofa, igisenge, ibisenge, ingazi, inzugi, amadirishya, ibikoresho, akabati na kaburimbo.Urukuta rwacapwe rwa 3D rushobora kongera ikiguzi cyo gushyira amashanyarazi, gucana, gukora amazi, imiyoboro, hamwe nu muyoboro wo gushyushya no guhumeka.Kurangiza imbere ninyuma yurukuta rwa beto biragoye kuruta gushushanya urukuta gakondo.Kuvugurura urugo rufite urukuta rwa 3D rwacapwe nabyo ni ngombwa kwitabwaho.
Abashakashatsi bo muri Laboratwari ya Oak Ridge barimo kwiga uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu rukuta rwacapwe 3D.Mugushyira imiyoboro kurukuta mugihe cyo kubaka, amazi arashobora kuyanyuramo kugirango ashyushye kandi akonje. Uyu mushinga R&D urashimishije kandi udushya, ariko uracyari mubyiciro byiterambere. Uyu mushinga R&D urashimishije kandi udushya, ariko uracyari mubyiciro byiterambere.Uyu mushinga wubushakashatsi urashimishije kandi udushya, ariko uracyari mubyiciro byambere byiterambere.Uyu mushinga wubushakashatsi urashimishije kandi udushya, ariko uracyari mubyiciro byambere byiterambere.
Benshi muritwe tutaramenyera mubukungu bwububiko bwa 3D bwo gucapa cyangwa ibindi bintu binini.Ikoranabuhanga ryakoreshejwe mu gukora ibiraro bimwe, ibiraro, intebe za parike, hamwe n’ibintu bishushanya inyubako n’ibidukikije hanze.Byizerwa ko ibyiza byo gukora inyongeramusaruro ku munzani muto (kuva kuri santimetero nke kugeza kuri metero nyinshi) bikoreshwa mugucapisha 3D nini.Inyungu nyamukuru zo gukoresha inyongeramusaruro zirimo gukora imiterere ningorabahizi, kugabanya umubare wibice, kugabanya ibintu nuburemere, no kongera umusaruro.Niba AM itongeyeho agaciro, akamaro kayo igomba kubazwa.
Mu Kwakira 2021, Stratasys yaguze imigabane 55% isigaye muri Xaar 3D, ishami ry’inganda zo mu bwoko bwa inkjet zo mu Bwongereza Xaar.Ubuhanga bwa Stratasys polymer PBF, bwitwa Selective Absorbion Fusion, bushingiye ku icapiro rya Xaar.Imashini ya Stratasys H350 irushanwa na sisitemu ya HP MJF.
Kugura ibyuma bya desktop byari byiza.Muri Gashyantare 2021, isosiyete yaguze Envisiontec, imaze igihe kinini ikora inganda zongera inganda.Muri Gicurasi 2021, isosiyete yaguze Adaptive3D, ikora porogaramu yoroheje ya VPP.Muri Nyakanga 2021, Desktop Metal yaguze Aerosint, itegura ibintu byinshi bifata ifu yuzuye ibintu bisubiramo.Kugura kwinshi kwabaye muri Kanama ubwo Desktop Metal yagura umunywanyi ExOne kuri miliyoni 575.
Kugura ExOne na Desktop Metal bihuza abakora ibicuruzwa bibiri bazwi ba sisitemu ya BJT.Muri rusange, ikoranabuhanga ntiriragera kurwego benshi bizera.Ibigo bikomeje gukemura ibibazo nkibisubirwamo, kwiringirwa, no gusobanukirwa nintandaro yibibazo uko bivutse.Nubwo bimeze bityo, niba ibibazo byakemutse, haracyari umwanya w'ikoranabuhanga rigera ku masoko manini.Muri Nyakanga 2021, 3DEO, itanga serivisi ikoresha sisitemu yo gucapa 3D yihariye, yavuze ko yohereje miliyoni imwe ku bakiriya.
Abashinzwe porogaramu hamwe nibicu biboneye iterambere ryabonye iterambere ryinganda zinganda.Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane kuri sisitemu yo gucunga imikorere (MES) ikurikirana urunigi rwagaciro.3D Sisitemu yemeye kugura Oqton muri Nzeri 2021 kuri miliyoni 180 z'amadolari.Yashinzwe muri 2017, Oqton itanga ibisubizo bishingiye ku bicu kugirango tunoze akazi kandi tunoze imikorere ya AM.Koresha ibikoresho waguze Link3D mu Gushyingo 2021 kuri miliyoni 33.5 z'amadolari.Kimwe na Oqton, Ihuriro ryibicu bya Link3D bikurikirana kandi byoroshya imikorere ya AM.
Kimwe mubintu biheruka kugurwa muri 2021 ni ASTM International yaguze Wohlers Associates.Hamwe na hamwe barimo gukora kugirango bakoreshe ikirango cya Wohlers kugirango bashyigikire kwaguka kwa AM kwisi yose.Binyuze muri ASTM AM Centre of Excellence, Wohlers Associates izakomeza gukora raporo ya Wohlers nibindi bitabo, ndetse no gutanga serivisi zubujyanama, gusesengura isoko n'amahugurwa.
Inganda zikora inganda zimaze gukura kandi inganda nyinshi zikoresha ikoranabuhanga muburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha.Ariko icapiro rya 3D ntirishobora gusimbuza ubundi buryo bwo gukora.Ahubwo, ikoreshwa mugukora ubwoko bushya bwibicuruzwa nubucuruzi bwubucuruzi.Amashyirahamwe akoresha AM kugirango agabanye uburemere bwibice, agabanye ibihe byo kuyobora nigiciro cyibikoresho, kandi atezimbere ibicuruzwa nibikorwa.Inganda zikora inganda ziteganijwe gukomeza inzira ziterambere ryayo hamwe namasosiyete mashya, ibicuruzwa, serivisi, porogaramu no gukoresha imanza zigaragara, akenshi byihuta.