Masana'antar ƙari, wadda aka fi sani da buga 3D, ta ci gaba da bunƙasa tsawon kusan shekaru 35 tun lokacin da ake amfani da ita a kasuwanci. Masana'antun jiragen sama, motoci, tsaro, makamashi, sufuri, likitanci, haƙori, da masu amfani da kayayyaki suna amfani da masana'antar ƙari don aikace-aikace iri-iri.
Tare da irin wannan karɓuwa mai yawa, a bayyane yake cewa kera ƙarin abubuwa ba mafita ɗaya ba ce. Dangane da ƙa'idar kalmomin ISO/ASTM 52900, kusan dukkan tsarin kera ƙarin abubuwa na kasuwanci sun faɗi cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan tsari guda bakwai. Waɗannan sun haɗa da extrusion na kayan aiki (MEX), photopolymerization na wanka (VPP), foda na gadon foda (PBF), feshin binder (BJT), feshin kayan aiki (MJT), directed energy deposition (DED), da kuma lamination na takarda (SHL). A nan an rarraba su ta hanyar shahara bisa ga tallace-tallace na naúrar.
Yawan ƙwararrun masana'antu, ciki har da injiniyoyi da manajoji, suna koyo lokacin da ƙera ƙarin kayayyaki zai iya taimakawa wajen inganta samfuri ko tsari da kuma lokacin da ba zai iya ba. A tarihi, manyan tsare-tsare don aiwatar da ƙera ƙarin kayayyaki sun fito ne daga injiniyoyin da suka ƙware da fasahar. Gudanarwa yana ganin ƙarin misalai na yadda ƙera ƙarin kayayyaki zai iya inganta yawan aiki, rage lokutan jagora da ƙirƙirar sabbin damar kasuwanci. AM ba zai maye gurbin yawancin nau'ikan ƙera kayayyaki na gargajiya ba, amma zai zama wani ɓangare na tarin haɓaka samfura da ƙwarewar masana'antu na ɗan kasuwa.
Masana'antar ƙari tana da nau'ikan aikace-aikace iri-iri, tun daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa manyan gine-gine. Fa'idodin AM sun bambanta dangane da masana'antu, aikace-aikace, da kuma aikin da ake buƙata. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su sami dalilai masu kyau na aiwatar da AM, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin amfani ba. Mafi yawan su sune ƙirar ƙira, tabbatar da ƙira, da kuma tabbatar da dacewa da aiki. Kamfanoni da yawa suna amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar kayan aiki da aikace-aikace don samar da kayayyaki da yawa, gami da haɓaka samfuran da aka keɓance.
Ga aikace-aikacen jiragen sama, nauyi babban abu ne. Yana kashe kimanin dala $10,000 don sanya nauyin kaya mai nauyin kilogiram 0.45 a cikin sararin samaniyar Duniya, a cewar Cibiyar Jiragen Sama ta Marshall ta NASA. Rage nauyin tauraron dan adam zai iya rage farashin harbawa. Hoton da aka haɗa yana nuna wani ɓangare na ƙarfe na Swissto12 AM wanda ya haɗa jagororin raƙuman ruwa da yawa zuwa wani ɓangare. Tare da AM, nauyin ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilogiram 0.08.
Ana amfani da ƙarin masana'antu a duk faɗin sarkar darajar masana'antar makamashi. Ga wasu kamfanoni, yanayin kasuwanci na amfani da AM shine a hanzarta sake tsara ayyuka don ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun samfuri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. A masana'antar mai da iskar gas, sassan da suka lalace ko haɗuwa na iya kashe dubban daloli ko fiye a asarar yawan aiki a kowace awa. Amfani da AM don dawo da ayyuka na iya zama abin jan hankali musamman.
Wani babban kamfanin kera tsarin DED MX3D ya fitar da wani kayan aikin gyaran bututu na zamani. Bututun da ya lalace zai iya kashe tsakanin €100,000 zuwa €1,000,000 ($113,157-$1,131,570) a rana, a cewar kamfanin. Kayan aikin da aka nuna a shafi na gaba suna amfani da sashin CNC a matsayin firam kuma suna amfani da DED don haɗa kewayen bututun. AM yana ba da ƙimar ajiya mai yawa tare da ƙarancin sharar gida, yayin da CNC ke ba da daidaiton da ake buƙata.
A shekarar 2021, an sanya wani akwati na ruwa mai siffar 3D a kan wani bututun mai na TotalEnergies da ke Tekun Arewa. Jaket na ruwa muhimmin abu ne da ake amfani da shi don sarrafa dawo da sinadarin hydrocarbon a cikin rijiyoyin da ake ginawa. A wannan yanayin, fa'idodin amfani da kayan ƙarawa sune rage lokacin gubar da kuma rage hayaki da kashi 45% idan aka kwatanta da jaket na ruwa na gargajiya.
Wani lamari na kasuwanci na kera ƙarin kayan aiki shine rage tsadar kayan aiki. Phone Scope ta ƙirƙiro adaftar digiscoping don na'urorin da ke haɗa kyamarar wayarka da na'urar hangen nesa ko na'urar hangen nesa. Ana fitar da sabbin wayoyi kowace shekara, wanda ke buƙatar kamfanoni su fitar da sabon layin adaftar. Ta hanyar amfani da AM, kamfani zai iya adana kuɗi akan kayan aiki masu tsada waɗanda ke buƙatar maye gurbinsu lokacin da aka fitar da sabbin wayoyi.
Kamar kowace hanya ko fasaha, bai kamata a yi amfani da ƙera ƙarin kayayyaki ba domin ana ɗaukarsa sabo ko daban. Wannan don inganta haɓaka samfura da/ko hanyoyin ƙera kayayyaki ne. Ya kamata ya ƙara daraja. Misalan wasu lamuran kasuwanci sun haɗa da samfuran da aka keɓance da kuma keɓance taro, ayyuka masu rikitarwa, sassan da aka haɗa, ƙarancin kayan aiki da nauyi, da ingantaccen aiki.
Domin AM ta cimma burinta na ci gaba, dole ne a magance ƙalubalen. Ga yawancin aikace-aikacen masana'antu, dole ne tsarin ya kasance abin dogaro kuma mai sake samarwa. Hanyoyin da za a bi na gaba na cire kayan sassa da tallafi ta atomatik da kuma bayan sarrafawa za su taimaka. Aiki da kansa kuma yana ƙara yawan aiki da rage farashin kowane ɓangare.
Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni mafi ban sha'awa shine sarrafa kansa bayan sarrafa kayan aiki kamar cire foda da ƙarewa. Ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin samar da kayan aiki da yawa ta atomatik, ana iya maimaita wannan fasaha sau dubbai. Matsalar ita ce takamaiman hanyoyin sarrafa kansa na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in sashi, girma, kayan aiki, da tsari. Misali, sarrafa kambin haƙori bayan sarrafa kayan aikin haƙori ya bambanta sosai da sarrafa sassan injin roka, kodayake duka biyun ana iya yin su da ƙarfe.
Saboda an inganta sassan don AM, galibi ana ƙara fasaloli masu ci gaba da hanyoyin ciki. Ga PBF, babban burin shine cire kashi 100% na foda. Solukon yana ƙera tsarin cire foda ta atomatik. Kamfanin ya ƙirƙiro wata fasaha mai suna Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) wacce ke juyawa da girgiza sassan ƙarfe waɗanda har yanzu suna haɗe da farantin ginin. Juyawa da girgiza ana sarrafa su ta hanyar samfurin CAD na ɓangaren. Ta hanyar motsawa da girgiza sassan daidai, foda da aka kama yana gudana kamar ruwa. Wannan sarrafa kansa yana rage aikin hannu kuma yana iya inganta aminci da sake haifar da cire foda.
Matsaloli da iyakokin cire foda da hannu na iya iyakance yuwuwar amfani da AM don samar da taro, koda a cikin ƙananan adadi. Tsarin cire foda na Solukon na iya aiki a cikin yanayi mara aiki kuma yana tattara foda da ba a yi amfani da shi ba don sake amfani da shi a cikin injunan AM. Solukon ya gudanar da wani bincike na abokin ciniki kuma ya buga wani bincike a watan Disamba na 2021 wanda ya nuna cewa manyan damuwa guda biyu sune lafiyar aiki da sake haifuwa.
Cire foda da hannu daga tsarin resin PBF na iya ɗaukar lokaci. Kamfanoni kamar DyeMansion da PostProcess Technologies suna gina tsarin bayan sarrafawa don cire foda ta atomatik. Ana iya loda sassan masana'antu da yawa a cikin tsarin da ke juyawa da fitar da matsakaici don cire foda mai yawa. HP yana da nasa tsarin wanda aka ce yana cire foda daga ɗakin ginin Jet Fusion 5200 cikin mintuna 20. Tsarin yana adana foda mara narkewa a cikin wani akwati daban don sake amfani da shi ko sake amfani da shi don wasu aikace-aikace.
Kamfanoni za su iya amfana daga sarrafa kansa idan za a iya amfani da shi a mafi yawan matakan bayan an sarrafa shi. DyeMansion yana ba da tsarin cire foda, shirya saman da fenti. Tsarin PowerFuse S yana loda sassan, yana tururi sassan masu santsi kuma yana sauke su. Kamfanin yana ba da rack na bakin ƙarfe don rataye sassan, wanda ake yi da hannu. Tsarin PowerFuse S na iya samar da saman da ya yi kama da mold na allura.
Babban ƙalubalen da masana'antar ke fuskanta shine fahimtar ainihin damar da ke tattare da sarrafa kansa. Idan ana buƙatar yin sassan polymer miliyan ɗaya, tsarin siminti ko ƙera kayan gargajiya na iya zama mafi kyawun mafita, kodayake wannan ya dogara da ɓangaren. Sau da yawa ana samun AM don fara samarwa a cikin samarwa da gwaji na kayan aiki. Ta hanyar sarrafa kayan aiki ta atomatik, ana iya samar da dubban sassa ta hanyar amfani da AM, amma yana da takamaiman sashi kuma yana iya buƙatar mafita ta musamman.
AM ba ta da alaƙa da masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna gabatar da sakamako mai ban sha'awa na bincike da haɓakawa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ingantaccen aiki na samfura da ayyuka. A cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya, Relativity Space yana samar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsarin ƙera ƙarin ƙarfe ta amfani da fasahar DED ta mallaka, wanda kamfanin ke fatan amfani da shi don ƙera mafi yawan rokokinsa. Rokarsa ta Terran 1 za ta iya isar da nauyin kilogiram 1,250 zuwa ƙaramin zagayen Duniya. Relativity na shirin harba rokar gwaji a tsakiyar 2022 kuma tana shirin harba rokar da ta fi girma, mai sake amfani da ita mai suna Terran R.
Roka kirar Terran 1 da R na Relativity Space wata hanya ce mai kyau ta sake tunanin yadda jirgin sama na sararin samaniya zai kasance nan gaba. Zane da ingantawa don kera ƙarin abubuwa sun haifar da sha'awar wannan ci gaba. Kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan hanyar tana rage adadin sassan da sau 100 idan aka kwatanta da roka na gargajiya. Kamfanin ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa zai iya samar da roka daga kayan masarufi cikin kwanaki 60. Wannan babban misali ne na haɗa sassa da yawa zuwa ɗaya da kuma sauƙaƙe sarkar samar da kayayyaki sosai.
A masana'antar haƙori, ana amfani da masana'antar ƙari don yin kambi, gadoji, samfuran haƙoran tiyata, haƙoran haƙora na ɓangare da masu daidaita sigina. Align Technology da SmileDirectClub suna amfani da bugu na 3D don samar da sassa don masu daidaita sigina na filastik masu tsabta. Align Technology, mai ƙera samfuran Invisalign masu alama, yana amfani da tsarin photopolymerization da yawa a cikin baho na 3D Systems. A cikin 2021, kamfanin ya ce ya yi wa marasa lafiya sama da miliyan 10 magani tun lokacin da ya sami amincewar FDA a 1998. Idan maganin majiyyaci ya ƙunshi masu daidaita sigina 10, wanda shine ƙarancin ƙiyasi, kamfanin ya samar da sassan AM miliyan 100 ko fiye. Sassan FRP suna da wahalar sake amfani da su saboda thermoset ne. SmileDirectClub yana amfani da tsarin HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) don samar da sassan thermoplastic waɗanda za a iya sake amfani da su don wasu aikace-aikace.
A tarihi, VPP ba ta iya samar da sassa siriri da haske waɗanda ke da ƙarfin aiki don amfani da su azaman kayan aikin gyaran hakora ba. A cikin 2021, LuxCreo da Graphy sun fitar da mafita mai yiwuwa. Tun daga watan Fabrairu, Graphy ta sami amincewar FDA don buga kayan aikin hakori kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da fasahar 3D. Idan ka buga su kai tsaye, ana ɗaukar tsarin daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe ya fi guntu, sauƙi, kuma mai yuwuwar araha.
Wani ci gaba na farko da ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai sosai shi ne amfani da buga 3D don manyan ayyuka na gini kamar gidaje. Sau da yawa ana buga bangon gidan ta hanyar fitar da abubuwa. Duk sauran sassan gidan an yi su ne ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya da kayan aiki, ciki har da benaye, rufi, rufi, matakala, ƙofofi, tagogi, kayan aiki, kabad da kan tebur. Bango mai buga 3D na iya ƙara farashin shigar da wutar lantarki, haske, famfo, bututun iska, da kuma hanyoyin iska don dumama da sanyaya iska. Kammala ciki da waje na bangon siminti ya fi wahala fiye da ƙirar bango na gargajiya. Zamantakewa gida mai bangon da aka buga 3D shi ma muhimmin abin la'akari ne.
Masu bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Oak Ridge suna nazarin yadda ake adana makamashi a cikin bangon da aka buga da fasahar 3D. Ta hanyar saka bututu a cikin bangon yayin gini, ruwa zai iya ratsawa ta cikinsa don dumama da sanyaya. Wannan aikin bincike da ci gaba yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana da kirkire-kirkire, amma har yanzu yana cikin matakin farko na ci gaba. Wannan aikin bincike da ci gaba yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana da kirkire-kirkire, amma har yanzu yana cikin matakin farko na ci gaba.Wannan aikin bincike yana da ban sha'awa kuma mai kirkire-kirkire, amma har yanzu yana cikin matakan farko na ci gaba.Wannan aikin bincike yana da ban sha'awa kuma mai kirkire-kirkire, amma har yanzu yana cikin matakan farko na ci gaba.
Yawancinmu ba mu saba da tattalin arzikin sassan ginin bugu na 3D ko wasu manyan abubuwa ba tukuna. An yi amfani da fasahar don samar da wasu gadoji, rumfa, benci na wurin shakatawa, da abubuwan ado don gine-gine da muhallin waje. Ana kyautata zaton cewa fa'idodin kera ƙarin abubuwa a ƙananan sikelin (daga santimita kaɗan zuwa mita da yawa) sun shafi manyan bugu na 3D. Babban fa'idodin amfani da ƙarin abubuwa sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar siffofi da fasaloli masu rikitarwa, rage adadin sassa, rage kayan aiki da nauyi, da ƙara yawan aiki. Idan AM bai ƙara daraja ba, ya kamata a yi tambaya game da amfanin sa.
A watan Oktoban 2021, Stratasys ta sami sauran kashi 55% na hannun jari a cikin Xaar 3D, wani reshe na kamfanin firintocin inkjet na masana'antu na Burtaniya Xaar. Fasahar PBF ta polymer ta Stratasys, wacce ake kira Selective Absorbion Fusion, ta dogara ne akan firintocin inkjet na Xaar. Injin Stratasys H350 yana fafatawa da tsarin HP MJF.
Sayen Desktop Metal ya burge ni sosai. A watan Fabrairun 2021, kamfanin ya sayi Envisiontec, wani kamfanin kera tsarin kera kayan ƙari na masana'antu na dogon lokaci. A watan Mayun 2021, kamfanin ya sayi Adaptive3D, wani kamfanin kera na'urorin VPP masu sassauƙa. A watan Yulin 2021, Desktop Metal ya sayi Aerosint, wani kamfanin kera na'urorin sake shafa foda mai yawa. Babban siyan ya zo ne a watan Agusta lokacin da Desktop Metal ya sayi ExOne mai fafatawa da shi kan dala miliyan 575.
Sayen ExOne ta Desktop Metal ya haɗa fitattun masana'antun tsarin BJT na ƙarfe guda biyu. Gabaɗaya, fasahar ba ta kai matsayin da mutane da yawa ke tsammani ba tukuna. Kamfanoni suna ci gaba da magance matsaloli kamar maimaitawa, aminci, da fahimtar tushen matsalolin yayin da suke tasowa. Duk da haka, idan an magance matsalolin, har yanzu akwai damar da fasahar za ta isa manyan kasuwanni. A watan Yulin 2021, 3DEO, mai ba da sabis wanda ke amfani da tsarin buga 3D na mallakarsa, ya ce ya aika da miliyan ɗaya ga abokan ciniki.
Masu haɓaka software da dandamalin girgije sun ga ci gaba mai mahimmanci a masana'antar kera ƙari. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga tsarin gudanar da ayyuka (MES) waɗanda ke bin diddigin sarkar darajar AM. 3D Systems sun amince su sayi Oqton a watan Satumba na 2021 akan dala miliyan 180. An kafa Oqton a cikin 2017, yana ba da mafita na girgije don inganta aikin aiki da inganta ingancin AM. An samo asali daga Link3D da aka samu a watan Nuwamba na 2021 akan dala miliyan 33.5. Kamar Oqton, dandamalin girgije na Link3D yana bin diddigin aiki kuma yana sauƙaƙa aikin AM.
Ɗaya daga cikin sabbin saye-sayen da ASTM International ta yi a shekarar 2021 shine sayen Wohlers Associates. Tare suna aiki don amfani da alamar Wohlers don tallafawa karɓar AM a duk duniya. Ta hanyar Cibiyar Kyawun ASTM AM, Wohlers Associates za ta ci gaba da samar da rahotannin Wohlers da sauran wallafe-wallafe, da kuma samar da ayyukan ba da shawara, nazarin kasuwa da horo.
Masana'antar kera ƙarin kayayyaki ta girma kuma masana'antu da yawa suna amfani da fasahar don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Amma bugu na 3D ba zai maye gurbin yawancin sauran nau'ikan kera kayayyaki ba. Madadin haka, ana amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan samfura da samfuran kasuwanci. Ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da AM don rage nauyin sassa, rage lokacin jagora da farashin kayan aiki, da inganta keɓance samfura da aiki. Ana sa ran masana'antar kera ƙarin kayayyaki za ta ci gaba da ci gabanta tare da sabbin kamfanoni, samfura, ayyuka, aikace-aikace da shari'o'in amfani, galibi a cikin sauri.