Kupanga zinthu zowonjezera, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti 3D printing, kwakhala kukusintha kwa zaka pafupifupi 35 kuyambira pomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabizinesi. Makampani opanga ndege, magalimoto, chitetezo, mphamvu, mayendedwe, zamankhwala, mano, ndi ogula amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonjezera pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kotereku, n'zoonekeratu kuti kupanga zowonjezera si njira imodzi yokha. Malinga ndi muyezo wa mawu a ISO/ASTM 52900, pafupifupi machitidwe onse opanga zowonjezera zamalonda ali m'gulu limodzi mwa magulu asanu ndi awiri azinthu. Izi zikuphatikizapo material extrusion (MEX), bath photopolymerization (VPP), powder bed fusion (PBF), binder spraying (BJT), material spraying (MJT), directed energy deposition (DED), ndi sheet lamination (SHL). Apa amasankhidwa malinga ndi kutchuka kutengera kugulitsa kwa mayunitsi.
Akatswiri ambiri ogwira ntchito m'makampani, kuphatikizapo mainjiniya ndi oyang'anira, akuphunzira nthawi yomwe kupanga zowonjezera kungathandize kukonza chinthu kapena njira komanso nthawi yomwe sizingatheke. M'mbuyomu, njira zazikulu zokhazikitsira kupanga zowonjezera zachokera kwa mainjiniya odziwa bwino ukadaulo. Oyang'anira akuwona zitsanzo zambiri za momwe kupanga zowonjezera kungathandizire kupanga bwino, kuchepetsa nthawi yopezera ndalama ndikupanga mwayi watsopano wamabizinesi. AM sidzalowa m'malo mwa mitundu yambiri yachikhalidwe yopanga, koma idzakhala gawo la zida za amalonda pakupanga zinthu ndi luso lopanga.
Kupanga zowonjezera kuli ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa microfluidics mpaka kumanga kwakukulu. Ubwino wa AM umasiyana malinga ndi mafakitale, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi magwiridwe antchito ofunikira. Mabungwe ayenera kukhala ndi zifukwa zomveka zogwiritsira ntchito AM, mosasamala kanthu za momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Zofala kwambiri ndi kupanga zitsanzo, kutsimikizira kapangidwe, ndi kutsimikizira koyenera ndi magwiridwe antchito. Makampani ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito izi popanga zida ndi mapulogalamu opangira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo kupanga zinthu mwamakonda.
Pa ntchito zoyendera ndege, kulemera ndi chinthu chachikulu. Zimawononga pafupifupi $10,000 kuti munthu aike katundu wolemera 0.45kg mu Earth orbit, malinga ndi Marshall Space Flight Center ya NASA. Kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ma satellites kungathandize kuchepetsa ndalama zoyambira. Chithunzi chomwe chilipo chikuwonetsa gawo lachitsulo la Swissto12 AM lomwe limaphatikiza ma waveguides angapo kukhala gawo limodzi. Ndi AM, kulemerako kumachepetsedwa kufika pa 0.08 kg.
Kupanga zinthu zowonjezera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu unyolo wonse wamtengo wapatali mumakampani opanga mphamvu. Kwa makampani ena, bizinesi yogwiritsa ntchito AM ndikusintha mapulojekiti mwachangu kuti apange chinthu chabwino kwambiri munthawi yochepa kwambiri. Mumakampani opanga mafuta ndi gasi, zida kapena zinthu zowonongeka zimatha kuwononga ndalama zambirimbiri kapena kuposerapo pakutayika kwa zokolola pa ola limodzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito AM kubwezeretsa ntchito kungakhale kokongola kwambiri.
Kampani yaikulu yopanga makina a DED MX3D yatulutsa chida chokonzera mapaipi chodziwika bwino. Paipi yowonongeka imatha kukhala pakati pa €100,000 ndi €1,000,000 ($113,157-$1,131,570) patsiku, malinga ndi kampaniyo. Choyikapo chomwe chili patsamba lotsatira chimagwiritsa ntchito gawo la CNC ngati chimango ndipo chimagwiritsa ntchito DED kulumikiza kuzungulira kwa chitolirocho. AM imapereka kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala ndi zinyalala zochepa, pomwe CNC imapereka kulondola kofunikira.
Mu 2021, chidebe chamadzi chosindikizidwa cha 3D chinayikidwa pa malo opangira mafuta a TotalEnergies ku North Sea. Majekete amadzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera kubwezeretsedwa kwa ma hydrocarbon m'zitsime zomwe zikumangidwa. Pankhaniyi, ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito zopangira zowonjezera ndi kuchepa kwa nthawi yopangira ndi kutsika kwa mpweya woipa ndi 45% poyerekeza ndi majekete amadzi opangidwa mwaluso.
Nkhani ina yamalonda yokhudza kupanga zowonjezera ndi kuchepetsa zida zokwera mtengo. Phone Scope yapanga ma adapter a digiscoping a zida zomwe zimalumikiza kamera ya foni yanu ku telesikopu kapena maikulosikopu. Mafoni atsopano amatulutsidwa chaka chilichonse, zomwe zimafuna makampani kutulutsa mzere watsopano wa ma adapter. Pogwiritsa ntchito AM, kampani ikhoza kusunga ndalama pa zida zokwera mtengo zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa mafoni atsopano akatulutsidwa.
Monga momwe zilili ndi njira kapena ukadaulo uliwonse, kupanga zowonjezera sikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa kumaonedwa kuti ndi kwatsopano kapena kosiyana. Izi ndi cholinga chokweza chitukuko cha zinthu ndi/kapena njira zopangira. Ziyenera kuwonjezera phindu. Zitsanzo za zochitika zina zamabizinesi zikuphatikizapo zinthu zopangidwa mwamakonda ndi kusintha kwakukulu, magwiridwe antchito ovuta, zigawo zophatikizidwa, zinthu zochepa ndi kulemera kochepa, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino.
Kuti AM ikwaniritse kuthekera kwake kukula, mavuto ayenera kuthetsedwa. Pazinthu zambiri zopangira, njirayi iyenera kukhala yodalirika komanso yobwerezedwanso. Njira zotsatirazi zochotsera zinthu ndi zothandizira ndi kukonza pambuyo pake zithandiza. Kukonza zokha kumawonjezeranso kupanga ndikuchepetsa mtengo pa gawo lililonse.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi kukonza makina pambuyo pokonza monga kuchotsa ufa ndi kumaliza. Mwa kupanga makina pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira zinthu zambiri, ukadaulo womwewo ukhoza kubwerezedwa kangapo. Vuto ndilakuti njira zina zodzichitira zokha zimatha kusiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa gawo, kukula, zinthu, ndi njira. Mwachitsanzo, kukonza makina a mano pambuyo pokonza makina ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi kukonza ziwalo za injini ya roketi, ngakhale zonse ziwiri zitha kupangidwa ndi chitsulo.
Popeza ziwalo zimakonzedwa bwino kuti zigwirizane ndi AM, zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri komanso njira zamkati nthawi zambiri zimawonjezedwa. Pa PBF, cholinga chachikulu ndikuchotsa 100% ya ufa. Solukon imapanga makina ochotsera ufa okha. Kampaniyo yapanga ukadaulo wotchedwa Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) womwe umazungulira ndikugwedeza ziwalo zachitsulo zomwe zimalumikizidwabe ndi mbale yomangira. Kuzungulira ndi kugwedezeka kumayendetsedwa ndi chitsanzo cha CAD cha gawolo. Mwa kusuntha ndikugwedeza bwino ziwalozo, ufa wogwidwawo umayenda ngati madzi. Makina odziyimira pawokha amachepetsa ntchito yamanja ndipo amatha kukonza kudalirika ndi kuberekana kwa kuchotsa ufa.
Mavuto ndi zofooka za kuchotsa ufa pamanja zimatha kuchepetsa kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito AM popanga zinthu zambiri, ngakhale pang'ono. Makina ochotsera ufa wachitsulo wa Solukon amatha kugwira ntchito mumlengalenga wopanda madzi ndikusonkhanitsa ufa wosagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ugwiritsidwenso ntchito mumakina a AM. Solukon adachita kafukufuku wa makasitomala ndikufalitsa kafukufuku mu Disembala 2021 kuwonetsa kuti nkhawa ziwiri zazikulu ndi thanzi la pantchito komanso kuberekana.
Kuchotsa ufa pamanja kuchokera kuzinthu za PBF resin kungatenge nthawi. Makampani monga DyeMansion ndi PostProcess Technologies akumanga makina okonza pambuyo pokonza kuti achotse ufa wokha. Zigawo zambiri zopangira zowonjezera zimatha kuyikidwa mu makina omwe amatembenuza ndikutulutsa cholumikizira kuti achotse ufa wochulukirapo. HP ili ndi makina ake omwe akuti amachotsa ufa kuchokera ku chipinda chomangira cha Jet Fusion 5200 m'mphindi 20. Makinawa amasunga ufa wosasungunuka mu chidebe china kuti agwiritsidwenso ntchito kapena kubwezeretsanso ntchito zina.
Makampani angapindule ndi makina odzipangira okha ngati angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zambiri zomwe zakonzedwa pambuyo pokonza. DyeMansion imapereka njira zochotsera ufa, kukonza pamwamba ndi kupaka utoto. Dongosolo la PowerFuse S limadzaza ziwalozo, kutenthetsa ziwalo zosalala ndikuzitsitsa. Kampaniyo imapereka choyikapo chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopachikira ziwalozo, chomwe chimapangidwa ndi manja. Dongosolo la PowerFuse S limatha kupanga malo ofanana ndi nkhungu yopangira jakisoni.
Vuto lalikulu lomwe makampani akukumana nalo ndi kumvetsetsa mwayi weniweni womwe makina odzipangira okha amapereka. Ngati pali zigawo za polima miliyoni imodzi zomwe zikufunika kupangidwa, njira zachikhalidwe zopangira kapena kuumba zingakhale yankho labwino kwambiri, ngakhale izi zimadalira gawolo. AM nthawi zambiri imapezeka pakupanga koyamba popanga ndi kuyesa zida. Kudzera mu makina odzipangira okha pambuyo pokonza, zigawo zikwizikwi zimatha kupangidwa modalirika komanso mobwerezabwereza pogwiritsa ntchito AM, koma zimakhala zapadera ndipo zingafunike yankho lopangidwa mwamakonda.
AM ilibe chochita ndi mafakitale. Mabungwe ambiri amapereka zotsatira zosangalatsa za kafukufuku ndi chitukuko zomwe zingathandize kuti zinthu ndi ntchito zizigwira ntchito bwino. Mu makampani opanga ndege, Relativity Space imapanga imodzi mwa makina akuluakulu opangira zowonjezera zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa DED, womwe kampaniyo ikuyembekeza kuti idzagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maroketi ake ambiri. Roketi yake ya Terran 1 ikhoza kupereka katundu wolemera makilogalamu 1,250 ku Earth orbit yotsika. Relativity ikukonzekera kuyambitsa roketi yoyesera pakati pa chaka cha 2022 ndipo ikukonzekera kale roketi yayikulu, yogwiritsidwanso ntchito yotchedwa Terran R.
Ma roketi a Terran 1 ndi R a Relativity Space ndi njira yatsopano yoganiziranso momwe mtsogolo ndege ya mumlengalenga ingawonekere. Kapangidwe ndi kukonza bwino zopangira zowonjezera zidayambitsa chidwi pa chitukukochi. Kampaniyo imati njira iyi imachepetsa chiwerengero cha zigawo ndi nthawi 100 poyerekeza ndi ma roketi akale. Kampaniyo imatinso imatha kupanga ma roketi kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira mkati mwa masiku 60. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chophatikiza zigawo zambiri kukhala chimodzi ndikupangitsa kuti unyolo woperekera zinthu ukhale wosavuta kwambiri.
Mu makampani opanga mano, kupanga zowonjezera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga korona, milatho, ma tempuleti obowola opaleshoni, mano opangidwa pang'ono ndi ma aligners. Align Technology ndi SmileDirectClub amagwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a 3D popanga zida zopangira ma aligners apulasitiki owoneka bwino. Align Technology, wopanga zinthu zodziwika bwino za Invisalign, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zoyezera ma photopolymerization m'mabafa a 3D Systems. Mu 2021, kampaniyo idati yachiza odwala oposa 10 miliyoni kuyambira pomwe idavomerezedwa ndi FDA mu 1998. Ngati chithandizo cha wodwala wamba chimakhala ndi ma aligners 10, zomwe ndi kuyerekezera kochepa, kampaniyo yapanga zida za AM 100 miliyoni kapena kuposerapo. Zigawo za FRP zimakhala zovuta kuzibwezeretsanso chifukwa ndi thermoset. SmileDirectClub imagwiritsa ntchito makina a HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) kuti ipange zida za thermoplastic zomwe zitha kubwezeretsedwanso ntchito zina.
M'mbuyomu, VPP sinathe kupanga ziwalo zopyapyala, zowonekera bwino zokhala ndi mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zodulira mano. Mu 2021, LuxCreo ndi Graphy adatulutsa njira yothetsera vutoli. Kuyambira mu February, Graphy yavomerezedwa ndi FDA kuti isindikize mwachindunji zida za mano mu 3D. Ngati mukazisindikiza mwachindunji, njira yoyambira mpaka kumapeto imaonedwa kuti ndi yaifupi, yosavuta, komanso yotsika mtengo.
Chinthu china chomwe chinayamba kutchuka kwambiri ndi atolankhani chinali kugwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D pa ntchito zazikulu monga nyumba. Nthawi zambiri makoma a nyumba amasindikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito extrusion. Zigawo zina zonse za nyumbayo zinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe ndi zipangizo, kuphatikizapo pansi, denga, madenga, masitepe, zitseko, mawindo, zipangizo zamagetsi, makabati ndi ma countertops. Makoma osindikizidwa a 3D amatha kuonjezera mtengo woyika magetsi, magetsi, mapaipi, ma ductwork, ndi ma vents otenthetsera ndi mpweya wabwino. Kumaliza mkati ndi kunja kwa khoma la konkire n'kovuta kwambiri kuposa kapangidwe ka khoma lachikhalidwe. Kusintha nyumba kukhala yamakono ndi makoma osindikizidwa a 3D ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Ofufuza ku Oak Ridge National Laboratory akuphunzira momwe angasungire mphamvu m'makoma osindikizidwa a 3D. Mwa kuyika mapaipi m'khoma panthawi yomanga, madzi amatha kuyenda kudzera mmenemo kuti atenthetse ndi kuziziritsa. Pulojekiti ya kafukufuku ndi chitukuko iyi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yatsopano, koma ikadali pachiyambi cha chitukuko. Pulojekiti ya kafukufuku ndi chitukuko iyi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yatsopano, koma ikadali pachiyambi cha chitukuko.Ntchito yofufuzayi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yatsopano, koma ikadali pachiyambi cha chitukuko.Ntchito yofufuzayi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yatsopano, koma ikadali pachiyambi cha chitukuko.
Ambiri aife sitikudziwa bwino zachuma cha zida zomangira zosindikizira za 3D kapena zinthu zina zazikulu. Ukadaulowu wagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga milatho, ma awning, mabenchi a paki, ndi zinthu zokongoletsera nyumba ndi malo akunja. Amakhulupirira kuti ubwino wopanga zowonjezera pa sikelo yaying'ono (kuyambira masentimita ochepa mpaka mamita angapo) umagwira ntchito pa kusindikiza kwakukulu kwa 3D. Ubwino waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito kupanga zowonjezera ndikuphatikiza kupanga mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zigawo, kuchepetsa zinthu ndi kulemera, ndikuwonjezera zokolola. Ngati AM siwonjezera phindu, phindu lake liyenera kukayikira.
Mu Okutobala 2021, Stratasys idapeza gawo lotsala la 55% mu Xaar 3D, kampani yothandizidwa ndi kampani yopanga makina osindikizira a inkjet ku Britain ya Xaar. Ukadaulo wa Stratasys wa polymer PBF, wotchedwa Selective Absorbion Fusion, umachokera ku makina osindikizira a inkjet a Xaar. Makina a Stratasys H350 amapikisana ndi makina a HP MJF.
Kugula Desktop Metal kunali kodabwitsa. Mu February 2021, kampaniyo idagula Envisiontec, kampani yomwe yakhala ikupanga makina opangira zowonjezera mafakitale kwa nthawi yayitali. Mu May 2021, kampaniyo idagula Adaptive3D, kampani yopanga ma polima osinthasintha a VPP. Mu July 2021, Desktop Metal idagula Aerosint, kampani yopanga njira zobwezeretsanso utoto wa ufa wa zinthu zambiri. Kugula kwakukulu kudachitika mu Ogasiti pamene Desktop Metal idagula kampani ya ExOne yomwe idapikisana nayo pamtengo wa $575 miliyoni.
Kugula kwa ExOne ndi Desktop Metal kumabweretsa pamodzi opanga awiri otchuka a BJT systems. Kawirikawiri, ukadaulowu sunafike pamlingo womwe ambiri amakhulupirira. Makampani akupitilizabe kuthana ndi mavuto monga kubwerezabwereza, kudalirika, komanso kumvetsetsa chomwe chimayambitsa mavuto akamabuka. Ngakhale zili choncho, ngati mavutowa athetsedwa, pali mwayi woti ukadaulowu ufike m'misika yayikulu. Mu Julayi 2021, 3DEO, kampani yopereka chithandizo pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a 3D, inati yatumiza gawo limodzi mwa magawo miliyoni kwa makasitomala.
Opanga mapulogalamu ndi nsanja zamtambo awona kukula kwakukulu mumakampani opanga zowonjezera. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pa machitidwe oyang'anira magwiridwe antchito (MES) omwe amatsata unyolo wamtengo wapatali wa AM. 3D Systems idavomereza kugula Oqton mu Seputembala 2021 pamtengo wa $180 miliyoni. Yokhazikitsidwa mu 2017, Oqton imapereka mayankho ochokera kumtambo kuti akonze kayendedwe ka ntchito ndikukweza magwiridwe antchito a AM. Sinthani Link3D yomwe idagulidwa mu Novembala 2021 pamtengo wa $33.5 miliyoni. Monga Oqton, nsanja yamtambo ya Link3D imatsata ntchito ndikupangitsa kuti kayendedwe ka AM kakhale kosavuta.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zagulidwa posachedwapa mu 2021 ndi kugula kwa ASTM International kwa Wohlers Associates. Pamodzi akugwira ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa Wohlers kuti athandizire kukhazikitsidwa kwa AM padziko lonse lapansi. Kudzera mu ASTM AM Center of Excellence, Wohlers Associates ipitiliza kupanga malipoti a Wohlers ndi zofalitsa zina, komanso kupereka upangiri, kusanthula msika ndi maphunziro.
Makampani opanga zowonjezera akukula ndipo mafakitale ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulowu pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Koma kusindikiza kwa 3D sikulowa m'malo mwa mitundu ina yambiri yopanga. M'malo mwake, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu yatsopano ya zinthu ndi mitundu yamalonda. Mabungwe amagwiritsa ntchito AM kuti achepetse kulemera kwa ziwalo, kuchepetsa nthawi yotsogolera ndi ndalama zogulira zida, ndikukweza makonda azinthu ndi magwiridwe antchito. Makampani opanga zowonjezera akuyembekezeka kupitiliza kukula kwake ndi makampani atsopano, zinthu, ntchito, mapulogalamu ndi zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito, nthawi zambiri mwachangu kwambiri.