Kupanga kowonjezera, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kusindikiza kwa 3D, kwapitilirabe kusinthika kwa zaka pafupifupi 35 kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito malonda.Malo opangira ndege, magalimoto, chitetezo, mphamvu, zoyendetsa, zamankhwala, mano, ndi mafakitale ogula amagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kofala kotereku, zikuwonekeratu kuti kupanga zowonjezera si njira imodzi yokha.Malinga ndi muyezo wa ISO/ASTM 52900 terminology, pafupifupi makina onse opangira zowonjezera amagwera m'magulu asanu ndi awiri.Izi zikuphatikizapo extrusion zinthu (MEX), kusamba photopolymerization (VPP), ufa bedi maphatikizidwe (PBF), binder kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa (BJT), kupopera zinthu zakuthupi (MJT), Directed mphamvu mafunsidwe (DED), ndi pepala lamination (SHL).Apa amasanjidwa ndi kutchuka kutengera kugulitsa mayunitsi.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa akatswiri amakampani, kuphatikiza mainjiniya ndi mamanenjala, akuphunzira pamene kupanga zowonjezera kungathandize kukonza chinthu kapena ndondomeko komanso pamene sizingathe.M'mbuyomu, zoyeserera zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito zowonjezera zidachokera kwa akatswiri odziwa ukadaulo.Oyang'anira amawona zitsanzo zambiri za momwe zopangira zowonjezera zimatha kupititsa patsogolo zokolola, kuchepetsa nthawi yotsogolera ndikupanga mwayi watsopano wamabizinesi.AM sichidzalowa m'malo mwa mitundu yambiri yopangira, koma idzakhala gawo la zida zamalonda zachitukuko ndi luso lopanga.
Kupanga zowonjezera kumakhala ndi ntchito zambiri, kuchokera ku microfluidics kupita ku zomangamanga zazikulu.Ubwino wa AM umasiyana ndi mafakitale, kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso magwiridwe antchito ofunikira.Mabungwe ayenera kukhala ndi zifukwa zomveka zogwiritsira ntchito AM, posatengera momwe angagwiritsire ntchito.Zodziwika kwambiri ndizojambula zamalingaliro, kutsimikizira kapangidwe kake, ndi kuyenerera ndi kutsimikizira magwiridwe antchito.Makampani ochulukirachulukira akuigwiritsa ntchito kupanga zida ndi ntchito zopangira anthu ambiri, kuphatikiza kupanga zinthu zomwe zachitika.
Kwa ntchito zakuthambo, kulemera ndi chinthu chachikulu.Zimawononga pafupifupi $ 10,000 kuti muyike ndalama zokwana 0.45kg pa Earth orbit, malinga ndi Marshall Space Flight Center ya NASA.Kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ma satellite kumatha kupulumutsa ndalama zoyambira.Chithunzi chophatikizidwa chikuwonetsa gawo la Swissto12 chitsulo AM lomwe limaphatikiza ma waveguide angapo kukhala gawo limodzi.Ndi AM, kulemera kumachepetsedwa mpaka 0.08 kg.
Kupanga zowonjezera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yonse yamtengo wapatali mumakampani amagetsi.Kwa makampani ena, bizinesi yogwiritsa ntchito AM ndikubwereza mwachangu mapulojekiti kuti apange chinthu chabwino kwambiri munthawi yochepa kwambiri.M'makampani amafuta ndi gasi, zida zomwe zidawonongeka zimatha kuwononga madola masauzande ambiri kapena kupitilira apo pakuwonongeka kwa ola limodzi.Kugwiritsa ntchito AM kubwezeretsa ntchito kumatha kukhala kokongola kwambiri.
Wopanga wamkulu wa DED machitidwe MX3D watulutsa chida chokonzekera chitoliro.Mpope wowonongeka ukhoza kutenga pakati pa € ​​​​100,000 ndi € 1,000,000 ($ 113,157- $ 1,131,570) patsiku, malinga ndi kampaniyo.Zomwe zikuwonetsedwa patsamba lotsatira zimagwiritsa ntchito gawo la CNC ngati chimango ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito DED kuti ziwotcherera kuzungulira kwa chitoliro.AM imapereka ziwongola dzanja zazikulu ndi zinyalala zochepa, pomwe CNC imapereka kulondola kofunikira.
Mu 2021, thumba lamadzi losindikizidwa la 3D linayikidwa pazitsulo zamafuta za TotalEnergies ku North Sea.Ma jekete amadzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuchira kwa hydrocarbon m'zitsime zomwe zikumangidwa.Pachifukwa ichi, ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera zimachepetsedwa nthawi zotsogolera ndikuchepetsa mpweya ndi 45% poyerekeza ndi jekete zamadzi zowonongeka.
Nkhani ina yabizinesi yopanga zowonjezera ndikuchepetsa zida zodula.Phone Scope yapanga ma adapter a digiscoping a zida zomwe zimalumikiza kamera ya foni yanu ku telescope kapena maikulosikopu.Mafoni atsopano amatulutsidwa chaka chilichonse, zomwe zimafuna kuti makampani atulutse mzere watsopano wa adaputala.Pogwiritsa ntchito AM, kampani ikhoza kusunga ndalama pazida zodula zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa mafoni atsopano akatulutsidwa.
Mofanana ndi njira iliyonse kapena teknoloji, kupanga zowonjezera siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zatsopano kapena zosiyana.Izi ndi kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha mankhwala ndi/kapena njira zopangira.Iyenera kuwonjezera mtengo.Zitsanzo zamilandu ina yamabizinesi ndi monga zogulitsa zachikhalidwe ndi makonda ambiri, magwiridwe antchito ovuta, magawo ophatikizika, zinthu zochepa komanso kulemera kwake, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino.
Kuti AM izindikire kukula kwake, zovuta ziyenera kuthetsedwa.Pazinthu zambiri zopanga, njirayi iyenera kukhala yodalirika komanso yobwereketsa.Njira zotsatizana zochotseratu zinthu zakuthupi ndi zothandizira ndi kukonzanso pambuyo zidzathandiza.Makinawa amawonjezeranso zokolola komanso amachepetsa mtengo pagawo lililonse.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimachititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi post-processing automation monga kuchotsa ufa ndi kumaliza.Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira ntchito zambiri, ukadaulo womwewo ukhoza kubwerezedwa kambirimbiri.Vuto ndiloti njira zodzipangira zokha zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu, kukula, zinthu, ndi njira.Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pokonza akorona mano okha ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi processing wa mbali injini rocket, ngakhale onse akhoza kukhala zitsulo.
Chifukwa magawo amakongoletsedwa ndi AM, zida zapamwamba kwambiri komanso ma mayendedwe amkati nthawi zambiri amawonjezedwa.Kwa PBF, cholinga chachikulu ndikuchotsa 100% ya ufa.Solukon imapanga makina ochotsa ufa okha.Kampaniyo yapanga ukadaulo wotchedwa Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) womwe umazungulira ndikunjenjemera mbali zachitsulo zomwe zimalumikizidwabe ndi mbale yomanga.Kuzungulira ndi kugwedezeka kumayendetsedwa ndi chitsanzo cha CAD cha gawolo.Mwa kusuntha ndendende ndi kugwedeza zigawozo, ufa wogwidwa umayenda ngati madzi.Izi zokha zimachepetsa ntchito yamanja ndipo zimatha kusintha kudalirika ndi kuberekana kwa kuchotsa ufa.
Mavuto ndi zofooka za kuchotsa ufa wamanja zimatha kuchepetsa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito AM popanga misala, ngakhale pang'ono.Makina ochotsa ufa wa zitsulo a Solukon amatha kugwira ntchito mopanda mpweya ndikusonkhanitsa ufa wosagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ugwiritsidwenso ntchito pamakina a AM.Solukon adachita kafukufuku wamakasitomala ndikufalitsa kafukufuku mu Disembala 2021 akuwonetsa kuti nkhawa zazikulu ziwiri ndi thanzi lantchito komanso kuberekana.
Kuchotsa pamanja ufa kuchokera ku PBF resin nyumba kumatha kukhala nthawi yambiri.Makampani monga DyeMansion ndi PostProcess Technologies akumanga makina opangira-post-processing kuti achotse ufa.Zida zambiri zopangira zowonjezera zimatha kuyikidwa mudongosolo lomwe limatembenuza ndikutulutsa sing'anga kuti lichotse ufa wochulukirapo.HP ili ndi machitidwe ake omwe akuti amachotsa ufa kuchokera kuchipinda chomanga cha Jet Fusion 5200 mu mphindi 20.Makinawa amasunga ufa wosasungunuka m'chidebe chosiyana kuti agwiritsenso ntchito kapena kubwezanso ntchito zina.
Makampani amatha kupindula ndi makina opangira okha ngati angagwiritsidwe ntchito pamasitepe ambiri pambuyo pokonza.DyeMansion imapereka machitidwe ochotsera ufa, kukonzekera pamwamba ndi kujambula.Dongosolo la PowerFuse S limanyamula magawo, kutenthetsa magawo osalala ndikutsitsa.Kampaniyo imapereka chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri choyikapo mbali zopachikika, zomwe zimachitika ndi manja.Dongosolo la PowerFuse S limatha kupanga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nkhungu ya jakisoni.
Vuto lalikulu lomwe makampaniwa akukumana nalo ndikumvetsetsa mwayi weniweni womwe ma automation angapereke.Ngati magawo miliyoni a polima akufunika kupangidwa, njira zachikhalidwe zopangira kapena kuumba zitha kukhala yankho labwino kwambiri, ngakhale izi zimatengera gawolo.AM nthawi zambiri imapezeka pakupanga koyamba popanga zida ndi kuyesa.Kupyolera mu makina opangira okha, magawo masauzande amatha kupangidwa modalirika komanso mobwerezabwereza pogwiritsa ntchito AM, koma ndizokhazikika ndipo zingafunike yankho lachizolowezi.
AM alibe chochita ndi mafakitale.Mabungwe ambiri amapereka zotsatira zosangalatsa zofufuza ndi chitukuko zomwe zingayambitse kugwira ntchito moyenera kwa zinthu ndi ntchito.M'makampani azamlengalenga, Relativity Space imapanga imodzi mwamakina akuluakulu opanga zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa DED, womwe kampaniyo ikuyembekeza kuti idzagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga miyala yake yambiri.Roketi yake ya Terran 1 imatha kunyamula katundu wokwana 1,250 kg kumayendedwe otsika a Earth.Relativity ikukonzekera kukhazikitsa roketi yoyesera mkati mwa 2022 ndipo ikukonzekera kale roketi yayikulu, yogwiritsidwanso ntchito yotchedwa Terran R.
Ma roketi a Relativity Space a Terran 1 ndi R ndi njira yatsopano yowoneranso momwe kuwuluka kwa m'mlengalenga kungawonekere.Mapangidwe ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa zopangira zowonjezera zidadzetsa chidwi ndi chitukukochi.Kampaniyo ikunena kuti njirayi imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa magawo ndi nthawi 100 poyerekeza ndi miyala yachikhalidwe.Kampaniyo imanenanso kuti imatha kupanga maroketi kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira mkati mwa masiku 60.Ichi ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chophatikiza magawo ambiri kukhala amodzi ndikufewetsa kwambiri njira zogulitsira.
M'makampani a mano, kupanga zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga akorona, milatho, ma templates obowola opaleshoni, mano opangira mano ndi ma aligner.Align Technology ndi SmileDirectClub imagwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D kuti ipange zida zamapulasitiki owoneka bwino a thermoforming.Align Technology, wopanga zinthu zodziwika bwino za Invisalign, amagwiritsa ntchito makina ambiri opangira ma photopolymerization mumabafa a 3D Systems.Mu 2021, kampaniyo idati idathandizira odwala opitilira 10 miliyoni kuyambira pomwe idalandira chilolezo cha FDA mu 1998. Ngati chithandizo cha wodwala wamba chimakhala ndi ma aligner 10, zomwe ndi zongoyerekeza, kampaniyo yatulutsa magawo 100 miliyoni kapena kupitilira apo.Magawo a FRP ndi ovuta kukonzanso chifukwa ndi thermoset.SmileDirectClub imagwiritsa ntchito makina a HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) kuti apange zigawo za thermoplastic zomwe zitha kusinthidwanso kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zina.
M'mbuyomu, VPP sinathe kupanga ziwiya zoonda, zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za orthodontic.Mu 2021, LuxCreo ndi Graphy adatulutsa yankho lomwe lingathe.Pofika mwezi wa February, Graphy ili ndi chilolezo cha FDA chosindikiza mwachindunji cha 3D cha zida zamano.Ngati muwasindikiza mwachindunji, njira yomaliza mpaka kumapeto imatengedwa kuti ndi yaifupi, yosavuta, komanso yotsika mtengo.
Chitukuko choyambirira chomwe chidalandira chidwi chachikulu pawailesi yakanema chinali kugwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D pazomanga zazikulu monga nyumba.Nthawi zambiri makoma a nyumba amasindikizidwa ndi extrusion.Zigawo zina zonse za nyumbayi zinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ndi zipangizo zamakono, kuphatikizapo pansi, denga, madenga, masitepe, zitseko, mazenera, zipangizo, makabati ndi ma countertops.Makoma osindikizidwa a 3D amatha kuonjezera mtengo woyika magetsi, kuyatsa, mapaipi, ma ductwork, ndi mpweya wotenthetsera ndi mpweya.Kumaliza mkati ndi kunja kwa khoma la konkire kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi kapangidwe ka khoma lachikhalidwe.Kukonzanso nyumba yokhala ndi makoma osindikizidwa a 3D ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri.
Ofufuza ku Oak Ridge National Laboratory akuphunzira momwe angasungire mphamvu mu makoma osindikizidwa a 3D.Poika mipope pakhoma pomanga, madzi amatha kuyendamo kuti atenthetse ndi kuziziritsa. Ntchito ya R&D iyi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yaukadaulo, koma ikadali koyambirira. Ntchito ya R&D iyi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yaukadaulo, koma ikadali koyambirira.Ntchito yofufuzayi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yaukadaulo, koma ikadali m'magawo oyambirira a chitukuko.Ntchito yofufuzayi ndi yosangalatsa komanso yanzeru, komabe ili m'magawo oyambilira a chitukuko.
Ambiri aife sitinadziwebe chuma cha magawo omanga osindikizira a 3D kapena zinthu zina zazikulu.Ukadaulowu wagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga milatho, ma awnings, mabenchi amapaki, ndi zinthu zokongoletsera zanyumba ndi malo akunja.Amakhulupirira kuti ubwino wa kupanga zowonjezera pamiyeso yaying'ono (kuyambira masentimita angapo mpaka mamita angapo) imagwira ntchito pa kusindikiza kwakukulu kwa 3D.Ubwino waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito zopangira zowonjezera zimaphatikizapo kupanga mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magawo, kuchepetsa zinthu ndi kulemera, ndikuwonjezera zokolola.Ngati AM sichiwonjezera phindu, kufunika kwake kuyenera kukayikiridwa.
Mu Okutobala 2021, Stratasys idapeza 55% yotsala ku Xaar 3D, kampani yocheperako yopanga makina osindikizira a inkjet aku Britain Xaar.Ukadaulo wa Stratasys 'polymer PBF, wotchedwa Selective Absorbion Fusion, watengera mitu yosindikiza ya Xaar inkjet.Makina a Stratasys H350 amapikisana ndi dongosolo la HP MJF.
Kugula Desktop Metal kunali kosangalatsa.Mu february 2021, kampaniyo idapeza Envisiontec, wopanga makina opangira zida zamagetsi kwanthawi yayitali.Mu Meyi 2021, kampaniyo idapeza Adaptive3D, wopanga ma polima osinthika a VPP.Mu Julayi 2021, Desktop Metal idapeza Aerosint, wopanga njira zokutira zopangira zinthu zambiri.Kupeza kwakukulu kunabwera mu Ogasiti pomwe Desktop Metal idagula mpikisano wa ExOne kwa $575 miliyoni.
Kupeza kwa ExOne ndi Desktop Metal kumabweretsa pamodzi opanga awiri odziwika bwino azitsulo za BJT.Kawirikawiri, luso lamakono silinafike pamlingo umene ambiri amakhulupirira.Makampani akupitilizabe kuthana ndi zovuta monga kubwereza, kudalirika, komanso kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto akamabuka.Ngakhale zili choncho, ngati mavutowo atathetsedwa, pali mwayi woti tekinolojeyi ifike kumisika yayikulu.Mu Julayi 2021, 3DEO, wothandizira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a 3D, adati idatumiza gawo limodzi miliyoni kwa makasitomala.
Opanga mapulogalamu ndi mapulogalamu amtambo awona kukula kwakukulu mumakampani opanga zowonjezera.Izi ndizowona makamaka pamakina owongolera magwiridwe antchito (MES) omwe amatsata unyolo wa AM.3D Systems idagwirizana zogula Oqton mu Seputembara 2021 kwa $180 miliyoni.Yakhazikitsidwa mu 2017, Oqton imapereka mayankho ozikidwa pamtambo kuti apititse patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a AM.Materialize adapeza Link3D mu Novembala 2021 kwa $ 33.5 miliyoni.Monga Oqton, nsanja yamtambo ya Link3D imayang'anira ntchito komanso imathandizira mayendedwe a AM.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zaposachedwa kwambiri mu 2021 ndikupeza kwa ASTM International kwa Wohlers Associates.Onse pamodzi akuyesetsa kukweza mtundu wa Wohlers kuti athandizire kukhazikitsidwa kwa AM padziko lonse lapansi.Kudzera mu ASTM AM Center of Excellence, Wohlers Associates ipitiliza kupanga malipoti a Wohlers ndi zofalitsa zina, komanso kupereka upangiri, kusanthula msika ndi maphunziro.
Makampani opanga zowonjezera akhwima ndipo mafakitale ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.Koma kusindikiza kwa 3D sikungalowe m'malo mwa mitundu ina yambiri yopanga.M'malo mwake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu yatsopano yazinthu ndi mitundu yamabizinesi.Mabungwe amagwiritsa ntchito AM kuchepetsa kulemera kwa magawo, kuchepetsa nthawi zotsogola ndi mtengo wa zida, komanso kukonza makonda ndi magwiridwe antchito.Makampani opanga zowonjezera akuyembekezeka kupitiliza kukula kwake ndi makampani atsopano, zogulitsa, ntchito, ntchito ndi milandu yogwiritsa ntchito yomwe ikubwera, nthawi zambiri mwachangu.