Kugadzirwa kwekuwedzera, kunozivikanwawo se 3D kudhinda, yakaramba ichishanduka kweanoda kusvika makore makumi matatu nemashanu kubva pakushandiswa kwayo kwekutengesa.Iyo aerospace, mota, dziviriro, simba, zvekufambisa, zvekurapa, mazino, uye maindasitiri evatengi anoshandisa ekuwedzera kugadzirwa kweakasiyana maapplication.
Nekugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwakadaro, zviri pachena kuti kuwedzera kwekugadzira haisi imwe saizi-inokodzera-yese mhinduro.Zvinoenderana neiyo ISO/ASTM 52900 terminology standard, dzinenge dzese dzekutengesa dzekuwedzera masisitimu ekugadzira dzinowira mune imwe yemanomwe maitiro emhando.Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu extrusion (MEX), kugeza photopolymerization (VPP), upfu mubhedha fusion (PBF), binder spraying (BJT), zvinhu pfapfaidzo (MJT), kutungamirirwa simba deposition (DED), uye sheet lamination (SHL).Pano ivo vakarongedzerwa nemukurumbira zvichienderana nekutengesa kweyuniti.
Huwandu huri kukura hwevashandi veindasitiri, kusanganisira mainjiniya nemamaneja, vari kudzidza apo kuwedzera kugadzira kunogona kubatsira kuvandudza chigadzirwa kana maitiro uye pazvisingakwanise.Zvakaitika kare, matanho makuru ekushandisa ekuwedzera ekugadzira abva kune mainjiniya vane ruzivo nehunyanzvi.Management inoona mimwe mienzaniso yekuti kuwedzera kwekugadzira kunogona sei kunatsiridza kugadzirwa, kuderedza nguva yekutungamirira uye kugadzira mikana mitsva yebhizinesi.AM haizotsiva akawanda echinyakare mafomu ekugadzira, asi ichave chikamu chemuzvinabhizimusi arsenal yekuvandudza chigadzirwa uye kugona kugadzira.
Kugadzirwa kwekuwedzera kune huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa, kubva ku microfluidics kusvika pakuvaka kukuru.Mabhenefiti e AM anosiyana neindasitiri, mashandisiro, uye kuita kunodiwa.Masangano anofanirwa kuve nezvikonzero zvakanaka zvekushandisa AM, zvisinei nenyaya yekushandisa.Izvo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvekufungidzira modhi, dhizaini dhizaini, uye kukodzera uye mashandiro ekuona.Makambani mazhinji ari kuishandisa kugadzira maturusi uye maapplication ekugadzirwa kwakawanda, kusanganisira kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa.
Kune aerospace applications, huremu ndicho chinhu chikuru.Zvinoda mari inosvika zviuru gumi zvemadhora kuisa 0.45kg yekubhadhara muPasi orbit, sekureva kweNASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.Kuderedza huremu hwema satellite kunogona kuchengetedza pamitengo yekuvhura.Mufananidzo wakabatanidzwa unoratidza Swissto12 simbi AM chikamu chinosanganisa akati wandei waveguides muchikamu chimwe.Ne AM, huremu hunoderedzwa kusvika pasi pe0.08 kg.
Kugadzirwa kwekuwedzera kunoshandiswa mukati meiyo kukosha kweketani muindasitiri yesimba.Kune mamwe makambani, iyo bhizinesi kesi yekushandisa AM ndeyekukurumidza kudzokorora mapurojekiti kugadzira chakanakisa chigadzirwa munguva pfupi pfupi.Muindasitiri yeoiri negasi, mativi akakuvadzwa kana magungano anogona kuita zviuru zvemadhora kana kupfuura mukurasikirwa kwechigadzirwa paawa.Kushandisa AM kudzoreredza mashandiro kunogona kunyanya kukwezva.
Mugadziri mukuru weDED masisitimu MX3D akaburitsa prototype pombi yekugadzirisa chishandiso.Pombi yakakuvadzwa inogona kuita pakati pe100,000 ne1,000,000 € ($113,157-$1,131,570) pazuva, maererano nekambani.Iyo gadziriso inoratidzwa pane rinotevera peji inoshandisa CNC chikamu sefuremu uye inoshandisa DED kubatanidza denderedzwa repombi.AM inopa yakakwira deposition mitengo nemarara mashoma, nepo CNC ichipa iyo inodiwa chaiyo.
Muna 2021, 3D yakadhindwa casing yemvura yakaiswa pane TotalEnergies oiri rig muNorth Sea.Mabhachi emvura chinhu chakakosha chinoshandiswa kudzora hydrocarbon kupora mumatsime ari kuvakwa.Muchiitiko ichi, mabhenefiti ekushandisa ekuwedzera ekugadzira anodzikiswa nguva dzekutungamira uye kuderedzwa kuburitswa ne45% zvichienzaniswa neyakagadzirwa mabhachi emvura.
Imwe bhizinesi kesi yekuwedzera yekugadzira ndeye kuderedzwa kwezvinodhura zvishandiso.Foni Scope yakagadzira digiscoping adapter yemidziyo inobatanidza kamera yefoni yako kune teresikopu kana maikorosikopu.Mafoni matsva anoburitswa gore rega rega, zvichida kuti makambani aburitse mutsara mutsva weadapter.Nekushandisa AM, kambani inogona kuchengetedza mari pamaturusi anodhura anoda kutsiviwa kana mafoni matsva aburitswa.
Sezvinoita chero maitiro kana tekinoroji, yekuwedzera yekugadzira haifanirwe kushandiswa sezvo ichionekwa sechitsva kana chakasiyana.Izvi ndezvekuvandudza kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa uye / kana maitiro ekugadzira.Inofanira kuwedzera kukosha.Mienzaniso yemamwe makesi ebhizinesi anosanganisira zvigadzirwa zvetsika uye misa, mashandiro akaomarara, zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa, zvinhu zvishoma uye huremu, uye kuita kwakagadziridzwa.
Kuti AM ione kugona kwayo kukura, matambudziko anofanirwa kugadziriswa.Kune akawanda ekugadzira maapplication, maitiro anofanirwa kuve akavimbika uye anogona kudhindwa.Nzira dzinotevera dzekugadzirisa kubviswa kwezvinhu zvezvikamu uye zvinotsigira uye post-processing zvichabatsira.Automation inowedzerawo kugadzirwa uye inoderedza mutengo pachikamu.
Imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kufarira ndeye post-processing otomatiki senge kubvisa hupfu uye kupedzisa.Nekuita otomatiki maitiro ekugadzirwa kwakawanda kwezvikumbiro, tekinoroji imwechete inogona kudzokororwa zviuru zvenguva.Dambudziko nderekuti chaiwo otomatiki nzira dzinogona kusiyana nechikamu mhando, saizi, zvinhu, uye maitiro.Semuenzaniso, iyo post-processing yeotomatiki mazino korona yakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva pakugadziriswa kweroketi injini zvikamu, kunyangwe zvese zviri zviviri zvinogona kugadzirwa nesimbi.
Nekuti zvikamu zvakagadziridzwa zve AM, zvimwe zvepamberi maficha uye emukati chiteshi zvinowanzowedzerwa.KuPBF, chinangwa chikuru ndechokubvisa 100% yehupfu.Solukon inogadzira otomatiki poda yekubvisa masisitimu.Iyo kambani yakagadzira tekinoroji inodaidzwa kuti Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) inotenderera nekuzunguza zvikamu zvesimbi izvo zvichiri zvakabatanidzwa nendiro yekuvaka.Kutenderera uye kudengenyeka kunodzorwa neCAD modhi yechikamu.Nekunyatso fambisa uye nekuzunza zvikamu, hupfu hwakabatwa hunoyerera hunenge hwemvura.Iyi otomatiki inoderedza basa remaoko uye inogona kuvandudza kuvimbika uye kuberekana kwekubvisa hupfu.
Matambudziko uye zvisingakwanisi kubviswa kwehupfu hwemanyorero zvinogona kudzikisira kugona kwekushandisa AM pakugadzirwa kwehuwandu, kunyangwe muhuwandu hudiki.Solukon simbi yekubvisa poda masisitimu anogona kushanda muinert mhepo uye kuunganidza hupfu husina kushandiswa kuti ushandiswe zvakare mumashini e AM.Solukon yakaita ongororo yevatengi uye yakaburitsa ongororo muna Zvita 2021 inoratidza kuti zvinhu zviviri zvinonyanya kunetsa hutano hwebasa uye kuberekana.
Manual kubviswa kwehupfu kubva kuPBF resin zvimiro zvinogona kutora nguva.Makambani akadai seDyeMansion uye PostProcess Technologies ari kuvaka post-processing masisitimu kuti abvise otomatiki hupfu.Mazhinji ekuwedzera ekugadzira zvikamu anogona kutakurwa musystem inopinza uye inoburitsa yepakati kuti ibvise yakawandisa hupfu.HP ine system yayo inonzi inobvisa hupfu kubva kuJet Fusion 5200′s kuvaka kamuri mumaminetsi makumi maviri.Iyo sisitimu inochengeta hupfu husina kunyungudutswa mumudziyo wakasiyana kuti ushandiswezve kana kudzokororwa kune mamwe maapplication.
Makambani anogona kubatsirwa kubva otomatiki kana ichigona kuiswa kune mazhinji emashure-ekugadzirisa matanho.DyeMansion inopa masisitimu ekubvisa hupfu, kugadzirira kwepamusoro uye pendi.Iyo PowerFuse S sisitimu inoremedza zvikamu, inopfungaira zvikamu zvakatsetseka uye nekuzviburitsa.Iyo kambani inopa simbi isina tsvina yekurembera zvikamu, izvo zvinoitwa nemaoko.Iyo PowerFuse S system inogona kuburitsa nzvimbo yakafanana nejekiseni mold.
Dambudziko guru rakatarisana neindasitiri iyi kunzwisisa mikana chaiyo iyo automation inofanirwa kupa.Kana miriyoni yezvikamu zvepolymer ichida kugadzirwa, tsika dzechinyakare dzekukandira kana kuumba dzinogona kunge iri mhinduro yakanyanya kunaka, kunyangwe izvi zvinoenderana nechikamu.AM inowanzo kuwanikwa yekutanga kugadzirwa inomhanya mukugadzira maturusi uye kuyedzwa.Kuburikidza neotomatiki post-processing, zviuru zvezvikamu zvinogona kugadzirwa zvakavimbika uye nekudzokorora uchishandisa AM, asi ine chikamu-chaiyo uye ingangoda mhinduro yetsika.
AM haina chekuita neindasitiri.Masangano mazhinji anopa tsvakiridzo inonakidza uye mibairo yekuvandudza iyo inogona kutungamira mukushanda kwakanaka kwezvigadzirwa nemasevhisi.Muindasitiri yezvemuchadenga, Relativity Space inogadzira imwe yakakura simbi yekuwedzera masisitimu ekugadzira ichishandisa tekinoroji yeDED, iyo kambani inotarisira kuti ichashandiswa kugadzira mazhinji emaroketi ayo.Yayo Terran 1 roketi inogona kuendesa 1,250 kg mubhadharo kune yakaderera Earth orbit.Relativity inoronga kuvhura roketi yekuyedza pakati-2022 uye iri kutoronga dombo rakakura, rinogona kushandiswa zvakare rinonzi Terran R.
Relativity Space's Terran 1 uye R maroketi inzira itsva yekufungidzira kuti ramangwana muchadenga ringaite sei.Dhizaini uye optimization yekuwedzera yekugadzira yakamutsa kufarira mukusimudzira uku.Kambani iyi inoti nzira iyi inoderedza huwandu hwezvikamu neka100 zvichienzaniswa nematombo echinyakare.Kambani iyi inotiwo inogona kugadzira maroketi kubva kune zvigadzirwa mukati memazuva makumi matanhatu.Uyu muenzaniso wakanaka wekubatanidza zvikamu zvakawanda kuita chimwe uye kurerutsa zvakanyanya cheni yekugovera.
Muindasitiri yemazino, kugadzirwa kwekuwedzera kunoshandiswa kugadzira korona, mabhiriji, ekuvhiya kuchera matemplate, chidimbu mazino uye anogadzirisa.Rongedza Tekinoroji uye SmileDirectClub shandisa 3D kudhinda kugadzira zvikamu zve thermoforming akajeka epurasitiki aligner.Align Technology, inogadzira Invisalign branded products, inoshandisa akawanda ephotopolymerization masisitimu mu 3D Systems yekugezera.Muna 2021, kambani iyi yakati yarapa varwere vanodarika miriyoni gumi kubva payakagamuchira mvumo yeFDA muna 1998. Kana kurapwa kwemurwere kuine gumi, zvinova fungidziro yakaderera, kambani yakagadzira miriyoni zana kana kupfuura zvikamu zve AM.FRP zvikamu zvakaoma kudzokorodza nekuti ivo vari thermoset.SmileDirectClub inoshandisa iyo HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) system kugadzira thermoplastic zvikamu zvinogona kudzokororwa kune mamwe maapplication.
Nhoroondo, VPP haina kukwanisa kugadzira zvikamu zvitete, zvinoonekera zvine simba zvivakwa zvekushandisa semidziyo ye orthodontic.Muna 2021, LuxCreo uye Graphy yakaburitsa mhinduro inogoneka.Kubva muna Kukadzi, Graphy ine mvumo yeFDA yekudhinda yakananga 3D yemidziyo yemazino.Kana iwe ukaadhinda zvakananga, maitiro ekupedzisira-kusvika-kumagumo anoonekwa seapfupi, ari nyore, uye anogona kudhura zvishoma.
Kuvandudzwa kwekutanga kwakagamuchira kutariswa kwakawanda kwevezvenhau kwaive kushandiswa kwe3D kudhinda kwezvikuru zvekuvaka zvikumbiro senge dzimba.Kazhinji madziro eimba anodhindwa ne extrusion.Zvimwe zvikamu zvose zveimba yacho zvakaitwa pachishandiswa nzira dzechinyakare uye zvinhu, zvinosanganisira uriri, sirin’i, matenga, masitepisi, magonhi, mahwindo, midziyo, makabati uye makaunda.3D madziro akadhindwa anogona kuwedzera mutengo wekuisa magetsi, mwenje, pombi dzemvura, madhairekisheni, uye mavhavha ekudziya uye mhepo yekudziya.Kupedzisa mukati uye kunze kwemadziro ekrete kwakaoma kupfuura nekugadzirwa kwemadziro echinyakare.Kugadzirisa imba ine 3D yakadhindwa madziro chinhu chakakoshawo kufunga.
Vatsvagiri veOak Ridge National Laboratory vari kudzidza nzira yekuchengetedza simba mumadziro akadhindwa e3D.Nekuisa mapaipi mumadziro panguva yekuvaka, mvura inogona kuyerera nemo kuti zvidziye uye kutonhora. Iyi R&D purojekiti inonakidza uye ine hunyanzvi, asi ichiri mudanho rekutanga rebudiriro. Iyi R&D purojekiti inonakidza uye ine hunyanzvi, asi ichiri mudanho rekutanga rebudiriro.Iyi purojekiti yekutsvagisa inonakidza uye ine hutsva, asi ichiri mumatanho ekutanga ebudiriro.Iyi purojekiti yekutsvagisa inonakidza uye inovandudza, asi ichiri mumatanho ekutanga ebudiriro.
Vazhinji vedu hatisati tajairana nehupfumi hwe 3D printing building parts kana zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru.Iyo tekinoroji yakashandiswa kugadzira mamwe mabhiriji, awnings, mabhenji epaki, uye zvinhu zvekushongedza zvezvivakwa uye nharaunda yekunze.Zvinotendwa kuti zvakanakira zvekuwedzera kugadzira pazvikero zvidiki (kubva pamasendimita mashoma kusvika kumamita akati wandei) zvinoshanda kune yakakura-yakakura 3D kudhinda.Mabhenefiti makuru ekushandisa ekuwedzera ekugadzira anosanganisira kugadzira maumbirwo akaomarara uye maficha, kudzikisa huwandu hwezvikamu, kuderedza zvinhu uye huremu, uye kuwedzera kubereka.Kana AM isingawedzere kukosha, kukosha kwayo kunofanirwa kubvunzwa.
Muna Gumiguru 2021, Stratasys yakawana yakasara makumi mashanu neshanu muzana muXaar 3D, inotsigira yeBritish maindasitiri inkjet printer inogadzira Xaar.Stratasys 'polymer PBF tekinoroji, inonzi Selective Absorbion Fusion, yakavakirwa paXaar inkjet printheads.Muchina weStratasys H350 unokwikwidza neHP MJF system.
Kutenga Desktop Metal kwainakidza.Muna Kukadzi 2021, kambani yakawana Envisiontec, inogadzira kwenguva yakareba maindasitiri ekuwedzera ekugadzira masisitimu.Muna Chivabvu 2021, kambani yakawana Adaptive3D, mugadziri wemapolymers eVPP anoshanduka.Muna Chikunguru 2021, Desktop Metal yakawana Aerosint, mugadziri weakawanda-material poda coating recoating maitiro.Kutengwa kukuru kwakauya muna Nyamavhuvhu apo Desktop Metal yakatenga mukwikwidzi ExOne nemadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi manomwe neshanu.
Kutorwa kweExOne neDesktop Metal kunounza pamwechete vaviri vane mukurumbira vagadziri vesimbi BJT masisitimu.Kazhinji, tekinoroji haisati yasvika padanho rinotendwa nevakawanda.Makambani anoenderera mberi nekugadzirisa nyaya dzakadai sekudzokorora, kuvimbika, uye kunzwisisa chikonzero chematambudziko sezvaanomuka.Kunyangwe zvakadaro, kana matambudziko akagadziriswa, pachine nzvimbo yekuti tekinoroji isvike kumisika mikuru.Muna Chikunguru 2021, 3DEO, mushandi webasa anoshandisa 3D printing system, akati yakanga yatumira miriyoni imwe kuvatengi.
Software uye gore papuratifomu vanogadzira vaona kukura kwakakosha muindasitiri yekuwedzera yekugadzira.Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kune performance management system (MES) inoteedzera AM kukosha ketani.3D Systems yakabvuma kutenga Oqton munaGunyana 2021 nemadhora zana nemakumi masere emamiriyoni.Yakavambwa muna 2017, Oqton inopa makore-yakavakirwa mhinduro yekuvandudza mafambiro ebasa uye kugadzirisa AM kuita.Materialize yakawana Link3D munaNovember 2021 yemadhora 33.5 miriyoni.SaOqton, Link3D's Cloud platform inoteedzera basa uye inorerutsa AM workflow.
Imwe yeazvino kuwanikwa muna 2021 ndeyeASTM International kutora kweWohlers Associates.Pamwe chete vari kushanda kuti vawedzere rudzi rweWohlers kutsigira kutorwa kwakakura kwe AM pasi rese.Kuburikidza neASTM AM Center of Excellence, Wohlers Associates icharamba ichigadzira Wohlers mishumo uye zvimwe zvinyorwa, pamwe nekupa masevhisi ekuraira, kuongorora musika uye kudzidziswa.
Indasitiri yekuwedzera yekugadzira yakura uye maindasitiri mazhinji ari kushandisa tekinoroji kune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa.Asi 3D kudhinda hakuzotsiva mamwe marudzi mazhinji ekugadzira.Pane kudaro, inoshandiswa kugadzira mhando itsva dzezvigadzirwa uye mabhizinesi emhando.Masangano anoshandisa AM kudzikisa huremu hwezvikamu, kuderedza nguva dzekutungamira uye mutengo wezvishandiso, uye kugadzirisa kusarudzika kwechigadzirwa uye kuita.Indasitiri yekuwedzera yekugadzira inotarisirwa kuenderera mberi nekukura kwayo nemakambani matsva, zvigadzirwa, masevhisi, maapplication uye makesi ekushandisa ari kubuda, kazhinji nekumhanya.