Ko te hanga tāpiri, e mōhiotia ana ko te tānga 3D, kua whanake tonu mō te tata ki te 35 tau mai i tōna whakamahinga arumoni. Ka whakamahia e ngā ahumahi rererangi, motuka, parepare, pūngao, kawe waka, hauora, niho, me te kaihoko te hanga tāpiri mō te whānuitanga o ngā tono.
I te whānui haere o te whakamahinga, e mārama ana ehara te hanga tāpiri i te otinga kotahi-rahi-e-mō-te-katoa. E ai ki te paerewa kupu ISO/ASTM 52900, tata ki ngā pūnaha hanga tāpiri arumoni katoa ka taka ki roto i tētahi o ngā wāhanga tukanga e whitu. Kei roto i ēnei ko te extrusion rauemi (MEX), te photopolymerization kaukau (VPP), te whakakotahitanga moenga paura (PBF), te rehu here (BJT), te rehu rauemi (MJT), te whakatakotoranga pūngao whai mana (DED), me te whakarārangi rau (SHL). Kei konei ka whakarōpūhia kia rite ki te rongonui i runga i ngā hokonga wae.
Kei te piki haere te tokomaha o ngā tohunga ahumahi, tae atu ki ngā miihini me ngā kaiwhakahaere, kei te ako i te wā e taea ai e te hanga tāpiri te whakapai ake i tētahi hua, i tētahi tukanga rānei, me te wā kāore e taea. I ngā wā o mua, ko ngā kaupapa nui hei whakatinana i te hanga tāpiri i ahu mai i ngā miihini e mōhio ana ki te hangarau. Ka kite ngā kaiwhakahaere i ngā tauira maha atu o te whakapai ake i te hua o te hanga tāpiri, te whakaiti i ngā wā arahi me te waihanga i ngā whai wāhitanga pakihi hou. E kore te AM e whakakapi i te nuinga o ngā momo hanga tuku iho, engari ka noho hei wāhanga o te patu a te kaipakihi mō te whakawhanaketanga hua me ngā āheinga hanga.
He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te hanga tāpiri, mai i te microfluidics ki te hanganga nui. He rerekē ngā painga o te AM i runga i te ahumahi, te tono, me te mahi e hiahiatia ana. Me whai take pai ngā whakahaere mō te whakatinana i te AM, ahakoa te whakamahinga. Ko ngā mea tino noa ko te whakatauira ariā, te manatoko hoahoa, me te manatoko whaitake me te mahi. He maha ake ngā kamupene e whakamahi ana i tēnei hei hanga taputapu me ngā tono mō te hanga papatipu, tae atu ki te whakawhanaketanga hua ritenga.
Mō ngā mahi rererangi, he mea nui te taumaha. E ai ki te Marshall Space Flight Center o NASA, tata ki te $10,000 te utu hei tuku i tētahi kawenga 0.45kg ki te porowhita o te Ao. Mā te whakaiti i te taumaha o ngā amiorangi ka taea te penapena i ngā utu whakarewatanga. E whakaatu ana te ahua e piri ana i tētahi wāhanga AM whakarewa Swissto12 e whakakotahi ana i ētahi arataki ngaru ki tētahi wāhanga. Ki te AM, ka whakaitihia te taumaha ki raro iho i te 0.08 kg.
E whakamahia ana te hanga tāpiri puta noa i te mekameka uara i roto i te umanga pūngao. Mō ētahi kamupene, ko te take pakihi mō te whakamahi i te AM he tere te whakahou i ngā kaupapa hei hanga i te hua pai rawa atu i roto i te wā poto rawa. I roto i te umanga hinu me te hau, ka taea e ngā wāhanga kua pakaru, ngā huihuinga rānei te utu i ngā mano tāra, neke atu rānei, mō te hua ngaro ia hāora. He tino ātaahua te whakamahi i te AM hei whakaora i ngā mahi.
Kua tukuna e te kaihanga nui o ngā pūnaha DED, MX3D, tētahi tauira taputapu whakatika paipa. E ai ki te kamupene, ka taea te utu mō tētahi paipa pakaru i waenga i te €100,000 me te €1,000,000 ($113,157-$1,131,570) ia rā. Ko te taputapu e whakaaturia ana i te whārangi e whai ake nei e whakamahi ana i tētahi wāhanga CNC hei anga, ā, e whakamahi ana i te DED hei whakarewa i te porowhita o te paipa. Ka whakaratohia e te AM he tere whakatakotoranga teitei me te iti o te para, ko te CNC ia e whakarato ana i te tika e hiahiatia ana.
I te tau 2021, i tāutahia he anga wai tānga-3D ki runga i tētahi papa hinu TotalEnergies i te Moana-a-Kiwa. He mea nui ngā uhi wai hei whakahaere i te whakaora warowaihā i roto i ngā puna e hangaia ana. I tēnei wā, ko ngā painga o te whakamahi i te hanga tāpiri ko te whakaiti i ngā wā arahi me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga mā te 45% ki te whakataurite ki ngā uhi wai hanga tuku iho.
Ko tētahi atu take pakihi mō te hanga tāpiri ko te whakaiti i ngā taputapu utu nui. Kua whakawhanakehia e Phone Scope ngā urutau digiscoping mō ngā taputapu e hono ana i te kāmera o tō waea ki tētahi karu tiro, ki tētahi karu hiko rānei. Ka tukuna ngā waea hou i ia tau, me tuku e ngā kamupene he raina urutau hou. Mā te whakamahi i te AM, ka taea e te kamupene te penapena moni i runga i ngā taputapu utu nui me whakakapi ina tukuna ngā waea hou.
Pērā i ngā tukanga, i ngā hangarau rānei katoa, kaua te hanga tāpiri e whakamahia nā te mea he mea hou, he mea rerekē rānei. Hei whakapai ake i te whanaketanga hua me/ngā tukanga hanga rānei. Me tāpiri uara. Ko ētahi atu tauira pakihi ko ngā hua ritenga me te whakaritenga papatipu, te mahi uaua, ngā wāhanga whakauru, te iti o ngā rauemi me te taumaha, me te whakapai ake i te mahi.
Kia tutuki ai te pūmanawa tipu o te AM, me aro atu ki ngā wero. Mō te nuinga o ngā tono hanga, me pono, me taea hoki te whakaputa anō i te tukanga. Ka āwhina ngā tikanga e whai ake nei mō te aunoa i te tango rauemi o ngā wāhanga me ngā tautoko me te tukatuka-muri. Ka whakanui ake hoki te aunoatanga i te hua me te whakaiti i te utu mō ia wāhanga.
Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui ko te aunoatanga tukatuka-muri pērā i te tango paura me te whakaoti. Mā te aunoatanga i te tukanga whakaputa papatipu o ngā tono, ka taea te whakahoki i te hangarau kotahi i ngā mano tini wā. Ko te raruraru, ka rerekē ngā tikanga aunoatanga motuhake i runga i te momo wāhanga, te rahi, te rauemi, me te tukanga. Hei tauira, he tino rerekē te tukatuka-muri o ngā karauna niho aunoa i te tukatuka o ngā wāhanga miihini rōkete, ahakoa ka taea te hanga i ngā mea e rua ki te konganuku.
Nā te mea kua arotauhia ngā wāhanga mō te AM, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia ngā āhuatanga matatau ake me ngā hongere ā-roto. Mō te PBF, ko te whāinga matua ko te tango i te 100% o te paura. Ka hangaia e Solukon ngā pūnaha tango paura aunoa. Kua whakawhanakehia e te kamupene he hangarau e kiia nei ko te Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) e huri ana, e wiri ana hoki i ngā wāhanga whakarewa e piri tonu ana ki te pereti hanga. Ka whakahaerehia te hurihanga me te wiri e te tauira CAD o te wāhanga. Mā te neke me te rūrū tika i ngā wāhanga, ka rere te paura kua hopukina me te mea he wai. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei aunoatanga te mahi ā-ringa, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i te pono me te kaha ki te whakaputa anō i te tango paura.
Ka taea e ngā raruraru me ngā herenga o te tango paura ā-ringa te whakawhāiti i te whai huatanga o te whakamahi i te AM mō te whakaputa papatipu, ahakoa he iti noa iho. Ka taea e ngā pūnaha tango paura whakarewa a Solukon te mahi i roto i te hau kore mahi, me te kohikohi i te paura kāore i whakamahia hei whakamahi anō i roto i ngā mīhini AM. I whakahaerehia e Solukon tētahi rangahau kiritaki, ā, i whakaputaina he rangahau i te Hakihea 2021 e whakaatu ana ko ngā āwangawanga nui e rua ko te hauora mahi me te taea te whakaputa anō.
Ka roa pea te tango ā-ringa i te paura mai i ngā hanganga kapia PBF. Kei te hangaia e ngā kamupene pēnei i a DyeMansion me PostProcess Technologies ngā pūnaha tukatuka-muri hei tango aunoa i te paura. He maha ngā wāhanga hanga tāpiri ka taea te uta ki roto i tētahi pūnaha e huri ana, e pana ana hoki i te reo hei tango i te paura taikaha. He pūnaha anō tā HP e kiia ana ka taea te tango i te paura mai i te rūma hanga o te Jet Fusion 5200 i roto i te 20 meneti. Ka rongoa e te pūnaha te paura kāore anō kia rewa ki roto i tētahi ipu motuhake hei whakamahi anō, hei hangarua rānei mō ētahi atu mahi.
Ka taea e ngā kamupene te whai hua mai i te aunoatanga mēnā ka taea te whakamahi ki te nuinga o ngā mahi tukatuka-muri. Kei a DyeMansion ngā pūnaha mō te tango paura, te whakarite mata me te peita. Ka utaina ngā wāhanga e te pūnaha PowerFuse S, ka whakamahana i ngā wāhanga maeneene, ka wetewete. Ka whakaratohia e te kamupene he whata kowiri tira hei whakairi i ngā wāhanga, ka mahia ā-ringa. Ka taea e te pūnaha PowerFuse S te whakaputa i tētahi mata e rite ana ki te pokepokea ai werohanga.
Ko te wero nui rawa atu e pā ana ki te umanga ko te mārama ki ngā whai wāhitanga tūturu e tukuna ana e te aunoatanga. Mena me hanga he miriona wāhanga polymer, ko ngā tukanga whakarewa tuku iho, ko te whakahāngai rānei te otinga pai rawa atu, ahakoa kei te wāhanga tēnei. He maha ngā wā ka wātea te AM mō te oma whakaputa tuatahi i roto i te hanga taputapu me te whakamātautau. Mā te tukatuka-muri aunoa, ka taea te whakaputa pono me te tāruarua i ngā mano tini wāhanga mā te whakamahi i te AM, engari he wāhanga motuhake, ā, me whai otinga ritenga pea.
Kāore he pānga o AM ki te ahumahi. He maha ngā whakahaere e whakaatu ana i ngā hua rangahau me te whanaketanga whakamere ka taea te arahi ki te mahi tika o ngā hua me ngā ratonga. I roto i te ahumahi rererangi, ka hangaia e Relativity Space tētahi o ngā pūnaha hanga tāpiri whakarewa nui rawa atu mā te whakamahi i te hangarau DED motuhake, e tumanako ana te kamupene ka whakamahia hei hanga i te nuinga o āna rōkete. Ka taea e tana rōkete Terran 1 te tuku i te kawenga 1,250 kg ki te porowhita iti o te Ao. Kei te whakamahere a Relativity ki te whakarewa i tētahi rōkete whakamātautau i waenganui o te tau 2022, ā, kei te whakamahere kē ia i tētahi rōkete nui ake, ka taea te whakamahi anō, ko te Terran R.
He huarahi auaha ngā rōkete Terran 1 me R a Relativity Space ki te whakaaro anō i te āhua o te rere ā-mokowā ā muri ake nei. Nā te hoahoa me te arotautanga mō te hanga tāpiri i whakaoho te hiahia ki tēnei whanaketanga. E kī ana te kamupene ka whakaitihia e tēnei tikanga te maha o ngā wāhanga mā te 100 ngā wā ki te whakataurite ki ngā rōkete tuku iho. E kī ana hoki te kamupene ka taea e ia te whakaputa rōkete mai i ngā rauemi mata i roto i ngā rā 60. He tauira pai tēnei mō te whakakotahi i ngā wāhanga maha ki te kotahi, me te whakangawari i te mekameka tuku.
I roto i te umanga niho, ka whakamahia te hanga tāpiri hei hanga karauna, piriti, tauira keri pokanga, niho rūpahu wāhanga me ngā whakahāngai niho. Ka whakamahia e Align Technology me SmileDirectClub te tā 3D hei whakaputa wāhanga mō ngā whakahāngai niho kirihou mārama hanga-wera. Ka whakamahia e Align Technology, te kaihanga o ngā hua waitohu Invisalign, te maha o ngā pūnaha photopolymerization i roto i ngā kaukau Pūnaha 3D. I te tau 2021, i kī te kamupene kua rongoatia e ia neke atu i te 10 miriona tūroro mai i tana whiwhinga whakaaetanga FDA i te tau 1998. Mena he 10 ngā whakahāngai niho o te maimoatanga o tētahi tūroro noa, he whakatau tata iti tēnei, kua hangaia e te kamupene he 100 miriona neke atu rānei ngā wāhanga AM. He uaua ki te hangarua ngā wāhanga FRP nā te mea he thermoset. Ka whakamahia e SmileDirectClub te pūnaha HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) hei whakaputa wāhanga thermoplastic ka taea te hangarua mō ētahi atu tono.
I ngā wā o mua, kāore i taea e VPP te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga angiangi, mārama hoki, he kaha hoki hei whakamahi hei taputapu orthodontic. I te tau 2021, i tukuna e LuxCreo me Graphy tētahi otinga pea. Mai i Pēpuere, kua whakaaetia e te FDA a Graphy mō te tānga 3D tika o ngā taputapu niho. Ki te tā tika koe i aua mea, ka kiia te tukanga mai i te pito ki te pito he poto ake, he māmā ake, ā, he iti ake pea te utu.
Ko tētahi whanaketanga tōmua i aro nuitia e te hunga pāpāho ko te whakamahinga o te tānga 3D mō ngā mahi hanga nui pēnei i te whare. He maha ngā wā ka tāia ngā pakitara o te whare mā te extrusion. Ko ngā wāhanga katoa o te whare i hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga me ngā rauemi tuku iho, tae atu ki ngā papa, ngā tuanui, ngā tuanui, ngā arawhata, ngā tatau, ngā matapihi, ngā taputapu, ngā kāpata me ngā papa kaute. Ka taea e ngā pakitara tānga 3D te whakanui ake i te utu o te tāuta hiko, rama, putorino, paipa hiko, me ngā hauhautanga mō te whakamahana me te hauhautanga. He uaua ake te whakaoti i te roto me te waho o te pakitara raima i te hoahoa pakitara tuku iho. He mea nui anō hoki te whakaaro ki te whakahou i tētahi whare me ngā pakitara tānga 3D.
Kei te rangahau ngā kairangahau o te Oak Ridge National Laboratory me pēhea te penapena pūngao i roto i ngā pakitara tānga-3D. Mā te whakauru i ngā paipa ki roto i te pakitara i te wā e hanga ana, ka taea te rere o te wai mā roto hei whakamahana me te whakamatao. He kaupapa R&D tēnei, he kaupapa auaha hoki, engari kei te tīmatanga tonu o te whanaketanga. He kaupapa R&D tēnei, he kaupapa auaha hoki, engari kei te tīmatanga tonu o te whanaketanga.He kaupapa rangahau whakamere, he auaha hoki tēnei, engari kei te tīmatanga tonu o te whanaketanga.He kaupapa rangahau whakamere, he auaha hoki tēnei, engari kei ngā wāhanga tīmatanga tonu o te whanaketanga.
Kāore anō kia mōhio te nuinga o tātou ki ngā āhuatanga ōhanga o te tānga 3D i ngā wāhanga hanga, i ētahi atu taonga nunui rānei. Kua whakamahia te hangarau hei hanga i ētahi piriti, i ngā taupee, i ngā paepae pāka, me ngā huānga whakapaipai mō ngā whare me te taiao o waho. E whakaponohia ana ko ngā painga o te hanga tāpiri i ngā tauine iti (mai i ētahi henimita ki ētahi mita) e pā ana ki te tānga 3D nui. Ko ngā painga matua o te whakamahi i te hanga tāpiri ko te hanga i ngā āhua me ngā āhuatanga uaua, te whakaiti i te maha o ngā wāhanga, te whakaiti i ngā rauemi me te taumaha, me te whakanui ake i te hua. Ki te kore te AM e tāpiri uara, me pātaihia tōna whai huatanga.
I te marama o Oketopa 2021, i riro i a Stratasys te toenga o te 55% o ngā hea i roto i te Xaar 3D, he apiti nō te kaihanga pūreretā waituhi ā-ahumahi o Peretānia, a Xaar. Ko te hangarau polymer PBF a Stratasys, e kiia nei ko te Selective Absorbion Fusion, e ahu mai ana i ngā pane tā waituhi Xaar. Ka whakataetae te mīhini Stratasys H350 ki te pūnaha HP MJF.
He mea whakamiharo te hokonga o Desktop Metal. I te Hui-tanguru 2021, i hokona e te kamupene a Envisiontec, he kaihanga roa o ngā pūnaha hanga tāpiri ahumahi. I te Mei 2021, i hokona e te kamupene a Adaptive3D, he kaiwhakawhanake i ngā pūmua VPP ngāwari. I te Hūrae 2021, i hokona e Desktop Metal a Aerosint, he kaiwhakawhanake i ngā tukanga paninga paura maha-rauemi. Ko te hokonga nui rawa atu i te marama o Ākuhata i te wā i hokona ai e Desktop Metal te kaiwhakataetae ExOne mō te $575 miriona.
Nā te hokonga mai o ExOne e Desktop Metal i honoa ai ngā kaihanga rongonui e rua o ngā pūnaha BJT whakarewa. I te nuinga o te wā, kāore anō kia eke te hangarau ki te taumata e whakaponohia ana e te tini. Kei te aro tonu ngā kamupene ki ngā take pēnei i te auautanga, te pono, me te mārama ki te pūtake o ngā raruraru i a rātou e puta ake ana. Ahakoa rā, ki te whakatauhia ngā raruraru, kei reira tonu te wāhi mō te hangarau ki te toro atu ki ngā mākete nui ake. I te marama o Hūrae 2021, i kī a 3DEO, he kaiwhakarato ratonga e whakamahi ana i tētahi pūnaha tā 3D motuhake, kua tukuna e rātou te kotahi miriona ki ngā kiritaki.
Kua kite ngā kaiwhakawhanake pūmanawa me ngā tūāpapa kapua i te tipu nui o te umanga hanga tāpiri. He pono rawa tēnei mō ngā pūnaha whakahaere mahi (MES) e whai ana i te mekameka uara AM. I whakaae a 3D Systems ki te hoko i a Oqton i te marama o Hepetema 2021 mō te $180 miriona. I whakatūria i te tau 2017, e whakarato ana a Oqton i ngā otinga kapua hei whakapai ake i te rere o te mahi me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te AM. I hokona a Link3D e Materialize i te marama o Noema 2021 mō te $33.5 miriona. Pērā i a Oqton, ka whai te tūāpapa kapua a Link3D i te mahi, ā, ka whakangawari i te rere o te mahi AM.
Ko tētahi o ngā hokonga hou i te tau 2021 ko te hokonga a ASTM International i a Wohlers Associates. Kei te mahi tahi rātou ki te whakamahi i te waitohu Wohlers hei tautoko i te whakamahinga whānui o te AM puta noa i te ao. Mā te ASTM AM Center of Excellence, ka haere tonu a Wohlers Associates ki te whakaputa i ngā pūrongo Wohlers me ētahi atu tuhinga, me te whakarato ratonga tohutohu, tātari mākete me te whakangungu.
Kua pakeke te umanga hanga tāpiri, ā, he maha ngā umanga e whakamahi ana i te hangarau mō te whānuitanga o ngā tono. Engari, kāore te tānga 3D e whakakapi i te nuinga o ngā momo hanga kē atu. Engari, ka whakamahia hei waihanga i ngā momo hua hou me ngā tauira pakihi. Ka whakamahia e ngā whakahaere te AM hei whakaiti i te taumaha o ngā wāhanga, hei whakaiti i ngā wā arahi me ngā utu taputapu, hei whakapai ake i te whakawhaiaro me te mahi hua. E matapaetia ana ka haere tonu te ara tipu o te umanga hanga tāpiri me ngā kamupene hou, ngā hua, ngā ratonga, ngā tono me ngā tauira whakamahinga e puta ake ana, he maha ngā wā i te tere ohorere.