Imveliso eyongeziweyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-3D yoshicilelo, iqhubekile nokuvela phantse iminyaka engama-35 ukusukela ekusetyenzisweni kwayo kwezorhwebo.I-aerospace, i-automotive, ukukhusela, amandla, ukuthutha, unyango, amazinyo, kunye namashishini abathengi basebenzisa imveliso eyongezelelweyo kwizicelo ezininzi.
Ngokwamkelwa okuxhaphakileyo, kucacile ukuba ukuveliswa okongeziweyo ayisosisombululo esilinganayo.Ngokomgangatho we-ISO/ASTM 52900 wesigama, phantse zonke iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwentengiso ezongezelelweyo ziwela kwelinye lamacandelo asixhenxe enkqubo.Ezi zibandakanya i-extrusion yezinto (MEX), i-photopolymerization yokuhlamba (VPP), i-powder bed fusion (PBF), i-binder spraying (BJT), ukutshiza izinto (MJT), i-deposition power deposition (DED), kunye ne-sheet lamination (SHL).Apha zihlelwa ngokuthandwa ngokusekelwe kwintengiso yeeyunithi.
Inani elikhulayo labachwephesha boshishino, kubandakanywa iinjineli kunye nabaphathi, bafunda xa ukuveliswa okongeziweyo kunokunceda ukuphucula imveliso okanye inkqubo kwaye xa ingenako.Ngokwembali, amalinge amakhulu okuphumeza ukwenziwa kwemveliso eyongezelelweyo avela kwiinjineli ezinamava ngobuchwephesha.Ulawulo lubona imizekelo emininzi yendlela imveliso eyongezelelweyo inokuphucula imveliso, ukunciphisa amaxesha okukhokela kunye nokudala amathuba amatsha oshishino.I-AM ayisayi kuthatha indawo yeendlela ezininzi zemveli zokuvelisa, kodwa iya kuba yinxalenye yezixhobo zosomashishini zophuhliso lwemveliso kunye nobuchule bokuvelisa.
Imveliso eyongezelelweyo inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka kwi-microfluidics ukuya kulwakhiwo olukhulu.Izibonelelo ze-AM ziyahluka ngoshishino, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokusebenza okufunekayo.Imibutho kufuneka ibe nezizathu ezifanelekileyo zokuphumeza i-AM, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yokusetyenziswa.Ezona zixhaphakileyo kukwenziwa komfanekiso, ukuqinisekiswa koyilo, kunye nokufaneleka kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza.Iinkampani ezininzi ngakumbi ziyisebenzisa ukwenza izixhobo kunye nezicelo zokuvelisa ngobuninzi, kubandakanywa nophuhliso lwemveliso yesiko.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-aerospace, ubunzima yinto enkulu.Kubiza malunga ne-10,000 yeedola ukubeka umthwalo oyi-0.45kg kwi-Earth orbit, ngokutsho kwe-NASA ye-Marshall Space Flight Centre.Ukunciphisa ubunzima beesathelayithi kunokonga kwiindleko zokuqaliswa.Umfanekiso oqhotyoshelweyo ubonisa i-Swissto12 yentsimbi ye-AM inxalenye edibanisa amaza amaninzi kwinxalenye enye.Nge-AM, ubunzima buyancipha ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-0.08 kg.
Imveliso eyongezelelweyo isetyenziswa kulo lonke ikhonkco lexabiso kwishishini lamandla.Kwezinye iinkampani, imeko yeshishini lokusebenzisa i-AM kukuphinda-phinda iiprojekthi ngokukhawuleza ukwenza eyona mveliso ilungileyo ngexesha elifutshane.Kwishishini leoli negesi, iindawo ezonakeleyo okanye iindibano zinokuxabisa amawaka eedola okanye ngaphezulu ekulahlekeni kwemveliso ngeyure.Ukusebenzisa i-AM ukubuyisela ukusebenza kunokuba nomtsalane ngakumbi.
Umenzi omkhulu weenkqubo ze-DED MX3D ukhuphe isixhobo sokulungisa umbhobho weprototype.Umbhobho owonakele unokubiza phakathi kwe-€ 100,000 kunye ne-€ 1,000,000 (i-$ 113,157- $ 1,131,570) ngosuku, ngokutsho kwenkampani.Uluhlu oluboniswe kwiphepha elilandelayo lisebenzisa inxalenye ye-CNC njengesakhelo kwaye isebenzisa i-DED ukudibanisa umjikelezo wombhobho.I-AM ibonelela ngamazinga aphezulu okubekwa kunye nenkunkuma encinci, ngelixa i-CNC ibonelela ngokuchaneka okufunekayo.
Ngo-2021, i-3D eprintiweyo ye-casing yamanzi yafakwa kwi-oyile ye-TotalEnergies rig kuLwandle lwaseNyakatho.Iibhatyi zamanzi ziyinto ebalulekileyo esetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubuyiswa kwe-hydrocarbon kumaqula asakhiwayo.Kule meko, izibonelelo zokusebenzisa i-additive production ziyancipha amaxesha okukhokela kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-45% xa kuthelekiswa neebhatyi zamanzi ezenziwe ngomgunyathi.
Enye imeko yeshishini lokwenziwa okongeziweyo kukuncitshiswa kwezixhobo ezibizayo.Umda wefowuni uphuhlise iadaptha zedigiscoping zezixhobo eziqhagamshela ikhamera yefowuni yakho kwiteleskopu okanye imicroscope.Iifowuni ezintsha zikhutshwa minyaka yonke, zifuna ukuba iinkampani zikhuphe umgca omtsha weeadaptha.Ngokusebenzisa i-AM, inkampani inokugcina imali kwizixhobo ezibizayo ekufuneka zitshintshwe xa kukhutshwa iifowuni ezintsha.
Njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo okanye itekhnoloji, ukuveliswa okongeziweyo akufuneki kusetyenziswe njengoko kuthathwa njengentsha okanye eyahlukileyo.Oku kukuphucula uphuhliso lwemveliso kunye/okanye iinkqubo zokuvelisa.Kufuneka yongeze ixabiso.Imizekelo yamanye amatyala oshishino abandakanya iimveliso zesiko kunye nohlengahlengiso olukhulu, ukusebenza okuntsonkothileyo, iinxalenye ezidibeneyo, izinto ezincinci kunye nobunzima, kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo.
Ukuze i-AM iqonde amandla ayo okukhula, imingeni kufuneka iqwalaselwe.Kwizicelo ezininzi zokwenziwa kwemveliso, inkqubo kufuneka ithembeke kwaye iphinde iphindeke.Iindlela ezilandelayo zokuzenzekelayo ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezixhaso kunye ne-post-processing ziya kunceda.I-automation iphinda inyuse imveliso kwaye inciphise iindleko ngenxalenye.
Enye yezona ndawo zinomdla kakhulu kukuzisebenzela emva kokulungiswa njengokususwa komgubo kunye nokugqiba.Ngokuzenzekelayo inkqubo yokuveliswa kobuninzi bezicelo, iteknoloji efanayo inokuphinda iphindwe ngamaxesha angamawaka.Ingxaki kukuba iindlela ezithile zokuzenzekela zinokwahluka ngohlobo lwenxalenye, ubungakanani, imathiriyeli, kunye nenkqubo.Ngokomzekelo, ukuthunyelwa kwe-post-processing yezithsaba zamazinyo ezizenzekelayo zihluke kakhulu ekuqhutyweni kweenjini ze-rocket, nangona zombini zingenziwa ngetsimbi.
Ngenxa yokuba iinxalenye zenzelwe i-AM, iimpawu eziphambili kunye neetshaneli zangaphakathi zihlala zongezwa.Kwi-PBF, injongo ephambili kukususa i-100% yomgubo.I-Solukon yenza iinkqubo zokususa umgubo ezizenzekelayo.Inkampani iphuhlise itekhnoloji ebizwa ngokuba yi-Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) ejikeleza kwaye ishukumise iinxalenye zentsimbi ezisancanyathiselwe kwipleyiti yokwakha.Ukujikeleza kunye nokungcangcazela kulawulwa yimodeli yeCAD yecandelo.Ngokuhambisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokushukumisa iinxalenye, umgubo othathiweyo ubaleka phantse njengolwelo.Oku kuzenzekelayo kunciphisa umsebenzi wezandla kwaye kunokuphucula ukuthembeka kunye nokuphindaphinda ukukhutshwa komgubo.
Iingxaki kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwepowder manual kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kokusetyenziswa kwe-AM yokuvelisa ubuninzi, nangona kuncinci.Iinkqubo zokususa umgubo wesinyithi we-Solukon zinokusebenza kwindawo engasebenziyo kwaye ziqokelele umgubo ongasetyenziswanga ukuze uphinde usetyenziswe koomatshini be-AM.USolukon wenze uphando lwabathengi kwaye wapapasha uphononongo ngoDisemba ka-2021 ebonisa ukuba ezona zinto zixhalabisayo zempilo yasemsebenzini kunye nokuphinda kuphinde kuvezwe.
Ukususwa ngesandla kwe powder kwizakhiwo ze-resin ye-PBF kunokutya ixesha.Iinkampani ezifana ne-DyeMansion kunye ne-PostProcess Technologies zakha iinkqubo ze-post-processing ukuze zisuse ngokuzenzekelayo umgubo.Uninzi lweendawo zokwenziwa ezongezelelweyo zinokulayishwa kwisistim eguqula kwaye ikhuphe i-medium ukususa umgubo ongaphezulu.I-HP inenkqubo yayo ethi isuse umgubo kwi-Jet Fusion 5200′s ukwakha igumbi kwimizuzu engama-20.Isixokelelwano sigcina umgubo onganyibilikiyo kwisikhongozeli esahlukileyo ukuze siphinde sisetyenziswe okanye sisetyenziswe kwakhona kwezinye iinkqubo.
Iinkampani zinokuzuza kwi-automation ukuba ingasetyenziswa kuninzi lwamanyathelo emva kokulungiswa.I-DyeMansion ibonelela ngeenkqubo zokususa umgubo, ukulungiswa komphezulu kunye nokupeyinta.Inkqubo yePowerFuse S ilayisha iinxalenye, ifunxa iindawo ezigudileyo kwaye iyazothula.Inkampani ibonelela ngentsimbi yensimbi engenasici kwiindawo zokuxhoma, ezenziwa ngesandla.Inkqubo ye-PowerFuse S inokuvelisa indawo efana ne-injection mold.
Owona mceli mngeni mkhulu ujongene neshishini kukuqonda amathuba okwenene anokunikelwa yi-automation.Ukuba isigidi seengxenye zepolymer kufuneka zenziwe, ukubunjwa kwendabuko okanye iinkqubo zokubumba zinokuba sisisombululo esihle, nangona oku kuxhomekeke kwinxalenye.I-AM ihlala ikhona kwimveliso yokuqala eqhutywe kwimveliso yesixhobo kunye nokuvavanya.Ngokusebenzisa i-automated post-processing, amawaka eenxalenye anokuveliswa ngokuthembekileyo kunye nokuphindaphinda usebenzisa i-AM, kodwa iyingxenye ethile kwaye inokufuna isisombululo sesiqhelo.
I-AM ayinanto yakwenza noshishino.Imibutho emininzi ibonisa uphando olunomdla kunye neziphumo zophuhliso ezinokukhokelela ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kweemveliso kunye neenkonzo.Kumzi mveliso we-aerospace, iRelativity Space ivelisa eyona nkqubo inkulu yokwenziwa kwentsimbi kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji ye-DED yobunini, leyo inkampani inethemba lokuba iya kusetyenziselwa ukwenza uninzi lweerokethi zayo.I-rocket yayo ye-Terran 1 inokuzisa umthwalo we-1,250 kg kwi-orbit yomhlaba ephantsi.Izicwangciso zokunxibelelana zokusungula i-rocket yovavanyo phakathi ku-2022 kwaye sele icwangcisa i-rocket enkulu, enokusetyenziswa kwakhona ebizwa ngokuba yi-Terran R.
I-Relativity Space's Terran 1 kunye ne-R rockets yindlela entsha yokucinga kwakhona ukuba ikamva le-spaceflight inokubonakala njani.Uyilo kunye nokuphucula ukwenziwa kwemveliso eyongezelelweyo kubangele umdla kolu phuhliso.Inkampani ithi le ndlela inciphisa inani lamalungu ngamaxesha angama-100 xa kuthelekiswa neerokethi zemveli.Inkampani ikwabanga ukuba inokuvelisa iirokethi kwizinto ezikrwada phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-60.Lo ngumzekelo omhle wokudibanisa iindawo ezininzi zibe nye kwaye wenze lula kakhulu ikhonkco lokubonelela.
Kwishishini lamazinyo, imveliso eyongezelelweyo isetyenziselwa ukwenza izithsaba, iibhulorho, iitemplates zokuqhuba utyando, amazinyo okufakelwa kunye nezilungelelanisi.Ukulungelelanisa iTekhnoloji kunye ne-SmileDirectClub zisebenzisa ushicilelo lwe-3D ukuvelisa iinxalenye ze-thermoforming izilungelelaniso zeplastiki ezicacileyo.Ukulungelelanisa iTekhnoloji, umenzi wemveliso ye-Invisalign branded, isebenzisa ezininzi iinkqubo ze-photopolymerization kwiibhafu ze-3D Systems.Ngo-2021, inkampani yathi iye yanyanga ngaphezulu kwe-10 yezigidi zezigulane ukusukela oko yafumana imvume ye-FDA ngo-1998.Amalungu e-FRP kunzima ukuphinda asetyenziswe ngenxa yokuba ayi-thermoset.I-SmileDirectClub isebenzisa inkqubo ye-HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) ukuvelisa iindawo ze-thermoplastic ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwezinye izicelo.
Ngokwembali, i-VPP ayikwazanga ukuvelisa iinxalenye ezincinci, ezicacileyo kunye neempawu zamandla ukuze zisetyenziswe njengezixhobo ze-orthodontic.Ngo-2021, iLuxCreo kunye neGraphy yakhupha isisombululo esinokwenzeka.Ukusukela ngoFebruwari, iGraphy inemvume ye-FDA yoshicilelo oluthe ngqo lwe-3D yezixhobo zamazinyo.Ukuba uziprinta ngokuthe ngqo, inkqubo yokuphela ukuya ekupheleni ithathwa njengemfutshane, ilula, kwaye inokuba nexabiso eliphantsi.
Uphuhliso lwakwangoko olwafumana ingqwalasela enkulu kumajelo eendaba yayikusetyenziso loshicilelo lwe-3D kwizicelo ezinkulu zokwakha ezifana nezindlu.Ngokuqhelekileyo iindonga zendlu ziprintwa nge-extrusion.Zonke ezinye iindawo zendlu zenziwe ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, kuquka imigangatho, iisilingi, uphahla, izinyuko, iingcango, iifestile, izixhobo zombane, iikhabhathi kunye neetafile.Iindonga eziprintiweyo ze-3D zinokunyusa iindleko zokufakela umbane, ukukhanyisa, imibhobho yamanzi, i-ductwork, kunye neendawo zokufudumeza kunye ne-air conditioning.Ukugqiba ingaphakathi kunye nangaphandle kwodonga lwekhonkrithi kunzima ngakumbi kunokwakheka kodonga lwendabuko.Ukuphucula ikhaya elineendonga eziprintiweyo ze-3D nako kubalulekile ukuqwalaselwa.
Abaphandi base-Oak Ridge National Laboratory bafunda indlela yokugcina amandla kwiindonga eziprintiweyo ze-3D.Ngokufaka imibhobho eludongeni ngexesha lolwakhiwo, amanzi anokuhamba kuyo ukuze kufudunyezwe kwaye kupholiswe. Le projekthi ye-R&D inika umdla kwaye ivelisa izinto ezintsha, kodwa isekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso. Le projekthi ye-R&D inika umdla kwaye ivelisa izinto ezintsha, kodwa isekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso.Le projekthi yophando inomdla kwaye ivelisa izinto ezintsha, kodwa isekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso.Le projekthi yophando inomdla kwaye ivelisa izinto ezintsha, kodwa isekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso.
Uninzi lwethu alukaqhelani noqoqosho lwe-3D yoshicilelo lweendawo zokwakha okanye ezinye izinto ezinkulu.Itekhnoloji isetyenziselwe ukuvelisa ezinye iibhulorho, i-awnings, iibhentshi zepaki, kunye nezinto zokuhombisa izakhiwo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle.Kukholelwa ukuba iingenelo zokwenza okongeziweyo kwizikali ezincinci (ukusuka kwiisentimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwiimitha ezininzi) zisebenza kushicilelo olukhulu lwe-3D.Iinzuzo eziphambili zokusebenzisa imveliso eyongezelelweyo ziquka ukudala imilo enzima kunye neempawu, ukunciphisa inani leenxalenye, ukunciphisa izinto kunye nobunzima, kunye nokwandisa imveliso.Ukuba i-AM ayongezi xabiso, ukuba luncedo kwayo kufuneka kubuzwe.
Ngo-Okthobha ka-2021, i-Stratasys yafumana i-55% eseleyo ye-stake kwi-Xaar 3D, i-subsidiary yomvelisi womshicileli we-inkjet waseBritani uXaar.Itekhnoloji ye-PBF ye-Stratasys yepolymer, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Selective Absorbion Fusion, isekwe kwi-Xaar inkjet printheads.Umatshini we-Stratasys H350 ukhuphisana nenkqubo ye-HP MJF.
Ukuthenga iMetal yeDesktop kwakuchukumisa.NgoFebruwari ka-2021, inkampani yafumana i-Envisiontec, umenzi wexesha elide weenkqubo zokuvelisa ezongezelelweyo.NgoMeyi ka-2021, inkampani yafumana i-Adaptive3D, umphuhlisi weepolymer zeVPP eziguquguqukayo.NgoJulayi ka-2021, i-Desktop Metal yafumana i-Aerosint, umphuhlisi weendlela ezininzi zokugubungela umgubo.Okona kufunyenweyo kukhulu kwafika ngo-Agasti xa iDesktop Metal yathenga inkampani ekhuphisana nayo i-ExOne nge-575 yezigidi zeedola.
Ukufunyanwa kwe-ExOne yiDesktop Metal kudibanisa abavelisi ababini abadumileyo beenkqubo zentsimbi ze-BJT.Ngokubanzi, iteknoloji ayikafiki kwinqanaba elikholelwa abaninzi.Iinkampani ziyaqhubeka nokujongana nemiba efana nokuphindaphinda, ukuthembeka, kunye nokuqonda oyena nobangela weengxaki njengoko zivela.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iingxaki zisonjululwe, kusekho indawo yokuba iteknoloji ifikelele kwiimarike ezinkulu.NgoJulayi ka-2021, i-3DEO, umboneleli wenkonzo osebenzisa inkqubo yoshicilelo ye-3D yobunikazi, yathi ithumele isigidi esinye kubathengi.
Isoftware kunye nabaphuhlisi beqonga lelifu babone ukukhula okubonakalayo kwishishini lokuvelisa okongeziweyo.Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zolawulo lokusebenza (MES) ezilandelela ikhonkco lexabiso le-AM.IiNkqubo ze-3D zivumile ukufumana i-Oqton ngoSeptemba 2021 nge-180 yezigidi zeedola.Eyasekwa kwi-2017, i-Oqton inikezela ngezisombululo ezisekelwe kwifu zokuphucula ukuhamba komsebenzi kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-AM.I-Materialize ifunyenwe i-Link3D ngoNovemba ka-2021 nge-33.5 yezigidi zeedola.Njengo-Oqton, iqonga lelifu le-Link3D lilandelela umsebenzi kwaye lwenza lula ukuhamba komsebenzi we-AM.
Enye yezinto ezithengiweyo zamva nje ngo-2021 kukufumana kwe-ASTM International kweWohlers Associates.Ngokudibeneyo basebenzela ukukhulisa uphawu lweWohlers ukuxhasa ukwamkelwa okubanzi kwe-AM kwihlabathi liphela.Ngokusebenzisa i-ASTM AM Centre of Excellence, i-Wohlers Associates iya kuqhubeka nokuvelisa iingxelo ze-Wohlers kunye nezinye iimpapasho, kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokucebisa, uhlalutyo lweemarike kunye noqeqesho.
Ishishini lokuvelisa okongeziweyo likhulile kwaye amashishini amaninzi asebenzisa iteknoloji kwiintlobo ezininzi zezicelo.Kodwa ushicilelo lwe-3D aluyi kuthatha indawo yezinye iindlela zokuvelisa.Endaweni yoko, isetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha zeemveliso kunye neemodeli zoshishino.Imibutho isebenzisa i-AM ukunciphisa ubunzima bamalungu, ukunciphisa amaxesha okukhokela kunye neendleko zesixhobo, kunye nokuphucula ukwenziwa kwemveliso kunye nokusebenza.Umzi mveliso owongezelelweyo kulindeleke ukuba uqhubeke nomkhondo wokukhula kunye neenkampani ezintsha, iimveliso, iinkonzo, izicelo kunye namatyala okusebenzisa avelayo, rhoqo ngesantya esiqhekezayo.