Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo, okwaziwa ngokuba yi-3D printing, kuqhubeke nokukhula kangangeminyaka ephantse ibe ngama-35 ukusukela oko kwakusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo. Amashishini eenqwelo-moya, eemoto, ezokhuselo, amandla, ezothutho, ezonyango, amazinyo, kunye nabathengi asebenzisa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo.
Ngokwamkelwa ngokubanzi kangaka, kuyacaca ukuba ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo akusosisombululo esifanelekileyo kuzo zonke. Ngokwemigangatho yesigama ye-ISO/ASTM 52900, phantse zonke iinkqubo zorhwebo zokwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo ziwela kwenye yeendidi ezisixhenxe zeenkqubo. Ezi ziquka ukukhupha izinto (i-MEX), i-bath photopolymerization (i-VPP), i-powder bed fusion (i-PBF), i-binder spraying (i-BJT), i-material spraying (i-MJT), i-directed energy deposition (i-DED), kunye ne-sheet lamination (i-SHL). Apha zihlelwa ngokuthandwa ngokusekelwe kwintengiso yeeyunithi.
Inani elikhulayo leengcali zoshishino, kuquka iinjineli kunye nabaphathi, bafunda ukuba xa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo kunokunceda ukuphucula imveliso okanye inkqubo kwaye xa kungenakukwazi. Ngokwembali, amanyathelo amakhulu okuphumeza ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo avela kwiinjineli ezinamava ngobuchwepheshe. Ulawulo lubona imizekelo emininzi yendlela ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo okunokuphucula ngayo imveliso, ukunciphisa amaxesha okukhokela kunye nokudala amathuba amatsha oshishino. I-AM ayizukuthatha indawo yeendlela ezininzi zemveli zokuvelisa, kodwa iya kuba yinxalenye yezixhobo zosomashishini zokuphuhlisa imveliso kunye nobuchule bokuvelisa.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo kuneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa, ukusuka kwi-microfluidics ukuya kulwakhiwo olukhulu. Iingenelo ze-AM ziyahluka ngokweshishini, usetyenziso, kunye nokusebenza okufunekayo. Imibutho kufuneka ibe nezizathu ezifanelekileyo zokusebenzisa i-AM, nokuba imeko injani na. Ezona zixhaphakileyo kukwenza imodeli yengcinga, ukuqinisekiswa koyilo, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokufaneleka kunye nokusebenza. Iinkampani ezininzi ziyayisebenzisa ukwenza izixhobo kunye nezicelo zokuvelisa ngobuninzi, kubandakanya nophuhliso lwemveliso eyenzelwe wena.
Kwizicelo zeenqwelo-moya, ubunzima yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Kubiza malunga ne-$10,000 ukufaka umthwalo we-0.45kg kwi-Earth orbit, ngokutsho kweMarshall Space Flight Center yeNASA. Ukunciphisa ubunzima beesathelayithi kunokonga iindleko zokuqalisa. Umfanekiso oqhotyoshelweyo ubonisa inxalenye ye-Swissto12 metal AM edibanisa ii-waveguides ezininzi zibe yinxalenye enye. Nge-AM, ubunzima buyehla bube ngaphantsi kwe-0.08 kg.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo kusetyenziswa kulo lonke uthotho lwexabiso kwishishini lamandla. Kwezinye iinkampani, imeko yeshishini yokusebenzisa i-AM kukukhawuleza ukuphinda-phinda iiprojekthi ukuze kwenziwe imveliso engcono kakhulu ngexesha elifutshane. Kwishishini leoyile negesi, iindawo ezonakeleyo okanye iindibano zinokubiza amawaka eedola okanye ngaphezulu kwimveliso elahlekileyo ngeyure. Ukusebenzisa i-AM ukubuyisela imisebenzi kunokuba nomtsalane ngakumbi.
Umenzi oyintloko weenkqubo ze-DED i-MX3D ukhuphe isixhobo sokulungisa imibhobho yomzekelo. Umbhobho owonakeleyo ungabiza phakathi kwe-€100,000 kunye ne-€1,000,000 ($113,157-$1,131,570) ngosuku, ngokutsho kwenkampani. Isixhobo esiboniswe kwiphepha elilandelayo sisebenzisa inxalenye ye-CNC njengesakhelo kwaye sisebenzisa i-DED ukuwelda umjikelezo wombhobho. I-AM ibonelela ngamazinga aphezulu okufakwa kwenkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma encinci, ngelixa i-CNC ibonelela ngokuchanekileyo okufunekayo.
Ngowama-2021, kwafakwa isitya samanzi esiprintiweyo se-3D kwisixhobo seoyile seTotalEnergies kuLwandle oluseMantla. Iijakethi zamanzi ziyinto ebalulekileyo esetyenziselwa ukulawula ukubuyiswa kwee-hydrocarbon kwimigodi esakhiwayo. Kule meko, iingenelo zokusebenzisa imveliso yokongeza kukunciphisa amaxesha okutsalwa kwelothe kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ngama-45% xa kuthelekiswa neejakethi zamanzi zemveli ezenziwe ngobumba.
Elinye ityala leshishini lokwenza izinto ezongezelelweyo kukuncitshiswa kwezixhobo ezibizayo. I-Phone Scope iphuhlise ii-adapters ze-digiscoping zezixhobo ezidibanisa ikhamera yefowuni yakho kwiteleskopu okanye imakroskopu. Iifowuni ezintsha zikhutshwa minyaka le, nto leyo edinga iinkampani ukuba zikhuphe uluhlu olutsha lwee-adapters. Ngokusebenzisa i-AM, inkampani inokonga imali kwizixhobo ezibizayo ezifuna ukutshintshwa xa kukhutshwa iifowuni ezintsha.
Njengakweminye inkqubo okanye iteknoloji, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongeziweyo akufuneki kusetyenziswe kuba kuthathwa njengento entsha okanye eyahlukileyo. Oku kukuphucula uphuhliso lwemveliso kunye/okanye iinkqubo zokwenza. Kufuneka kongeze ixabiso. Imizekelo yezinye iimeko zoshishino ibandakanya iimveliso ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso ubunzima, ukusebenza okuntsonkothileyo, iindawo ezidibeneyo, izinto ezincinci kunye nobunzima, kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo.
Ukuze i-AM ikwazi ukufezekisa amandla ayo okukhula, kufuneka kujongwane nemingeni. Kwiizicelo ezininzi zokuvelisa, le nkqubo kufuneka ithembeke kwaye ikwazi ukuphinda ivele. Iindlela ezilandelayo zokususa izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye neenkxaso kunye nokucubungula emva koko ziya kunceda. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo kwandisa imveliso kwaye kunciphisa iindleko ngenxalenye nganye.
Enye yezona ndawo zinomdla kakhulu kukuzisebenzela emva kokucubungula izinto ezifana nokususa umgubo kunye nokugqiba. Ngokuzisebenzela ngokuzenzekelayo iinkqubo zokuvelisa ngobuninzi bezicelo, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bunokuphindwa amaxesha amaninzi. Ingxaki kukuba iindlela ezithile zokuzisebenzela zinokuhluka ngohlobo lwenxalenye, ubungakanani, izinto, kunye nenkqubo. Umzekelo, ukuzisebenzela emva kokucubungula izithsaba zamazinyo ezizenzekelayo kwahlukile kakhulu ekuzisebenziseni kwiindawo zeenjini zerokhethi, nangona zombini zinokwenziwa ngesinyithi.
Ngenxa yokuba iindawo zilungiselelwe i-AM, iimpawu eziphambili kunye neendlela zangaphakathi zihlala zongezwa. Kwi-PBF, injongo ephambili kukususa i-100% yomgubo. I-Solukon ivelisa iinkqubo zokususa umgubo ngokuzenzekelayo. Le nkampani iphuhlise itekhnoloji ebizwa ngokuba yi-Smart Powder Recovery (SRP) ejikeleza kwaye ingcangcazelise iindawo zesinyithi ezisanamathele kwipleyiti yokwakha. Ukujikeleza kunye nokungcangcazela kulawulwa yimodeli ye-CAD yenxalenye. Ngokushukumisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokushukumisa iindawo, umgubo obanjweyo uhamba phantse njengolwelo. Olu zenzekelayo lunciphisa umsebenzi wezandla kwaye lunokuphucula ukuthembeka kunye nokuphindaphinda kokususwa komgubo.
Iingxaki kunye nemida yokususa umgubo ngesandla inokuthintela ukusebenza kokusebenzisa i-AM ukuvelisa ngobuninzi, nokuba kuncinci. Iinkqubo zokususa umgubo wesinyithi weSolukon zinokusebenza kwindawo engasebenziyo kwaye ziqokelele umgubo ongasetyenziswanga ukuze usetyenziswe kwakhona kwiimashini ze-AM. I-Solukon yenze uphando lwabathengi yaza yapapasha uphando ngoDisemba ka-2021 olubonisa ukuba izinto ezimbini ezixhalabisayo kakhulu yimpilo yomsebenzi kunye nokuzala kwakhona.
Ukususwa komgubo ngesandla kwizakhiwo ze-resin ze-PBF kunokuthatha ixesha. Iinkampani ezifana neDyeMansion kunye nePostProcess Technologies zakha iinkqubo zokucubungula emva kokususa umgubo ngokuzenzekelayo. Iindawo ezininzi zokwenza izinto ezongezelelweyo zinokufakwa kwinkqubo eguqula kwaye ikhuphe i-medium ukuze isuse umgubo ogqithisileyo. I-HP inenkqubo yayo ekuthiwa isusa umgubo kwigumbi lokwakha leJet Fusion 5200 kwimizuzu engama-20. Le nkqubo igcina umgubo onganyibilikiyo kwisikhongozeli esahlukileyo ukuze usetyenziswe kwakhona okanye usetyenziswe kwakhona kwezinye iinkqubo.
Iinkampani zinokuzuza kwi-automation ukuba ingasetyenziswa kumanyathelo amaninzi emva kokulungiswa. I-DyeMansion inikezela ngeenkqubo zokususa umgubo, ukulungisa umphezulu kunye nokupeyinta. Inkqubo ye-PowerFuse S ilayisha iindawo, ifumise iindawo ezigudileyo kwaye izikhuphe. Le nkampani ibonelela nge-rack yentsimbi engagqwaliyo yokuxhoma iindawo, eyenziwa ngesandla. Inkqubo ye-PowerFuse S inokuvelisa umphezulu ofana ne-injection mold.
Eyona ngxaki inkulu ejongene nalo shishino kukuqonda amathuba okwenyani anikezelwa yi-automation. Ukuba kufuneka kwenziwe isigidi seenxalenye ze-polymer, iinkqubo zemveli zokubumba okanye zokubumba zinokuba sisisombululo esingcono, nangona oku kuxhomekeke kwinxalenye. I-AM idla ngokufumaneka kwimveliso yokuqala ekuvelisweni nasekuvavanyweni kwezixhobo. Ngokusebenzisa i-automated post-processing, amawaka eenxalenye anokuveliswa ngokuthembekileyo nangokuphindaphindwayo kusetyenziswa i-AM, kodwa ixhomekeke kwinxalenye ethile kwaye inokufuna isisombululo esenziwe ngokwezifiso.
I-AM ayinanto yakwenza noshishino. Imibutho emininzi inika iziphumo zophando nophuhliso ezinomdla ezinokukhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweemveliso kunye neenkonzo. Kwishishini leenqwelo-moya, iRelativity Space ivelisa enye yezona nkqubo zinkulu zokwenziwa kwesinyithi ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-DED, inkampani enethemba lokuba iya kusetyenziselwa ukwenza uninzi lweerokhethi zayo. Irokhethi yayo yeTerran 1 inokuhambisa umthwalo onzima we-1,250 kg kwi-low Earth orbit. I-Relativity iceba ukuqalisa irokhethi yovavanyo phakathi kowama-2022 kwaye sele iceba irokhethi enkulu, enokusetyenziswa kwakhona ebizwa ngokuba yiTerran R.
Iirokhethi zeTerran 1 kunye ne-R zeRelativity Space ziyindlela entsha yokucinga ngokutsha ukuba uhambo lwesibhakabhaka oluya kujongeka njani kwixesha elizayo. Uyilo kunye nokwenza ngcono imveliso yokongeza kubangele umdla kolu phuhliso. Le nkampani ithi le ndlela inciphisa inani leenxalenye ngokuphindwe kalikhulu xa kuthelekiswa neerokhethi zemveli. Le nkampani ikwathi inokuvelisa iirokhethi ngezinto eziluhlaza zingadlulanga iintsuku ezingama-60. Lo ngumzekelo omhle wokudibanisa iinxalenye ezininzi zibe yinto enye kwaye yenza kube lula kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kwezinto.
Kwishishini lamazinyo, imveliso yokongeza isetyenziselwa ukwenza iicrowns, iibridges, iitemplate zokubhola ngotyando, amazinyo okufakelwa angaphantsi kunye nee-aligners. I-Align Technology kunye ne-SmileDirectClub zisebenzisa ushicilelo lwe-3D ukuvelisa iindawo ze-thermoforming clear plastic aligners. I-Align Technology, umenzi weemveliso ezibhalwe yi-Invisalign, isebenzisa iinkqubo ezininzi ze-photopolymerization kwiibhafu ze-3D Systems. Ngo-2021, inkampani yathi inyange izigulane ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10 ukusukela oko yafumana imvume ye-FDA ngo-1998. Ukuba unyango oluqhelekileyo lwesigulana luquka ii-aligners ezili-10, nto leyo eqikelelwayo, inkampani ivelise iindawo ze-AM ezili-100 lezigidi nangaphezulu. Iindawo ze-FRP kunzima ukuziphinda zisetyenziswe kuba ziyi-thermoset. I-SmileDirectClub isebenzisa inkqubo ye-HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) ukuvelisa iindawo ze-thermoplastic ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwezinye iinkqubo.
Ngokwembali, i-VPP ayikwazanga ukuvelisa iindawo ezincinci nezicacileyo ezineempawu ezinamandla zokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokulungisa amazinyo. Ngowama-2021, iLuxCreo kunye neGraphy zikhuphe isisombululo esinokwenzeka. Ukususela ngoFebruwari, iGraphy ivunyiwe yi-FDA yokuprinta ngokuthe ngqo izixhobo zamazinyo nge-3D. Ukuba uziprinta ngokuthe ngqo, inkqubo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni ithathwa njengemfutshane, elula, kwaye mhlawumbi ingabizi kakhulu.
Uphuhliso lwangaphambili olufumene ingqalelo enkulu kwiindaba yayikukusetyenziswa koshicilelo lwe-3D kwizicelo ezinkulu zokwakha ezifana nezindlu. Rhoqo iindonga zendlu ziprintwa nge-extrusion. Zonke ezinye iindawo zendlu zenziwe kusetyenziswa iindlela zemveli kunye nezixhobo, kubandakanya imigangatho, iisilingi, uphahla, izinyuko, iingcango, iifestile, izixhobo, iikhabhathi kunye neekhawuntara. Iindonga eziprintiweyo ze-3D zinokunyusa iindleko zokufaka umbane, izibane, imibhobho, iipayipi, kunye nee-vents zokufudumeza kunye ne-air conditioner. Ukugqiba ingaphakathi nangaphandle kodonga lwekhonkrithi kunzima ngakumbi kunoyilo lwendabuko lodonga. Ukuhlaziya ikhaya ngeendonga eziprintiweyo ze-3D nako kubalulekile.
Abaphandi kwiLebhu yeSizwe yaseOak Ridge bafunda indlela yokugcina amandla kwiindonga eziprintiweyo ze-3D. Ngokufaka imibhobho eludongeni ngexesha lokwakhiwa, amanzi anokuhamba ngalo ukuze afudumale kwaye apholise. Le projekthi ye-R&D inomdla kwaye inezinto ezintsha, kodwa isekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso. Le projekthi ye-R&D inomdla kwaye inezinto ezintsha, kodwa isekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso.Le projekthi yophando inomdla kwaye inezinto ezintsha, kodwa isekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso.Le projekthi yophando inomdla kwaye inezinto ezintsha, kodwa isekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso.
Uninzi lwethu alukaqhelani noqoqosho lwezixhobo zesakhiwo zokuprinta ze-3D okanye ezinye izinto ezinkulu. Le teknoloji isetyenzisiwe ukuvelisa ezinye iibhulorho, ii-awning, iibhentshi zepaki, kunye nezinto zokuhombisa izakhiwo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle. Kukholelwa ukuba iingenelo zokwenza izinto ezongeziweyo kwizikali ezincinci (ukusuka kwiisentimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwiimitha ezininzi) zisebenza kushicilelo olukhulu lwe-3D. Iingenelo eziphambili zokusebenzisa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezongeziweyo ziquka ukudala iimilo kunye neempawu ezintsonkothileyo, ukunciphisa inani leenxalenye, ukunciphisa izinto kunye nobunzima, kunye nokwandisa imveliso. Ukuba i-AM ayongezi ixabiso, ukusebenziseka kwayo kufuneka kuthatyathwe imibuzo.
Ngo-Okthobha ka-2021, iStratasys yafumana isabelo esisele sama-55% kwiXaar 3D, inkampani engaphantsi komenzi weprinta ye-inkjet yoshishino lwaseBritane iXaar. Itekhnoloji ye-polymer ye-PBF yeStratasys, ebizwa ngokuba yiSelective Absorbion Fusion, isekelwe kwiintloko zeprinta ze-inkjet zeXaar. Umatshini weStratasys H350 ukhuphisana nenkqubo ye-HP MJF.
Ukuthenga iDesktop Metal bekumangalisa. NgoFebruwari 2021, inkampani yathenga i-Envisiontec, umenzi weenkqubo zokwenziwa kwezongezo zoshishino ixesha elide. NgoMeyi 2021, inkampani yathenga i-Adaptive3D, umphuhlisi weepolymers ze-VPP eziguquguqukayo. NgoJulayi 2021, iDesktop Metal yathenga i-Aerosint, umphuhlisi weenkqubo zokuphinda ufake i-powder coating yezinto ezininzi. Eyona nto inkulu yafunyanwa ngo-Agasti xa iDesktop Metal yathenga i-ExOne ekhuphisana nayo nge-$575 yezigidi.
Ukuthengwa kwe-ExOne yiDesktop Metal kudibanisa abavelisi ababini abadumileyo beenkqubo ze-BJT zesinyithi. Ngokubanzi, ubuchwepheshe abukafikeleli kwinqanaba elikholelwa ngabaninzi. Iinkampani ziyaqhubeka nokujongana nemiba efana nokuphindaphindeka, ukuthembeka, kunye nokuqonda unobangela weengxaki njengoko zivela. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iingxaki zisonjululwe, kusekho indawo yokuba ubuchwepheshe bufikelele kwiimarike ezinkulu. NgoJulayi 2021, i-3DEO, umboneleli weenkonzo osebenzisa inkqubo yokuprinta ye-3D, uthe ithumele isigidi esinye kubathengi.
Abaphuhlisi beSoftware kunye namaqonga e-cloud babone ukukhula okubonakalayo kushishino lokuvelisa izinto ezongezelelweyo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zolawulo lokusebenza (ii-MES) ezilandela uthotho lwexabiso lwe-AM. Ii-3D Systems zenze isivumelwano sokuthenga i-Oqton ngoSeptemba 2021 nge-$180 yezigidi. Yasekwa ngo-2017, i-Oqton inika izisombululo ezisekelwe kwilifu ukuphucula ukuhamba komsebenzi kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-AM. Yenza i-Link3D efunyenwe ngoNovemba 2021 ibe yeyodwa nge-$33.5 yezigidi. Njengo-Oqton, iqonga le-cloud le-Link3D lilandelela umsebenzi kwaye lenza lula ukuhamba komsebenzi kwe-AM.
Enye yezinto ezithengwe kutshanje ngo-2021 kukuthengwa kweWohlers Associates yi-ASTM International. Basebenza kunye ukusebenzisa uphawu lweWohlers ukuxhasa ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwe-AM kwihlabathi liphela. Nge-ASTM AM Center of Excellence, iWohlers Associates iya kuqhubeka nokuvelisa iingxelo zeWohlers kunye nezinye iimpapasho, kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zeengcebiso, uhlalutyo lwemarike kunye noqeqesho.
Ishishini lokuvelisa izinto ezongezelelweyo likhulile kwaye amashishini amaninzi asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo. Kodwa ushicilelo lwe-3D aluyi kuthatha indawo yezinye iintlobo ezininzi zokwenza izinto. Endaweni yoko, lusetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha zeemveliso kunye neemodeli zoshishino. Imibutho isebenzisa i-AM ukunciphisa ubunzima beenxalenye, ukunciphisa amaxesha okukhokela kunye neendleko zezixhobo, kunye nokuphucula ukwenziwa kwemveliso ngokwezifiso kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Ishishini lokuvelisa izinto ezongezelelweyo kulindeleke ukuba liqhubeke nokukhula kwalo ngeenkampani ezintsha, iimveliso, iinkonzo, izicelo kunye namatyala okusetyenziswa avelayo, rhoqo ngesantya esinzima.