Umbono ka-Anish Kapoor ngomfanekiso oqingqiweyo weCloud Gate eMillennium Park yaseChicago kukuba ufana ne-mercury engamanzi, ubonakalisa kakuhle isixeko esijikelezileyo. Ukufezekisa olu hlobo lomsebenzi ngumsebenzi wothando.
“Into endandifuna ukuyenza eMillennium Park yayikukubandakanya i-skyline yaseChicago … ukuze abantu babone amafu edada kuyo kwaye ezi zakhiwo zinde kakhulu zibonakala kumsebenzi. Kwaye ke, ekubeni ikwimo yomnyango, umntu othatha inxaxheba, umbukeli, uya kukwazi ukungena kweli gumbi linzulu kakhulu, elinokuthi ngandlela thile lenze into efanayo ngokubonakaliswa komntu, njengoko ukubonakala komsebenzi kusenza ngokubonakaliswa kwesixeko esijikelezileyo. — Umculi odumileyo waseBritane kwihlabathi liphela. U-Anish Kapoor, umzobi weCloud Gate
Ukujonga umphezulu ozolileyo walo mfanekiso mkhulu wentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kunzima ukuqikelela ukuba ingakanani isinyithi kunye nesibindi esifihliweyo phantsi komphezulu wawo. I-Cloud Gate ifihla amabali abenzi besinyithi abangaphezu kwe-100, abasiki, abawelda, abachebi beentsimbi, iinjineli, iingcali, abasebenzi besinyithi, abafaki kunye nabaphathi - kuyo yonke iminyaka emihlanu.
Abaninzi basebenza iiyure ezinde, basebenza kwiindawo zokusebenzela ezinzulwini zobusuku, bamisa iinkampu kwindawo yokwakha kwaye basebenza kumaqondo obushushu angama-110-degree benxibe iisuti zeTyvek® ezipheleleyo kunye neemaski ezisisiqingatha. Abanye basebenza ngokuchasene nomxhuzulane, bexhoma kwiibhanti, bephethe izixhobo, kwaye besebenza kwiindawo ezityibilikayo. Yonke into ihamba kancinci (kwaye ingaphaya) ukuze kwenzeke okungenakwenzeka.
Ukuphucula ingcamango yomzobi u-Anish Kapoor yamafu ahambayo angena kwi-ethereal ibe yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo enobude obuziitoni ezili-110, ubude obuziimitha ezingama-66, ubude obuziimitha ezingama-33 yayingumsebenzi wePerformance Structures Inc. (PSI), e-Oakland, eCalifornia, nase-MTH. Villa Park, e-Illinois. Kwiminyaka eli-120 yayo, i-MTH yenye yezona nkampani zindala zokwakha intsimbi neglasi kummandla waseChicago.
Iimfuneko zokuphunyezwa kwale projekthi ziya kuxhomekeka ekusebenzeni kobugcisa, ubuchule, izakhono zoomatshini kunye nolwazi lokuvelisa lwazo zombini ezi nkampani. Zizixhobo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kwaye zakhiwe ngokwezixhobo zeprojekthi.
Ezinye zeengxaki zale projekthi zivela kwimilo yayo egobileyo ngendlela engaqhelekanga – inkaba enamachaphaza okanye ejonge phantsi – kwaye ezinye zivela kubukhulu bayo obupheleleyo. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yakhiwa ziinkampani ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezikude ngamawaka eekhilomitha, nto leyo edala iingxaki ngezothutho kunye neendlela zokusebenza. Iinkqubo ezininzi ekufuneka zenziwe ebaleni kunzima ukuzenza evenkileni, ingasathethwa ke ngebala. Ubunzima obukhulu buvela kuba nje isakhiwo esinjalo asikaze senziwe ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, akukho khonkco, akukho sicwangciso, akukho maphu.
U-Ethan Silva we-PSI unamava amaninzi ekwakheni iinqanawa, kuqala kwiinqanawa aze kamva kwezinye iiprojekthi zobugcisa, kwaye ufanelekile ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo yokwakha iinqanawa. U-Anish Kapoor ucele umfundi ophumelele kwiFiziksi noBugcisa ukuba anike imodeli encinci.
“Ngoko ke ndenze isampulu ye-2m x 3m, iqhekeza eligobileyo eligudileyo nelithambileyo, waza wathi ‘Owu uyenzile, nguwe wedwa oyenzileyo’ kuba ebesoloko efuna umntu onokuyenza kangangeminyaka emibini.” utshilo uSilva.
Isicwangciso sokuqala yayikukuba i-PSI yenze kwaye yakhe umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ngokupheleleyo ize emva koko ithumele yonke into emazantsi ePasifiki, idlule kwiPanama Canal, emantla ecaleni koLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki kwaye ihambe ngeSt. Lawrence Seaway ukuya kwizibuko elikwiLake Michigan. , ngokutsho kuka-Edward Ulir, umphathi omkhulu weMillennium Park Inc. Ngokwengxelo, inkqubo yokuhambisa eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iya kuyithutha iye eMillennium Park. Imida yexesha kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwanyanzela ukuba ezi zicwangciso zitshintshe. Ngoko ke, iiphaneli ezigobileyo kwafuneka ziqinisekiswe ukuze zithuthwe kwaye zithuthwe ziye eChicago, apho i-MTH yadibanisa isakhiwo esingaphantsi kunye nesakhiwo esingaphezulu, kwaye yadibanisa iiphaneli kwisakhiwo esingaphezulu.
Ukugqibezela nokupolisha ii-welds ze-Cloud Gate ukuze zibonakale zingenamthungo yayiyenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu ekufakeni nasekuhlanganiseni kwindawo. Inkqubo enamanyathelo ali-12 igqitywa ngokufaka i-blush ekhanyayo, efana ne-polish yobucwebe.
“Ngokusisiseko, sisebenze kule projekthi kangangeminyaka emithathu sisenza ezi nxalenye,” utshilo uSilva. “Lo ngumsebenzi onzima. Kuthatha ixesha elininzi ukufumanisa indlela yokwenza nokuhlalutya iinkcukacha; uyazi, ukuze nje sifezekise. Indlela esisebenzisa ngayo iteknoloji yekhompyutha kunye nokusebenza ngesinyithi okudala kukudibanisa iteknoloji yokubumba kunye neyomoya.”
Ngokutsho kwakhe, kunzima ukwenza into enkulu nenzima kangaka ngocoselelo oluphezulu. Iislab ezinkulu zazinobubanzi obuziimitha ezi-7 kunye nobude obuziimitha ezili-11 kwaye zinobunzima obuziikhilogram ezili-1,500.
“Ukwenza wonke umsebenzi we-CAD nokwenza imizobo yevenkile yomsebenzi yiprojekthi enkulu ngokwayo,” utshilo uSilva. “Sisebenzisa itekhnoloji yekhompyutha ukulinganisa iipleyiti kunye nokuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo imo yazo kunye nokugoba kwazo ukuze zihambelane ngokuchanekileyo.
“Senze ukulinganisa ikhompyutha saza sahlulahlula,” utshilo uSilva. “Ndisebenzise amava am ekwakheni iigobolondo kwaye bendineengcinga ezithile malunga nendlela yokwahlulahlula iimilo ukuze imigca yomthungo isebenze ukuze sikwazi ukufumana iziphumo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu.”
Ezinye iipleyiti zisikwere, ezinye zimile okwepayi. Okukhona zisondela ekutshintsheni okubukhali, kokukhona zimile okwepayi kwaye kokukhona i-radius yotshintsho lwe-radial inkulu. Kwinxalenye ephezulu zithe tyaba kwaye zikhulu.
USilva uthi iplasma inqumla intsimbi engagqwaliyo eyi-316L enobukhulu obuyi-1/4 ukuya kwi-3/8 intshi, nto leyo enamandla ngokwayo. “Umngeni wokwenene kukunika iislabhu ezinkulu ugobile oluchanekileyo. Oku kwenziwa ngokuyila ngokuchanekileyo nangokuyila isakhelo senkqubo yembambo kwislabhu nganye. Ngale ndlela, sinokuyichonga ngokuchanekileyo imilo yeslabhu nganye.”
Ezi bhodi ziqengqeleka kwiirola ze-3D ezenziwe yi-PSI kwaye zazenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuqengqeleka kwezi bhodi (jonga umfanekiso 1). “Zifana nomzala weerola zaseBritane. Siziqengqeleka sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo namaphiko,” utshilo uSilva. Goba iphaneli nganye ngokuyihambisa ngasemva nangaphambili kwiirola, ulungisa uxinzelelo kwiirola de iiphaneli zibe ngaphakathi kwe-0.01″ yobukhulu obufunekayo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuchaneka okuphezulu okufunekayo kwenza kube nzima ukwenza amaphepha kakuhle.
Emva koko umthungi uthungela ucingo olune-flux-core kwisakhiwo senkqubo yangaphakathi eneembambo. “Ngokoluvo lwam, ucingo olune-flux-core yindlela entle kakhulu yokwenza ii-stainless steel structural welds,” ucacisa uSilva. “Oku kukunika ii-welds ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezigxile ekuvelisweni nasekubukekeni okuhle.”
Zonke iindawo zebhodi zigaywa ngesandla kwaye zigaywe kumatshini ukuze zinqunyulwe zibe yi-intshi enye ukuze zilingane (jonga umfanekiso 2). Qinisekisa ubukhulu ngesixhobo sokulinganisa esichanekileyo kunye nesixhobo sokuskena nge-laser. Ekugqibeleni, ipleyiti ipholishwa ide igqitywe kwisibuko kwaye igqunywe ngefilimu yokukhusela.
Malunga nesinye kwisithathu seephaneli, kunye nesiseko kunye nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi, zahlanganiswa kwindibano yovavanyo ngaphambi kokuba iiphaneli zithunyelwe zivela eAuckland (jonga imifanekiso 3 kunye no-4). Ndaceba inkqubo yokubeka iiplanga kwaye ndathungela iibhodi ezincinci ezininzi ukuze ndizidibanise. “Ngoko xa sasizihlanganisa eChicago, sasisazi ukuba ziya kufaneleka,” utshilo uSilva.
Ubushushu, ixesha kunye nokungcangcazela kwetroli kunokubangela ukuba iphepha eligoqiweyo likhululeke. I-ribbed grating ayilungiselelwe nje kuphela ukwandisa ukuqina kwebhodi, kodwa nokugcina imo yebhodi ngexesha lokuthuthwa.
Ngoko ke, xa i-reinforcement mesh ingaphakathi, ipleyiti iyanyangwa ngobushushu kwaye ipholiswe ukuze kuncitshiswe uxinzelelo lwezinto eziphathekayo. Ukuthintela ngakumbi umonakalo ohambayo, kwenziwa ii-cradles zesitya ngasinye kwaye emva koko zilayishwa kwizikhongozeli, malunga nezine ngexesha.
Emva koko izikhongozeli zazaliswa ngeemveliso ezingekagqitywa ngokupheleleyo, malunga nezine ngexesha, zaza zathunyelwa eChicago kunye namaqela e-PSI ukuze afakwe ngamaqela e-MTH. Omnye wabo yingcali yezothutho eququzelela uthutho, kwaye omnye ungumphathi kwicandelo lobugcisa. Usebenza imihla ngemihla nabasebenzi be-MTH kwaye unceda ekuphuhliseni ubuchwepheshe obutsha njengoko kufuneka. “Ewe, wayeyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenkqubo,” utshilo uSilva.
Ngokutsho kukaMongameli we-MTH uLyle Hill, i-MTH Industries ekuqaleni yayinikwe umsebenzi wokuqinisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo emhlabeni nokufaka isakhiwo esingaphezulu, emva koko idibanise amaphepha kuyo ngokuyigquma nokuyipolisha, ibhalansi phakathi kobugcisa kunye nokusebenza, ithiyori kunye nenyani, ixesha elifunekayo kunye nexesha elicwangcisiweyo.
ULou Czerny, usekela mongameli wobunjineli kunye nomphathi weprojekthi kwi-MTH, uthe unomdla wokwazi ukuba le projekthi yahlukile. “Ngokolwazi lwethu, kukho izinto ezenzekayo kule projekthi ithile ezingazange zenziwe ngaphambili okanye ezingazange ziqwalaselwe ngaphambili,” utshilo uCerny.
Kodwa ukusebenza kumsebenzi wokuqala wohlobo lwawo kufuna ubuchule obuguquguqukayo kwindawo yokusebenza ukuze kujongwane neengxaki ezingalindelekanga kwaye kuphendulwe imibuzo evelayo endleleni:
Ungazincamathisela njani iiphaneli zentsimbi engagqwaliyo eziyi-128 ezinobukhulu bemoto kwisakhiwo esihlala sihleli ngelixa unxibe iiglavu zabantwana? Ungayitshixa njani imbotyi enkulu efana nomphetho ngaphandle kokuthembela kuyo? Ndingangena njani kwi-weld ngaphandle kokukwazi ukutshixa ngaphakathi? Ungayifumana njani isiphelo esigqibeleleyo sesibuko see-weld zentsimbi engagqwali ebaleni? Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umbane umbetha?
UCzerny uthe uphawu lokuqala lokuba le iya kuba yiprojekthi enzima kakhulu yayikukuqala kokwakhiwa nokufakelwa kwezixhobo ezixabisa iikhilogram ezingama-30,000. Isakhiwo sentsimbi esixhasa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo.
Nangona intsimbi yesakhiwo esinezinki ephezulu ebonelelwe yiPSI ukuhlanganisa isiseko sesakhiwo esingaphantsi yayilula kakhulu ukuyenza, iqonga lesakhiwo esingaphantsi laliphakathi kwesiqingatha sendawo yokutyela kwaye isiqingatha sasingaphezulu kwendawo yokupaka iimoto, nganye ikwindawo ephakamileyo eyahlukileyo.
“Ngoko ke isiseko singathi siqhekekile kwaye siyagungqa,” utshilo uCzerny. “Apho sibeka khona uninzi lwentsimbi, kuquka nasekuqaleni kweslab ngokwayo, kwafuneka sinyanzele i-crane ukuba ingene emngxunyeni oziimitha ezi-5.”
UCzerny uthe basebenzise inkqubo yokuncamathelisa enobuchule kakhulu, kuquka inkqubo yokucinezela ngoomatshini efana naleyo isetyenziswa kwimigodi yamalahle kunye nezinye ii-ankile zeekhemikhali. Nje ukuba isiseko sesakhiwo sentsimbi sinamathele kwikhonkrithi, kufuneka kwakhiwe isakhiwo esingaphezulu apho iqokobhe liza kuncamatheliswa khona.
“Saqala ukufaka inkqubo ye-truss sisebenzisa ii-O-rings ezimbini ezinkulu ezenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezingama-304—enye ikwisiphelo esisemantla sesakhiwo kwaye enye ikwisiphelo esisemazantsi,” utshilo uCzerny (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Iirings zibotshelelwe ngee-tubular trusses ezidibanayo. I-subframe ye-ring core ihlukaniswe kwaye ibotshelelwe endaweni yayo kusetyenziswa i-GMAW, i-bar welding kunye ne-welded stiffeners.
“Ngoko ke kukho isakhiwo esikhulu esingaphezulu kwesakhiwo esingazange sibonwe mntu; senzelwe nje isakhelo solwakhiwo,” utshilo uCzerny.
Nangona kwenziwe imizamo emihle yokuyila, ubunjineli, ukwenza kunye nokufaka zonke izinto ezifunekayo kwiprojekthi yaseAuckland, lo mfanekiso awukaze ubonwe ngaphambili kwaye iindlela ezintsha zihlala zihamba kunye neengxolo kunye nemikrwelo. Ngokufanayo, ukufanisa ingcamango yokuvelisa yenkampani enye nenye akulula njengokudlulisa induku. Ukongeza, umgama ophakathi kweendawo ubangele ukulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa, nto leyo eyenza kwaba nengqiqo ukuvelisa imveliso ethile yasekuhlaleni.
“Nangona iinkqubo zokuhlanganisa nokuwelda zazicwangcisiwe eAuckland kwangethuba, imeko yendawo yayifuna ukuba wonke umntu abe nobuchule,” utshilo uSilva. “Kwaye abasebenzi bombutho balungile kakhulu.”
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala, inkqubo yemihla ngemihla ye-MTH yayikukumisela ukuba umsebenzi wosuku wawubandakanya ntoni kunye nendlela engcono yokwenza ezinye zezixhobo zokuhlanganisa iifreyimu ezingaphantsi, kunye nezinye ii-struts, "ii-shocks", iingalo, ii-pin, kunye nee-pin. U-Er uthe iintonga ze-pogo zazifuneka ukwenza inkqubo yesikhashana ye-siding.
“Yinkqubo eqhubekayo yoyilo kunye nemveliso ukuze izinto ziqhubeke kwaye zifike ngokukhawuleza ebaleni. Sichitha ixesha elininzi sihlela izinto esinazo, kwezinye iimeko sihlengahlengisa kwaye sihlengahlengisa, size emva koko senze iindawo esizifunayo.”
“NgoLwesibini siza kuba nezinto ezilishumi ekufuneka sizise kule ndawo ngoLwesithathu,” utshilo uHill. “Sinomsebenzi omninzi wexesha elongezelelweyo kunye nomsebenzi omninzi evenkileni owenziwe ezinzulwini zobusuku.”
“Malunga nama-75 ekhulwini eenxalenye ze-sideboard suspension zenziwa okanye zatshintshwa entsimini,” utshilo uCzerny. “Izihlandlo ezimbalwa sasizihlawulela imini yonke iiyure ezingama-24. Ndandisevenkileni de kwaba yintsimbi yesi-2, eyesi-3 kusasa, kwaye ngo-5:30 ndabuyela ekhaya ukuya kuhlamba nokuthenga izithako, zisemanzi.”
Inkqubo yokumiswa okwethutyana yeMTN yokudibanisa isiqu senqanawa inezipringi, ii-struts kunye neentambo. Zonke izihlanganisi phakathi kweepleyiti zibotshelelwa okwethutyana ngeebholiti. “Ngoko ke lonke ulwakhiwo luqhagamshelwe ngoomatshini, luxhonywe ngaphakathi kwii-trusses ezingama-304,” utshilo uCzerny.
Ziqala kwidome esezantsi komfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-omgala – “inkaba yenkaba”. Idome yaxhonywa kwiitrusses kusetyenziswa inkqubo yenkxaso yentwasahlobo yokumiswa enamachaphaza amane yexeshana, equka ii-hangers, iintambo kunye nezipringi. UCzerny uthe intwasahlobo inika “ukutsiba” njengoko kongezwa amabhodi amaninzi. Izipringi emva koko zilungiswa ngokusekelwe kubunzima obongezwe yipleyiti nganye ukuze ilinganise umfanekiso wonke.
Ibhodi nganye kwezili-168 inenkqubo yayo yokuxhasa ukumiswa kwentwasahlobo enamachaphaza amane ngoko ke ixhaswa nganye nganye endaweni yayo. “Ingcinga kukungavavanyi kakhulu naziphi na iijoyinti kuba ezo joyinti zidityaniswa ukuze kufezekiswe ikhefu elingange-0/0,” utshilo uCerny. “Ukuba ibhodi ibetha ibhodi engaphantsi kwayo inokukhokelela ekugobeni nakwezinye iingxaki.”
Njengobungqina bokuchaneka kwePSI, ulwakhiwo luluhle kakhulu ngaphandle kokudlala kakhulu. “I-PSI yenze umsebenzi omhle kakhulu ngeephaneli,” utshilo uCzerny. “Ndiyabancoma kuba, ekugqibeleni, iyalingana ngokwenene. Ukulingana kwayo kulungile kakhulu kwaye kulungile kum. Sithetha ngokoqobo malunga neesentimitha eziliwaka.”
“Xa begqiba ukuhlanganisa, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba bagqibile,” utshilo uSilva, kungekuphela nje ngokuba imithungo iqinile, kodwa kuba iindawo ezidityanisiweyo ngokupheleleyo, kunye neepleyiti zazo zesipili ezicwebezeliswe kakhulu, zaqala ukusebenza, zibonisa indawo ezimngqongileyo. . Kodwa imithungo yeempundu iyabonakala, i-mercury engamanzi ayinamithungo. Ukongeza, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kwafuneka udityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ukuze kugcinwe ulungelelwaniso lwawo kwizizukulwana ezizayo, utshilo uSilva.
Ukugqitywa kweSango leLifu kwafuneka kulibaziseke ngexesha lokuvulwa kwepaki enkulu ekwindla ka-2004, ngoko ke i-omhalus yaba yi-GTAW ephilayo, kwaye oku kwaqhubeka kangangeenyanga eziliqela.
“Ungabona amabala amancinci amdaka kuyo yonke indawo, amalunga nee-TIG solder joints,” utshilo uCzerny. “Siqale ukulungisa iitente ngoJanuwari.”
“Umngeni olandelayo omkhulu wemveliso kule projekthi yayikukuthungela umthungo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukuchaneka kwemilo ngenxa yokuncipha kokuthungela,” utshilo uSilva.
Ngokutsho kukaCzerny, ukuwelda ngeplasma kunika amandla afunekayo kunye nokuqina kunye nomngcipheko omncinci kwishidi. Umxube we-98% argon kunye ne-2% helium yeyona nto ilungileyo ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko kunye nokuphucula ukudibana.
Abathungi basebenzisa iindlela zokuthungela i-plasma ye-keyhole besebenzisa imithombo yamandla yeThermal Arc® kunye neendibano ezikhethekileyo zetrektara kunye neetotshi eziyilwe kwaye zisetyenziswa yiPSI.