Icyerekezo cya Anish Kapoor ku ishusho ya Cloud Gate iri muri Pariki ya Millennium muri Chicago ni uko isa na mercure y'amazi, ikagaragaza neza umujyi uyikikije. Kugera kuri ubu buryo bwose ni umurimo w'urukundo.
“Icyo nifuzaga gukora muri Millennium Park kwari ugushyiramo ikirere cya Chicago… kugira ngo abantu babone ibicu birebiremo kandi izi nyubako ndende cyane zigaragare mu gikorwa. Hanyuma, kubera ko ari nk'umuryango, umuntu witabiriye, umureba, azabasha kwinjira muri iki cyumba kinini cyane, mu buryo bumwe kigakora kimwe no kugaragara k'umuntu, nk'uko isura y'igikorwa ikora no kugaragara k'umujyi ukikije. — Umuhanzi w'icyamamare ku isi w'Umwongereza. Anish Kapoor, umuhanga mu by'ibishushanyo mbonera bya Cloud Gate
Urebye ubuso butuje bw'iki gishushanyo mbonera cy'icyuma kitagira umugese, biragoye kwiyumvisha ingano y'icyuma n'ubutwari byihishe munsi y'ubuso bwacyo. Cloud Gate ihisha inkuru z'abakora ibyuma barenga 100, abakata, abasudira, abakata, injeniyeri, abatekinisiye, abakora ibyuma, abashyiraho n'abayobozi - mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu yose.
Benshi bakora amasaha menshi, bakora mu matsinda yo gukoreramo mu gicuku, bakambika ahantu ho kubaka kandi bagakorera mu bushyuhe bwa dogere 110 bambaye imyenda ya Tyvek® yuzuye n'udupfukamunwa. Bamwe bakora mu kurwanya imbaraga z'isi, bakamanika ku mikandara, bafata ibikoresho, kandi bagakorera ahantu hanyerera. Ibintu byose birushaho gukora (ndetse n'ibirenze ibyo) kugira ngo ibidashoboka bishoboke.
Kongera igitekerezo cy'umushushanyi Anish Kapoor cy'ibicu birebire bihinduka igishushanyo cy'icyuma kitagira umugese gifite uburebure bwa toni 110, metero 66, metero 33, cyari igikorwa cya Performance Structures Inc. (PSI), Oakland, California, na MTH. Villa Park, muri Illinois. Ku isabukuru y'imyaka 120, MTH ni imwe mu zubaka n'ibirahuri bya kera cyane mu gace ka Chicago.
Ibisabwa kugira ngo umushinga ushyirwe mu bikorwa bizaterwa n'ubushobozi bw'ubuhanzi, ubuhanga, ubuhanga mu by'ubukanishi n'ubumenyi mu by'inganda by'ibigo byombi. Ni ibikoresho byakozwe ku giti cyabyo ndetse n'ibyubatswe ku mushinga.
Bimwe mu bibazo by'uyu mushinga bituruka ku miterere yawo idasanzwe - akadomo cyangwa igisenge cyubitse hasi - ndetse n'ubunini bwawo. Ibishushanyo byubatswe n'amasosiyete abiri atandukanye ahantu hatandukanye mu birometero ibihumbi bitandukanye, bigatera ibibazo mu gutwara abantu n'imirimo. Ibikorwa byinshi bigomba gukorerwa mu murima biragoye kubikorera mu iduka, ndetse no mu murima. Ingorane ikomeye ivuka gusa kubera ko inyubako nk'iyo itigeze ikorwa mbere. Rero, nta sano, nta gahunda, nta gahunda y'inzira.
Ethan Silva wo muri PSI afite ubunararibonye bwinshi mu kubaka ubwato, abanza mu bwato hanyuma mu yindi mishinga y'ubuhanzi, kandi afite ubushobozi bwo gukora imirimo idasanzwe yo kubaka ubwato. Anish Kapoor yasabye umunyeshuri warangije mu ishami rya Fiziki n'Ubugeni gutanga icyitegererezo gito.
“Rero nakoze icyitegererezo cya 2m x 3m, igice cyoroshye cyane gifite ibara ry’umukara, maze aravuga ati ‘Oya wabikoze, ni wowe wenyine wabikoze’ kuko amaze imyaka ibiri ashaka umuntu wo kubikora.” Silva yagize ati.
Gahunda y’ibanze yari uko PSI yakora kandi ikubaka igishushanyo cyose hanyuma igatwara igice cyose mu majyepfo ya Pasifika, inyuze mu muyoboro wa Panama, mu majyaruguru y’inyanja ya Atalantika no ku nkengero z’inyanja ya St. Lawrence kugera ku cyambu kiri ku kiyaga cya Michigan. , nk’uko bivugwa na Edward Ulir, umuyobozi mukuru wa Millennium Park Inc. Nk’uko itangazo ribivuga, sisitemu yihariye yo gutwara ibintu izayitwara muri Millennium Park. Imipaka y’igihe n’imikorere byatumye iyi gahunda ihinduka. Bityo, ibishushanyo mbonera byagombaga gushyirwaho kugira ngo bifashishwe mu gutwara no gutwara amakamyo i Chicago, aho MTH yateranyije inyubako n’inyubako, kandi ihuza ibishushanyo mbonera n’inyubako.
Kurangiza no gusiga irangi rya Cloud Gate kugira ngo ribe ryiza byari kimwe mu bintu bigoye cyane mu gushyiraho no guteranya aho hantu. Inzira y'intambwe 12 irangira hakoreshejwe irangi rituma irabagirana, nk'irya polish y'imitako.
Silva yagize ati: “Mu by’ukuri, twakoze kuri uyu mushinga mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu dukora ibi bice. Iki ni akazi katoroshye. Bitwara igihe kinini kugira ngo tumenye uko twabikora kandi dukore neza; urabizi, kugira ngo tugere ku rugero rwiza. Uburyo dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa n’ubukorikori bwa kera bw’ibyuma ni uruvange rw’ikoranabuhanga ryo gucura no gukora ibikoresho byo mu kirere.”
Nk’uko abivuga, biragoye gukora ikintu kinini kandi kiremereye cyane mu buryo bunonosoye cyane. Ibyuma binini cyane byari bifite ubugari bwa metero 1.8 n’uburebure bwa metero 1.8, kandi bipima ibiro 1.500.
Silva agira ati: “Gukora akazi kose ka CAD no gukora ibishushanyo nyabyo by’iduka ry’akazi ubwabyo ni umushinga ukomeye. Dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa kugira ngo dupime amasahani no gusuzuma neza imiterere n’ubugari bwabyo kugira ngo bihuze neza.”
Silva yagize ati: “Twakoze simulation ya mudasobwa hanyuma turayigabanya. Nakoresheje ubunararibonye bwanjye mu kubaka ibikonoshwa kandi nari mfite ibitekerezo ku buryo bwo kugabanya imiterere kugira ngo imirongo y'umushono ikore neza kugira ngo tubone umusaruro mwiza.”
Hari amasahani afite impande enye, andi afite ishusho ya payi. Uko yegeranye n'impinduka ikaze, ni ko arushaho kuba menshi kandi ni ko uburebure bw'impinduka ya radial burushaho kuba bunini. Mu gice cyo hejuru niho hato kandi hanini.
Silva avuga ko plasma igabanya icyuma kitagira umugese cya santimetero 316 gifite ubugari bwa santimetero 1/4 kugeza kuri 3/8, kandi gikomeye ubwacyo. Yagize ati: “Ikibazo nyacyo ni uguha ibyuma binini uburyo bwo kugorora neza. Ibi bikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutunganya no gukora neza imiterere y’urubaho rw’imbavu kuri buri bumba. Muri ubu buryo, dushobora kumenya neza imiterere ya buri bumba.”
Utubati dupfunyitse ku tubati twa 3D PSI yashushanyije kandi igakora by’umwihariko kugira ngo tupfunyike utubati (reba ishusho ya 1). Silva yagize ati: “Ni nk’umuvandimwe w’utubati twa British rollers. Tudupfunyitse dukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rimwe n’amababa.” Kura buri gice ugihindura inyuma no inyuma ku tubati, ugahindura umuvuduko w’utubati kugeza igihe utubati turi hagati ya santimetero 0.01 n’ingano wifuza. Nk’uko abivuga, ubuziranenge bukenewe butuma bigorana gukora impapuro neza.
Umusudizi asudira insinga ifite imiterere ya flux-core ku miterere ya sisitemu y'imbere y'imbavu. Silva arasobanura ati: “Mu bitekerezo byanjye, insinga ifite imiterere ya flux-core ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo gukora ibyuma bitagira umugese.” Ibi biguha ibyuma bifite imiterere myiza byibanda ku gukora no kugaragara neza.”
Ubuso bwose bw'imbaho ​​buterwa n'intoki kandi bugasigwa ku mashini kugira ngo bucibwe kugeza kuri santimetero igihumbi kugira ngo buhuzwe (reba ishusho ya 2). Genzura ingano ukoresheje ibikoresho byo gupima neza no gupima hakoreshejwe laser. Amaherezo, isahani iraseswa kugeza ku ndorerwamo kandi igatwikirwa na firime irinda.
Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'ibipande, hamwe n'ishingiro n'imiterere y'imbere, byateranijwe mu nteko y'igerageza mbere yuko ibipande byoherezwa biva Auckland (reba amashusho ya 3 na 4). Nateguye uburyo bwo gushyira ibipande mu nteko maze myenda iboha imbaho ​​nto nyinshi kugira ngo zifatanye. Silva yagize ati: “Rero ubwo twabishyiraga hamwe i Chicago, twari tuzi ko bizakwirana.”
Ubushyuhe, igihe n'ihindagurika ry'ikamyo bishobora gutuma urupapuro ruzungurutse rurekura. Urusobe rw'imigozi rugenewe kongera ubukana bw'urubaho, ndetse no kugumana imiterere y'urubaho mu gihe cyo gutwara.
Bityo rero, iyo umuyoboro wo gushimangira uri imbere, isahani irashyuha kandi ikonjeshwa kugira ngo igabanye ubukana bw'ibikoresho. Kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika mu nzira, hakorwa uduce twa buri sahani hanyuma tugashyirwa mu bikoresho, bigera kuri bine icyarimwe.
Nyuma y’ibyo, amakontenari yashyizwemo ibikoresho byarangije gukorwa, bigera kuri bine icyarimwe, maze yoherezwa i Chicago hamwe n’abakozi ba PSI kugira ngo bashyirwe mu itsinda rya MTH. Umwe muri bo ni umuhanga mu by’ubwikorezi uhuza ubwikorezi, undi akaba n’umuyobozi mu ishami rya tekiniki. Akorana buri munsi n’abakozi ba MTH kandi agafasha mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishya uko bikenewe. Silva yagize ati: “Birumvikana ko yari ingenzi cyane muri iki gikorwa.”
Nk’uko byatangajwe na Perezida wa MTH, Lyle Hill, MTH Industries yari ifite inshingano zo gufunga igishushanyo cy’ishusho hasi no gushyiraho inyubako, hanyuma ikanagisudiraho amabati hakoreshejwe gusiga no gusiga irangi rya nyuma, kuringaniza ubuhanzi n’imikorere, inyigisho n’ukuri, igihe gisabwa n’igihe cyagenwe.
Lou Czerny, visi perezida w’ubwubatsi n’umuyobozi w’imishinga muri MTH, yavuze ko ashishikajwe n’umwihariko w’uyu mushinga. Cerny yagize ati: “Uko tubizi, hari ibintu birimo kuba kuri uyu mushinga byigeze bikorwa mbere cyangwa bitarigeze bitekerezwaho mbere.”
Ariko gukora akazi k’ubwoko bwa mbere bisaba ubuhanga bwo guhangana n’ibibazo bitunguranye no gusubiza ibibazo bivuka mu nzira:
Ni gute washyira amapaneri 128 y'icyuma kitagira umugese ku nyubako ihoraho wambaye uturindantoki tw'abana? Ni gute wasudira igishyimbo kinini gifite ishusho y'umuheto utishingikirijeho? Ni gute nakwinjira mu cyuma kitagira umugese ntashoboye gusudira imbere? Ni gute nagera ku ndorerwamo nziza cyane y'ibyuma bitagira umugese mu murima? Bigenda bite iyo inkuba imukubise?
Czerny yavuze ko ikimenyetso cya mbere cy'uko uyu mushinga uzaba ugoye cyane ari igihe hatangiraga kubakwa no gushyirwaho ibikoresho by'ibiro 30.000. Inyubako y'icyuma ishyigikira icyo gishushanyo.
Nubwo icyuma cyakozwe mu byuma bifite zinc nyinshi cyatanzwe na PSI kugira ngo giteranye hasi ku nyubako cyari cyoroshye gukora, urubuga rw'inyubako rwari hagati ya resitora n'igice hejuru y'aho imodoka zihagarara, buri kimwe kiri ku burebure butandukanye.
Czerny yagize ati: “Rero ishingiro ni nk’aho ryacitse kandi rihindagurika.” “Aho twashyize ibi byuma byinshi, harimo no mu ntangiriro y’icyuma ubwacyo, byabaye ngombwa ko dushyira crane mu mwobo wa metero 1.5.”
Czerny yavuze ko bakoresheje uburyo bugezweho bwo gufunga, harimo uburyo bwo gushyiramo imbaraga mbere yo gukaza umuvuduko nk'uko bikoreshwa mu bucukuzi bw'amakara ndetse n'ibindi bikoresho by'imiti. Iyo icyuma gishinzeho icyuma gishyizwe muri sima, hagomba kubakwa icyuma gikomeza gufunga icyo gikonoshwa.
Czerny agira ati: “Twatangiye gushyiraho sisitemu y’imigozi dukoresheje impeta ebyiri nini za O-steel 304 zakozwe mu cyuma kitagira umugese—imwe iri ku mpera y’amajyaruguru y’inyubako n’indi iri ku mpera y’amajyepfo.” Impeta zifatanye n’imigozi y’imigozi ihurira. Igice cy’inyuma cy’impeta gishyirwamo ibice kandi kigashyirwa mu mwanya wacyo hakoreshejwe GMAW, velding bar na stiffeners zometseho.
Czerny yagize ati: “Rero hari inyubako nini cyane itigeze ibonwa n’umuntu uwo ari we wese; ni urwego rw’inyubako gusa.”
Nubwo hakozwe ibishoboka byose mu gushushanya, gukora, gukora no gushyiramo ibintu byose bikenewe mu mushinga wa Auckland, iki gishushanyo ni ikintu kidasanzwe kandi inzira nshya zihora ziherekejwe n'udusimba n'imigeri. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhuza igitekerezo cy'inganda z'ikigo kimwe n'ikindi ntabwo byoroshye nko kunyura inkoni. Byongeye kandi, intera iri hagati y'aho hantu yateje gutinda gutanga, byatumye habaho gusohora bimwe mu bicuruzwa byo mu gace runaka.
Silva yagize ati: “Nubwo ibikorwa byo guteranya no gusudira byari byarateganyijwe i Auckland mbere y’igihe, imiterere nyayo y’aho hantu yasabaga ko buri wese aba afite ubuhanga mu guhanga udushya.” “Kandi abakozi b’ishyirahamwe ni beza cyane.”
Mu mezi make ya mbere, gahunda ya buri munsi ya MTH yari ukumenya icyo akazi k'umunsi kagombaga gukora n'uburyo bwiza bwo gukora bimwe mu bice by'itsinda, hamwe n'imigozi, "udupira", amaboko, udupira, n'udupira. Er yavuze ko inkoni za pogo zari zikenewe kugira ngo habeho uburyo bw'agateganyo bwo gusiganwa.
“Ni igikorwa gihoraho cyo gushushanya no gukora ibintu mu buryo buhoraho kugira ngo ibintu bikomeze kugenda neza kandi bigere ku isoko vuba. Dumara igihe kinini dutondekanya ibyo dufite, rimwe na rimwe duhindura imiterere yacu, hanyuma tugakora ibice dukeneye.”
Hill yagize ati: “Mu by’ukuri kuwa kabiri tuzagira ibintu 10 tugomba kugeza aho hantu kuwa gatatu. Dufite akazi kenshi k’amasaha y’inyongera n’akazi kenshi mu iduka gakorwa mu gicuku.”
Czerny yagize ati: “Hafi 75% by'ibice byo gufunga sideboard bikorerwa cyangwa bigahindurwa mu murima. Inshuro nke twabishyuye amasaha 24 ku munsi. Nari ndi mu iduka kugeza saa mbiri n'eshatu za mu gitondo, maze saa kumi n'imwe n'igice nsubira mu rugo kwiyuhagira no gufata ibikoresho, bikiri bitose.”
Sisitemu yo guhagarika by'agateganyo ya MTN yo guteranya igice cy'umubiri igizwe n'amasoko, imigozi n'insinga. Impande zose hagati y'amapine zihambirwa by'agateganyo n'amaboliti. Czerny yagize ati: "Bityo imiterere yose ifatanye n'ikoranabuhanga, ihagaze imbere ku migozi 304."
Bahera ku gisenge kiri mu nsi y'igishushanyo cya omgala - "igisenge cy'igisenge". Igisenge cyamanitswe ku migozi hakoreshejwe uburyo bw'agateganyo bwo gushyigikira impera zo guhagarara zifite impande enye, bugizwe n'ibimanika, insinga n'amasoko. Czerny yavuze ko impera itanga "guhindukira" uko izindi mbaho ​​zongerwaho. Hanyuma amasoko arahindurwa hashingiwe ku buremere bwiyongereyeho na buri sahani kugira ngo ishusho yose ihuze.
Buri kibaho muri 168 gifite sisitemu yacyo yo gushyigikira impeshyi ifite amanota ane, bityo gishyigikiwe ukwacyo. Cerny yagize ati: “Igitekerezo ni ukudasuzuma cyane ingingo iyo ari yo yose kuko izo ngingo zishyirwa hamwe kugira ngo zigere ku ndunduro ya 0/0. Iyo ikibaho kigeze munsi yacyo bishobora gutera guhindagurika no kugorama.”
Nk'igihamya cy'uko PSI ari umuhanga, imiterere yayo ni myiza cyane nta mukino uhagije ifite. Czerny agira ati: “PSI yakoze akazi gakomeye cyane kuri paneli. Ndazishimira kuko, amaherezo, zirahuye neza. Ifite neza cyane kandi ni nziza kuri njye. Tuvuga ku bipimo bya santimetero igihumbi.”
Silva yagize ati: “Iyo barangije guteranya, abantu benshi batekereza ko barangije gusa, atari ukubera ko imigozi iba ikomeye, ahubwo no kubera ko ibice byateranijwe neza, hamwe n’amasahani yabyo akozwe mu ndorerwamo, byagaragaye, bigaragaza ibidukikije. Ariko imigozi y’ibibuno iragaragara, mercure y’amazi nta migozi igira. Byongeye kandi, igishushanyo cyagombaga gusukurwa neza kugira ngo kigumane imiterere yacyo ku bazaza, nk’uko Silva yabitangaje.
Kurangiza irembo ry'ibicu byagombaga gutinda mu gihe cyo gufungura pariki mu gihe cy'impeshyi ya 2004, bityo omhalus iba GTAW nzima, kandi ibi byakomeje mu mezi menshi.
Czerny yagize ati: “Ushobora kubona utudomo duto tw’umukara hirya no hino mu nyubako, ari two duhurizo twa TIG solder.” “Twatangiye gusana amahema muri Mutarama.”
Silva yagize ati: “Ikibazo gikomeye gikurikiraho mu musaruro w’uyu mushinga cyari ugusudira umushono nta gutakaza imiterere myiza bitewe no gushwanyagurika kw’imitako.”
Nk’uko Czerny abivuga, gusudira plasma bitanga imbaraga n’ubudahangarwa bikenewe, nta ngaruka mbi nyinshi ku rupapuro. Uruvange rwa 98% bya argon na 2% bya heliyumu ni byo byiza mu kugabanya umwanda no kunoza ihuriro ry’ibintu.
Abasudira bakoresha tekiniki zo gusudira plasma hakoreshejwe amasoko y'amashanyarazi ya Thermal Arc® hamwe n'ibikoresho byihariye bya traktori n'amatara byakozwe kandi bigakoreshwa na PSI.