Anish Kapoor lub zeem muag rau daim duab puab Cloud Gate hauv Chicago's Millennium Park yog tias nws zoo li cov kua mercury, uas ci ntsa iab zoo li lub nroog ib puag ncig. Kev ua tiav qhov kev ua tiav no yog ib txoj haujlwm ntawm kev hlub.
"Qhov kuv xav ua hauv Millennium Park yog suav nrog Chicago skyline ... yog li ntawd tib neeg tuaj yeem pom cov huab ntab hauv nws thiab cov tsev siab heev no cuam tshuam rau hauv cov haujlwm. Thiab tom qab ntawd, vim nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub qhov rooj, tus neeg koom nrog, tus saib, yuav muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv chav tob heev no, uas nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nkag siab ua tib yam nrog kev xav ntawm ib tug neeg, ib yam li qhov tsos ntawm cov haujlwm ua nrog kev xav ntawm lub nroog nyob ib puag ncig. - Tus kws kos duab Askiv nto moo thoob ntiaj teb. Anish Kapoor, Cloud Gate sculptor
Saib ntawm qhov chaw ntsiag to ntawm daim duab puab hlau stainless no, nws nyuaj rau kwv yees tias muaj hlau thiab kev ua siab loj npaum li cas zais rau hauv qab nws. Cloud Gate zais cov dab neeg ntawm ntau dua 100 tus neeg tsim hlau, cov neeg txiav, cov neeg vuam, cov neeg txiav, cov kws ua vaj tse, cov kws kho tshuab, cov neeg ua haujlwm hlau, cov neeg teeb tsa thiab cov thawj coj - thoob plaws tsib xyoos.
Muaj ntau tus ua haujlwm ntev teev, ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm thaum ib tag hmo, pw hav zoov ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho thiab ua haujlwm hauv qhov kub 110-degree hauv cov khaub ncaws Tyvek® puv ntoob thiab ib nrab lub ntsej muag. Ib txhia ua haujlwm tiv thaiv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, dai ntawm cov hlua khi, tuav cov cuab yeej, thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov roob nplua. Txhua yam mus me ntsis (thiab deb tshaj qhov ntawd) kom ua rau qhov tsis yooj yim ua tau.
Kev txhim kho tus kws kos duab Anish Kapoor lub tswv yim ntawm cov huab uas ntab saum ntuj ceeb tsheej rau hauv ib daim duab puab stainless hlau hnyav 110-tuj, ntev 66-foot, thiab siab 33-foot yog txoj haujlwm ntawm Performance Structures Inc. (PSI), Oakland, California, thiab MTH. Villa Park, Illinois. Thaum nws hnub tseem ceeb 120 xyoo, MTH yog ib lub tuam txhab ua vaj tse hlau thiab iav qub tshaj plaws hauv thaj chaw Chicago.
Cov kev cai rau kev ua tiav qhov project yuav nyob ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, kev txawj ntse, kev txawj kho tshuab thiab kev paub txog kev tsim khoom ntawm ob lub tuam txhab. Lawv yog cov khoom siv ua tshwj xeeb thiab txawm tias tsim rau qhov project.
Qee qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov project no yog los ntawm nws cov duab uas nkhaus txawv txawv - ib lub cim lossis lub duav tig rov qab - thiab qee qhov yog los ntawm nws qhov loj me. Cov duab puab tau tsim los ntawm ob lub tuam txhab sib txawv hauv ntau qhov chaw sib txawv ntau txhiab mais sib nrug, tsim teeb meem nrog kev thauj mus los thiab kev ua haujlwm. Ntau cov txheej txheem uas yuav tsum tau ua hauv thaj teb nyuaj rau ua hauv pem teb, tsis txhob hais txog hauv thaj teb. Qhov nyuaj loj tshwm sim vim tias cov qauv zoo li no yeej tsis tau tsim dua li. Yog li, tsis muaj kev sib txuas, tsis muaj phiaj xwm, tsis muaj daim ntawv qhia kev.
Ethan Silva ntawm PSI muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev tsim lub nkoj, thawj zaug ntawm cov nkoj thiab tom qab ntawd hauv lwm cov haujlwm kos duab thiab tsim nyog los ua cov haujlwm tsim lub nkoj tshwj xeeb. Anish Kapoor tau thov kom tus kawm tiav Physics thiab Art muab ib qho qauv me me.
"Yog li kuv ua ib daim qauv 2m x 3m, ib daim du thiab nkhaus, thiab nws hais tias 'Auj koj ua tiav lawm, koj yog tib tug neeg ua tiav' vim nws tau nrhiav ob xyoos los nrhiav ib tus neeg ua nws." Silva hais.
Lub tswv yim thawj zaug yog rau PSI los tsim thiab tsim cov duab puab tag nrho thiab tom qab ntawd xa tag nrho cov khoom mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Pacific, hla Panama Canal, sab qaum teb raws Atlantic Ocean thiab raws St. Lawrence Seaway mus rau chaw nres nkoj ntawm Lake Michigan. , raws li Edward Ulir, tus thawj coj ntawm Millennium Park Inc. Raws li cov lus tshaj tawm, lub tshuab conveyor tsim tshwj xeeb yuav thauj nws mus rau Millennium Park. Lub sijhawm txwv thiab kev siv tau yuam kom cov phiaj xwm no hloov pauv. Yog li, cov vaj huam sib luag nkhaus yuav tsum tau ruaj ntseg rau kev thauj mus los thiab thauj mus rau Chicago, qhov chaw uas MTH tau sib sau ua ke cov qauv hauv qab thiab cov qauv saum toj kawg nkaus, thiab txuas cov vaj huam sib luag rau cov qauv saum toj kawg nkaus.
Kev ua kom tiav thiab txhuam cov hlau txuas ntawm Cloud Gate kom lawv zoo nkauj yog ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab sib dhos ntawm qhov chaw. Cov txheej txheem 12-kauj ruam ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov xim pleev kom ci ntsa iab, zoo ib yam li cov xim pleev hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
"Feem ntau, peb tau ua haujlwm rau qhov project no li peb xyoos los ua cov khoom no," Silva hais. "Qhov no yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj. Nws siv sijhawm ntau los xam seb yuav ua li cas thiab ua haujlwm tawm cov ntsiab lus; koj paub, tsuas yog kom ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Txoj kev uas peb siv cov thev naus laus zis computer thiab kev ua haujlwm hlau zoo qub yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev forging thiab aerospace technology."
Raws li nws hais, nws nyuaj ua ib yam dab tsi loj thiab hnyav ua luaj li no nrog kev ua kom raug siab. Cov pob zeb loj tshaj plaws nruab nrab yog 7 feet dav thiab 11 feet ntev thiab hnyav 1,500 phaus.
"Ua txhua yam haujlwm CAD thiab tsim cov duab kos rau txoj haujlwm yog ib qho project loj heev," Silva hais. "Peb siv cov thev naus laus zis computer los ntsuas cov phaj thiab soj ntsuam lawv cov duab thiab qhov nkhaus kom raug kom lawv haum ua ke kom raug.
"Peb tau ua ib qho kev sim ua los ntawm lub computer thiab tom qab ntawd faib ua ob," Silva hais. "Kuv siv kuv txoj kev paub txog kev tsim lub plhaub thiab kuv muaj qee lub tswv yim txog kev faib cov duab kom cov kab sib txuas ua haujlwm kom peb thiaj li tau txais cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws."
Muaj ib txhia phaj yog plaub fab, ib txhia yog lub ncuav mog qab zib. Qhov ze dua lawv nyob rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntse, qhov ntau dua lawv yog lub ncuav mog qab zib thiab qhov loj dua ntawm lub vojvoog ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv radial. Hauv sab saud lawv yog tiaj tus thiab loj dua.
Silva hais tias, lub plasma txiav cov hlau stainless hlau 316L uas tuab li ntawm 1/4 txog 3/8-nti, uas muaj zog txaus rau nws tus kheej. "Qhov kev sib tw tiag tiag yog muab cov slabs loj loj kom nkhaus zoo. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab tsim cov thav duab ntawm lub cev tav rau txhua slab. Ua li no, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm txhua slab kom raug."
Cov laug cam raug dov rau ntawm cov 3D rollers uas PSI tau tsim thiab tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev dov cov laug cam no (saib daim duab 1). "Nws zoo li ib tug kwv tij ntawm cov British rollers. Peb dov lawv siv tib lub tshuab li tis," Silva hais. Khoov txhua lub vaj huam sib luag los ntawm kev txav nws rov qab thiab tawm ntawm cov rollers, kho qhov siab ntawm cov rollers kom txog thaum cov vaj huam sib luag nyob hauv 0.01 ″ ntawm qhov loj me xav tau. Raws li nws hais, qhov kev ua haujlwm siab uas xav tau ua rau nws nyuaj rau tsim cov ntawv du.
Tus kws vuam ces vuam cov hlau flux-cored rau cov qauv ntawm lub cev sab hauv. "Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, hlau flux-cored yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo heev los tsim cov hlau stainless hlau structural welds," Silva piav qhia. "Qhov no muab cov vuam zoo rau koj nrog kev tsom mus rau kev tsim khoom thiab zoo nkauj."
Txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm yog xuas tes xuab thiab milled rau ntawm lub tshuab kom txiav lawv mus rau txhiab ntawm ib nti kom haum ua ke (saib daim duab 2). Xyuas kom meej qhov loj me nrog cov cuab yeej ntsuas thiab laser scanning. Thaum kawg, lub phaj raug polished kom tiav daim iav thiab npog nrog ib daim zaj duab xis tiv thaiv.
Kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag, ua ke nrog lub hauv paus thiab cov qauv sab hauv, tau sib sau ua ke hauv kev sib dhos ua ntej cov vaj huam sib luag raug xa tawm ntawm Auckland (saib cov duab 3 thiab 4). Npaj cov txheej txheem planking thiab seam welded ntau lub rooj tsavxwm me me kom koom ua ke. "Yog li thaum peb muab tso ua ke hauv Chicago, peb paub tias nws yuav haum," Silva hais.
Qhov kub, lub sijhawm thiab kev co ntawm lub laub tuaj yeem ua rau daim ntawv dov xoob. Lub grating ribbed tsis yog tsuas yog tsim los ua kom lub rooj tsavxwm ruaj khov xwb, tab sis kuj tseem tswj tau cov duab ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los.
Yog li ntawd, thaum lub mesh reinforcing nyob sab hauv, lub phaj raug kho cua sov thiab txias kom txo qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov khoom siv. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntxiv thaum thauj mus los, cov cradles raug ua rau txhua lub tais thiab tom qab ntawd thauj mus rau hauv cov thawv, kwv yees li plaub lub ib zaug.
Cov thawv tau raug thauj nrog cov khoom tiav ib nrab, kwv yees li plaub lub ib zaug, thiab xa mus rau Chicago nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm PSI rau kev teeb tsa nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm MTH. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog tus kws thauj khoom uas koom tes thauj mus los, thiab lwm tus yog tus thawj saib xyuas hauv thaj chaw kev txawj ntse. Nws ua haujlwm txhua hnub nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm MTH thiab pab tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab raws li qhov xav tau. "Tau kawg, nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb heev ntawm cov txheej txheem," Silva hais.
Raws li MTH Thawj Tswj Hwm Lyle Hill, MTH Industries thawj zaug tau muab lub luag haujlwm los khi lub duab puab ethereal rau hauv av thiab txhim kho lub superstructure, tom qab ntawd vuam cov ntawv rau nws nrog kev xuab zeb thiab polishing zaum kawg. kev sib npaug ntawm kev kos duab thiab kev ua tau zoo, kev xav thiab qhov tseeb, lub sijhawm xav tau thiab lub sijhawm teem tseg.
Lou Czerny, tus lwm thawj coj ntawm MTH ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab tus thawj tswj xyuas qhov project, tau hais tias nws xav paub txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov project. "Raws li peb paub, tej yam tab tom tshwm sim ntawm qhov project tshwj xeeb no uas tsis tau ua dua lossis tsis tau xav txog dua li," Cerny hais.
Tiam sis ua haujlwm rau thawj txoj haujlwm zoo li no yuav tsum muaj kev txawj ntse hauv qhov chaw kom daws tau cov teeb meem tsis tau xav txog thiab teb cov lus nug uas tshwm sim raws txoj kev:
Koj yuav ua li cas txuas 128 lub vaj huam sib luag stainless hlau loj li lub tsheb rau lub superstructure ruaj khov thaum koj hnav cov hnab looj tes menyuam yaus? Yuav ua li cas vuam lub taum loj uas zoo li hneev yam tsis tas siv nws? Kuv yuav ua li cas nkag mus rau hauv qhov vuam yam tsis muaj peev xwm vuam los ntawm sab hauv? Yuav ua li cas kom ua tiav qhov tiav iav zoo meej ntawm cov hlau stainless hlau vuam hauv daim teb? Yuav ua li cas yog tias xob laim ntaus nws?
Czerny tau hais tias thawj qhov cim qhia tias qhov no yuav yog ib qhov project nyuaj heev yog thaum kev tsim kho thiab kev teeb tsa cov khoom siv 30,000-phaus pib. Cov qauv hlau txhawb nqa lub duab puab.
Txawm hais tias cov hlau ua los ntawm zinc ntau uas PSI muab los sib dhos ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev yooj yim heev rau kev tsim, lub platform rau lub tsev nyob ib nrab saum lub tsev noj mov thiab ib nrab saum qhov chaw nres tsheb, txhua qhov siab sib txawv.
"Yog li lub hauv paus zoo li cantilevered thiab wobbly," Czerny hais. "Qhov chaw uas peb muab ntau cov hlau no, suav nrog thaum pib ntawm lub slab nws tus kheej, peb tau yuam lub crane mus rau hauv lub qhov 5-foot."
Czerny hais tias lawv siv lub tshuab khi hlau zoo heev, suav nrog lub tshuab ua ntej nruj zoo ib yam li siv hauv kev khawb thee thiab qee cov khoom siv tshuaj khi hlau. Thaum lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv hlau raug khi rau hauv cov pob zeb ua vaj tse, yuav tsum tsim ib lub superstructure uas lub plhaub yuav raug txuas rau.
"Peb pib txhim kho lub truss system siv ob lub 304 stainless hlau O-rings loj—ib lub nyob rau sab qaum teb kawg ntawm lub tsev thiab ib lub nyob rau sab qab teb kawg," Czerny hais (saib Daim Duab 3). Cov rings raug khi nrog cov tubular trusses sib tshuam. Lub nplhaib core subframe raug faib thiab bolted rau hauv qhov chaw siv GMAW, bar welding thiab welded stiffeners.
"Yog li ntawd muaj ib lub tsev loj uas tsis muaj leej twg tau pom dua li; nws tsuas yog rau lub moj khaum kev tsim kho xwb," Czerny hais.
Txawm hais tias peb tau siv zog ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim qauv, kev tsim kho, kev tsim khoom thiab kev teeb tsa txhua yam khoom tsim nyog rau qhov project Auckland, daim duab puab no tsis tau muaj dua li thiab txoj kev tshiab yeej ib txwm muaj cov burrs thiab khawb. Ib yam li ntawd, kev sib phim lub tswv yim tsim khoom ntawm ib lub tuam txhab mus rau lwm lub tsis yooj yim li kev xa cov baton. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov deb ntawm qhov chaw ua rau kev xa khoom qeeb, uas ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig los tsim qee qhov kev tsim khoom hauv zos.
"Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem sib dhos thiab vuam tau npaj ua ntej hauv Auckland, qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag ntawm qhov chaw yuav tsum tau txhua tus neeg muaj tswv yim," Silva hais. "Thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum zoo heev."
Rau ob peb lub hlis thawj zaug, MTH txoj haujlwm niaj hnub yog txiav txim siab seb hnub no ua haujlwm dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj li zoo tshaj plaws los tsim qee qhov khoom sib dhos subframe, nrog rau qee cov struts, "shocks", caj npab, pins, thiab pins. Er hais tias pogo sticks yog qhov xav tau los tsim ib lub kaw lus siding ib ntus.
"Nws yog ib qho txheej txheem tsim thiab tsim khoom uas txuas ntxiv mus tas li kom ua rau tej yam txav mus los thiab mus txog rau hauv daim teb sai sai. Peb siv sijhawm ntau los txheeb xyuas yam peb muaj, qee zaum rov tsim dua thiab rov tsim dua tshiab, thiab tom qab ntawd peb ua cov khoom uas peb xav tau."
"Tiag tiag hnub Tuesday peb yuav muaj 10 yam khoom uas peb yuav tsum xa mus rau qhov chaw rau hnub Wednesday," Hill hais. "Peb muaj ntau txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm dhau sijhawm thiab ntau txoj haujlwm hauv lub khw ua tiav thaum ib tag hmo."
"Kwv yees li 75 feem pua ​​ntawm cov khoom siv dai ntawm lub txee yog tsim los yog hloov kho hauv thaj teb," Czerny hais. "Ob peb zaug peb tau ua tiav 24 teev hauv ib hnub. Kuv nyob ntawm lub khw txog 2, 3 teev sawv ntxov, thiab thaum 5:30 kuv rov qab los tsev mus da dej thiab mus yuav cov khoom xyaw, tseem ntub."
Lub tshuab ncua ib ntus ntawm MTN rau kev sib dhos lub cev muaj cov springs, struts thiab cables. Txhua qhov sib txuas ntawm cov phaj raug khi ib ntus nrog cov bolts. "Yog li tag nrho cov qauv tau txuas nrog mechanically, dai los ntawm sab hauv ntawm 304 trusses," Czerny hais.
Lawv pib ntawm lub dome ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm daim duab puab omgala - "lub puj ntaws ntawm lub puj ntaws". Lub dome tau dai ntawm cov trusses siv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav txhawb nqa plaub-taw tes ib ntus, uas muaj cov hangers, cables thiab springs. Czerny hais tias lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav muab "bounce" thaum muaj ntau lub rooj tsavxwm ntxiv. Cov springs tom qab ntawd raug kho raws li qhov hnyav ntxiv los ntawm txhua lub phaj kom sib npaug tag nrho cov duab puab.
Txhua lub rooj tsavxwm ntawm 168 lub muaj nws tus kheej lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav plaub-taw tes txhawb nqa lub kaw lus yog li nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa ib leeg rau hauv qhov chaw. "Lub tswv yim tsis yog kom ntsuas ntau dhau rau txhua qhov sib koom ua ke vim tias cov sib koom ua ke tau muab tso ua ke kom ua tiav qhov tawg 0/0," Cerny hais. "Yog tias lub rooj tsavxwm ntaus lub rooj tsavxwm hauv qab nws tuaj yeem ua rau warping thiab lwm yam teeb meem."
Ua pov thawj rau PSI qhov tseeb, qhov kev tsim kho zoo heev nrog kev ua si me ntsis. "PSI tau ua haujlwm zoo heev nrog cov vaj huam sib luag," Czerny hais. "Kuv qhuas lawv vim, thaum kawg, nws haum tiag tiag. Qhov haum zoo heev thiab nws zoo rau kuv. Peb tab tom tham txog txhiab feem ntawm ib nti."
"Thaum lawv ua tiav kev sib dhos, ntau tus neeg xav tias lawv ua tiav lawm," Silva hais, tsis yog vim tias cov seams nruj nreem xwb, tab sis vim tias cov khoom sib dhos tag nrho, nrog lawv cov phaj iav ci ntsa iab, tau los ua si, cuam tshuam nws ib puag ncig. . Tab sis cov seams ntawm lub pob tw pom tau, cov kua mercury tsis muaj seams. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim duab puab yuav tsum tau welded tag nrho kom khaws nws cov qauv kev ncaj ncees rau cov tiam tom ntej, Silva hais.
Kev ua tiav ntawm Cloud Gate yuav tsum tau ncua sijhawm thaum lub tiaj ua si qhib loj hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 2004, yog li omhalus tau dhau los ua GTAW uas muaj sia nyob, thiab qhov no tau mus ntxiv rau ntau lub hlis.
"Koj tuaj yeem pom cov xim av me me nyob ib puag ncig lub tsev, uas yog cov pob qij txha TIG," Czerny hais. "Peb tau pib kho cov tsev pheeb suab thaum Lub Ib Hlis."
"Qhov teeb meem loj tom ntej rau qhov project no yog vuam ib txoj kab sib txuas yam tsis poob qhov tseeb ntawm cov duab vim yog qhov vuam me me," Silva hais.
Raws li Czerny hais, plasma welding muab lub zog thiab kev nruj uas tsim nyog nrog kev pheej hmoo tsawg kawg nkaus rau daim ntawv. Kev sib xyaw ntawm 98% argon thiab 2% helium yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev txo cov pa phem thiab txhim kho kev sib xyaw.
Cov neeg vuam siv cov txheej txheem vuam plasma keyhole siv cov chaw fais fab Thermal Arc® thiab cov khoom siv tsheb laij teb tshwj xeeb thiab cov teeb tsa uas tsim thiab siv los ntawm PSI.