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Njengoba zinomoya futhi zicebile ngezinto eziphilayo, ama-asteroid ohlobo lwe-C angaba ngomunye wemithombo eyinhloko yamanzi eMhlabeni. Njengamanje, ama-chondrite aphethe ikhabhoni anikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu wokwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali, kodwa ulwazi mayelana nama-meteorite luhlanekezelwe: izinhlobo ezihlala isikhathi eside kuphela ezisindayo zingena emkhathini bese zixhumana nemvelo yomhlaba. Lapha sethula imiphumela yocwaningo oluningiliziwe lwe-volumetric kanye ne-microanalytical lwenhlayiya eyinhloko ye-Ryugu eyalethwa eMhlabeni yi-spacecraft ye-Hayabusa-2. Izinhlayiya ze-Ryugu zibonisa ukufana okuseduze kokwakheka nama-chondrite e-CI (Iwuna-type) angaqhekekanga ngamakhemikhali kodwa ashintshwe ngamanzi, asetshenziswa kabanzi njengesibonakaliso sokwakheka okuphelele kohlelo lwelanga. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi bendawo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezicebile ze-aliphatic kanye nama-silicates angqimba futhi sibonisa izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elicishe libe ngu-30 °C ngesikhathi sokuguguleka kwamanzi. Sithole inqwaba ye-deuterium ne-diazonium ehambisana nomsuka ongaphandle kwelanga. Izinhlayiya ze-Ryugu ziyizinto zangaphandle ezingangcolisiwe futhi ezingahlukaniseki kakhulu ezake zafundwa futhi zifanelana kahle nokwakheka okuphelele kohlelo lwelanga.
Kusukela ngoJuni 2018 kuya kuNovemba 2019, i-Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Hayabusa2 spacecraft yenze ucwaningo olubanzi olukude lwe-asteroid Ryugu. Imininingwane evela ku-Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) eHayabusa-2 isikisela ukuthi i-Ryugu ingase yakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nama-chondrites e-carbonaceous ashisayo kanye/noma ama-shock-metamorphic. Okufana kakhulu yi-CY chondrite (uhlobo lwe-Yamato) 2. I-albedo ephansi kaRyugu ingachazwa ngokuba khona kwenani elikhulu lezingxenye ezicebile nge-carbon, kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya, ukugoba, kanye nemiphumela yesimo sezulu sendawo. I-Hayabusa-2 spacecraft yenze ukufika okubili kanye nokuqoqwa kwamasampula e-Ryuga. Ngesikhathi sokufika kokuqala ngomhlaka-21 kuFebhuwari 2019, kwatholakala izinto ezingaphandle, ezazigcinwe endaweni engu-A ye-capsule yokubuya, kwathi ngesikhathi sokufika kwesibili ngomhlaka-11 kuJulayi 2019, izinto zaqoqwa eduze kwe-crater yokwenziwa eyakhiwe yi-impactor encane ephathekayo. Lawa masampula agcinwa kuWard C. Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwezinhlayiya ezingonakalisi eSigabeni 1 emakamelweni akhethekile, angangcolisiwe futhi ahlanzekile agcwele i-nitrogen ezindaweni ezilawulwa yi-JAXA kubonise ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-Ryugu zazifana kakhulu nama-chondrites e-CI4 futhi zibonise "amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlukahluka"3. Ukuhlukaniswa okubonakala kuphikisana kwe-Ryugu, okufana nama-chondrites e-CY noma e-CI, kungaxazululwa kuphela ngokuchazwa okuningiliziwe kwe-isotopic, elemental, kanye ne-mineralological kwezinhlayiya ze-Ryugu. Imiphumela evezwe lapha inikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokunquma ukuthi iyiphi kulezi zincazelo ezimbili zokuqala zokwakheka kwe-Ryugu ye-asteroid okungenzeka kakhulu.
Ama-pellets ayisishiyagalombili e-Ryugu (cishe angama-60mg esewonke), amane avela ku-Chamber A kanye namane avela ku-Chamber C, abelwe iSigaba sesi-2 ukuphatha ithimba le-Kochi. Umgomo oyinhloko wocwaningo ukucacisa uhlobo, imvelaphi kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo we-asteroid Ryugu, kanye nokubhala ukufana nokwehluka nezinye izibonelo ezaziwayo zangaphandle komhlaba njenge-chondrites, izinhlayiya zothuli ezingaphakathi kwamaplanethi (ama-IDP) kanye nama-comet abuyayo. Amasampula aqoqwe yi-Stardust mission ye-NASA.
Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwe-mineralological kwezinhlayiya ezinhlanu ze-Ryugu (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 kanye ne-C0068) kubonise ukuthi zakhiwe kakhulu ngama-phyllosilicates amahle nangama-coarse (~64–88 vol.%; Umfanekiso 1a, b, Umfanekiso Ongeziwe 1). kanye nethebula elengeziwe 1). Ama-phyllosilicates amahle avela njengama-pinnate aggregates (afinyelela kumashumi ama-microns ngobukhulu) kuma-matrices amahle, ane-phyllosilicate-rich (angaphansi kwama-microns ambalwa ngobukhulu). Izinhlayiya ze-silicate ezinezingqimba ziyi-symbionts ze-serpentine-saponite (Umfanekiso 1c). Imephu ye-(Si + Al)-Mg-Fe ikhombisa nokuthi i-bulk layered silicate matrix inokwakheka okuphakathi phakathi kwe-serpentine ne-saponite (Umfanekiso 2a, b). I-phyllosilicate matrix iqukethe amaminerali e-carbonate (~2–21 vol.%), amaminerali e-sulfide (~2.4–5.5 vol.%), kanye ne-magnetite (~3.6–6.8 vol.%). Enye yezinhlayiya ezihlolwe kulolu cwaningo (C0009) yayiqukethe inani elincane (~0.5 vol.%) lama-silicates anhydrous (i-olivine ne-pyroxene), okungasiza ekuboneni umthombo owakha i-Ryugu stone5 eluhlaza. Le-silicate anhydrous ayivamile kuma-pellets e-Ryugu futhi yatholakala kuphela ku-C0009 pellet. Ama-Carbonate akhona ku-matrix njengezingcezu (ezingaphansi kwamakhulu ambalwa ama-microns), ikakhulukazi i-dolomite, enamanani amancane e-calcium carbonate kanye ne-brinell. I-Magnetite ivela njengezinhlayiya ezihlukanisiwe, ama-framboid, ama-plaque, noma ama-aggregates ayindilinga. Ama-Sulfide amelwe kakhulu yi-pyrrhotite ngesimo sama-prisms/ama-plates angenama-hexagonal angajwayelekile noma ama-lath. I-matrix iqukethe inani elikhulu le-submicron pentlandite noma ihlanganiswe ne-pyrrhotite. Izigaba ezicebile ngekhabhoni (ezingaphansi kuka-10 µm ngobukhulu) zenzeka yonke indawo ku-matrix ecebile nge-phyllosilicate. Izigaba ezicebile ngekhabhoni (ezingaphansi kuka-10 µm ngobukhulu) zenzeka yonke indawo ku-matrix ecebile nge-phyllosilicate. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Izigaba ezicebile ngekhabhoni (ezingaphansi kuka-10 µm ngobukhulu) zenzeka yonke indawo ku-matrix ecebile nge-phyllosilicate.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Izigaba ezicebile ngekhabhoni (ezingaphansi kuka-10 µm ngobukhulu) zigcwele i-matrix ecebile nge-phyllosilicate.Amanye amaminerali asekelayo aboniswe kuThebula Elingeziwe 1. Uhlu lwamaminerali olutholakala kuphethini yokusabalalisa ye-X-ray yengxube ye-C0087 kanye ne-A0029 kanye ne-A0037 luhambisana kakhulu nalolo olutholakala ku-chondrite ye-CI (Orgueil), kodwa luhluke kakhulu kuma-chondrite e-CY kanye ne-CM (uhlobo lwe-Mighei) (Isithombe 1 ngedatha enwetshiwe kanye nesithombe esingeziwe 2). Okuqukethwe okuphelele kwezakhi ze-Ryugu okusanhlamvu (A0098, C0068) nakho kuhambisana ne-chondrite 6 CI (idatha enwetshiwe, Isibalo 2 kanye neThebula Elingeziwe 2). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-chondrite e-CM ancishisiwe ezintweni eziguquguqukayo ngokulinganayo futhi eziguquguqukayo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi i-Mn ne-Zn, futhi ziphakeme ezintweni eziphikisayo7. Ukugxila kwezinye izinto kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, okungaba ukubonakaliswa kokungafani okungokwemvelo kwesampula ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bezinhlayiya ngazinye kanye nokubandlululwa kwesampula okubangelwayo. Zonke izici ze-petroli, ze-mineralological kanye neze-elemental zibonisa ukuthi okusanhlamvu kwe-Ryugu kufana kakhulu nama-chondrites CI8,9,10. Okuhlukile okuphawulekayo ukungabikho kwe-ferrihydrite ne-sulfate ezinhlamvini ze-Ryugu, okuphakamisa ukuthi la maminerali kuma-chondrites e-CI akhiwa yi-terrestring weathering.
a, Isithombe se-X-ray esihlanganisiwe se-Mg Kα (obomvu), i-Ca Kα (eluhlaza), i-Fe Kα (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), kanye ne-S Kα (ephuzi) ingxenye epholishiwe eyomile C0068. Ingxenye iqukethe ama-silicates anezingqimba (obomvu: ~88 vol%), ama-carbonate (i-dolomite; eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: ~1.6 vol%), i-magnetite (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: ~5.3 vol%) kanye nama-sulfide (ophuzi: i-sulfide = ~2.5% vol. indatshana. b, isithombe sesifunda se-contour kuma-electron asakazeke ngemuva ku-a. Bru - engavuthiwe; i-Dole - i-dolomite; i-FeS iyi-iron sulfide; i-Mag - i-magnetite; ijusi - itshe lensipho; i-Srp - i-serpentine. c, isithombe se-high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) se-intergrowth ejwayelekile ye-saponite-serpentine ekhombisa ama-lattice band e-serpentine kanye ne-saponite angu-0.7 nm kanye no-1.1 nm, ngokulandelana.
Ukwakheka kwe-matrix kanye ne-silicate enezingqimba (at %) yezinhlayiya ze-Ryugu A0037 (imibuthano ebomvu eqinile) kanye ne-C0068 (imibuthano eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eqinile) kuboniswa ohlelweni lwe-ternary lwe-(Si+Al)-Mg-Fe. a, Imiphumela ye-Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) edwetshwe ngokumelene nama-chondrites e-CI (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 aboniswe ngombala ompunga ukuze kuqhathaniswe. b, Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Scanning TEM (STEM) kanye ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) okuboniswe ukuze kuqhathaniswe nama-meteorites e-Orgueil9 kanye ne-Murchison46 kanye ne-IDP47 enamanzi. Ama-phyllosilicates anezingqimba ezincane kanye nama-coarse-grained ahlaziywe, kugwenywa izinhlayiya ezincane ze-iron sulfide. Imigqa enamachashazi ku-a kanye no-b ikhombisa imigqa yokuncibilika kwe-saponite kanye ne-serpentine. Ukwakheka okucebile ngensimbi ku-a kungase kube ngenxa yezinhlayiya ze-submicron iron sulfide ngaphakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-silicate ezinezingqimba, ezingenakukhishwa yisisombululo sendawo sokuhlaziywa kwe-EPMA. Amaphuzu edatha anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Si kune-saponite ku-b angabangelwa ukuba khona kwezinto ezicebile nge-silicon ezi-nanosized amorphous ezindaweni eziphakathi kwengqimba ye-phyllosilicate. Inani lokuhlaziywa: N=69 ye-A0037, N=68 ye-EPMA, N=68 ye-C0068, N=19 ye-A0037 kanye ne-N=27 ye-C0068 ye-STEM-EDS. c, imephu ye-isotope yezinhlayiya ze-trioxy Ryugu C0014-4 uma kuqhathaniswa namanani e-chondrite CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) kanye nedatha yezincwadi (CM kanye ne-C2-ung)41,48,49. Sithole idatha ye-Orgueil kanye ne-Y-82162 meteorites. I-CCAM iwumugqa wamaminerali e-chondrite e-anhydrous carbonaceous, i-TFL iwumugqa ohlukanisa umhlaba. d, amamephu e-Δ17O kanye ne-δ18O ezinhlayiya ze-Ryugu C0014-4, i-CI chondrite (i-Orgueil), kanye ne-CY chondrite (Y-82162) (lolu cwaningo). Δ17O_Ryugu: Inani le-Δ17O C0014-1. Δ17O_Orgueil: Inani elimaphakathi le-Δ17O le-Orgueil. Δ17O_Y-82162: Inani elimaphakathi le-Δ17O le-Y-82162. Idatha ye-CI kanye ne-CY evela ezincwadini 41, 48, 49 nayo iboniswa ukuze kuqhathaniswe.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-isotope enkulu ye-oxygen kwenziwe kusampula engu-1.83 mg yezinto ezikhishwe ku-C0014 e-granular nge-laser fluorination (Izindlela). Ukuze siqhathanise, sisebenzise amakhophi ayisikhombisa e-Orgueil (CI) (isisindo esiphelele = 8.96 mg) kanye namakhophi ayisikhombisa e-Y-82162 (CY) (isisindo esiphelele = 5.11 mg) (Ithebula Elingeziwe 3).
Ku-fig. 2d kukhombisa ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwe-Δ17O kanye ne-δ18O phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezimaphakathi zesisindo se-Orgueil kanye ne-Ryugu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Y-82162. I-Δ17O yezinhlayiya ze-Ryugu C0014-4 iphakeme kuneyezinhlayiya ze-Orgeil, naphezu kokugqagqana ku-2 sd. Izinhlayiya ze-Ryugu zinamanani aphezulu e-Δ17O uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Orgeil, okungase kubonise ukungcola komhlaba kwale ngxenye kusukela ekwindla yayo ngo-1864. Isimo sezulu endaweni yomhlaba11 siphumela ekufakweni komoya-mpilo womkhathi, okuletha ukuhlaziywa okuphelele eduze komugqa wokuhlukaniswa komhlaba (TFL). Lesi siphetho sihambisana nedatha ye-mineralological (ekhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili) yokuthi okusanhlamvu kwe-Ryugu akuqukethe ama-hydrate noma ama-sulfate, kuyilapho i-Orgeil inayo.
Ngokusekelwe kudatha ye-mineralological engenhla, le miphumela isekela ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlamvu ze-Ryugu nama-chondrites e-CI, kodwa isusa ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-chondrites e-CY. Iqiniso lokuthi izinhlamvu ze-Ryugu azihlotshaniswa nama-chondrites e-CY, abonisa izimpawu ezicacile ze-mineralogy yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, liyadida. Ukubonwa kwe-Ryugu okujikelezayo kubonakala kukhombisa ukuthi iye yaphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi yakhiwe ngezinto ze-CY. Izizathu zalo mehluko obonakalayo azikacaci. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-oxygen kwezinye izinhlayiya ze-Ryugu kwethulwe ephepheni elihambisanayo 12. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yalolu sethi lwedatha olunwetshiwe nayo iyahambisana nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-Ryugu nama-chondrites e-CI.
Sisebenzisa amasu okuhlaziya amancane ahlanganisiwe (Isithombe Esingeziwe 3), sihlole ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwekhabhoni ephilayo kuyo yonke indawo ebusweni bengxenye ye-ion beam fraction (FIB) C0068.25 (Izithombe 3a–f). Isakhiwo esihle se-X-ray absorption spectra yekhabhoni (NEXAFS) emaphethelweni aseduze esigabeni C0068.25 ekhombisa amaqembu amaningana asebenzayo - i-aromatic noma i-C=C (285.2 eV), i-C=O (286.5 eV), i-CH (287.5 eV) kanye ne-C( =O)O (288.8 eV) - isakhiwo se-graphene asikho ku-291.7 eV (Isithombe 3a), okusho izinga eliphansi lokushintshashintsha kokushisa. I-CH enamandla (287.5 eV) yezinto eziphilayo ezingaphelele ze-C0068.25 ihlukile ezintweni eziphilayo ezinganyibiliki zama-chondrites e-carbonaceous afundwe ngaphambilini futhi ifana kakhulu ne-IDP14 kanye nezinhlayiya ze-cometary ezitholwe yi-Stardust mission. I-CH ephezulu enamandla ku-287.5 eV kanye ne-aromatic ebuthakathaka kakhulu noma i-C=C ephezulu ku-285.2 eV kubonisa ukuthi ama-organic compounds acebile ngama-aliphatic compounds (Isithombe 3a kanye ne-Supplementary Fig. 3a). Izindawo ezicebile ngama-organic compounds e-aliphatic zitholakala kuma-phyllosilicates aqinile, kanye nasezindaweni ezinesakhiwo sekhabhoni esibi (noma i-C=C) (Isithombe 3c, d). Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-A0037,22 (Isithombe Esingeziwe 3) ibonise kancane okuqukethwe okuphansi kwezifunda ezicebile ngekhabhoni. I-mineralogy eyisisekelo yalezi zinhlamvu icebile ngama-carbonates, afana ne-chondrite CI 16, okuphakamisa ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwamanzi omthombo (Ithebula Elingeziwe 1). Izimo ze-oxidizing zizothanda ukugxila okuphezulu kwamaqembu asebenzayo e-carbonyl kanye ne-carboxyl kuma-organic compounds ahlobene nama-carbonates. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-submicron kwezinto eziphilayo ezinezakhiwo zekhabhoni ze-aliphatic kungahluka kakhulu ekusatshalalisweni kwama-silicates aqinile. Amathiphu amakhemikhali e-aliphatic organic ahlotshaniswa ne-phyllosilicate-OH atholakale e-Tagish Lake meteorite. Idatha ehlanganisiwe ye-microanalytical iphakamisa ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezicebile ngamakhemikhali e-aliphatic zingase zisakazeke kuma-asteroid ohlobo lwe-C futhi zihlotshaniswe eduze nama-phyllosilicates. Lesi siphetho sihambisana nemibiko yangaphambilini yama-CH e-aliphatic/aromatic ezinhlayiyeni ze-Ryugu eboniswe yi-MicroOmega, i-microscope eseduze ne-infrared hyperspectral. Umbuzo obalulekile nongaxazululiwe ukuthi ngabe izakhiwo ezihlukile zamakhemikhali e-aliphatic carbon-rich ahlotshaniswa nama-phyllosilicates aqoshwe kulolu cwaningo zitholakala kuphela ku-Ryugu ye-asteroid.
a, i-NEXAFS carbon spectra ejwayeleke yaba yi-292 eV esifundeni esicebile se-aromatic (C=C) (obomvu), esifundeni esicebile se-aliphatic (oluhlaza), kanye ne-matrix (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Umugqa ompunga yi-Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum yokuqhathanisa. au, iyunithi yokwahlulela. b, Isithombe se-scan transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) spectral se-carbon K-edge ekhombisa ukuthi isigaba sibuswa yi-carbon. c, i-RGB composite plot enezindawo ezicebile ze-aromatic (C=C) (obomvu), izindawo ezicebile ze-aliphatic (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), kanye ne-matrix (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). d, izinto eziphilayo ezicebile ngama-aliphatic compounds zigxile ku-phyllosilicate ecoarse-grained, indawo ikhuliswa kusukela emabhokisini amhlophe anamachashazi ku-b no-c. e, ama-nanospheres amakhulu (ng-1) endaweni ekhuliswe kusukela ebhokisini elimhlophe elinamachashazi ku-b no-c. Nge: pyrrhotite. Pn: nickel-chromite. f, Izithombe ze-Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), kanye ne-Nitrogen (12C14N), izithombe ze-elemental ze-element ratio ye-12C/1H, kanye nezithombe ze-cross δD, δ13C, kanye ne-δ15N isotope – Isigaba PG-1: i-presolar graphite ene-extreme 13C extreme extreme (Ithebula Elingeziwe 4).
Izifundo ze-kinetic zokuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo kuma-meteorite e-Murchison zinganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokusatshalaliswa okungafani kwezinto eziphilayo ze-aliphatic ezicebile kuma-Ryugu okusanhlamvu. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izibopho ze-CH ze-aliphatic ezintweni eziphilayo zihlala zifinyelela ekushiseni okuphezulu okungaba ngu-30°C kumzali kanye/noma ushintsho ngobudlelwano besikhathi nokushisa (isb. iminyaka engu-200 ku-100°C kanye no-0°C iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100). . Uma i-precursor ingashiswa ekushiseni okunikeziwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwesikhathi esithile, ukusatshalaliswa kokuqala kwezinto eziphilayo ze-aliphatic ezicebile kuma-phyllosilicate kungagcinwa. Kodwa-ke, izinguquko zamanzi edwala lomthombo zingase zibe nzima lokhu kuchazwa, njengoba i-A0037 ecebile nge-carbonate ingakhombisi noma yiziphi izifunda ze-aliphatic ezicebile ngama-carbon ezihlotshaniswa nama-phyllosilicate. Lokhu kushintsha kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi cishe kufana nokuba khona kwe-cubic feldspar kuma-Ryugu okusanhlamvu (Ithebula Elingeziwe 1) 20.
Ingxenye C0068.25 (ng-1; Imidwebo 3a–c,e) iqukethe i-nanosphere enkulu ekhombisa i-aromatic kakhulu (noma i-C=C), i-aliphatic ngokulinganisela, kanye ne-spectra ebuthakathaka ye-C(=O)O kanye ne-C=O. . Isiginesha se-aliphatic carbon ayifani nesiginesha se-bulk insoluble organics kanye ne-organic nanospheres ezihlotshaniswa nama-chondrites (Isithombe 3a) 17,21. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Raman kanye ne-infrared spectroscopic kwama-nanospheres eLake Tagish kubonise ukuthi aqukethe ama-organic compounds aliphatic kanye ne-oxidized kanye nama-organic compounds aromatic polycyclic aromatic anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi22,23. Ngenxa yokuthi i-matrix ezungezile iqukethe ama-organics acebile ngama-compounds aliphatic, isiginesha se-aliphatic carbon ku-ng-1 kungaba yinto yokuhlaziya. Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-ng-1 iqukethe ama-silicates angenawo ukwakheka (Isithombe 3e), ukuthungwa okungakabikwa kunoma yiziphi izinto ezingaphandle komhlaba. Ama-silicates angenawo ukwakheka angaba yizingxenye zemvelo ze-ng-1 noma abangelwe ukuguquguquka kwama-silicates angenamanzi/anhydrous yi-ion kanye/noma i-electron beam ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa.
Izithombe ze-ion ze-NanoSIMS zesigaba se-C0068.25 (Isithombe 3f) zibonisa izinguquko ezifanayo ku-δ13C kanye ne-δ15N, ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya zangaphambi kwelanga ezinokucebisa okukhulu kwe-13C okungu-30,811‰ (PG-1 esithombeni se-δ13C ku-Isithombe 3f) (Ithebula Elingeziwe 4). Izithombe zezinhlamvu zokuqala ze-X-ray kanye nezithombe ze-TEM ezinesinqumo esiphezulu zibonisa kuphela ukuhlushwa kwekhabhoni kanye nebanga phakathi kwezindiza eziyisisekelo ezingu-0.3 nm, okuhambisana ne-graphite. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amanani e-δD (841 ± 394‰) kanye ne-δ15N (169 ± 95‰), acebile ngezinto eziphilayo ze-aliphatic ezihlotshaniswa nama-phyllosilicates aqoshwe ngamatshe, avele abe phezulu kancane kunesilinganiso sesifunda sonke i-C (δD = 528 ± 139‰). ‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) ku-C0068.25 (Ithebula Elingeziwe 4). Lokhu kuqaphela kusikisela ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezicebile nge-aliphatic kuma-phyllosilicates aqinile zingase zibe zindala kakhulu kunezinto eziphilayo ezizungezile, njengoba lokhu kwamuva kungenzeka ukuthi kushintshisane nge-isotopic namanzi azungezile emzimbeni wokuqala. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lezi zinguquko ze-isotopic zingase zihlotshaniswe nenqubo yokuqala yokwakheka. Kuhunyushwa ukuthi ama-silicates aqinile anezingqimba ezincane kuma-chondrites e-CI akhiwe ngenxa yokuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwamaqoqo okuqala e-silicate aqinile anezingqimba. Izinto eziphilayo ezicebile nge-aliphatic kungenzeka ukuthi zakhiwe ngama-molecule angaphambili kudiski ye-protoplanetary noma i-interstellar medium ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwesistimu yelanga, bese zishintshwa kancane ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwamanzi komzimba womzali we-Ryugu (omkhulu). Usayizi (<1.0 km) we-Ryugu mncane kakhulu ukuthi ungagcina ukushisa kwangaphakathi ngokwanele ukuze kuguqulwe amanzi ukuze kwakheke amaminerali angamanzi25. Usayizi (<1.0 km) we-Ryugu mncane kakhulu ukugcina ukushisa kwangaphakathi okwanele ukuze kuguqulwe amanzi ukuze kwakheke amaminerali angamanzi25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водного изменения с образованием водных 5. Usayizi (<1.0 km) I-Ryugu incane kakhulu ukuthi ingagcina ukushisa kwangaphakathi okwanele ukuze amanzi ashintshe ukuze kwakheke amaminerali amanzi25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с образованием водных минералов25. Usayizi we-Ryugu (<1.0 km) mncane kakhulu ukusekela ukushisa kwangaphakathi ukushintsha amanzi abe amaminerali amanzi25.Ngakho-ke, kungadingeka amashumi amakhilomitha ngobukhulu ngaphambi kweRyugu. Izinto eziphilayo ezicebile ngamakhemikhali e-aliphatic zingagcina izilinganiso zazo zokuqala ze-isotope ngenxa yokuhlangana nama-phyllosilicates aqinile. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo oluqondile lwezithwali ezisindayo ze-isotopic alucaci ngenxa yokuxubana okuyinkimbinkimbi nokubucayi kwezingxenye ezahlukene kulezi zingxenyana ze-FIB. Lezi zingaba izinto eziphilayo ezicebile ngamakhemikhali e-aliphatic kuma-granules e-Ryugu noma ama-phyllosilicates aqinile azungezile. Qaphela ukuthi izinto eziphilayo cishe kuzo zonke i-chondrites ze-carbonaceous (kufaka phakathi ama-chondrites e-CI) zivame ukuba zicebile ku-D kunama-phyllosilicates, ngaphandle kwe-CM Paris 24, ama-meteorites angu-26.
Iziqephu zevolumu δD kanye ne-δ15N yezingcezu ze-FIB ezitholwe ngezingcezu ze-A0002.23 kanye ne-A0002.26, A0037.22 kanye ne-A0037.23 kanye ne-C0068.23, C0068.25 kanye ne-C0068.26 ze-FIB (izingcezu ze-FIB eziyisikhombisa ezivela ezinhlayiyeni ezintathu ze-Ryugu) Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-NanoSIMS nezinye izinto zesistimu yelanga kuboniswe ku-fig. 4 (Ithebula Elingeziwe 4)27,28. Izinguquko zevolumu ku-δD kanye ne-δ15N kumaphrofayili e-A0002, A0037, kanye ne-C0068 ziyahambisana nalezo eziku-IDP, kodwa ziphakeme kunakuma-chondrites e-CM kanye ne-CI (Isithombe 4). Qaphela ukuthi ububanzi bamanani e-δD ​​esampula ye-Comet 29 (-240 kuya ku-1655‰) bukhulu kunobuka-Ryugu. Amavolumu angu-δD kanye no-δ15N wamaphrofayili e-Ryukyu, ngokuvamile, mancane kunesilinganiso sama-comet omndeni wakwaJupiter kanye nefu le-Oort (Isithombe 4). Amanani aphansi e-δD ama-chondrites e-CI angabonisa ithonya lokungcoliswa komhlaba kulezi zibonelo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukufana phakathi kweBells, iLake Tagish, kanye ne-IDP, ukungafani okukhulu kwamanani e-δD kanye ne-δN ezinhlayiyeni ze-Ryugu kungabonisa izinguquko ekusayinweni kokuqala kwe-isotopic kwezinto eziphilayo nezamanzi ohlelweni lokuqala lwelanga. Izinguquko ezifanayo ze-isotopic ku-δD kanye ne-δN ezinhlayiyeni ze-Ryugu kanye ne-IDP zisikisela ukuthi zombili kungenzeka ukuthi zakhiwe ngezinto ezivela emthonjeni ofanayo. Kukholakala ukuthi ama-IDP avela emithonjeni ye-comet 14. Ngakho-ke, i-Ryugu ingaqukatha izinto ezifana ne-comet kanye/noma okungenani uhlelo lwangaphandle lwelanga. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungaba nzima kakhulu kunalokho esikushoyo lapha ngenxa (1) ingxube yamanzi agcwele i-spherulitic ne-D emzimbeni womzali 31 kanye (2) isilinganiso se-D/H se-comet njengomsebenzi womsebenzi we-comet 32. Kodwa-ke, izizathu zokungafani okubonakalayo kwama-isotope e-hydrogen ne-nitrogen ezinhlayiyeni ze-Ryugu aziqondakali ngokugcwele, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yenani elilinganiselwe lokuhlaziywa okutholakalayo namuhla. Imiphumela yezinhlelo ze-isotope ze-hydrogen ne-nitrogen isaphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-Ryugu iqukethe iningi lezinto ezivela ngaphandle kwe-Solar System futhi ngaleyo ndlela ingabonisa ukufana okuthile nama-comet. Iphrofayili ye-Ryugu ayibonisanga ukuhlangana okubonakalayo phakathi kwe-δ13C ne-δ15N (Ithebula Elingeziwe 4).
Ukwakheka kwe-isotopi kwe-H kanye ne-N kwezinhlayiya ze-Ryugu (imibuthano ebomvu: A0002, A0037; imibuthano eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: C0068) kuhlobene nobukhulu belanga obungu-27, umndeni we-Jupiter mean (JFC27), kanye nama-comet e-Oort cloud (OCC27), i-IDP28, kanye nama-chondrules e-carbonaceous. Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung). Ukwakheka kwe-isotopi kunikezwe kuThebula Elingeziwe 4. Imigqa enamachashazi iyinani le-isotopi yomhlaba le-H kanye ne-N.
Ukuthuthwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo (isb. izinto eziphilayo namanzi) ziye eMhlabeni kusalokhu kuyindaba26,27,33. Izinto eziphilayo ze-Submicron ezihlotshaniswa nama-phyllosilicates amakhulu ezinhlayiyeni ze-Ryugu ezitholwe kulolu cwaningo zingaba umthombo obalulekile wama-volatiles. Izinto eziphilayo kuma-phyllosilicates amakhulu zivikeleke kangcono ekuwohlokeni16,34 nasekuboleni35 kunezinto eziphilayo ezisema-matrices amancane. Ukwakheka kwe-hydrogen okune-isotopic okunzima ezinhlayiyeni kusho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi kube ukuphela komthombo wama-volatiles athuthelwe eMhlabeni wokuqala. Zingaxutshwa nezingxenye ezine-hydrogen isotopic composition elula, njengoba kusanda kuphakanyiswa emcabangweni wokuba khona kwamanzi aqhutshwa umoya welanga ezinhlayiyeni.
Kulolu cwaningo, sibonisa ukuthi ama-meteorite e-CI, naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo kwe-geochemical njengabamele ukwakheka okuphelele kwesistimu yelanga, ama-6,10 angamasampula angcolile emhlabeni. Siphinde sinikeze ubufakazi obuqondile bokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezicebile ze-aliphatic kanye namaminerali angomakhelwane e-hydrous futhi siphakamisa ukuthi i-Ryugu ingase iqukathe izinto ezingaphandle kwelanga37. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhombisa ngokusobala ukubaluleka kokuthatha amasampula aqondile ama-protoasteroids kanye nesidingo sokuthutha amasampula abuyiselwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezingasebenzi kahle futhi ezihlanzekile. Ubufakazi obuvezwe lapha bubonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya ze-Ryugu ngokungangabazeki zingenye yezinto zesistimu yelanga ezingangcoliswanga kakhulu ezitholakala ocwaningweni lwelabhorethri, futhi ukutadisha okwengeziwe kwala masampula ayigugu ngokungangabazeki kuzokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu izinqubo zesistimu yelanga zakuqala. Izinhlayiya ze-Ryugu ziyisibonakaliso esihle kakhulu sokwakheka okuphelele kwesistimu yelanga.
Ukuze sithole izakhiwo ezincane eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zamasampula esikali se-submicron, sisebenzise i-computed tomography esekwe emisebeni ye-synchrotron (SR-XCT) kanye ne-SR X-ray diffraction (XRD)-CT, i-FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM analysis. Akukho ukuwohloka, ukungcola okubangelwa umkhathi womhlaba, futhi akukho monakalo ovela ezinhlayiyeni ezincane noma amasampula emishini. Okwamanje, senze ukuhlaziywa kwe-volumetric okuhlelekile sisebenzisa i-scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS, i-EPMA, i-XRD, i-instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), kanye nemishini ye-laser oxygen isotope fluorination. Izinqubo zokuhlola ziboniswe ku-Supplementary Figure 3 futhi ukuhlolwa ngakunye kuchazwe ezigabeni ezilandelayo.
Izinhlayiya ezivela ku-asteroid Ryugu zitholwe ku-Hayabusa-2 reentry module futhi zalethwa e-JAXA Control Center eSagamihara, eJapane, ngaphandle kokungcolisa umoya woMhlaba4. Ngemva kokuchaza kokuqala nokungonakalisi endaweni ephethwe yi-JAXA, sebenzisa izitsha zokudlulisa ezivalekayo phakathi kwezindawo kanye nezikhwama zesampula zama-capsule (ikristalu ye-sapphire engu-10 noma 15 mm ububanzi kanye nensimbi engagqwali, kuye ngobukhulu besampula) ukuze ugweme ukuphazamiseka kwemvelo. imvelo, kanye/noma ukungcola komhlabathi (isb. umhwamuko wamanzi, ama-hydrocarbon, amagesi omoya kanye nezinhlayiya ezincane) kanye nokungcola phakathi kwamasampula ngesikhathi sokulungiselela isampula kanye nokuthuthwa phakathi kwezikhungo namanyuvesi38. Ukuze kugwenywe ukuwohloka nokungcola ngenxa yokusebenzisana nomoya-mpilo womhlaba (umhwamuko wamanzi nomoya-mpilo), zonke izinhlobo zokulungiselela amasampula (kufaka phakathi ukuchoboza nge-tantalum chisel, kusetshenziswa isaha lensimbi yedayimane elilinganisiwe (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) kanye nokulungiselela ukusika i-epoxy) ukuze kufakwe) zenziwe ebhokisini lamagilavu ​​​​ngaphansi kwe-N2 ehlanzekile eyomile (indawo yamazolo: -80 kuya ku-60 °C, O2 ~50-100 ppm). Zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa lapha zihlanzwa ngenhlanganisela yamanzi acwengekile kakhulu kanye ne-ethanol kusetshenziswa amaza e-ultrasonic amaza ahlukene.
Lapha sifunda iqoqo le-meteorite le-National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) le-Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y)-791198, CY: Y-82162 kanye ne-CY: Y 980115).
Ukuze kudluliselwe phakathi kwamathuluzi okuhlaziya i-SR-XCT, i-NanoSIMS, i-STXM-NEXAFS kanye ne-TEM, sisebenzise isibambi sesampula esincane kakhulu esichazwe ezifundweni zangaphambilini38.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-SR-XCT kwamasampula e-Ryugu kwenziwe kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-CT oluhlanganisiwe lwe-BL20XU/SPring-8. Uhlelo lwe-CT oluhlanganisiwe luqukethe izindlela ezahlukene zokulinganisa: imodi yokubuka ebanzi kanye nemodi yokucaca okuphansi (WL) ukuze kuthathwe isakhiwo sonke sesampula, imodi yokubuka encishisiwe kanye nemodi yokucaca okuphezulu (NH) ukuze kulinganiswe kahle indawo yesampula, intshisekelo kanye nama-radiograph ukuze kutholakale iphethini yokuphambuka komthamo wesampula, futhi kwenziwe i-XRD-CT ukuthola umdwebo we-2D wezigaba zamaminerali endiza evundlile kusampula. Qaphela ukuthi zonke izilinganiso zingenziwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uhlelo olwakhelwe ngaphakathi ukususa isibambi sesampula esisekelweni, okuvumela izilinganiso ezinembile ze-CT kanye ne-XRD-CT. I-WL mode X-ray detector (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) ifakwe ikhamera eyengeziwe ye-4608 × 4608 pixel metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) ene-scintillator equkethe ubukhulu be-lutetium aluminium garnet single crystal thickness µm (Lu3Al5O12:Ce) kanye nelensi yokudlulisa. Usayizi wephikseli kumodi ye-WL cishe u-0.848 µm. Ngakho-ke, insimu yokubuka (FOV) kumodi ye-WL cishe ingu-6 mm kumodi ye-offset CT. I-NH mode X-ray detector (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) ifakwe i-gadolinium-aluminium-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator enobukhulu obungu-20 µm, ikhamera ye-CMOS (C11440-22CU) enesinqumo samaphikseli angu-2048 × 2048; Hamamatsu Photonics) kanye nelensi engu-×20. Usayizi wephikseli kwimodi ye-NH ungu-~0.25 µm kanti insimu yokubuka ingu-~0.5 mm. I-detector yemodi ye-XRD (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) ifakwe i-scintillator equkethe isikrini se-powder esingu-50 µm esingu-50 µm, ikhamera ye-CMOS enesinqumo samaphikseli angu-2304 × 2304 (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) kanye nelensi yokudlulisela. I-detector inosayizi wephikseli osebenzayo ongu-19.05 µm kanye nensimu yokubuka engu-43.9 mm2. Ukuze sandise i-FOV, sisebenzise inqubo ye-CT engasebenzi kumodi ye-WL. Isithombe sokukhanya esidluliselwe sokwakhiwa kabusha kwe-CT siqukethe isithombe esisebangeni eliphakathi kuka-180° no-360° esiboniswa ngokuvundlile sizungeze i-axis yokujikeleza, kanye nesithombe esisebangeni eliphakathi kuka-0° no-180°.
Kumodi ye-XRD, umsebe we-X-ray ugxilwe yipuleti le-Fresnel zone. Kule modi, i-detector ibekwa ku-110 mm ngemuva kwesampula kanti ukuma kwe-beam kungama-3 mm ngaphambi kwe-detector. Izithombe ze-diffraction ku-2θ zisukela ku-1.43° kuya ku-18.00° (i-grating pitch d = 16.6–1.32 Å) zitholwe nge-X-ray spot egxilwe phansi kwendawo yokubuka ye-detector. Isampula ihamba ngokuqondile ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, ngokujika okuyingxenye kwesinyathelo ngasinye sokuskena okuqondile. Uma izinhlayiya zamaminerali zanelisa isimo se-Bragg lapho zijikeleziswa ngo-180°, kungenzeka ukuthola i-diffraction yezinhlayiya zamaminerali endizeni evundlile. Izithombe ze-diffraction zabe sezihlanganiswa zaba isithombe esisodwa sesinyathelo ngasinye sokuskena okuqondile. Izimo zokuhlolwa kwe-SR-XRD-CT zicishe zifane nalezo zokuhlolwa kwe-SR-XRD. Kumodi ye-XRD-CT, i-detector ibekwe ku-69 mm ngemuva kwesampula. Izithombe ze-diffraction kububanzi be-2θ kusukela ku-1.2° kuya ku-17.68° (d = 19.73 kuya ku-1.35 Å), lapho kokubili ugongolo lwe-X-ray kanye nomkhawulo wogongolo kuhambisana nendawo ephakathi nendawo yokubuka komtshina. Skena isampula ngokuvundlile bese uzungezisa isampula ngo-180°. Izithombe ze-SR-XRD-CT zakhiwe kabusha ngamandla amaminerali aphezulu njengamanani e-pixel. Ngokuskena okuvundlile, isampula ivame ukuskenwa ngezinyathelo ezingu-500–1000.
Kuzo zonke izivivinyo, amandla e-X-ray ayezinzile ku-30 ​​keV, njengoba lokhu kungumkhawulo ophansi wokungena kwe-X-ray kuma-meteorite anobubanzi obungu-6 mm. Inani lezithombe ezitholwe kuzo zonke izilinganiso ze-CT ngesikhathi sokujikeleza okungu-180° lalingu-1800 (3600 kohlelo lwe-offset CT), kanti isikhathi sokuvezwa kwezithombe sasingu-100 ms kwimodi ye-WL, 300 ms kwimodi ye-NH, 500 ms ye-XRD, kanye no-50 ms. ms kwimodi ye-XRD-CT. Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuskena isampula singaba yimizuzu eyi-10 kwimodi ye-WL, imizuzu eyi-15 kwimodi ye-NH, amahora ama-3 e-XRD, kanye namahora ayi-8 e-SR-XRD-CT.
Izithombe ze-CT zakhiwe kabusha nge-convolutional back projection futhi zalungiswa ukuze kube ne-linear attenuation coefficient kusukela ku-0 kuya ku-80 cm-1. Isofthiwe ye-Slice yasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya idatha ye-3D kanti isofthiwe ye-muXRD yasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya idatha ye-XRD.
Izinhlayiya ze-Ryugu ezilungisiwe nge-epoxy (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 kanye ne-C0068) zapholishwa kancane kancane ebusweni zaze zaba sezingeni lefilimu yokugoqa idayimane engu-0.5 µm (3M) ngaphansi kwezimo ezomile, zigwema ukuthi izinto zingathintani nobuso ngesikhathi senqubo yokupholishwa. Ubuso obupholishiwe besampula ngayinye buqale bahlolwa nge-microscopy ekhanyayo bese kuba ama-electron ahlakazekile ukuze kutholakale izithombe ze-mineralogy kanye nokuthungwa (BSE) zamasampula kanye nezinto ze-NIPR ezisezingeni eliphezulu kusetshenziswa isithombe se-JEOL JSM-7100F SEM esifakwe isithombe se-energy dispersive spectrometer (AZtec). amandla). Kwisampula ngayinye, okuqukethwe kwezinto ezinkulu nezincane kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200). Hlaziya izinhlayiya ze-phyllosilicate kanye ne-carbonate ku-5 nA, amazinga emvelo nawokwenziwa ku-15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, kanye ne-pyroxene ku-30 ​​nA. Amamaki e-Modal abalwe kusukela kumamephu ezinto kanye nezithombe ze-BSE kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-ImageJ 1.53 enemingcele efanele ebekwe ngokungahleliwe yeminerali ngayinye.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-oxygen kwenziwe e-Open University (eMilton Keynes, e-UK) kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-infrared laser fluorination. Amasampula e-Hayabusa2 alethwa e-Open University 38 ezitsheni ezigcwele i-nitrogen ukuze zidluliselwe phakathi kwezikhungo.
Ukulayisha isampula kwenziwa ebhokisini legilavu ​​​​le-nitrogen elinezinga le-oxygen eliqashwe ngaphansi kuka-0.1%. Emsebenzini wokuhlaziya we-Hayabusa2, kwenziwa isibambi sesampula esisha se-Ni, esakhiwe yimigodi emibili kuphela yesampula (ububanzi obungu-2.5 mm, ukujula okungu-5 mm), esinye sezinhlayiya ze-Hayabusa2 kanti esinye sezinga langaphakathi le-obsidian. Ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya, umthombo wesampula oqukethe izinto ze-Hayabusa2 wambozwa ngefasitela langaphakathi le-BaF2 elingaba ngu-1 mm ubukhulu kanye no-3 mm ububanzi ukuze libambe isampula ngesikhathi sokusabela kwe-laser. Ukugeleza kwe-BrF5 kuya kusampula kwagcinwa ngokusikwa kwesiteshi sokuxuba igesi kusibambi sesampula se-Ni. Igumbi lesampula laphinde lalungiswa kabusha ukuze lisuswe emgqeni we-vacuum fluorination bese livulwa ebhokisini legilavu ​​​​eligcwele i-nitrogen. Igumbi lezingcezu ezimbili lavalwa ngesivalo sokucindezela se-copper gasketed kanye ne-EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38 chain clamp. Ifasitela le-BaF2 elingama-3 mm ubukhulu phezulu kwegumbi livumela ukubonwa kwesampula kanye nokushisa kwe-laser ngasikhathi sinye. Ngemva kokulayisha isampula, phinda ubambe ikamelo bese uxhuma kabusha entanjeni ene-fluorine. Ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa, ikamelo lesampula lalifudunyezwa ngaphansi kwe-vacuum cishe ku-95°C ubusuku bonke ukuze kususwe noma yimuphi umswakama ofakwe emanzini. Ngemva kokufudumala ubusuku bonke, ikamelo lalivunyelwa ukuthi liphole lifinyelele ekushiseni kwegumbi bese kuthi ingxenye evezwe emoyeni ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwesampula ihlanzwe ngama-aliquot amathathu e-BrF5 ukuze kususwe umswakama. Lezi zinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isampula ye-Hayabusa 2 ayivezwa emoyeni futhi ayingcoliswanga umswakama ovela engxenyeni yomugqa one-fluorine okhishwa emoyeni ngesikhathi sokulayisha isampula.
Amasampula ezinhlayiya ze-Ryugu C0014-4 kanye ne-Orgueil (CI) ahlaziywe ngendlela "eyodwa" eguquliwe42, kuyilapho ukuhlaziywa kwe-Y-82162 (CY) kwenziwa kuthreyi eyodwa enezimbobo eziningi zesampula41. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okungenayo amanzi, akudingekile ukusebenzisa indlela eyodwa yama-chondrites e-CY. Amasampula afudunyezwa kusetshenziswa amandla e-laser ye-Photon Machines Inc. infrared CO2. angu-50 W (10.6 µm) afakwe ku-gantry ye-XYZ phambi kwe-BrF5. Uhlelo lwevidiyo olwakhelwe ngaphakathi luqapha inkambo yokusabela. Ngemuva kwe-fluorination, i-O2 ekhululiwe yahlanzwa kusetshenziswa izithiyo ezimbili ze-cryogenic nitrogen kanye nombhede oshisayo we-KBr ukuze kususwe noma iyiphi i-fluorine eyengeziwe. Ukwakheka kwe-isotopic kwe-oxygen ehlanziwe kwahlaziywa ku-Thermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer enesisombululo sesisindo esingaba ngu-200.
Kwezinye izimo, inani le-O2 yegesi elikhishwe ngesikhathi sokusabela kwesampula lalingaphansi kuka-140 µg, okuwumkhawulo olinganiselwe wokusebenzisa idivayisi ye-bellows ku-MAT 253 mass spectrometer. Kulezi zimo, sebenzisa ama-microvolumes ukuze uhlaziye. Ngemva kokuhlaziya izinhlayiya ze-Hayabusa2, indinganiso yangaphakathi ye-obsidian yafakwa i-fluorinated futhi ukwakheka kwayo kwe-oxygen isotope kwanqunywa.
Ama-ion engxenye ye-NF+ NF3+ aphazamisa umsebe onesisindo esingu-33 (16O17O). Ukuze kuqedwe le nkinga engaba khona, amasampula amaningi acutshungulwa kusetshenziswa izinqubo zokuhlukanisa i-cryogenic. Lokhu kungenziwa ngendlela eya phambili ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kwe-MAT 253 noma njengokuhlaziywa kwesibili ngokubuyisela igesi ehlaziyiwe kusihlungi esikhethekile sama-molecule bese uyidlulisela kabusha ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kwe-cryogenic. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-cryogenic kuhilela ukunikeza igesi kusihlungi sama-molecule ekushiseni kwe-nitrogen ewuketshezi bese uyikhipha kusihlungi sama-molecule esiyinhloko ekushiseni okungu--130°C. Ukuhlolwa okubanzi kubonise ukuthi i-NF+ ihlala kusihlungi sama-molecule sokuqala futhi akukho ukuhlukaniswa okuphawulekayo okwenzekayo kusetshenziswa le ndlela.
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okuphindaphindiwe kwezindinganiso zethu zangaphakathi ze-obsidian, ukunemba okuphelele kwesistimu kumodi ye-bellows yilokhu: ±0.053‰ ye-δ17O, ±0.095‰ ye-δ18O, ±0.018‰ ye-Δ17O (2 sd). Ukuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-oxygen kunikezwa ku-delta notation ejwayelekile, lapho i-delta18O ibalwa kanje:
Sebenzisa futhi isilinganiso se-17O/16O se-δ17O. I-VSMOW iyindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe ye-Vienna Mean Sea Water Standard. I-Δ17O imelela ukuphambuka kusuka kumugqa wokuhlukaniswa komhlaba, futhi ifomula yokubala ithi: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O. Yonke idatha eyethulwe kuThebula Elingeziwe 3 ilungisiwe ngegebe.
Izingxenye ezicishe zibe ngu-150 kuya ku-200 nm ubukhulu zakhishwa ezinhlayiyeni ze-Ryugu kusetshenziswa ithuluzi le-Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB e-JAMSTEC, e-Kochi Core Sampling Institute. Qaphela ukuthi zonke izingxenye ze-FIB zatholakala ezingcezwini ezingacutshungulwanga zezinhlayiya ezingacutshungulwanga ngemuva kokususwa ezitsheni ezigcwele igesi ze-N2 ukuze zidluliselwe ngaphakathi kwezinto. Lezi zingcezwi azilinganiswanga yi-SR-CT, kodwa zacutshungulwa ngokuvezwa okuncane kakhulu emkhathini womhlaba ukuze kugwenywe umonakalo ongaba khona kanye nokungcola okungathinta i-carbon K-edge spectrum. Ngemva kokufakwa kwengqimba yokuvikela i-tungsten, indawo ethandwayo (kufika ku-25 × 25 μm2) yanqunywa futhi yancishiswa nge-Ga+ ion beam ku-voltage esheshisa engu-30 kV, yabe isiba ku-5 kV kanye nogesi we-probe ongu-40 pA ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo womphezulu. Izingxenye ezincane kakhulu zabe sezibekwa ku-mesh yethusi ekhulisiwe (i-mesh ye-Kochi) 39 kusetshenziswa i-micromanipulator efakwe i-FIB.
Ama-pellet e-Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) kanye ne-C0068 (0.6483mg) avalwe kabili emaphepheni e-polyethylene amsulwa kakhulu ebhokisini lamagilavu ​​​​eligcwele i-nitrogen elihlanzekile ku-SPring-8 ngaphandle kokuxhumana nomoya womhlaba. Ukulungiswa kwesampula ye-JB-1 (idwala elibhekisela ku-geological elikhishwe yi-Geological Survey of Japan) kwenziwa eTokyo Metropolitan University.
I-INAA ibanjelwe e-Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, eKyoto University. Amasampula ashiswa kabili ngemijikelezo ehlukene yokushiswa ekhethwe ngokwengxenye yokuphila kwe-nuclide esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa izakhi. Okokuqala, isampula yashiswa nge-pneumatic irradiation tube imizuzwana engama-30. Ama-fluxes ama-thermal nama-fast ne-neutron ku-Fig. 3 angama-4.6 × 1012 kanye nama-9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, ngokulandelana, ukuze kunqunywe okuqukethwe yi-Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V kanye ne-Mn. Amakhemikhali afana ne-MgO (99.99% purity, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% purity, Soekawa Chemical), kanye ne-Si metal (99.999% purity, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) nawo ashiswa nge-radiation ukuze kulungiswe ukusabela okuphazamisekile kwe-nuclear njenge-(n, n). Isampula iphinde yashiswa nge-sodium chloride (99.99% ubumsulwa; MANAC) ukuze kulungiswe izinguquko ekugelezeni kwe-neutron.
Ngemva kokukhishwa kwemisebe ye-neutron, ishidi le-polyethylene yangaphandle lashintshwa ngelisha, kwathi imisebe ye-gamma ekhishwe yisampula kanye nereferensi yalinganiswa ngokushesha nge-Ge detector. Amasampula afanayo aphinde akhishwa imisebe amahora ama-4 epayipini lokukhishwa kwemisebe ye-pneumatic. I-2 ine-fluxes ye-neutron eshisayo nesheshayo engu-5.6 1012 kanye no-1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, ngokulandelana, ukuze kunqunywe i-Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir kanye ne-Au. Amasampula okulawula e-Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, kanye ne-Au akhishwa imisebe ngokusebenzisa amanani afanele (kusukela ku-10 kuya ku-50 μg) wezixazululo ezijwayelekile zamazinga aziwayo alezi zinto ezingcezu ezimbili zephepha lokuhlunga, kulandelwe ukukhishwa kwemisebe yamasampula. Ukubalwa kwemisebe ye-gamma kwenziwa e-Institute of Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, e-Kyoto University kanye nase-RI Research Center, e-Tokyo Metropolitan University. Izinqubo zokuhlaziya kanye nezinto zokubhekisela zokunquma inani lezakhi ze-INAA ziyafana nalezo ezichazwe emsebenzini wethu wangaphambilini.
I-X-ray diffractometer (i-Rigaku SmartLab) yasetshenziswa ukuqoqa amaphethini okusabalalisa amasampula e-Ryugu i-A0029 (<1 mg), i-A0037 (≪1 mg) kanye ne-C0087 (<1 mg) e-NIPR. I-X-ray diffractometer (i-Rigaku SmartLab) yasetshenziswa ukuqoqa amaphethini okusabalalisa amasampula e-Ryugu i-A0029 (<1 mg), i-A0037 (≪1 mg) kanye ne-C0087 (<1 mg) e-NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (≥70m1) I-NIPR. I-X-ray diffractometer (i-Rigaku SmartLab) yasetshenziswa ukuqoqa amaphethini okusabalalisa amasampula e-Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), kanye ne-C0087 (<1 mg) ku-NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案。使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案。 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) kanye C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием рентгеновгенгей ренгеного в NIPR с использованием рентгеновгенов рентгеновгенов ренгеновгенов ренгеного длучены в NIPR). Amaphethini okusabalalisa kwe-X-ray amasampula e-Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) kanye ne-C0087 (<1 mg) atholakale ku-NIPR kusetshenziswa i-X-ray diffractometer (i-Rigaku SmartLab).Zonke izibonelo zagaywa zaba yimpuphu ecolekile ku-wafer ye-silicon engakhanyi kusetshenziswa ipuleti lengilazi le-sapphire bese zisakazwa ngokulinganayo ku-wafer ye-silicon engakhanyi ngaphandle koketshezi (amanzi noma utshwala). Izimo zokulinganisa zimi kanje: Imisebe ye-X-ray ye-Cu Kα ikhiqizwa ku-voltage yeshubhu engu-40 kV kanye nomsinga weshubhu ongu-40 mA, ubude obunqunyelwe bomngxunya bungu-10 mm, i-engeli yokuhlukana ingu-(1/6)°, isivinini sokujikeleza ngaphakathi kwendiza singama-20 rpm, kanti ububanzi bungu-2θ (i-engeli ye-Bragg ephindwe kabili) bungu-3-100° futhi kuthatha cishe amahora angama-28 ukuhlaziya. Kusetshenziswe ama-optics e-Bragg Brentano. I-detector iyi-single-dimensional silicon semiconductor detector (D/teX Ultra 250). Ama-X-ray e-Cu Kβ asusiwe kusetshenziswa isihlungi se-Ni. Kusetshenziswa amasampula atholakalayo, izilinganiso ze-synthetic magnesian saponite (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), i-serpentine (i-leaf serpentine, i-Miyazu, i-Nikka) kanye ne-pyrrhotite (i-monoclinic 4C, i-Chihua, i-Mexico Watts) zaqhathaniswa ukuze kutholakale iziqongo kanye nokusebenzisa idatha ye-diffraction yefayela le-powder evela ku-International Center for Diffraction Data, i-dolomite (PDF 01-071-1662) kanye ne-magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629). Idatha ye-diffraction evela ku-Ryugu nayo yaqhathaniswa nedatha kuma-hydroaltered carbonaceous chondrites, i-Orgueil CI, i-Y-791198 CM2.4, kanye ne-Y 980115 CY (isigaba sokushisa III, 500–750°C). Ukuqhathaniswa kubonise ukufana ne-Orgueil, kodwa hhayi ne-Y-791198 kanye ne-Y 980115.
Ama-spectra e-NEXAFS anomphetho wekhabhoni K wezingxenye ezincane kakhulu zamasampula ezenziwe nge-FIB alinganiswe kusetshenziswa isiteshi se-STXM BL4U esikhungweni se-UVSOR synchrotron e-Institute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Japan). Usayizi webala lomsebe ogxile ngokubonakalayo onepuleti le-Fresnel zone cishe u-50 nm. Isinyathelo samandla singu-0.1 eV sesakhiwo esihle sesifunda esiseduze nomphetho (283.6–292.0 eV) kanye no-0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV kanye no-292.5–300.0 eV) wezifunda zangaphambili nangemuva. isikhathi sephikseli ngayinye yesithombe sibekwe ku-2 ms. Ngemva kokuphuma, igumbi lokuhlaziya le-STXM lagcwaliswa nge-helium ngokucindezela okungaba ngu-20 mbar. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukukhukhuleka kokushisa kwemishini ye-X-ray optics ekamelweni kanye nesiphathi sesampula, kanye nokunciphisa umonakalo wesampula kanye/noma i-oxidation. Ama-spectra e-carbon e-NEXAFS K-edge akhiqizwe kusuka kudatha ehlanganisiwe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-aXis2000 kanye nesofthiwe yokucubungula idatha ye-STXM eyimfihlo. Qaphela ukuthi ikesi lokudlulisa isampula kanye nebhokisi legilavu ​​​​kusetshenziselwa ukugwema ukungcoliswa kwesampula kanye nokungcola.
Ngemva kokuhlaziywa kwe-STXM-NEXAFS, ukwakheka kwe-isotopic kwe-hydrogen, i-carbon, kanye ne-nitrogen yezingcezu ze-Ryugu FIB kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-isotope imaging nge-JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L. Umugqa oyinhloko we-Cs+ ogxile cishe ku-2 pA wokuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-carbon ne-nitrogen kanye no-13 pA wokuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-hydrogen kuqoshwa endaweni engaba ngu-24 × 24 µm2 kuya ku-30 ​​× 30 µm2 kusampula. Ngemuva kokufuthwa kwemizuzu emi-3 ku-primary beam current enamandla, ukuhlaziywa ngakunye kwaqalwa ngemuva kokuzinza kokuqina kwe-secondary beam. Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-carbon ne-nitrogen isotopes, izithombe ze-12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– kanye ne-12C15N– zatholakala ngasikhathi sinye kusetshenziswa ukutholwa kwe-electron multiplier multiplex okuyisikhombisa okune-mass resolution engaba ngu-9000, okwanele ukuhlukanisa wonke ama-isotopic compounds afanele. ukuphazamiseka (okungukuthi i-12C1H ku-13C kanye ne-13C14N ku-12C15N). Ekuhlaziyweni kwama-isotope e-hydrogen, kutholakale izithombe ze-1H-, 2D- kanye ne-12C- ezinesisombululo sesisindo esingaba ngu-3000 ngokutholwa okuningi kusetshenziswa ama-electron multiplier amathathu. Ukuhlaziywa ngakunye kuqukethe izithombe eziskeniwe ezingu-30 zendawo efanayo, nesithombe esisodwa esiqukethe amaphikseli angu-256 × 256 okuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-carbon ne-nitrogen kanye namaphikseli angu-128 × 128 okuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-hydrogen. Isikhathi sokulibaziseka singama-µs angu-3000 ngephikseli ngayinye yokuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-carbon ne-nitrogen kanye nama-µs angu-5000 ngephikseli ngayinye yokuhlaziywa kwe-isotope ye-hydrogen. Sisebenzise i-1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate njengezindinganiso ze-isotope ye-hydrogen, i-carbon ne-nitrogen ukulinganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwesisindo sezinsimbi45.
Ukuze sinqume ukwakheka kwe-silicon isotopic kwe-presolar graphite kuphrofayili ye-FIB C0068-25, sisebenzise ama-electron multipliers ayisithupha anesisombululo sesisindo esingaba ngu-9000. Izithombe ziqukethe amaphikseli angu-256 × 256 nesikhathi sokulibaziseka esingu-3000 µs ngephikseli ngayinye. Silinganise ithuluzi lokuhlukaniswa kwesisindo sisebenzisa ama-silicon wafer njengezindinganiso ze-hydrogen, carbon, kanye ne-silicon isotope.
Izithombe ze-Isotope zicutshungulwe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-NASA ye-NanoSIMS45 yokuthwebula izithombe. Idatha yalungiswa ngenxa ye-electron multiplier dead time (44 ns) kanye nemiphumela yokufika ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuqondanisa okuhlukile kokuskena kwesithombe ngasinye ukuze kulungiswe ukuzulazula kwesithombe ngesikhathi sokutholwa. Isithombe sokugcina se-isotope sakhiwa ngokungeza ama-ion esibili avela esithombeni ngasinye se-pixel ngayinye yokuskena.
Ngemva kokuhlaziywa kwe-STXM-NEXAFS kanye ne-NanoSIMS, izingxenye ezifanayo ze-FIB zahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-transmission electron microscope (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) nge-voltage esheshisa engu-200 kV eKochi, eJAMSTEC. Isakhiwo esincane sabonwa kusetshenziswa i-bright-field TEM kanye ne-high-angle scanning TEM ensimini emnyama. Izigaba zamaminerali zahlonzwa nge-spot electron diffraction kanye ne-lattice band imaging, kanti ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwenziwa yi-EDS nge-100 mm2 silicon drift detector kanye ne-JEOL Analysis Station 4.30 software. Ukuze kuhlaziywe ngobuningi, ukuqina kwe-X-ray yesici ngasinye kwalinganiswa kwimodi yokuskena ye-TEM enesikhathi sokuthola idatha esinqunyiwe samasekhondi angu-30, indawo yokuskena ngomsebe engu-~100 × 100 nm2, kanye nomsinga womsebe ongu-50 pA. Isilinganiso (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe kuma-silicates angqimba sanqunywa kusetshenziswa i-experimental coefficient k, elungisiwe ukujiya, etholwe ku-standard ye-pyropagarnet yemvelo.
Zonke izithombe nokuhlaziywa okusetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo kuyatholakala ku-JAXA Data Archiving and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2. Lesi sihloko sinikeza idatha yokuqala.
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