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ʻO nā asteroids ʻano C, he mea hoʻoheheʻe a waiwai i nā mea olaola, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka wai ma ka Honua. I kēia manawa, hāʻawi nā chondrites e halihali ana i ke kalapona i ka manaʻo maikaʻi loa o ko lākou ʻano kemika, akā ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i nā meteorites: ʻo nā ʻano paʻa loa wale nō ke ola nei i ke komo ʻana i ka lewa a laila e launa pū me ke kaiapuni o ka honua. Maanei mākou e hōʻike nei i nā hopena o kahi noiʻi volumetric a me microanalytical kikoʻī o ka ʻāpana mua o Ryugu i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Honua e ka mokulele Hayabusa-2. Hōʻike nā ʻāpana Ryugu i kahi kūlike kokoke i ke ʻano i nā chondrites CI (Iwuna-type) i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia e ka kemika akā ua hoʻololi ʻia e ka wai, i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana lā. Hōʻike kēia specimen i kahi pilina spatial paʻakikī ma waena o nā organics aliphatic waiwai a me nā silicates layered a hōʻike i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe o kahi o 30 °C i ka wā e ʻino ai ka wai. Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka nui o ka deuterium a me ka diazonium e kūlike me kahi kumu extrasolar. ʻO nā ʻāpana Ryugu ka mea malihini i haumia ʻole ʻia a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i aʻo ʻia a kūpono loa i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana lā.
Mai Iune 2018 a hiki i Nowemapa 2019, ua hana ka mokulele Hayabusa2 o ka Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) i kahi anamanaʻo mamao loa o ka asteroid Ryugu. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili mai ka Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) ma Hayabusa-2 ua hana ʻia ʻo Ryugu me kahi mea e like me nā chondrites carbonaceous thermally a/a i ʻole shock-metamorphic. ʻO ka mea kokoke loa ʻo CY chondrite (ʻano Yamato) 2. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka albedo haʻahaʻa o Ryugu ma ke alo o ka nui o nā ʻāpana waiwai kalapona, a me ka nui o ka ʻāpana, ka porosity, a me nā hopena o ka wā. Ua hana ka mokulele Hayabusa-2 i ʻelua pae ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā laʻana ma Ryuga. I ka wā o ka pae mua ʻana ma Pepeluali 21, 2019, ua loaʻa nā mea o luna, kahi i mālama ʻia ma ka ʻāpana A o ka capsule hoʻihoʻi, a i ka wā o ka pae ʻelua ma Iulai 11, 2019, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea kokoke i kahi lua hana i hana ʻia e kahi impactor liʻiliʻi lawe lima. Ua mālama ʻia kēia mau laʻana ma ka Ward C. ʻO ke ʻano mua ʻole e luku ai i nā ʻāpana ma ka Pae 1 i loko o nā keʻena kūikawā, haumia ʻole a maʻemaʻe i piha i ka naikokene ma nā hale i mālama ʻia e JAXA i hōʻike ʻia ua like loa nā ʻāpana Ryugu me nā chondrites CI4 a hōʻike i nā "pae like ʻole o ka loli"3. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Ryugu, e like me CY a i ʻole CI chondrites, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ma o ke ʻano kikoʻī isotopic, elemental, a me mineralogical o nā ʻāpana Ryugu. Hāʻawi nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi i kahi kumu paʻa no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi o kēia mau wehewehe mua ʻelua no ka haku mele holoʻokoʻa o ka asteroid Ryugu.
ʻEwalu mau pellets Ryugu (ma kahi o 60mg ka huina), ʻehā mai ke Keʻena A a ʻehā mai ke Keʻena C, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka Phase 2 e hoʻokele i ka hui Kochi. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ke aʻo ʻana, ʻo ia ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano, ke kumu a me ka mōʻaukala evolutionary o ka asteroid Ryugu, a e palapala i nā ʻano like a me nā ʻokoʻa me nā hiʻohiʻona extraterrestrial ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia e like me nā chondrites, nā ʻāpana lepo interplanetary (IDPs) a me nā comets e hoʻi mai ana. Nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka misionari Stardust a NASA.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi mineralogical kikoʻī o nā ʻano hua ʻelima Ryugu (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 a me C0068) ua haku nui ʻia lākou me nā phyllosilicates maikaʻi a me nā ʻano coarse-grained (~64–88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b, Supplementary Fig. 1). a me ka papa ʻaina hou 1). Loaʻa nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained ma ke ʻano he pinnate aggregates (a hiki i nā ʻumi microns ka nui) i loko o nā matrices maikaʻi, waiwai i ka phyllosilicate (ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o kekahi mau microns ka nui). ʻO nā ʻāpana silicate layered he serpentine-saponite symbionts (Fig. 1c). Hōʻike pū ka palapala ʻāina (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe he ʻano waena ko ka matrix silicate layered ma waena o ka serpentine a me ka saponite (Fig. 2a, b). Aia i loko o ka matrix phyllosilicate nā minelala carbonate (~2–21 vol.%), nā minelala sulfide (~2.4–5.5 vol.%), a me ka magnetite (~3.6–6.8 vol.%). ʻO kekahi o nā ʻāpana i nānā ʻia ma kēia haʻawina (C0009) he wahi liʻiliʻi (~0.5 vol.%) o nā silicates anhydrous (olivine a me pyroxene), hiki ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumu i hana ʻia ai ka pōhaku Ryugu maka5. He mea kakaikahi kēia silicate anhydrous i nā pellets Ryugu a ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma ka pellet C0009. Aia nā carbonates i loko o ka matrix ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana (ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o kekahi mau haneli microns), ʻo ka hapa nui he dolomite, me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka calcium carbonate a me ka brinell. Loaʻa ka Magnetite ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, framboids, plaques, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​hui spherical. Hōʻike nui ʻia nā sulfides e pyrrhotite ma ke ʻano o nā prisms hexagonal irregularly/plates a i ʻole laths. Loaʻa i ka matrix kahi nui o ka submicron pentlandite a i ʻole i hui pū ʻia me pyrrhotite. Loaʻa nā ʻano waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi āpau i loko o ka matrix waiwai phyllosilicate. Loaʻa nā ʻano waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi āpau i loko o ka matrix waiwai phyllosilicate. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Loaʻa nā ʻano waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi āpau i loko o ka matrix waiwai phyllosilicate.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻano waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) i loko o ka matrix waiwai phyllosilicate.Hōʻike ʻia nā minelala kōkua ʻē aʻe ma ka Papa Hoʻohui 1. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā minelala i hoʻoholo ʻia mai ke ʻano diffraction X-ray o ka hui ʻana o C0087 a me A0029 a me A0037 e kūlike loa me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka chondrite CI (Orgueil), akā ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā chondrites CY a me CM (ʻano Mighei) (Kiʻi 1 me ka ʻikepili i hoʻonui ʻia a me ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui 2). ʻO ka nui o nā mea o nā hua Ryugu (A0098, C0068) e kūlike pū me ka chondrite 6 CI (ʻikepili i hoʻonui ʻia, Kiʻi 2 a me ka Papa Hoʻohui 2). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua pau nā chondrites CM i nā mea volatile haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe hoʻi, ʻoiai ʻo Mn a me Zn, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma nā mea refractory7. ʻOkoʻa loa ka nui o kekahi mau mea, kahi paha he hōʻike o ka heterogeneity kūlohelohe o ka laʻana ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana pākahi a me ka hopena o ka laʻana. Hōʻike nā ʻano petrological, mineralogical a me nā elemental āpau he like loa nā hua Ryugu me nā chondrites CI8,9,10. ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ka nele o ka ferrihydrite a me ka sulfate i loko o nā hua Ryugu, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau minelala i loko o nā chondrites CI e ka terrestrial weathering.
a, Kiʻi X-ray hui o Mg Kα (ʻulaʻula), Ca Kα (ʻōmaʻomaʻo), Fe Kα (polū), a me S Kα (melemele) ʻāpana poli maloʻo C0068. Aia ka ʻāpana i nā silicates papa (ʻulaʻula: ~88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā: ~1.6 vol%), magnetite (polū: ~5.3 vol%) a me nā sulfides (melemele: sulfide = ~2.5% vol. essay. b, kiʻi o ka ʻāpana contour i nā electrons backscattered ma luna o a. Bru - ʻōpiopio; Dole - dolomite; ʻO FeS ka hao sulfide; Mag - magnetite; wai - soapstone; Srp - serpentine. c, kiʻi microscopy electron transmission kiʻekiʻe (TEM) o kahi ulu ʻana o ka saponite-serpentine maʻamau e hōʻike ana i nā hui serpentine a me ka saponite lattice o 0.7 nm a me 1.1 nm, kēlā me kēia.
ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o ka matrix a me ka silicate layered (ma %) o Ryugu A0037 (nā pōʻai ʻulaʻula paʻa) a me C0068 (nā pōʻai polū paʻa) nā ʻāpana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ternary (Si+Al)-Mg-Fe. a, Nā hopena Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) i hoʻolālā ʻia e kūʻē i nā CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 i hōʻike ʻia ma ke hina hina no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana. b, ʻO ka nānā ʻana o ka TEM scanning (STEM) a me ka spectroscopy X-ray dispersive ikehu (EDS) i hōʻike ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā meteorites Orgueil9 a me Murchison46 a me hydrated IDP47. Ua kālailai ʻia nā phyllosilicates maikaʻi a me nā grained coarse, e pale ana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka iron sulfide. Hōʻike nā laina kiko i loko o a a me b i nā laina hoʻoheheʻe o ka saponite a me ka serpentine. ʻO ka haku mele waiwai hao i loko o a ma muli paha o nā hua hao sulfide submicron iron i loko o nā hua silicate layered, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hoʻonā spatial o ka loiloi EPMA. ʻO nā kiko ʻikepili me ka ʻike Si kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka saponite ma b hiki ke hana ʻia e ke alo o ka mea waiwai silicon amorphous nanosized i loko o nā interstices o ka papa phyllosilicate. Helu o nā loiloi: N=69 no A0037, N=68 no EPMA, N=68 no C0068, N=19 no A0037 a me N=27 no C0068 no STEM-EDS. c, palapala isotope o ka ʻāpana trioxy Ryugu C0014-4 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā waiwai chondrite CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) a me ka ʻikepili palapala (CM a me C2-ung)41,48,49. Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻikepili no nā meteorites Orgueil a me Y-82162. ʻO CCAM kahi laina o nā mineral chondrite carbonaceous anhydrous, ʻo TFL kahi laina hoʻokaʻawale ʻāina. ʻO d, nā palapala ʻāina Δ17O a me δ18O o ka ʻāpana Ryugu C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), a me CY chondrite (Y-82162) (kēia haʻawina). Δ17O_Ryugu: ʻO ka waiwai o Δ17O C0014-1. Δ17O_Orgueil: ʻO ka awelika o ka waiwai Δ17O no Orgueil. Δ17O_Y-82162: ʻO ka awelika o ka waiwai Δ17O no Y-82162. Hōʻike pū ʻia nā ʻikepili CI a me CY mai ka palapala 41, 48, 49 no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi isotope nui o ka oxygen ma kahi hāpana 1.83 mg o ka mea i unuhi ʻia mai ka granular C0014 e ka laser fluorination (Methods). No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua holo mākou i ʻehiku kope o Orgueil (CI) (ka nuipaʻa = 8.96 mg) a me ʻehiku kope o Y-82162 (CY) (ka nuipaʻa = 5.11 mg) (Papa Hoʻohui 3).
Ma ke kiʻi 2d e hōʻike ana i kahi kaʻawale maopopo o Δ17O a me δ18O ma waena o nā ʻāpana awelika kaumaha o Orgueil lāua ʻo Ryugu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Y-82162. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka Δ17O o ka ʻāpana Ryugu C0014-4 ma mua o ka ʻāpana Orgeil, ʻoiai ke overlap ma 2 sd. Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana Ryugu nā waiwai Δ17O kiʻekiʻe aʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Orgeil, kahi e hōʻike ai i ka haumia honua o ka mea hope mai kona hāʻule ʻana i ka makahiki 1864. ʻO ka weathering i loko o ke kaiapuni honua11 e hopena pono i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka oxygen lewa, e lawe mai ana i ka loiloi holoʻokoʻa kokoke i ka laina fractionation terrestrial (TFL). Kūlike kēia hopena me ka ʻikepili mineralogical (i kūkākūkā ʻia ma mua) ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā hua Ryugu nā hydrates a i ʻole sulfates, ʻoiai ʻo Orgeil.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili mineralogical i luna, kākoʻo kēia mau hopena i kahi pilina ma waena o nā hua Ryugu a me nā CI chondrites, akā kāpae i kahi pilina o nā CY chondrites. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pili nā hua Ryugu me nā CY chondrites, e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona maopopo o ka mineralogy dehydration, he mea kupanaha. ʻIke ʻia nā nānā ʻana orbital o Ryugu ua hele ʻo ia i ka dehydration a no laila ua haku ʻia me nā mea CY. ʻAʻole maopopo nā kumu no kēia ʻokoʻa maopopo. Hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi isotope oxygen o nā ʻāpana Ryugu ʻē aʻe ma kahi pepa hoa 12. Eia nō naʻe, kūlike pū nā hopena o kēia hoʻonohonoho ʻikepili i hoʻonui ʻia me ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana Ryugu a me nā CI chondrites.
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana microanalysis i hoʻonohonoho ʻia (Kiʻi Hoʻohui 3), ua nānā mākou i ka hoʻolaha spatial o ke kalapona organik ma luna o ka ʻāpana ʻili holoʻokoʻa o ka hapa kukuna ion i kālele ʻia (FIB) C0068.25 (Kiʻi 3a–f). ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻana o nā spectra absorption X-ray o ke kalapona (NEXAFS) ma ka lihi kokoke i ka ʻāpana C0068.25 e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau hui hana - aromatic a i ʻole C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) a me C(=O)O (288.8 eV) - ʻaʻohe o ka hoʻonohonoho graphene ma 291.7 eV (Kiʻi 3a), ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano haʻahaʻa o ka loli thermal. ʻOkoʻa ka piko CH ikaika (287.5 eV) o nā organik hapa o C0068.25 mai nā organik insoluble o nā chondrites carbonaceous i aʻo mua ʻia a ʻoi aku ka like me IDP14 a me nā ʻāpana cometary i loaʻa e ka misionari Stardust. ʻO kahi piko CH ikaika ma 287.5 eV a me kahi piko aromatic nāwaliwali loa a i ʻole C=C ma 285.2 eV e hōʻike ana he waiwai nui nā hui organik i nā hui aliphatic (Kiʻi 3a a me ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui 3a). ʻO nā wahi waiwai i nā hui organik aliphatic aia i loko o nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained, a me nā wahi me kahi ʻano kalapona aromatic maikaʻi ʻole (a i ʻole C=C) (Kiʻi 3c,d). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike hapa ʻo A0037,22 (Kiʻi Hoʻohui 3) i kahi ʻike haʻahaʻa o nā wahi waiwai kalapona aliphatic. ʻO ka mineralogy ma lalo o kēia mau palaoa he waiwai nui i nā carbonates, e like me ka chondrite CI 16, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi nui ʻana o ka wai kumu (Papa Hoʻohui 1). E makemake nā kūlana oxidizing i nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o nā hui hana carbonyl a me carboxyl i nā hui organik e pili ana me nā carbonates. ʻO ka hoʻolaha submicron o nā organik me nā ʻano kalapona aliphatic hiki ke ʻokoʻa loa mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā silicates layered coarse-grained. Ua loaʻa nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o nā hui organik aliphatic e pili ana me ka phyllosilicate-OH i loko o ka meteorite ʻo Tagish Lake. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili microanalytical i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e laha paha nā mea organik i waiwai i nā hui aliphatic i nā asteroids ʻano C a pili loa me nā phyllosilicates. Kūlike kēia hopena me nā hōʻike mua o nā CH aliphatic/aromatic i nā ʻāpana Ryugu i hōʻike ʻia e MicroOmega, kahi microscope hyperspectral kokoke-infrared. ʻO kahi nīnau koʻikoʻi a i hoʻoholo ʻole ʻia, inā paha nā waiwai kūikawā o nā hui organik waiwai kalapona aliphatic e pili ana me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina e loaʻa wale ana ma ka asteroid Ryugu.
a, Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā spectra kalapona NEXAFS i 292 eV ma ka ʻāpana momona ʻala (C=C) (ʻulaʻula), ma ka ʻāpana momona aliphatic (ʻōmaʻomaʻo), a ma ka matrix (uliuli). ʻO ka laina hina ka Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum no ka hoʻohālikelike. au, ʻāpana hoʻokolokolo. b, Kiʻi spectral scanning X-ray microscopy (STXM) o kahi kalapona K-edge e hōʻike ana ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka ʻāpana e ke kalapona. c, RGB composite plot me nā ʻāpana momona ʻala (C=C) (ʻulaʻula), nā ʻāpana momona aliphatic (ʻōmaʻomaʻo), a me ka matrix (uliuli). d, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea olaola waiwai i nā hui aliphatic i loko o ka phyllosilicate coarse-grained, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻāpana mai nā pahu kiko keʻokeʻo ma b a me c. e, nā nanospheres nui (ng-1) ma ka ʻāpana i hoʻonui ʻia mai ka pahu kiko keʻokeʻo ma b a me c. No: pyrrhotite. Pn: nickel-chromite. f, Nā kiʻi elemental Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), a me Nitrogen (12C14N), nā kiʻi ratio element 12C/1H, a me nā kiʻi isotope δD, δ13C, a me δ15N - Māhele PG-1: graphite presolar me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o 13C (Papa Hoʻohui 4).
Hiki i nā haʻawina kinetic o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā mea olaola i nā meteorites Murchison ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha like ʻole o nā mea olaola aliphatic waiwai i nā hua Ryugu. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina e mau ana nā pilina aliphatic CH i loko o nā mea olaola a hiki i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa ma kahi o 30°C ma ka makua a/a i ʻole e loli me nā pilina manawa-mahana (e laʻa me 200 mau makahiki ma 100°C a me 0°C 100 miliona mau makahiki). . Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻomehana ʻia ka precursor ma kahi mahana i hāʻawi ʻia no ka manawa ʻoi aku ma mua o kekahi manawa, hiki ke mālama ʻia ka hoʻolaha mua ʻana o nā mea olaola aliphatic waiwai i ka phyllosilicate. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā loli wai pōhaku kumu ke hoʻopilikia i kēia wehewehe ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻo A0037 waiwai carbonate i nā ʻāpana aliphatic waiwai kalapona e pili ana me nā phyllosilicates. ʻO kēia loli mahana haʻahaʻa e pili ana i ke alo o ka cubic feldspar i loko o nā hua Ryugu (Papa Hoʻohui 1) 20.
ʻO ka hapa C0068.25 (ng-1; Nā Kiʻi 3a–c,e) aia kahi nanosphere nui e hōʻike ana i nā spectra ʻala kiʻekiʻe (a i ʻole C=C), aliphatic haʻahaʻa, a me nā spectra nāwaliwali o C(=O)O a me C=O. . ʻAʻole kūlike ka hōʻailona o ke kalapona aliphatic me ka hōʻailona o nā mea olaola insoluble nui a me nā nanospheres organik e pili ana me nā chondrites (Kiʻi 3a) 17,21. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana o Raman a me ka infrared spectroscopic o nā nanospheres ma Lake Tagish aia lākou i nā hui organik aliphatic a me oxidized a me nā hui organik polycyclic aromatic disordered me kahi ʻano paʻakikī 22,23. No ka mea, aia nā mea olaola i loko o ka matrix a puni i waiwai i nā hui aliphatic, ʻo ka hōʻailona o ke kalapona aliphatic i loko o ng-1 he mea hana analytical paha. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, aia nā silicates amorphous i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ng-1 (Kiʻi 3e), kahi ʻano i hōʻike ʻole ʻia no kekahi mau mea olaola extraterrestrial. Hiki i nā silicates amorphous ke lilo i mau ʻāpana kūlohelohe o ng-1 a i ʻole ka hopena mai ka amorphization o nā silicates aqueous/anhydrous e ka ion a/a i ʻole ke kukuna electron i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi ion NanoSIMS o ka ʻāpana C0068.25 (Kiʻi 3f) i nā loli like ma δ13C a me δ15N, koe wale nō nā hua presolar me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o 13C o 30,811‰ (PG-1 ma ke kiʻi δ13C ma ke Kiʻi 3f) (Papa Hoʻohui 4). Hōʻike wale nā ​​kiʻi hua mua X-ray a me nā kiʻi TEM hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe i ka nui o ke kalapona a me ka mamao ma waena o nā mokulele basal o 0.3 nm, e kūlike ana me ka graphite. He mea kūpono ia e ʻike ʻia ʻo nā waiwai o δD (841 ± 394‰) a me δ15N (169 ± 95‰), i hoʻonui ʻia i nā mea organik aliphatic e pili ana me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka awelika no ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa C (δD = 528 ± 139‰). ‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) ma C0068.25 (Papa Hoʻohui 4). Hōʻike kēia ʻike ʻana he ʻoi aku ka primitive o nā organics aliphatic i loko o nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained ma mua o nā organics a puni, ʻoiai ua hana paha ka mea hope i ka hoʻololi isotopic me ka wai a puni i loko o ke kino kumu. Ma ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, pili paha kēia mau loli isotopic i ke kaʻina hana mua. Ua unuhi ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā silicates papa maikaʻi i loko o nā CI chondrites ma muli o ka hoʻololi mau ʻana o nā hui silicate anhydrous coarse-grained mua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia paha nā mea organic aliphatic mai nā mole precursor i loko o ka protoplanetary disk a i ʻole ka interstellar medium ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana solar, a laila ua hoʻololi iki ʻia i ka wā o nā loli wai o ke kino makua Ryugu (nui). He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui (<1.0 km) o Ryugu e mālama pono ai i ka wela o loko no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai e hana i nā minelala hydrous25. He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui (<1.0 km) o Ryugu e mālama i ka wela kūloko kūpono no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai e hana i nā minelala hydrous25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водного изменобнихрад минералов25. Ka nui (<1.0 km) He liʻiliʻi loa ʻo Ryugu e mālama i ka wela kūloko kūpono no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai e hana i nā minelala wai25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矿物。 Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矿物。 Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с образованнием мд. He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o Ryugu (<1.0 km) e kākoʻo i ka wela o loko e hoʻololi i ka wai e hana i nā minelala wai25.No laila, pono paha nā ʻumi kilomita o nā mea mua o Ryugu. Hiki i nā mea olaola i waiwai i nā hui aliphatic ke mālama i kā lākou mau lakio isotope mua ma muli o ka pilina me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ke ʻano pololei o nā mea lawe kaumaha isotopic ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole i loko o kēia mau ʻāpana FIB. Hiki i kēia ke lilo i mau mea olaola i waiwai i nā hui aliphatic i loko o nā granules Ryugu a i ʻole nā ​​phyllosilicates coarse e hoʻopuni ana iā lākou. E hoʻomaopopo he ʻoi aku ka waiwai o nā mea olaola i loko o nā chondrites carbonaceous āpau (me nā chondrites CI) i ka D ma mua o nā phyllosilicates, koe wale nō nā meteorites CM Paris 24, 26.
Nā kiʻi o ka nui δD a me δ15N o nā ʻāpana FIB i loaʻa no A0002.23 a me A0002.26, A0037.22 a me A0037.23 a me C0068.23, C0068.25 a me C0068.26 Nā ʻāpana FIB (ʻehiku mau ʻāpana FIB mai ʻekolu mau ʻāpana Ryugu) Hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻohālikelike o NanoSIMS me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana lā ma ke kiʻi. 4 (Papa Hoʻohui 4)27,28. ʻO nā loli o ka nui ma δD a me δ15N ma nā ʻaoʻao A0002, A0037, a me C0068 e kūlike me nā mea ma ka IDP, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā chondrites CM a me CI (Kiʻi 4). E hoʻomaopopo he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka laulā o nā waiwai δD no ka laʻana Comet 29 (-240 a 1655‰) ma mua o Ryugu. ʻO ka nui o δD a me δ15N o nā ʻikepili Ryukyu, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he ʻuʻuku ma mua o ka awelika no nā comets o ka ʻohana Jupiter a me ke ao Oort (Kiʻi 4). ʻO nā waiwai δD haʻahaʻa o nā chondrites CI e hōʻike paha i ka mana o ka haumia honua i loko o kēia mau laʻana. Ma muli o nā ʻano like ma waena o Bells, Lake Tagish, a me IDP, ʻo ka nui o ka heterogeneity i nā waiwai δD a me δN i nā ʻāpana Ryugu e hōʻike paha i nā loli i nā pūlima isotopic mua o nā haku mele organik a me ka wai i ka ʻōnaehana lā mua. ʻO nā loli isotopic like i δD a me δN i nā ʻāpana Ryugu a me IDP e hōʻike ana ua hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea ʻelua mai nā mea mai ke kumu like. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ua hoʻomaka nā IDP mai nā kumu cometary 14. No laila, hiki iā Ryugu ke loaʻa nā mea like me ka comet a/a i ʻole ma ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōnaehana lā waho. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku paha ka paʻakikī o kēia ma mua o kā mākou e ʻōlelo nei ma aneʻi ma muli o (1) ka hui ʻana o ka wai spherulitic a me ka wai waiwai-D ma ke kino makua 31 a me (2) ka lakio D/H o ka comet ma ke ʻano he hana o ka hana cometary 32. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo loa nā kumu no ka heterogeneity i ʻike ʻia o nā isotopes hydrogen a me nitrogen i loko o nā ʻāpana Ryugu, ma muli o ka palena o nā loiloi i loaʻa i kēia lā. Ke hāpai nei nā hopena o nā ʻōnaehana isotope hydrogen a me nitrogen i ka hiki ke loaʻa iā Ryugu ka hapa nui o nā mea mai waho o ka Solar System a no laila e hōʻike paha i kekahi ʻano like me nā comets. ʻAʻole hōʻike ka ʻaoʻao Ryugu i kahi pilina maopopo ma waena o δ13C a me δ15N (Papa Hoʻohui 4).
ʻO ka hoʻohuihui isotopic H a me N o nā ʻāpana Ryugu (nā pōʻai ʻulaʻula: A0002, A0037; nā pōʻai polū: C0068) e pili ana me ka nui o ka lā 27, ka ʻohana awelika Jupiter (JFC27), a me nā hōkū ao Oort (OCC27), IDP28, a me nā chondrules carbonaceous. Hoʻohālikelike o ka meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung). Hāʻawi ʻia ka hoʻohuihui isotopic ma ka Papa Hoʻohui 4. ʻO nā laina kiko nā waiwai isotope terrestrial no H a me N.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe (e like me nā mea olaola a me ka wai) i ka Honua he mea hopohopo ia26,27,33. ʻO nā mea olaola submicron e pili ana me nā phyllosilicates coarse i loko o nā ʻāpana Ryugu i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina he kumu nui paha ia o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana o nā mea olaola i loko o nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained mai ka degradation16,34 a me ka palaho35 ma mua o nā mea olaola i loko o nā matrices fine-grained. ʻO ke kaumaha o ka isotopic composite o ka hydrogen i loko o nā ʻāpana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole paha lākou ke kumu wale nō o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i lawe ʻia i ka Honua mua. Hiki ke hoʻohuihui ʻia me nā ʻāpana me kahi hydrogen isotopic māmā, e like me ka mea i hāpai hou ʻia ma ke kuhiakau o ke alo o ka wai i hoʻokele ʻia e ka makani lā i loko o nā silicates.
Ma kēia haʻawina, hōʻike mākou he mau laʻana haumia terrestrial nā meteorites CI. Hāʻawi pū mākou i nā hōʻike pololei no nā pilina ma waena o nā mea organik aliphatic waiwai a me nā minelala hydrous kokoke a hōʻike aku he mea extrasolar paha ko Ryugu37. Hōʻike maopopo nā hopena o kēia haʻawina i ke koʻikoʻi o ka laʻana pololei o nā protoasteroids a me ka pono e lawe i nā laʻana i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana inert a sterile loa. Hōʻike nā hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ʻo nā ʻāpana Ryugu kekahi o nā mea ʻōnaehana solar i haumia ʻole ʻia i loaʻa no ka noiʻi hale hana, a ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa hou ʻana i kēia mau laʻana makamae e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i nā kaʻina hana mua o ka ʻōnaehana solar. ʻO nā ʻāpana Ryugu ka hōʻike maikaʻi loa o ka hui holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka microstructure paʻakikī a me nā waiwai kemika o nā laʻana unahi submicron, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) a me ka SR X-ray diffraction (XRD)-CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM analysis. ʻAʻohe hōʻino ʻia, haumia ma muli o ka lewa o ka honua, a ʻaʻohe hōʻino mai nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​laʻana mechanical. I kēia manawa, ua hana mākou i ka loiloi volumetric ʻōnaehana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS, EPMA, XRD, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), a me nā lako hana fluorination isotope oxygen laser. Hōʻike ʻia nā kaʻina hana assay ma ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui 3 a ua wehewehe ʻia kēlā me kēia assay ma nā ʻāpana aʻe.
Ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana mai ka asteroid Ryugu mai ka module reentry Hayabusa-2 a hāʻawi ʻia i ke Kikowaena Mana JAXA ma Sagamihara, Iapana, me ka ʻole o ka haumia ʻana i ka lewa o ka Honua4. Ma hope o ke ʻano mua a me ka luku ʻole ʻana ma kahi hale i mālama ʻia e JAXA, e hoʻohana i nā ipu hoʻoili ma waena o nā kahua a me nā ʻeke capsule laʻana (he kristal sapphire 10 a 15 mm ke anawaena a me ke kila kila, ma muli o ka nui o ka laʻana) e pale aku i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ke kaiapuni. kaiapuni. y a/a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mea haumia honua (e like me ka mahu wai, nā hydrocarbons, nā kinoea lewa a me nā ʻāpana maikaʻi) a me ka haumia keʻa ma waena o nā laʻana i ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka laʻana a me ka lawe ʻana ma waena o nā ʻoihana a me nā kulanui38. I mea e pale aku ai i ka hōʻino ʻia a me ka haumia ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana me ka lewa o ka honua (ka mahu wai a me ka oxygen), ua hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻano hoʻomākaukau laʻana āpau (me ka ʻoki ʻana me ka chisel tantalum, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻoki uea daimana kaulike (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) a me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka epoxy) hoʻomākaukau no ke kau ʻana) i loko o ka pahu mīkina lima ma lalo o ka N2 maʻemaʻe a maloʻo (kiko hau: -80 a -60 °C, O2 ~50-100 ppm). Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea a pau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi me ka hui pū ʻana o ka wai ultrapure a me ka ethanol me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu ultrasonic o nā alapine like ʻole.
Maanei mākou e aʻo ai i ka hōʻiliʻili meteorite National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) o ke Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y)-791198, CY: Y-82162 a me CY: Y 980115).
No ka hoʻoili ʻana ma waena o nā mea hana no ka SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS a me ka nānā ʻana o TEM, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka mea paʻa laʻana ultrathin honua i wehewehe ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua38.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi SR-XCT o ​​nā laʻana Ryugu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana CT i hoʻohui ʻia ʻo BL20XU/SPring-8. Aia ka ʻōnaehana CT i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻano ana like ʻole: ke kahua ākea o ka ʻike a me ke ʻano hoʻonā haʻahaʻa (WL) e hopu i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka laʻana, ke kahua haiki o ka ʻike a me ke ʻano hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe (NH) no ke ana pololei ʻana o ka ʻāpana laʻana. hoihoi a me nā radiographs e loaʻa ai kahi ʻano diffraction o ka nui o ka laʻana, a hana i ka XRD-CT e loaʻa ai kahi kiʻikuhi 2D o nā pae mineral mokulele pae i loko o ka laʻana. E hoʻomaopopo hiki ke hana ʻia nā ana āpau me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana i kūkulu ʻia e wehe i ka mea paʻa laʻana mai ke kumu, e ʻae ana i nā ana CT a me XRD-CT pololei. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka mea ʻike X-ray mode WL (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi kāmela metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) 4608 × 4608 pixel hou (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi scintillator i haku ʻia me 10 lutetium aluminum garnet single crystal thickness µm (Lu3Al5O12:Ce) a me ka lens relay. ʻO ka nui o ka pixel ma ke ʻano WL ma kahi o 0.848 µm. No laila, ʻo ke kahua o ka ʻike (FOV) ma ke ʻano WL ma kahi o 6 mm ma ke ʻano offset CT. Ua lako ka mea ʻike X-ray mode NH (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi scintillator gadolinium-aluminum-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) mānoanoa he 20 µm, kahi kāmela CMOS (C11440-22CU) me ka hoʻonā o 2048 × 2048 mau pikela; Hamamatsu Photonics) a me kahi aniani ×20. ʻO ka nui o ka pikela ma ke ʻano NH he ~0.25 µm a ʻo ke kahua ʻike he ~0.5 mm. Ua lako ka mea ʻike no ke ʻano XRD (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi scintillator i haku ʻia me kahi pale pauka P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) he 50 µm mānoanoa, kahi kāmela CMOS hoʻonā 2304 × 2304 pikela (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) a me kahi aniani relay. ʻO ka nui o ka pikela kūpono o ka mea ʻike he 19.05 µm a me kahi kahua ʻike o 43.9 mm2. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka FOV, ua hoʻopili mākou i kahi kaʻina hana CT offset ma ke ʻano WL. ʻO ke kiʻi kukui i hoʻouna ʻia no ke kūkulu hou ʻana o CT he kiʻi ma ka pae o 180° a 360° i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ākea a puni ke axis o ka wili ʻana, a me kahi kiʻi ma ka pae o 0° a 180°.
Ma ke ʻano XRD, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke kukuna X-ray e kahi papa Fresnel zone. Ma kēia ʻano, ua kau ʻia ka mea ʻike ma 110 mm ma hope o ka laʻana a ʻo ke kū ʻana o ke kukuna he 3 mm ma mua o ka mea ʻike. Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi diffraction ma ka pae 2θ mai 1.43° a 18.00° (grating pitch d = 16.6–1.32 Å) me ke kiko X-ray i hoʻopili ʻia ma lalo o ke kahua ʻike o ka mea ʻike. Neʻe pololei ka laʻana i nā manawa maʻamau, me ka hapalua huli no kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu scan kū. Inā hoʻokō nā ʻāpana mineral i ke kūlana Bragg i ka wā e hoʻohuli ʻia ai e 180°, hiki ke loaʻa ka diffraction o nā ʻāpana mineral ma ka mokulele ākea. A laila ua hui pū ʻia nā kiʻi diffraction i hoʻokahi kiʻi no kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu scan kū. ʻAneʻane like nā kūlana assay SR-XRD-CT me nā mea no ka assay SR-XRD. Ma ke ʻano XRD-CT, ua kau ʻia ka mea ʻike ma 69 mm ma hope o ka laʻana. ʻO nā kiʻi diffraction ma ka laulā 2θ mai 1.2° a 17.68° (d = 19.73 a 1.35 Å), kahi e kūlike ai ke kukuna X-ray a me ka palena kukuna me ke kikowaena o ke kahua ʻike o ka mea ʻike. E scan i ka laʻana ma ke ʻano ākea a hoʻohuli i ka laʻana 180°. Ua hana hou ʻia nā kiʻi SR-XRD-CT me nā ikaika mineral kiʻekiʻe e like me nā waiwai pixel. Me ka scan ʻana ma ke ʻano ākea, scan pinepine ʻia ka laʻana ma 500-1000 mau ʻanuʻu.
No nā hoʻokolohua āpau, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ikehu X-ray ma 30 keV, ʻoiai ʻo kēia ka palena haʻahaʻa o ke komo ʻana o ka X-ray i loko o nā meteorites me ke anawaena o kahi o 6 mm. ʻO ka helu o nā kiʻi i loaʻa no nā ana CT āpau i ka wā o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o 180° he 1800 (3600 no ka papahana offset CT), a ʻo ka manawa hōʻike no nā kiʻi he 100 ms no ke ʻano WL, 300 ms no ke ʻano NH, 500 ms no XRD, a me 50 ms. ms no XRD-CT ms. ʻO ka manawa scan laʻana maʻamau ma kahi o 10 mau minuke ma ke ʻano WL, 15 mau minuke ma ke ʻano NH, 3 mau hola no XRD, a me 8 mau hola no SR-XRD-CT.
Ua hana hou ʻia nā kiʻi CT ma o ka convolutional back projection a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia no kahi coefficient attenuation linear mai 0 a 80 cm-1. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu Slice e kālailai i ka ʻikepili 3D a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu muXRD e kālailai i ka ʻikepili XRD.
Ua hoʻowali mālie ʻia nā ʻāpana Ryugu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka epoxy (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 a me C0068) ma luna o ka ʻili a hiki i ka pae o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni daimana 0.5 µm (3M) ma lalo o nā kūlana maloʻo, e pale ana i ka mea e pili ana me ka ʻili i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻowali. Ua nānā mua ʻia ka ʻili i hoʻowali ʻia o kēlā me kēia laʻana e ka microscopy māmā a laila hoʻihoʻi i nā electrons e loaʻa ai nā kiʻi mineralogy a me ke ʻano (BSE) o nā laʻana a me nā mea NIPR qualitative me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi JEOL JSM-7100F SEM i lako me kahi spectrometer hoʻolaha ikehu (AZtec). ikehu) kiʻi. No kēlā me kēia laʻana, ua kālailai ʻia ka ʻike o nā mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microanalyzer probe electron (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200). E kālailai i nā ʻāpana phyllosilicate a me carbonate ma 5 nA, nā kūlana kūlohelohe a me synthetic ma 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, a me pyroxene ma 30 nA. Ua helu ʻia nā māka modal mai nā palapala ʻāina element a me nā kiʻi BSE me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu ImageJ 1.53 me nā paepae kūpono i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻole ʻia no kēlā me kēia mineral.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi isotope oxygen ma ke Kulanui Hāmama (Milton Keynes, UK) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana fluorination laser infrared. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā laʻana Hayabusa2 i ke Kulanui Hāmama 38 i loko o nā pahu i piha i ka naikokene no ka hoʻoili ʻana ma waena o nā hale hana.
Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka laʻana i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima naikokene me ka pae oxygen i nānā ʻia ma lalo o 0.1%. No ka hana loiloi Hayabusa2, ua hana ʻia kahi mea paʻa laʻana Ni hou, nona nā lua laʻana ʻelua wale nō (ke anawaena 2.5 mm, ka hohonu 5 mm), hoʻokahi no nā ʻāpana Hayabusa2 a ʻo kekahi no ke kūlana kūloko obsidian. I ka wā o ka nānā ʻana, ua uhi ʻia ka lua o ka laʻana e loaʻa ana ka mea Hayabusa2 me kahi puka makani BaF2 kūloko ma kahi o 1 mm ka mānoanoa a me 3 mm ke anawaena e paʻa ai i ka laʻana i ka wā o ka hopena laser. Ua mālama ʻia ke kahe ʻana o BrF5 i ka laʻana e kahi kahawai hui kinoea i ʻoki ʻia i loko o ka mea paʻa laʻana Ni. Ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia ke keʻena laʻana i hiki ke wehe ʻia mai ka laina fluorination vacuum a laila wehe ʻia i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima i piha i ka naikokene. Ua sila ʻia ke keʻena ʻelua ʻāpana me kahi sila compression gasketed keleawe a me kahi clamp kaulahao EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38. ʻO kahi puka makani BaF2 mānoanoa 3 mm ma luna o ke keʻena e ʻae ai i ka nānā like ʻana o ka laʻana a me ka hoʻomehana laser. Ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka laʻana, e hoʻopaʻa hou i ke keʻena a hoʻopili hou i ka laina fluorinated. Ma mua o ka nānā ʻana, ua hoʻomehana ʻia ke keʻena hāpana ma lalo o ka vacuum a hiki i kahi o 95°C i ka pō e wehe i kekahi makū i hoʻopili ʻia. Ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka pō, ua ʻae ʻia ke keʻena e hoʻomaʻalili i ka mahana o ka lumi a laila ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻāpana i hōʻike ʻia i ka lewa i ka wā o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka hāpana me ʻekolu aliquots o BrF5 e wehe i ka makū. Hōʻoia kēia mau kaʻina hana ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka hāpana Hayabusa 2 i ka lewa a ʻaʻole i haumia ʻia e ka makū mai ka ʻāpana o ka laina fluorinated i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka hāpana.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana ʻāpana ʻo Ryugu C0014-4 a me Orgueil (CI) ma ke ʻano "hoʻokahi" i hoʻololi ʻia42, ʻoiai ua hana ʻia ka loiloi Y-82162 (CY) ma kahi pā hoʻokahi me nā lua laʻana he nui41. Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano anhydrous, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana i hoʻokahi ʻano hana no nā chondrites CY. Ua hoʻomehana ʻia nā laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laser CO2 infrared Photon Machines Inc. mana o 50 W (10.6 µm) i kau ʻia ma ka gantry XYZ i ke alo o BrF5. Nānā ka ʻōnaehana wikiō i kūkulu ʻia i ke kaʻina o ka hopena. Ma hope o ka fluorination, ua holoi ʻia ka O2 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua mau pahele nitrogen cryogenic a me kahi moena wela o KBr e wehe i kekahi fluorine keu. Ua kālailai ʻia ka ʻano isotopic o ka oxygen i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma kahi spectrometer mass dual-channel Thermo Fisher MAT 253 me kahi hoʻonā nui o kahi 200.
I kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ka nui o ke kinoea O2 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka hopena o ka hāpana he emi ma mua o 140 µg, ʻo ia ka palena kokoke o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmeʻa bellows ma ka spectrometer mass MAT 253. I kēia mau hihia, e hoʻohana i nā microvolumes no ka nānā ʻana. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana Hayabusa2, ua fluorinated ʻia ke kūlana kūloko obsidian a ua hoʻoholo ʻia kona ʻano isotope oxygen.
Hoʻopilikia nā ʻiona o ka ʻāpana NF+ NF3+ i ke kukuna me ka nuipa 33 (16O17O). No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia pilikia hiki, hana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale cryogenic. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ma ke kuhikuhi i mua ma mua o ka loiloi MAT 253 a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he loiloi ʻelua ma ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kinoea i kālailai ʻia i ka kānana molekala kūikawā a hoʻouna hou iā ia ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale cryogenic. Pili ka hoʻokaʻawale cryogenic i ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke kinoea i kahi kānana molekala ma ka mahana naikokene wai a laila hoʻokuʻu iā ia i loko o kahi kānana molekala mua ma ka mahana o -130°C. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo nui e noho ana ʻo NF+ ma ka kānana molekala mua a ʻaʻohe ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana.
Ma muli o nā loiloi hou ʻana o kā mākou mau kūlana obsidian kūloko, ʻo ka pololei holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana ma ke ʻano bellows: ±0.053‰ no δ17O, ±0.095‰ no δ18O, ±0.018‰ no Δ17O (2 sd). Hāʻawi ʻia ka loiloi isotope oxygen ma ka hōʻailona delta maʻamau, kahi i helu ʻia ai ʻo delta18O penei:
E hoʻohana pū i ka lakio 17O/16O no δ17O. ʻO VSMOW ke kūlana honua no ke Kūlana Wai Kai ʻo Vienna. Hōʻike ʻo Δ17O i ka ʻokoʻa mai ka laina hoʻokaʻawale honua, a ʻo ke ʻano helu: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili āpau i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa Hoʻohui 3.
Ua unuhi ʻia nā ʻāpana ma kahi o 150 a 200 nm ka mānoanoa mai nā ʻāpana Ryugu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB ma JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute. E hoʻomaopopo ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana FIB āpau mai nā ʻāpana i hana ʻole ʻia o nā ʻāpana i hana ʻole ʻia ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana mai nā ipu i hoʻopiha ʻia me ke kinoea N2 no ka hoʻoili ʻana ma waena o nā mea. ʻAʻole i ana ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana e SR-CT, akā ua hana ʻia me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike ʻana i ka lewa o ka honua e pale aku i ka pōʻino a me ka haumia e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka carbon K-edge spectrum. Ma hope o ka waiho ʻana o kahi papa pale tungsten, ua ʻoki ʻia a hoʻomāmā ʻia ka ʻāpana hoihoi (a hiki i ka 25 × 25 μm2) me kahi kukuna ion Ga+ ma kahi volta wikiwiki o 30 kV, a laila ma 5 kV a me kahi au probe o 40 pA e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o ka ʻili. A laila ua kau ʻia nā ʻāpana ultrathin ma luna o kahi mesh keleawe i hoʻonui ʻia (Kochi mesh) 39 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi micromanipulator i lako me FIB.
Ua sila ʻia nā pellets ʻo Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) a me C0068 (0.6483mg) i ʻelua manawa i loko o nā pepa polyethylene maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima i piha i ka naikokene ma ka SPring-8 me ka ʻole o ka launa pū ʻana me ka lewa o ka honua. Ua mālama ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka laʻana no JB-1 (kahi pōhaku kuhikuhi geological i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Geological Survey of Japan) ma ke Kulanui ʻo Tokyo Metropolitan.
Aia ka INAA ma ka Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, ke Kulanui ʻo Kyoto. Ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia nā laʻana i ʻelua manawa me nā pōʻaiapuni hoʻomālamalama like ʻole i koho ʻia e like me ka hapalua ola o ka nuclide i hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu ʻana o nā mea. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka laʻana i loko o kahi paipu hoʻomālamalama pneumatic no 30 kekona. ʻO nā fluxes o nā neutrons thermal a me nā neutrons wikiwiki ma ke kiʻi 3 he 4.6 × 1012 a me 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, kēlā me kēia, no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻike o Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V a me Mn. Ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia hoʻi nā kemika e like me MgO (99.99% maʻemaʻe, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% maʻemaʻe, Soekawa Chemical), a me Si metal (99.999% maʻemaʻe, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) e hoʻoponopono i nā hopena nuklea e like me (n, n). Ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia hoʻi ka hāpana me ka sodium chloride (99.99% maʻemaʻe; MANAC) e hoʻoponopono no nā loli i ke kahe neutron.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka neutron, ua pani ʻia ka pepa polyethylene waho me kahi mea hou, a ua ana koke ʻia ka radiation gamma i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka laʻana a me ka kuhikuhi me kahi mea ʻike Ge. Ua hoʻomālamalama hou ʻia nā laʻana like no 4 mau hola i loko o kahi paipu hoʻomālamalama pneumatic. Loaʻa iā 2 nā fluxes neutron thermal a me ka wikiwiki o 5.6 1012 a me 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, kēlā me kēia, no ka hoʻoholo ʻana iā Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir a me Au. Ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia nā laʻana hoʻomalu o Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, a me Au ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā nui kūpono (mai 10 a 50 μg) o nā hopena maʻamau o nā ʻike i ʻike ʻia o kēia mau mea ma luna o ʻelua ʻāpana pepa kānana, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o nā laʻana. Ua hana ʻia ka helu ʻana o ka ray gamma ma ka Institute of Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, Kyoto University a me ke RI Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University. ʻO nā kaʻina hana loiloi a me nā mea kuhikuhi no ka hoʻoholo nui ʻana o nā mea INAA ua like ia me nā mea i wehewehe ʻia ma kā mākou hana ma mua.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻano diffraction o nā laʻana Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻano diffraction o nā laʻana Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг (≤1 мг), A003 C. мг) ma NIPR. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻano diffraction o nā laʻana Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 刡曍使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 刡曍 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием редмкрафем (Rigaku SmartLab). Ua loaʻa nā ʻano diffraction X-ray o nā hāpana Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab).Ua wili ʻia nā hāpana a pau i pauka maikaʻi ma luna o kahi wafer silicon non-reflective me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi papa aniani sapphire a laila hohola like ʻia ma luna o ka wafer silicon non-reflective me ka ʻole o kekahi wai (wai a waiʻona paha). Penei nā kūlana ana: Hoʻokumu ʻia ka radiation X-ray Cu Kα ma kahi voltage tube o 40 kV a me ke au tube o 40 mA, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka slit palena he 10 mm, ʻo ke kihi divergence he (1/6)°, ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka wili ʻana i loko o ka mokulele he 20 rpm, a ʻo ka laulā he 2θ (kihi Bragg pālua) he 3-100° a he 28 mau hola e kālailai ai. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā optics Bragg Brentano. ʻO ka mea ʻike he mea ʻike semiconductor silicon hoʻokahi-dimensional (D/teX Ultra 250). Ua wehe ʻia nā kukuna X o Cu Kβ me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kānana Ni. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hāpana i loaʻa, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ana o ka saponite magnesian synthetic (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) a me pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) e ʻike i nā piko a hoʻohana i ka ʻikepili diffraction ʻikepili faila pauka mai ka International Center for Diffraction Data, dolomite (PDF 01-071-1662) a me magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia hoʻi nā ʻikepili diffraction mai Ryugu me nā ʻikepili ma nā chondrites carbonaceous hydroaltered, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, a me Y 980115 CY (kahua hoʻomehana III, 500–750°C). Ua hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano like me Orgueil, akā ʻaʻole me Y-791198 a me Y 980115.
Ua ana ʻia nā spectra NEXAFS me ka lihi kalapona K o nā ʻāpana ultrathin o nā laʻana i hana ʻia mai FIB me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahawai STXM BL4U ma ka hale hana synchrotron UVSOR ma ka Institute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Iapana). ʻO ka nui o kahi kiko o kahi kukuna i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi papa Fresnel zone ma kahi o 50 nm. ʻO ke kaʻina ikehu he 0.1 eV no ke ʻano maikaʻi o ka ʻāpana lihi kokoke (283.6–292.0 eV) a me 0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV a me 292.5–300.0 eV) no nā ʻāpana mua a me hope. ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka manawa no kēlā me kēia pixel kiʻi i 2 ms. Ma hope o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana, ua hoʻopiha ʻia ke keʻena analytical STXM me ka helium ma kahi kaomi o 20 mbar. Kōkua kēia i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka thermal drift o nā lako optics X-ray i loko o ke keʻena a me ka mea paʻa laʻana, a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hōʻino laʻana a/a i ʻole ka oxidation. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā spectra kalapona NEXAFS K-edge mai ka ʻikepili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu aXis2000 a me ka polokalamu hana ʻikepili STXM ponoʻī. E hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pahu hoʻoili laʻana a me ka pahu mīkina lima e pale aku i ka oxidation laʻana a me ka haumia.
Ma hope o ka loiloi STXM-NEXAFS, ua loiloi ʻia ka haku mele isotopic o ka hydrogen, carbon, a me ka nitrogen o nā ʻāpana Ryugu FIB me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kiʻi isotope me kahi JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L. Ua rasterized ʻia kahi kukuna mua Cs+ i kālele ʻia ma kahi o 2 pA no ka loiloi isotope carbon a me nitrogen a ma kahi o 13 pA no ka loiloi isotope hydrogen ma luna o kahi ʻāpana o kahi o 24 × 24 µm2 a i 30 × 30 µm2 ma ka laʻana. Ma hope o ka prespray 3-minuke ma ke au kukuna mua ikaika, ua hoʻomaka ʻia kēlā me kēia loiloi ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka ikaika kukuna lua. No ka loiloi ʻana i nā isotopes carbon a me nitrogen, ua loaʻa like nā kiʻi o 12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– a me 12C15N– me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻehiku electron multiplier multiplex detection me kahi hoʻonā nui o kahi o 9000, kahi i lawa ai e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui isotopic pili āpau. ke komo ʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi 12C1H ma 13C a me 13C14N ma 12C15N). No ka nānā ʻana i nā isotopes hydrogen, ua loaʻa nā kiʻi 1H-, 2D- a me 12C- me kahi hoʻonā nui o kahi o 3000 me ka ʻike pinepine ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu mau mea hoʻonui electron. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia loiloi he 30 mau kiʻi i scan ʻia o ka ʻāpana like, me hoʻokahi kiʻi i loaʻa he 256 × 256 mau pikela no ka nānā ʻana i ka isotope kalapona a me ka nitrogen a me 128 × 128 mau pikela no ka nānā ʻana i ka isotope hydrogen. ʻO ka manawa lohi he 3000 µs no kēlā me kēia pikela no ka nānā ʻana i ka isotope kalapona a me ka nitrogen a me 5000 µs no kēlā me kēia pikela no ka nānā ʻana i ka isotope hydrogen. Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate ma ke ʻano he mau kūlana isotope hydrogen, kalapona a me ka nitrogen e hoʻoponopono i ka fractionation mass instrumental45.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka haku mele isotopic silicon o ka graphite presolar i loko o ka ʻaoʻao FIB C0068-25, ua hoʻohana mākou i ʻeono mau mea hoʻonui electron me ka hoʻonā nuipa ma kahi o 9000. Aia nā kiʻi he 256 × 256 mau pikela me ka manawa lohi o 3000 µs no kēlā me kēia pikela. Ua hoʻoponopono mākou i kahi mea hana hoʻokaʻawale nuipa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wafers silicon ma ke ʻano he hydrogen, carbon, a me nā kūlana isotope silicon.
Ua hana ʻia nā kiʻi isotope me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu kiʻi NanoSIMS45 a NASA. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka ʻikepili no ka manawa make o ka mea hoʻonui electron (44 ns) a me nā hopena hōʻea quasi-simultaneous. ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻonohonoho scan no kēlā me kēia kiʻi e hoʻoponopono ai no ka drift kiʻi i ka wā o ka loaʻa ʻana. Hana ʻia ke kiʻi isotope hope loa ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ion lua mai kēlā me kēia kiʻi no kēlā me kēia pixel scan.
Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana o STXM-NEXAFS a me NanoSIMS, ua nānā ʻia nā ʻāpana FIB like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope electron transmission (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) ma kahi voltage wikiwiki o 200 kV ma Kochi, JAMSTEC. Ua nānā ʻia ka microstructure me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi TEM kahua mālamalama a me kahi TEM scanning kihi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi kahua pouli. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana mineral e ka diffraction electron kiko a me ke kiʻi ʻana o ka lattice band, a ua hana ʻia ka loiloi kemika e EDS me kahi mea ʻike drift silicon 100 mm2 a me ka polokalamu JEOL Analysis Station 4.30. No ka loiloi quantitative, ua ana ʻia ka ikaika X-ray hiʻohiʻona no kēlā me kēia element ma ke ʻano scan TEM me ka manawa loaʻa ʻikepili paʻa o 30 s, kahi ʻāpana scan beam o ~100 × 100 nm2, a me ke au beam o 50 pA. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka lakio (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe i loko o nā silicates layered me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka coefficient hoʻokolohua k, i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka mānoanoa, i loaʻa mai kahi maʻamau o ka pyropagarnet kūlohelohe.
Loaʻa nā kiʻi a me nā loiloi a pau i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina ma ka JAXA Data Archiveing ​​and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2. Hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i ka ʻikepili kumu.
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ʻO Kim, AJ Yamato-type carbonaceous chondrites (CY): nā analogues o ka ʻili asteroid Ryugu? Geochemistry 79, 125531 (2019).
ʻO Pilorjet, S. et al. Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi haku mele mua o nā laʻana Ryugu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope hyperspectral MicroOmega. National Astron. 6, 221–225 (2021).
ʻO Yada, T. et al. Ka loiloi mua ʻana o ka hāpana Hyabusa2 i hoʻihoʻi ʻia mai ka asteroid ʻano-C ʻo Ryugu. National Astron. 6, 214–220 (2021).