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ʻO nā asteroids ʻano C-type kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka wai ma ka Honua.I kēia manawa, hāʻawi ka carbon-bearing chondrites i ka manaʻo maikaʻi loa o kā lākou haku mele, akā ua hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i nā meteorites: ʻo nā ʻano lōʻihi wale nō ke ola i ke komo ʻana i ka lewa a laila e launa pū me ka honua.Eia mākou e hōʻike nei i nā hopena o kahi noiʻi volumetric a me microanalytical kikoʻī o ka ʻāpana Ryugu mua i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Honua e ka mokulele Hayabusa-2.Hōʻike nā ʻāpana Ryugu i kahi pili pili i ka haku mele ʻana me nā chondrites CI (Iwuna-type) i hoʻololi ʻia i ka wai, i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar.Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i kahi pilina spatial paʻakikī ma waena o nā mea ola aliphatic waiwai a me nā silicates layered a hōʻike i ka wela kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 30 °C i ka wā o ka wai.Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka nui o ka deuterium a me ka diazonium e kūlike me kahi kumu extrasolar.ʻO nā ʻāpana Ryugu ka mea i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole ʻia a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i aʻo ʻia a kūpono loa i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar.
Mai Iune 2018 a Nowemapa 2019, ua alakaʻi ʻo Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Hayabusa2 spacecraft i kahi noiʻi mamao loa o ka asteroid Ryugu.Hōʻike ka ʻikepili mai ka Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) ma Hayabusa-2 e haku ʻia ʻo Ryugu me kahi mea like me nā chondrites carbonaceous thermally a/a i ʻole shock-metamorphic carbonaceous chondrites.ʻO ka pāʻani kokoke loa ʻo CY chondrite (ʻano Yamato) 2. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka albedo haʻahaʻa o Ryugu e ka nui o nā mea waiwai kalapona, a me ka nui o ka particle, porosity, a me nā hopena spatial weathering.Ua hana ka mokulele Hayabusa-2 i ʻelua pae ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili hoʻohālike ma Ryuga.I ka pae mua ʻana ma Pepeluali 21, 2019, ua loaʻa nā mea ʻili, i mālama ʻia i loko o ke keʻena A o ka pahu hoʻihoʻi, a i ka lua o ka pae ʻana ma Iulai 11, 2019, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea ma kahi kokoke i kahi lua i hana ʻia e kahi mea hoʻokele liʻiliʻi.Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau laʻana ma Ward C. ʻO ka hōʻike mua ʻole o ka luku ʻana i nā ʻāpana i ka Stage 1 i loko o nā keʻena kūikawā, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a maʻemaʻe hoʻi i nā keʻena i mālama ʻia e JAXA i hōʻike ʻia e like loa nā ʻāpana Ryugu me CI4 chondrites a hōʻike ʻia "nā pae like ʻole"3.ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o Ryugu, e like me CY a i ʻole CI chondrites, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e ka kikoʻī isotopic, elemental, a me ka mineralogical characterization o Ryugu particles.Hāʻawi nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi i kumu paʻa no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka mea o kēia mau wehewehe mua ʻelua no ka hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa o ka asteroid Ryugu.
ʻEwalu Ryugu pellets (ma kahi o 60mg total), ʻehā mai Chamber A a ʻehā mai Chamber C, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Phase 2 e hoʻokele i ka hui Kochi.ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ke aʻo ʻana, ʻo ia ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano, ke kumu a me ka mōʻaukala evolutionary o ka asteroid Ryugu, a e kākau i nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia e like me chondrites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) a me nā comets hoʻi.Nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka misionari Stardust a NASA.
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike mineralogical kikoʻī o ʻelima mau hua Ryugu (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 a me C0068) i ka nui o nā phyllosilicates maikaʻi a me ka coarse-grained (~ 64-88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b, Supplementary Fig. 1).a me ka papa 1).Hoʻokumu ʻia nā phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he pinnate aggregates (a hiki i ʻumi microns ka nui) i loko o nā matrices maikaʻi, waiwai waiwai phyllosilicate (emi iho ma mua o kekahi mau microns ka nui).ʻO nā ʻāpana silicate i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he serpentine-saponite symbionts (Fig. 1c).Hōʻike pū ka palapala ʻāina (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe i ka nui o ka papa silicate matrix he haku waena ma waena o ka serpentine a me ka saponite (Fig. 2a, b).Aia ka phyllosilicate matrix i nā minela carbonate (~ 2-21 vol.%), nā mineral sulfide (~ 2.4-5.5 vol.%), a me ka magnetite (~ 3.6-6.8 vol.%).ʻO kekahi o nā ʻāpana i nānā ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina (C0009) he wahi liʻiliʻi (~ 0.5 vol.%) o nā silicates anhydrous (olivine a me pyroxene), hiki ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumu kumu i hana ʻia ai ka pōhaku Ryugu5.ʻAʻole loaʻa kēia silicate anhydrous i nā pellets Ryugu a ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma C0009 pellet.Aia nā kalapona i loko o ka matrix ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana (emi iho ma mua o kahi mau haneli microns), ka nui o ka dolomite, me ka liʻiliʻi o ka calcium carbonate a me ka brinell.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Magnetite ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana kaʻawale, framboids, plaques, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana spherical.Hōʻike nui ʻia nā Sulfides e ka pyrrhotite ma ke ʻano o nā prisms hexagonal / papa a i ʻole nā ​​laths.Loaʻa i ka matrix ka nui o ka submicron pentlandite a i ʻole i hui pū ʻia me ka pyrrhotite. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi a pau i ka matrix waiwai nui o ka phyllosilicate. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi a pau i ka matrix waiwai nui o ka phyllosilicate. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi a pau i ka matrix waiwai nui o ka phyllosilicate.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. ʻO nā māhele waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ka mea nui i loko o ka matrix waiwai nui o ka phyllosilicate.Hōʻike ʻia nā mineral ancillary ʻē aʻe ma ka Pākuʻi Pākuʻi 1. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā minela i hoʻoholo ʻia mai ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike X-ray o ka hui ʻana o C0087 a me A0029 a me A0037 e kūlike loa me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka CI (Orgueil) chondrite, akā ʻokoʻa loa mai ka CY a me CM (Mighei type) chondrites chondrites (Figurmentary type) chondrites.ʻO ka nui o nā mea kiko'ī o Ryugu grains (A0098, C0068) ua kūlike pū me ka chondrite 6 CI (kaʻikepili hoʻonui, Fig. 2 a me ka Papa Hoʻohui 2).ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, hoʻopau ʻia nā chondrites CM i nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, ʻoi aku ka Mn a me Zn, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea refractory7.ʻOkoʻa loa ka manaʻo ʻana o kekahi mau mea, ʻo ia paha ka hōʻike ʻana o ka heterogeneity o ka hāpana ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana pākahi a me ka hopena sampling bias.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona petrological, mineralogical a me elemental e hōʻike ana he like loa nā kīʻaha Ryugu me nā chondrites CI8,9,10.ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ʻo ka nele o ka ferrihydrite a me ka sulfate i loko o nā kīʻaha Ryugu, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau minela i loko o CI chondrites e ka hoʻokele honua.
a, Kiʻi X-ray Composite o Mg Kα (ʻulaʻula), Ca Kα ('ōmaʻomaʻo), Fe Kα (uliuli), a me S Kα (melemele) pauku poni maloʻo C0068.ʻO ka hakina he mau silicates papa (ulaula: ~88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā: ~1.6 vol%), magnetite (uliuli: ~5.3 vol%) a me nā sulfides (melemele: sulfide = ~2.5% vol. essay. b, kiʻi o ka ʻāpana contour i backscattered electrons ma luna o kahi. Bru – immature; ʻO ka magoronite; D. Srp – serpentine c, kiʻi kiʻi microscopy electron (TEM) hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana o ka saponite-serpentine maʻamau e hōʻike ana i nā kaula serpentine a me ka saponite lattice o 0.7 nm a me 1.1 nm.
Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka matrix a me ka silicate layered (ma %) o Ryugu A0037 (nā pōʻai ʻulaʻula paʻa) a me C0068 (nā pōʻai polū paʻa) i ka ʻōnaehana ternary (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe.a, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) nā hopena i hoʻolālāʻia e kū'ē i nā CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 i hōʻikeʻia i ka hina no ka hoʻohālikelike.b, Nānā i ka TEM (STEM) a me ka ikehu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) i hōʻike ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me Orgueil9 a me Murchison46 meteorites a me IDP47 hydrated.Ua kālailai ʻia nā phyllosilicates i ʻili ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka hao sulfide.Hōʻike nā kaha kiko ma ka a me ka b i nā laina hoʻoheheʻe o ka saponite a me ka nahesa.Ma muli paha o ka submicron iron sulfide grains i loko o nā ʻano silicate i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hoʻonā spatial o ka loiloi EPMA.ʻO nā helu ʻikepili me kahi maʻiʻo Si kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o ka saponite ma b hiki ke kumu ma muli o ka hiki ʻana mai o nā mea waiwai silikoni amorphous nanosized i nā kikowaena o ka papa phyllosilicate.Ka helu o nā kānana: N=69 no A0037, N=68 no EPMA, N=68 no C0068, N=19 no A0037 a me N=27 no C0068 no STEM-EDS.c, ka palapala isotope o ka trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā waiwai chondrite ​​CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) a me ka ʻikepili palapala (CM a me C2-ung) 41,48,49.Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻikepili no nā meteorites Orgueil a me Y-82162.ʻO CCAM kahi laina o nā minerala chondrite carbonaceous anhydrous, ʻo TFL kahi laina hoʻokaʻawale ʻāina.d, Δ17O a me δ18O palapala 'āina o Ryugu particle C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), a me CY chondrite (Y-82162) (kēia haʻawina).Δ17O_Ryugu: Ka waiwai o Δ17O C0014-1.Δ17O_Orgueil: Awelika Δ17O waiwai no Orgueil.Δ17O_Y-82162: Awelika Δ17O waiwai no Y-82162.Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili CI a me CY mai ka palapala 41, 48, 49 no ka hoʻohālikelike.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi isotope nui o ka oxygen ma kahi laʻana 1.83 mg o nā mea i unuhi ʻia mai ka granular C0014 e ka laser fluorination (Methods).No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua holo mākou i ʻehiku kope o Orgueil (CI) (ka huina nui = 8.96 mg) a me ʻehiku kope o Y-82162 (CY) (ka huina nui = 5.11 mg) (Paʻi Hoʻohui 3).
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 2d i kahi hoʻokaʻawale maopopo o Δ17O a me δ18O ma waena o nā ʻāpana awelika kaumaha o Orgueil a me Ryugu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Y-82162.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Δ17O o ka ʻāpana Ryugu C0014-4 ma mua o ka ʻāpana Orgeil, ʻoiai ke uhi ʻia ma 2 sd.He kiʻekiʻe ka helu Δ17O o Ryugu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Orgeil, e hōʻike ana paha i ka haumia honua o ka mea hope mai kona hāʻule ʻana i ka makahiki 1864. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka honua honua11 pono e hoʻokomo i ka oxygen atmospheric, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka loiloi holoʻokoʻa i ka laina ʻāpana terrestrial (TFL).Ua kūlike kēia hopena me ka ʻikepili mineralogical (i kūkākūkā ʻia ma mua) ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā kīʻaha Ryugu nā hydrates a i ʻole sulfates, ʻoiai ʻo Orgeil.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili mineralogical i luna, kākoʻo kēia mau hopena i kahi hui ma waena o nā kīʻaha Ryugu a me CI chondrites, akā e hoʻoholo i kahi hui o CY chondrites.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pili ʻia nā kīʻaha Ryugu me CY chondrites, e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona maopopo o ka mineralogy dehydration, he mea kānalua.Hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka orbital o Ryugu ua loaʻa i ka dehydration a no laila ua haku ʻia me nā mea CY.ʻAʻole maopopo nā kumu o kēia ʻokoʻa.Hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi isotope oxygen o nā ʻāpana Ryugu ʻē aʻe i kahi pepa hoa 12. Eia naʻe, ua kūlike nā hopena o kēia pūʻulu ʻikepili hoʻonui me ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana Ryugu a me CI chondrites.
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana microanalysis i hoʻohui ʻia (Supplementary Fig. 3), ua nānā mākou i ka puʻunaue spatial o ka carbon organik ma luna o ka ʻili āpau o ka hakina ion beam (FIB) C0068.25 (Fig. 3a–f).Hana maikaʻi X-ray absorption spectra o kalapona (NEXAFS) ma ka lihi kokoke i ka pauku C0068.25 e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau pūʻulu hana - aromatic a i ʻole C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) a me C(=O)O (288.8 eV eV) ʻo ia hoʻi ka graphene . kahi haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻololi wela.ʻOkoʻa ka peak CH ikaika (287.5 eV) o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana o C0068.25 mai nā mea hoʻoheheʻe insoluble o nā chondrites carbonaceous i aʻo mua ʻia a ʻoi aku ka like me ka IDP14 a me nā ʻāpana cometary i loaʻa i ka misionari Stardust.ʻO kahi kiʻekiʻe CH ikaika ma 287.5 eV a me kahi mea ʻala nāwaliwali loa a i ʻole C=C peak ma 285.2 eV e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai o nā pūhui organik i nā pūhui aliphatic (Fig. 3a a me Supplementary Fig. 3a).ʻO nā wahi i waiwai i nā mea hoʻohuihui aliphatic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained, a me nā wahi me kahi ʻano kalapona maikaʻi ʻole (a i ʻole C=C) (Fig. 3c,d).ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo A0037,22 (Supplementary Fig. 3) i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā ʻāpana aliphatic carbon-rich.ʻO ka mineralogy lalo o kēia mau kīʻaha he waiwai i nā carbonates, e like me ka chondrite CI 16, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi nui ʻana o ka wai kumu (Supplementary Table 1).ʻO nā kūlana oxidizing e makemake nui i ka nui o ka carbonyl a me nā hui hana carboxyl i loko o nā pūhui organik e pili ana i nā carbonates.Hiki ke ʻokoʻa loa ka puʻunaue submicron o nā mea olaola me nā hale kalapona aliphatic mai ka puʻunaue ʻana o nā silicates i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.Loaʻa nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o nā pūhui aliphatic e pili ana me ka phyllosilicate-OH ma ka meteorite ʻo Tagish Lake.Hōʻike ka ʻikepili microanalytical i hoʻohui ʻia e laha nui paha ka mea olaola i nā pūhui aliphatic i nā asteroids ʻano C a pili pū me nā phyllosilicates.Ua kūlike kēia hopena me nā hōʻike mua o aliphatic/aromatic CHs i nā ʻāpana Ryugu i hōʻike ʻia e MicroOmega, kahi microscope hyperspectral kokoke-infrared.ʻO kahi nīnau koʻikoʻi a ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia inā loaʻa nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa o nā aliphatic carbon-rich organic compounds e pili ana me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina ma ka asteroid Ryugu wale nō.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra normalized i 292 eV i loko o ka aromatic (C=C) waiwai waiwai (ʻulaʻula), ma ka aliphatic waiwai 'āina ('ōmaʻomaʻo), a ma ka matrix (uliuli).ʻO ka laina hina ka Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum no ka hoʻohālikelike.au, hui hooponopono.b, Kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi X-ray microscopy (STXM) hoʻoili ʻia o kahi carbon K-edge e hōʻike ana i ka mana o ka ʻāpana e ke kalapona.c, ʻāpana ʻāpana RGB me nā ʻāpana waiwai ʻala (C=C) (ʻulaʻula), nā ʻāpana waiwai aliphatic ('ōmaʻomaʻo), a me ka matrix (uliuli).d, hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻāpana mai nā pahu kiko keʻokeʻo ma b a me c.e, nanospheres nui (ng-1) ma ka wahi i hoonuiia mai ka pahu kiko keokeo ma b a me c.No: pyrrhotite.Pn: nickel-chromite.f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), and Nitrogen (12C14N) elemental kiʻi, 12C/1H element ratio kiʻi, a kea δD, δ13C, a me δ15N isotope kiʻi – Māhele PG-1: presolar Table 13.
Hiki i nā haʻawina kinetic o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea ola i loko o nā meteorites Murchison ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hāʻawi like ʻole o nā mea ola aliphatic i waiwai i nā kīʻaha Ryugu.Hōʻike kēia haʻawina e hoʻomau ana nā paʻa aliphatic CH i loko o ka mea ola a hiki i ka wela kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 30°C ma ka makua a/a i ʻole hoʻololi me nā pilina manawa-mehana (e like me 200 makahiki ma 100°C a me 0°C 100 miliona mau makahiki)..Inā ʻaʻole i wela ka precursor i kahi mahana i hāʻawi ʻia no ka manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa, hiki ke mālama ʻia ka hoʻoili mua ʻana o nā aliphatic organics waiwai i ka phyllosilicate.Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā hoʻololi wai pōhaku kumu ke paʻakikī i kēia wehewehe ʻana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻo A0037 waiwai i ka carbonate i nā wahi aliphatic waiwai nui e pili ana i nā phyllosilicates.ʻO kēia hoʻololi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pili pono ana i ka hiki ʻana o ka cubic feldspar i loko o nā kīʻaha Ryugu (Paʻi Hoʻohui 1) 20.
Loaʻa i ka hakina C0068.25 (ng-1; Fig. 3a–c,e) kahi nanosphere nui e hōʻike ana i ka ʻono loa (a i ʻole C=C), aliphatic haʻahaʻa, a me nā kikoʻī palupalu o C(=O)O a me C=O..ʻAʻole i kūlike ka inoa o ka carbon aliphatic i ka pūlima o nā mea nui insoluble a me nā nanospheres organik e pili ana me nā chondrites (Fig. 3a) 17,21.Ua hōʻike ʻo Raman a me ka infrared spectroscopic analysis o nā nanospheres ma Lake Tagish i loko o lākou he aliphatic a me ka oxidized organic compounds a me ka polycyclic aromatic organic compounded me kahi hoʻolālā paʻakikī22,23.No ka mea, aia i loko o ka matrix a puni nā mea ola i waiwai i nā pūhui aliphatic, ʻo ka pūlima aliphatic kalapona i loko o ka ng-1 he mea hana analytical.ʻO ka mea hoihoi, loaʻa i ka ng-1 nā silicates amorphous i hoʻokomo ʻia (Fig. 3e), kahi ʻano ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia no nā mea ʻokoʻa extraterrestrial.ʻO nā silicates amorphous paha he ʻāpana kūlohelohe o ka ng-1 a i ʻole ka hopena mai ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā silicates aqueous/anhydrous e ka ion a/a i ʻole ke kukui uila i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi ion NanoSIMS o ka ʻāpana C0068.25 (Fig. 3f) i nā loli like ʻole i ka δ13C a me δ15N, koe wale nā ​​hua presolar me ka hoʻonui nui 13C o 30,811 ‰ (PG-1 ma ke kiʻi δ13C ma Fig. 3f) (Paʻa 3f).Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi kīʻaha kumu X-ray a me nā kiʻi TEM kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻike kalapona a me ka mamao ma waena o nā mokulele basal o 0.3 nm, e pili ana i ka graphite.He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka waiwai o δD (841 ± 394‰) a me δ15N (169 ± 95‰), i hoʻonui ʻia i loko o nā mea ola aliphatic e pili ana me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka awelika no ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa C (δD = 1398‰).‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) ma C0068.25 (Paʻi Pākuʻi 4).Hōʻike kēia ʻike ʻana he ʻoi aku ka mua o nā mea ola aliphatic-waiwai i loko o nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained ma mua o nā mea ola a puni, no ka mea, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mea hope me ka wai a puni i ke kino kumu.ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, pili paha kēia mau hoʻololi isotopic i ke kaʻina hana mua.Ua unuhi ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā silicates papaʻai maikaʻi ma CI chondrites ma muli o ka hoʻololi mau ʻana o nā pūʻulu silicate anhydrous coarse-grained kumu.Ua hoʻokumu ʻia paha nā mea olaola waiwai nui o Aliphatic mai nā molekole precursor i loko o ka protoplanetary disk a i ʻole interstellar medium ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana solar, a laila ua hoʻololi iki ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai o ke kino makua Ryugu (nui). He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui (<1.0 km) o Ryugu no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka wela o loko no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai e hana i nā minerala hydrous25. He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui (<1.0 km) o Ryugu no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka wela o loko no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai e hana i nā minerala hydrous25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водного изменобления мал в25. Ka nui (<1.0 km) He liʻiliʻi loa ʻo Ryugu no ka mālama ʻana i ka wela o loko no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai a lilo i mau minerala wai25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矿物。 Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矿物。 Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с образованнием мд. He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o Ryugu (<1.0 km) no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka wela o loko e hoʻololi i ka wai e hana i nā minerala wai25.No laila, koi ʻia ka nui o Ryugu ma mua o ʻumi mau kilomita.Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea olaola i waiwai i nā pūhui aliphatic i ko lākou ʻano isotope mua ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ke ʻano pololei o nā mea lawe kaumaha isotopic ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā mea like ʻole i kēia mau hakina FIB.Hiki iā ia ke lilo i mea waiwai waiwai i nā pūhui aliphatic ma Ryugu granules a i ʻole nā ​​phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi a puni lākou.E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka mea organik i loko o nā chondrites carbonaceous a pau (me ka CI chondrites) ma mua o ka phyllosilicates, koe wale nā ​​meteorites CM Paris 24, 26.
Nā ʻāpana o ka leo δD a me δ15N o nā ʻāpana FIB i loaʻa no A0002.23 a me A0002.26, A0037.22 a me A0037.23 a me C0068.23, C0068.25 a me C0068.26 mau ʻāpana FIB (ʻo ka huina o ʻekolu mau ʻāpana FIB hoʻohālikelike i hōʻike ʻia mai nā ʻāpana ʻekolu o ka lā FIB i hōʻike ʻia) ma fig.4 (Paʻi Pākuʻi 4)27,28.ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana o ka leo ma δD a me δ15N ma nāʻaoʻao A0002, A0037, a me C0068 e kūlike me nā mea i loko o ka IDP, akāʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka CM a me CI chondrites (Fig. 4).E hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o nā waiwai δD no ka laʻana Comet 29 (-240 a i 1655‰) ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ko Ryugu.ʻO nā puke δD a me δ15N o nā profiles Ryukyu, ma ke ʻano he lula, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka awelika no nā comets o ka ʻohana Jupiter a me ke ao Oort (Fig. 4).Hiki i nā koina δD haʻahaʻa o nā CI chondrites ke hōʻike i ka mana o ka hoʻopōʻino honua i kēia mau laʻana.Hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea like ma waena o Bells, Lake Tagish, a me IDP, ʻo ka heterogeneity nui ma δD a me δN waiwai ma nā ʻāpana Ryugu e hōʻike i nā loli i nā inoa isotopic mua o nā haku mele a me ka wai i ka ʻōnaehana solar mua.ʻO nā loli isotopic like ma δD a me δN ma Ryugu a me nā ʻāpana IDP e hōʻike ana ua hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea ʻelua mai ke kumu like.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā IDP mai nā kumu cometary 14 .No laila, loaʻa paha iā Ryugu nā mea like me ka comet a / a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōnaehana solar waho.Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kēia ma mua o kā mākou e ʻōlelo nei ma muli o (1) ka hui ʻana o ka spherulitic a me ka wai waiwai D ma ke kino makua 31 a me (2) ka ratio D/H o ka comet ma ke ʻano he hana o ka hana cometary 32 .Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo loa ke kumu o ka heterogeneity o ka hydrogen a me ka nitrogen isotopes i loko o nā ʻāpana Ryugu, ma muli o ka palena palena o nā loiloi i loaʻa i kēia lā.ʻO nā hopena o nā ʻōnaehana isotope hydrogen a me ka nitrogen e hoʻonui ai i ka hiki ke loaʻa iā Ryugu ka hapa nui o nā mea mai waho o ka Pūnaehana Solar a no laila ke hōʻike nei i kahi like me nā comets.ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao Ryugu i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o δ13C a me δ15N (Paʻi Hoʻohui 4).
Hoʻopili ʻia ka H a me N isotopic o nā ʻāpana Ryugu (nā pōʻai ʻulaʻula: A0002, A0037; nā pōʻai polū: C0068) me ka nui o ka lā 27, ka ʻohana Jupiter mean (JFC27), a me Oort cloud comets (OCC27), IDP28, a me nā chondrules carbonaceous.Hoʻohālikelike o meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung).Hāʻawi ʻia ka haku mele isotopic ma ka Papa Pākuʻi 4. ʻO nā laina kikoo ka waiwai isotope terrestrial no H a me N.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe (e laʻa me ka mea ola a me ka wai) i ka Honua he mea hopohopo 26,27,33.ʻO ka submicron organic mea pili me nā phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi i loko o nā ʻāpana Ryugu i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina he kumu nui ia o nā volatiles.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻia ʻana o nā mea olaola i loko o nā phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi mai ka hōʻino ʻia16,34 a me ka palaho35 ma mua o nā mea ola i loko o nā matrices maikaʻi.ʻO ka hana isotopic ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hydrogen i loko o nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻole paha ʻo lākou wale nō ke kumu o nā volatiles i lawe ʻia i ka Honua mua.Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui ʻia me nā ʻāpana me kahi haku mele hydrogen isotopic māmā, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma ke kuhiakau o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai makani makani i loko o nā silicates.
Ma kēia haʻawina, hōʻike mākou i nā meteorites CI, ʻoiai ko lākou koʻikoʻi geochemical ma ke ʻano he mau ʻelele o ka hui holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar, ʻo 6,10 nā laʻana i hoʻohaumia ʻia ma ka honua.Hāʻawi pū mākou i nā hōʻike pololei no ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā mea ola aliphatic waiwai a me nā minela hydrous kokoke a manaʻo e loaʻa iā Ryugu nā mea extrasolar37.Hōʻike maopopo nā hopena o kēia noiʻi i ke koʻikoʻi o ka laʻana pololei o nā protoasteroids a me ka pono e lawe i nā laʻana i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana inert a sterile.Hōʻike nā hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ʻo Ryugu particles ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea pono ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana solar i loaʻa no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hale hana, a ʻo ke aʻo hou ʻana i kēia mau laʻana makamae e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i nā kaʻina hana o ka ʻōnaehana solar.ʻO nā ʻāpana Ryugu ka hōʻike maikaʻi loa o ka hui holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka microstructure paʻakikī a me nā waiwai kemika o nā ʻāpana submicron scale, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) a me SR X-ray diffraction (XRD) -CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM kānana.ʻAʻohe degradation, pollution ma muli o ka lewa o ka honua, a ʻaʻohe pōʻino mai nā ʻāpana maikaʻi a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohālike mechanical.I kēia manawa, ua hana mākou i ka nānā ʻana volumetric systematic me ka scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -EDS, EPMA, XRD, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), a me ka laser oxygen isotope fluorination lako.Hōʻike ʻia nā kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo ma ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui 3 a ua wehewehe ʻia kēlā me kēia hōʻike ma nā ʻāpana aʻe.
Ua loaʻa mai nā ʻāpana mai ka asteroid Ryugu mai ka Hayabusa-2 reentry module a hāʻawi ʻia i ka JAXA Control Center ma Sagamihara, Iapana, me ka hoʻohaumia ʻole i ka lewa o ka Honua4.Ma hope o ka hōʻike mua ʻana a me ka hoʻopōʻino ʻole ma kahi hale mālama ʻia e JAXA, e hoʻohana i nā ipu hoʻololi i waena o ka pūnaewele a me nā ʻeke capsule hāpana (10 a 15 mm paha ke anawaena sapphire crystal a me ke kila kila, e pili ana i ka nui o ka laʻana) e pale i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ke kaiapuni.kaiapuni.y a/a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohaumia honua (e laʻa me ka mahu wai, hydrocarbons, nā kinoea lewa a me nā ʻāpana maikaʻi) a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana ma waena o nā laʻana i ka wā hoʻomākaukau laʻana a me ka lawe ʻana ma waena o nā kula a me nā kulanui38.No ka pale ʻana i ka degradation a me ka pollution ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana me ka lewa o ka honua (ka wai a me ka oxygen), ua lawe ʻia nā ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana (me ka chipping me ka tantalum chisel, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uea daimana kaulike (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka epoxy) no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana) ua lawe ʻia i loko o ka glovebox ma lalo o ka maloʻo maʻemaʻe N2 (a hiki i ka dew point ~ 0,00 °C: -80 °C).Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea āpau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi me ka hui pū ʻana o ka wai ultrapure a me ka ethanol me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hawewe kani ultrasonic o nā alapine like ʻole.
Maanei mākou e aʻo ai i ka hōʻiliʻili meteorite National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) o ka Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y) -791198, CY: Y-82162 a me CY: Y 980115).
No ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā mea kani no SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS a me TEM ka nānā ʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka mea paʻa hōʻailona ultrathin āpau i wehewehe ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua38.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi SR-XCT o ​​nā laʻana Ryugu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana CT integrated BL20XU/SPring-8.ʻO ka ʻōnaehana CT i hoʻohui ʻia he mau ʻano ana like ʻole: ākea ākea a me ke ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (WL) no ka hopu ʻana i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka hāpana, ke kahua haiki a me ke ʻano hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe (NH) no ke ana pololei ʻana o ka wahi hāpana.hoihoi a me nā radiographs e kiʻi i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka leo o ka hāpana, a hana i ka XRD-CT no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kiʻi 2D o nā ʻāpana minerale mokulele i loko o ka hāpana.E hoʻomaopopo e hiki ke hana ʻia nā ana a pau me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana i kūkulu ʻia e wehe i ka mea paʻa hāpana mai ke kumu, e ʻae ai i nā ana CT a me XRD-CT pololei.Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka mea ʻike maka X-ray mode WL (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi pahupaʻikiʻi 4608 × 4608 pixel metala-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi scintillator nona ka 10 lutetium Aluminum garnet µm 1000 a me ka mānoanoa o ka kristal23C5.ʻO ka nui pika ma ke ʻano WL ma kahi o 0.848 µm.No laila, ʻo ke kahua o ka ʻike (FOV) ma ke ʻano WL ma kahi o 6 mm ma ke ʻano o ka offset CT.Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka mea ʻike maka X-ray mode NH (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi 20 µm mānoanoa gadolinium-aluminum-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator, kahi pahu pahu CMOS (C11440-22CU) me ka hoʻonā o 2048 × 2048 pixels;Hamamatsu Photonics) a me kahi lens ×20.ʻO ka nui pika ma ke ʻano NH he ~0.25 µm a ʻo ke kahua o ka nānā ʻana he ~0.5 mm.ʻO ka mea ʻike no ke ʻano XRD (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) ua hoʻolako ʻia me kahi scintillator i loaʻa i kahi 50 µm mānoanoa P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) pale pauka, he 2304 × 2304 pixel resolution CMOS kamera (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) a me kahi re Photonics.He 19.05 µm ka nui o ka mea ʻike maka a he 43.9 mm2 ka nui o ka ʻike.No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka FOV, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi kaʻina CT offset ma ke ʻano WL.ʻO ke kiʻi māmā i hoʻouna ʻia no ka hana hou ʻana o CT, aia kekahi kiʻi ma ka laulā o 180 ° a 360 ° i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ākea a puni ke axis o ka rotation, a me kahi kiʻi ma ka laulā o 0 ° a 180 °.
Ma ke ʻano XRD, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kukuna X-ray e kahi pā wahi Fresnel.Ma kēia ʻano, hoʻonoho ʻia ka mea ʻike ma hope o 110 mm ma hope o ka hāpana a ʻo ka pahu kukui he 3 mm ma mua o ka mea ʻike.Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa ma ka 2θ mai 1.43° a i 18.00° (grating pitch d = 16.6–1.32 Å) me ka wahi X-ray i kālele ʻia ma lalo o ke kahua o ka ʻike.Ke neʻe kū pololei ka laʻana i nā manawa maʻamau, me ka hapalua o ka huli ʻana no kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu hoʻopaʻa hiʻohiʻona.Inā māʻona nā ʻāpana mineral i ke kūlana Bragg ke hoʻololi ʻia e 180 °, hiki ke loaʻa ka diffraction o nā ʻāpana mineral i ka mokulele ākea.A laila hoʻohui ʻia nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa i hoʻokahi kiʻi no kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu kaʻina hiʻona.ʻO nā kūlana ho'āʻo SR-XRD-CT ua aneane like me nā mea no ka SR-XRD assay.Ma ke ʻano XRD-CT, hoʻonoho ʻia ka mea ʻike ma hope o 69 mm ma hope o ka hāpana.ʻO nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa ma ka laulā 2θ mai ka 1.2° a i ka 17.68° (d = 19.73 a i ka 1.35 Å), kahi e ku pono ai ka kukuna X-ray a me ka mea palena kukuna me ke kikowaena o ke kahua o ka ʻike.E ʻimi i ka hāpana ma ka ʻaoʻao a hoʻohuli i ka hāpana 180°.Ua kūkulu hou ʻia nā kiʻi SR-XRD-CT me ka ikaika o ka mineral kiʻekiʻe e like me nā waiwai pixel.Me ka nānā ʻana i ke aniani, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka hāpana ma 500-1000 mau ʻanuʻu.
No nā hoʻokolohua āpau, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ikehu X-ray ma 30 keV, no ka mea ʻo kēia ka palena haʻahaʻa o ke komo ʻana o X-ray i nā meteorites me ke anawaena o kahi o 6 mm.ʻO ka helu o nā kiʻi i loaʻa no nā ana CT a pau i ka wā o ka 180° kahuli ʻana he 1800 (3600 no ka polokalamu CT offset), a ʻo ka manawa hoʻolaha no nā kiʻi he 100 ms no ke ʻano WL, 300 ms no ke ʻano NH, 500 ms no XRD, a me 50 ms.ms no XRD-CT ms.ʻO ka manawa hoʻohālike maʻamau ma kahi o 10 mau minuke ma ke ʻano WL, 15 mau minuke ma ke ʻano NH, 3 mau hola no XRD, a me 8 mau hola no SR-XRD-CT.
Hoʻokumu hou ʻia nā kiʻi CT e ka convolutional back projection a maʻamau no ka laina attenuation coefficient mai 0 a 80 cm-1.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu Slice e kālailai i ka ʻikepili 3D a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu muXRD e kālailai i ka ʻikepili XRD.
ʻO nā ʻāpana Ryugu paʻa epoxy (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 a me C0068) i hoʻomaʻamaʻa mālie ʻia ma ka ʻili a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni daimana 0.5 µm (3M) ma lalo o nā kūlana maloʻo, e pale ana i ka mea e pili ana i ka ʻili i ka wā o ka polishing.Ua nānā mua ʻia ka ʻili i poni ʻia o kēlā me kēia laʻana e ka microscopy māmā a laila backscattered electrons no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mineralogy a me nā kiʻi kikokikona (BSE) o nā laʻana a me nā mea NIPR qualitative me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi JEOL JSM-7100F SEM i lako me ka ikehu dispersive spectrometer (AZtec).ikehu) kiʻi.No kēlā me kēia laʻana, ua nānā ʻia ka ʻike o nā mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microanalyzer electron probe (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200).E noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāpana phyllosilicate a me ka carbonate ma 5 nA, nā kūlana kūlohelohe a me ka synthetic ma 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, a me pyroxene ma 30 nA.Ua helu ʻia nā māka kumu mai nā palapala ʻāina a me nā kiʻi BSE me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu ImageJ 1.53 me nā paepae kūpono i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia no kēlā me kēia mineral.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi isotope Oxygen ma ke Kulanui Open (Milton Keynes, UK) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana fluorination laser infrared.Hāʻawi ʻia nā laʻana Hayabusa2 i ka Open University 38 i loko o nā pahu piha nitrogen no ka hoʻoili ʻana ma waena o nā hale hana.
Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka laʻana i loko o kahi pahu mīkina nitrogen me kahi pae oxygen i nānā ʻia ma lalo o 0.1%.No ka hana analytical Hayabusa2, ua hana 'ia kekahi mea ho'opa'a la'ana Ni hou, 'elua wale no puka la'ana (diameter 2.5 mm, hohonu 5 mm), hookahi no Hayabusa2 particles a me kekahi no ka obsidian internal standard.I ka wā o ka nānā ʻana, ua uhi ʻia ka pūnāwai i loko o ka mea Hayabusa2 me ka puka aniani BaF2 kūloko ma kahi o 1 mm mānoanoa a me 3 mm ke anawaena e paʻa ai ka hāpana i ka wā o ka hopena laser.Ua mālama ʻia ke kahe BrF5 i ka hāpana e kahi ʻoki kinoea hui ʻana i ʻoki ʻia i loko o ka mea hoʻopaʻa hāpana Ni.Ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia ke keʻena laʻana i hiki ke wehe ʻia mai ka laina hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a wehe ʻia i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima piha i ka nitrogen.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke keʻena ʻelua me kahi sila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke keleawe a me kahi kaulahao kaulahao EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38.ʻO ka puka aniani BaF2 3 mm mānoanoa ma luna o ke keʻena e hiki ai ke nānā like i ka hāpana a me ka wela laser.Ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka hāpana, e hoʻopili hou i ke keʻena a hoʻopili hou i ka laina fluorinated.Ma mua o ka nānā ʻana, ua hoʻomehana ʻia ke keʻena laʻana ma lalo o ka momi ma kahi o 95 ° C i ka pō e hoʻoneʻe i ka makū adsorbed.Ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka pō, ua ʻae ʻia ke keʻena e maʻalili i ka lumi wela a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia i ka lewa i ka wā o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka laʻana me ʻekolu aliquots o BrF5 e wehe i ka makū.ʻO kēia mau kaʻina hana e hōʻoia ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka laʻana Hayabusa 2 i ka lewa a ʻaʻole i haumia ʻia e ka makū mai ka ʻāpana o ka laina fluorinated i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana.
ʻO Ryugu C0014-4 a me Orgueil (CI) nā mea hoʻohālike i kālailai ʻia ma ke ʻano "hoʻokahi" mode42 i hoʻololi ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo Y-82162 (CY) ka nānā ʻana i hana ʻia ma kahi pā hoʻokahi me nā pūnāwai hoʻohālike he nui41.Ma muli o kā lākou hana anhydrous, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana i kahi ala hoʻokahi no CY chondrites.Ua hoʻomehana ʻia nā laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi laser CO2 infrared Photon Machines Inc.ka mana o 50 W (10.6 µm) i kau ʻia ma ka XYZ gantry i mua o BrF5.Mālama ka ʻōnaehana wikiō i kūkulu ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hopena.Ma hope o ka fluorination, holoi ʻia ka O2 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua mau pahele naikokene cryogenic a me kahi moena wela o KBr e wehe i nā fluorine keu.Ua kālailai ʻia ka haku mele isotopic o ka oxygen i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma ka Thermo Fisher MAT 253 lua-kanal mass spectrometer me kahi hoʻonā nui ma kahi o 200.
I kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ka nui o ke kinoea O2 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka hopena o ka hāpana ma lalo o 140 µg, ʻo ia ka palena kokoke o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmeʻa bellows ma ka MAT 253 mass spectrometer.I kēia mau hihia, e hoʻohana i nā microvolume no ka nānā ʻana.Ma hope o ke kālailai ʻana i nā ʻāpana Hayabusa2, ua fluorina ʻia ke kūlana kūloko obsidian a ua hoʻoholo ʻia kona ʻano isotope oxygen.
Hoʻopilikia nā Iona o ka ʻāpana NF+ NF3+ i ka lāʻau me ka nuipa 33 (16O17O).No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia pilikia pilikia, ua hana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā laʻana me nā kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale cryogenic.Hiki ke hana i kēia ma ka ʻaoʻao mua ma mua o ka nānā ʻana MAT 253 a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he loiloi ʻelua ma ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kinoea i kālai ʻia i ke kānana molekala kūikawā a hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka cryogenic.ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale cryogenic e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kinoea i kahi kānana molekala ma ka mahana o ka naikokene wai a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi kānana molekala mua ma kahi mahana o -130°C.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻāʻo nui ʻana e noho mau ana ka NF+ ma ka kānana molekala mua a ʻaʻohe haʻihaʻi koʻikoʻi e hoʻohana ana i kēia ʻano.
Ma muli o ka loiloi pinepine ʻana o kā mākou mau ʻano obsidian kūloko, ʻo ka pololei holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana ma ke ʻano bellows: ±0.053‰ no δ17O, ±0.095‰ no δ18O, ±0.018‰ no Δ17O (2 sd).Hāʻawi ʻia ka loiloi isotope oxygen ma ka notation delta maʻamau, kahi i helu ʻia ai ka delta18O e like me:
E hoʻohana pū i ka lakio 17O/16O no δ17O.ʻO VSMOW ka pae honua no ka Vienna Mean Sea Water Standard.Hōʻike ka Δ17O i ke kaʻe ʻana mai ka laina hakina ʻāina, a ʻo ke ʻano helu helu: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O.Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili āpau i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Pākuʻi Pākuʻi 3.
Ua lawe ʻia nā ʻāpana ma kahi o 150 a 200 nm mānoanoa mai nā ʻāpana Ryugu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB ma JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute.E hoʻomaopopo i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana FIB a pau mai nā ʻāpana i hana ʻole ʻia o nā ʻāpana i hana ʻole ʻia ma hope o ka lawe ʻia ʻana mai nā moku piha piha N2 no ka hoʻoili ʻana i waena o nā mea.ʻAʻole i ana ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana e SR-CT, akā ua hana ʻia me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike ʻana i ka lewa o ka honua i mea e pale aku ai i ka pōʻino a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke kalapona K-edge spectrum.Ma hope o ka waiho ʻana o kahi papa pale tungsten, ua ʻoki ʻia ka ʻāpana hoihoi (a hiki i 25 × 25 μm2) a hoʻomāliʻi ʻia me ka lāʻau Ga+ ion ma kahi voli wikiwiki o 30 kV, a laila ma 5 kV a me kahi ʻano noiʻi o 40 pA e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o ka ʻili.A laila ua kau ʻia nā ʻāpana ultrathin ma luna o kahi mesh keleawe i hoʻonui ʻia (Kochi mesh) 39 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi micromanipulator i lako me FIB.
ʻO Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) a me C0068 (0.6483mg) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻelua manawa i loko o nā ʻāpana polyethylene maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe i hoʻopiha ʻia i ka pahu mīkina lima ma SPring-8 me ka ʻole o ka launa pū ʻana me ka lewa honua.Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka laʻana no JB-1 (he pōhaku kuhikuhi honua i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Geological Survey of Iapana) i hana ʻia ma ke Kulanui ʻo Tokyo Metropolitan.
Hana ʻia ʻo INAA ma ka Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University.Ua hoʻoulu ʻia nā laʻana i ʻelua mau manawa me nā pōʻai hoʻomālamalama like ʻole i koho ʻia e like me ka hapalua o ke ola o ka nuclide i hoʻohana ʻia no ka quantitation element.ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka hāpana i loko o kahi paipu pneumatic irradiation no 30 kekona.Nā kahe o nā neutron wela a me ka wikiwiki i ka fig.ʻO 3 he 4.6 × 1012 a me 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea o Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V a me Mn.ʻO nā mea kemika e like me MgO (99.99% maʻemaʻe, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% maʻemaʻe, Soekawa Chemical), a me Si metala (99.999% maʻemaʻe, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) ua hoʻomālamalama pū ʻia e hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā hopena nuklea e like me (n, n).Ua hoʻomālamalama pū ʻia ka hāpana me ka sodium chloride (99.99% pure; MANAC) e hoʻoponopono ai i nā loli i ka neutron flux.
Ma hope o ka neutron irradiation, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pepa polyethylene waho me kahi mea hou, a ua ana koke ʻia ka radiation gamma i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka hāpana a me ka kuhikuhi me kahi mea ʻike Ge.Ua ho'ā hou 'ia nā la'ana like no 4 mau hola i loko o ka paipu ho'ohehe'e pneumatic.2 ka wela a me ka wikiwiki neutron fluxes o 5.6 1012 a me 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, pakahi, no ka hooholo ana Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir a me Au.Ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia nā laʻana mana o Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, a me Au ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huina kūpono (mai 10 a 50 μg) o nā haʻina maʻamau o ka ʻike ʻia o kēia mau mea ma luna o ʻelua mau ʻāpana pepa kānana, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o nā laʻana.Ua hana ʻia ka helu ray gamma ma ka Institute of Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University a me ka RI Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University.ʻO nā kaʻina hana analytical a me nā mea kuhikuhi no ka hoʻoholo nui ʻana o nā mea INAA e like me nā mea i wehewehe ʻia ma kā mākou hana mua.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kumu hoʻohālike o Ryugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kumu hoʻohālike o Ryugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг (⎡) 7 мг, A003 C. в NIPR. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kumu hoʻohālike o Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), a me C0087 (<1 mg) nā laʻana ma NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 刡曍使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 刡曍 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) a me C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием редикратр с использованием редикратр Lab). Ua loaʻa nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike X-ray o nā laʻana Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab).Ua wili ʻia nā laʻana a pau a lilo i pauda maikaʻi ma luna o kahi wafer hoʻoheheʻe ʻole silika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pā aniani sapphire a laila hohola like ʻia ma luna o ka wafer non-reflective silicon me ka ʻole o ka wai (wai a waiʻona).ʻO nā kūlana ana penei: Cu Kα X-ray radiation ua hana ʻia ma ka uila uila o 40 kV a me kahi paipu o kēia manawa o 40 mA, ʻo ka palena o ka lōʻihi o ka slit he 10 mm, ʻo ke kihi divergence ʻo (1/6) °, ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka huli ʻana o ka mokulele he 20 rpm, a ʻo ka laulā he 2θ (pālua a 3gg-8 mau hola).Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā optics Bragg Brentano.ʻO ka mea ʻike he hoʻokahi-dimensional silicon semiconductor detector (D/teX Ultra 250).Ua wehe ʻia nā kukui X o Cu Kβ me kahi kānana Ni.Ke hoʻohana nei i nā laʻana i loaʻa, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ana o ka saponite magnesian synthetic (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) a me pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ʻike i nā peaks a hoʻohana i ka pauka file data diffraction data mai ka International Data diffraction do10PD-60D (Diffraction Data) do10PD-60 (Diffraction Data Center for 1FD-60PD). a me ka magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629).Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻikepili ʻokoʻa mai Ryugu me ka ʻikepili ma nā chondrites carbonaceous hydroaltered, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, a me Y 980115 CY (pae wela III, 500–750 ° C).Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike i nā mea like me Orgueil, akā ʻaʻole me Y-791198 a me Y 980115.
NEXAFS spectra me carbon lihi K o nā ʻāpana ultrathin o nā laʻana i hana ʻia mai FIB ua ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahawai STXM BL4U ma ka hale hana synchrotron UVSOR ma ke Institute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Iapana).ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka beam i nānā pono ʻia me kahi pā fresnel zone ma kahi o 50 nm.ʻO ka ʻanuʻu ikehu he 0.1 eV no ka hana maikaʻi o ka ʻāpana lihi kokoke (283.6–292.0 eV) a me 0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV a me 292.5–300.0 eV) no nā ʻāpana i mua a i hope.ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka manawa no kēlā me kēia pika kiʻi i 2 ms.Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana, ua hoʻopiha ʻia ke keʻena analytical STXM me ka helium ma kahi kaomi o 20 mbar.Kōkua kēia i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka neʻe wela o nā lako optics X-ray i loko o ke keʻena a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa hāpana, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino hāpana a/a i ʻole ka oxidation.Ua hana ʻia ka NEXAFS K-edge carbon spectra mai ka ʻikepili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu aXis2000 a me ka lako polokalamu hoʻoili ʻikepili STXM.E hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahu hoʻoili hāpana a me ka pahu mīkina no ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka haumia.
Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana o STXM-NEXAFS, ua kālailai ʻia ka haku mele isotopic o ka hydrogen, carbon, a me ka nitrogen o nā ʻāpana Ryugu FIB me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka isotope imaging me kahi JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L.Hoʻopili ʻia kahi kukuna kumu mua Cs+ ma kahi o 2 pA no ka nānā ʻana i ke kalapona a me ka nitrogen isotope a ma kahi o 13 pA no ka nānā ʻana i ka isotope hydrogen ua rasterized ma kahi o 24 × 24 µm2 a i 30 × 30 µm2 ma ka laʻana.Ma hope o ka 3-minuke prespray ma kahi ʻano ikaika o ke kukui kumu mua, ua hoʻomaka ʻia kēlā me kēia loiloi ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikaika o ka kukuna lua.No ke kālailai ʻana i nā isotopes kalapona a me ka nitrogen, ua loaʻa i nā kiʻi o 12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– a me 12C15N– i ka manawa like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻehiku electron multiplier multiplex detection me kahi hoʻonā nui ma kahi o 9000, ua lawa ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pūhui isotopic pili.keakea (ie 12C1H ma 13C a me 13C14N ma 12C15N).No ka nānā 'ana i ka hydrogen isotopes, 1H-, 2D- a me 12C- ki'i i loa'a me ka ho'onā nui ma kahi o 3000 me ka 'ike nui me ka ho'ohana 'ana i 'ekolu electron multipliers.He 30 mau kiʻi scanned o kēlā me kēia kiʻi, me hoʻokahi kiʻi me 256 × 256 pixels no carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis a me 128 × 128 pixels no hydrogen isotope analysis.ʻO ka manawa lohi ʻo 3000 µs no ka pikika no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka isotope carbon a me ka nitrogen a me 5000 µs no ka pixel no ka nānā ʻana i ka isotope hydrogen.Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate e like me ka hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen isotope standard e calibrate instrumental mass fractionation45.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hana isotopic silicon o presolar graphite i ka FIB C0068-25 profile, ua hoʻohana mākou i ʻeono mau mea hoʻonui electron me kahi hoʻonā nui ma kahi o 9000. Aia nā kiʻi he 256 × 256 pixels me ka manawa lohi o 3000 µs i kēlā me kēia pika.Hoʻopili mākou i kahi mea hana hoʻokaʻawale nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wafer silika e like me ka hydrogen, carbon, a me ka silicon isotope standard.
Ua hana ʻia nā kiʻi Isotope me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu kiʻi kiʻi NASA NanoSIMS45.Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili no ka manawa make electron multiplier (44 ns) a me nā hopena hōʻea like like.Hoʻopololei scan ʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia kiʻi e hoʻoponopono ai no ka neʻe ʻana o ke kiʻi i ka wā e loaʻa ai.Hana ʻia ke kiʻi isotope hope ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ion lua mai kēlā me kēia kiʻi no kēlā me kēia pika scan.
Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana o STXM-NEXAFS a me NanoSIMS, ua nānā ʻia nā ʻāpana FIB like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope electron transmission (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) ma kahi uila wikiwiki o 200 kV ma Kochi, JAMSTEC.Ua ʻike ʻia ka microstructure me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi TEM māmā a me kahi TEM kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e nānā ana i kahi kahua ʻeleʻele.Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana mineral e ka ʻokoʻa electron diffraction a me ke kiʻi kiʻi lattice band, a ua hana ʻia ka loiloi kemika e EDS me kahi mea ʻike hoʻoheheʻe silicon 100 mm2 a me JEOL Analysis Station 4.30 lako polokalamu.No ka nānā ʻana i ka nui, ua ana ʻia ka ikaika o ka X-ray no kēlā me kēia mea i ke ʻano scanning TEM me kahi manawa loaʻa ʻikepili paʻa o 30 s, kahi ʻāpana scanning beam o ~ 100 × 100 nm2, a me kahi manawa o 50 pA.ʻO ka lakio (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe i loko o nā silicates i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka coefficient hoʻokolohua k, hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka mānoanoa, i loaʻa mai kahi maʻamau o ka pyropagarnet maoli.
Loaʻa nā kiʻi a me nā kānana a pau i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina ma ka JAXA Data Archiving and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2.Hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i ka ʻikepili kumu.
Kitari, K. et al.ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o ka asteroid 162173 Ryugu e like me ka nānā ʻana e ka mea kani Hayabusa2 NIRS3.ʻepekema 364, 272–275.
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Pilorjet, S. et al.Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi haku mele mua o nā laʻana Ryugu me ka microOmega hyperspectral microscope.Astron Lahui.6, 221–225 (2021).
Yada, T. et al.Hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka loiloi mua o ka laʻana Hyabusa2 mai ka C-type asteroid Ryugu.Astron Lahui.6, 214–220 (2021).