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Kubera ko zihindagurika kandi zikungahaye ku bintu by’ibinyabuzima, asteroide zo mu bwoko bwa C zishobora kuba imwe mu masoko y’ingenzi y’amazi ku Isi. Muri iki gihe, chondrites zifite karuboni zitanga igitekerezo cyiza cy’imiterere yazo ya shimi, ariko amakuru yerekeye meteorite aragoreka: ubwoko buramba cyane ni bwo burokoka bwinjira mu kirere hanyuma bugahura n’ibidukikije by’Isi. Hano turagaragaza ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi burambuye bwakozwe ku gice cy’ingenzi cya Ryugu cyagejejwe ku Isi n’icyogajuru cya Hayabusa-2. Uduce twa Ryugu tugaragaza isano ya hafi mu miterere yatwo na chondrites za CI (ubwoko bwa Iwuna) zitarimo ibice ariko zahinduwe n’amazi, zikoreshwa cyane nk'ikimenyetso cy’imiterere rusange y’urusobe rw’izuba. Iyi ngero igaragaza isano ikomeye hagati y’ibintu by’umwimerere bya aliphatic bikungahaye kuri organics na silicates za layered kandi igaragaza ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwa 30 °C mu gihe cy’isuri y’amazi. Twasanze deuterium na diazonium byinshi bihuye n’inkomoko y’izuba. Uduce twa Ryugu ni ibinyabuzima bitanduye kandi bitatandukanywa byigeze kwigwa kandi bihuye neza n’imiterere rusange y’urusobe rw’izuba.
Kuva muri Kamena 2018 kugeza Ugushyingo 2019, icyogajuru cya Hayabusa2 cy’Ikigo cy’Ubuyapani gishinzwe Ubushakashatsi bw’Indege (JAXA) cyakoze ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kuri Ryugu ya asteroide. Amakuru aturuka kuri Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) kuri Hayabusa-2 agaragaza ko Ryugu ishobora kuba igizwe n’ibintu bisa na chondrites za carbonaceous zo mu kirere zishyushye cyangwa zishyushye. Ikintu cya hafi cyane ni CY chondrite (ubwoko bwa Yamato) 2. Albedo yo hasi ya Ryugu ishobora gusobanurwa no kuba hari ibice byinshi bikungahaye kuri karubone, ndetse n’ingano y’uduce, porosity, n’ingaruka z’ikirere. Icyogajuru cya Hayabusa-2 cyaguye kabiri n’ingero zacyo kuri Ryuga. Mu gihe cyo kugwa bwa mbere ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2019, habonetse ibikoresho byo hejuru, bibitswe mu gice cya A cy’agapira ko kugaruka, naho mu gihe cyo kugwa bwa kabiri ku ya 11 Nyakanga 2019, ibikoresho byakusanyijwe hafi y’agasanduku k’ubukorano kakozwe n’icyuma gito gishobora kwimurwa. Izi ngero zibikwa mu cyumba cya C. Isesengura rya mbere ry’utunyangingo mu cyiciro cya 1 ritangiza ibintu mu byumba byihariye, bitanduye kandi byuzuye azote mu bigo bicungwa na JAXA ryagaragaje ko utunyangingo twa Ryugu twasaga cyane na CI4 chondrites kandi twagaragaje "urwego rutandukanye rw'impinduka"3. Ishyirwa mu byiciro rya Ryugu risa n'irivuguruzanya, risa na CY cyangwa CI chondrites, rishobora gukemurwa gusa hakoreshejwe uburyo burambuye bwo gusobanura utunyangingo twa Ryugu, utw'ibanze, n'utw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ibisubizo byatanzwe hano bitanga ishingiro rikomeye ryo kumenya ibisobanuro bibiri by'ibanze ku miterere rusange ya Ryugu y'ikirere.
Uduce umunani twa Ryugu (hafi 60mg zose hamwe), tune twavuye mu cyumba A n'utundi tune twavuye mu cyumba C, twashyizwe mu cyiciro cya 2 kugira ngo ducunge itsinda rya Kochi. Intego nyamukuru y'ubushakashatsi ni ukugaragaza imiterere, inkomoko n'amateka y'ubwihindurize bwa asteroide Ryugu, no kwandika ibisa n'ibitandukanye n'ibindi binyabuzima bizwi byo hanze y'isi nka chondrites, uduce tw'umukungugu hagati y'imibumbe (IDPs) na comets zigaruka. Ingero zakusanyijwe n'ubutumwa bwa NASA bwa Stardust.
Isesengura ryimbitse ry’amabuye y’agaciro ku binyampeke bitanu bya Ryugu (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 na C0068) ryagaragaje ko ahanini bigizwe na phyllosilicates nziza n’inini (~64–88 vol.%; Ishusho ya 1a, b, Ishusho y’inyongera ya 1). Inyenyeri zo mu bwoko bwa coarse-grained phyllosilicates ziba nk’ibice binini (kugeza kuri mikoroni icumi mu bunini) mu binyampeke binini bya phyllosilicates (bifite munsi ya mikoroni nke mu bunini). Uduce twa silicates tw’ibice ni symbionts za serpentine-saponite (Ishusho ya 1c). Ikarita ya (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe yerekana kandi ko imiterere ya silicates y’ibice byinshi ifite imiterere iri hagati ya serpentine na saponite (Ishusho ya 2a, b). Matrix ya phyllosilicate irimo imyunyu ngugu ya karubone (~2–21 vol.%), imyunyungugu ya sulfide (~2.4–5.5 vol.%), na magnetite (~3.6–6.8 vol.%). Kimwe mu bice byasuzumwe muri ubu bushakashatsi (C0009) cyarimo ingano nto (~0.5 vol.%) ya silicates za anhydrous (olivine na pyroxene), zishobora gufasha kumenya inkomoko y'ibikoresho byagize ibuye rya Ryugu rito5. Iyi silicates ya anhydrous iboneka mu duce twa Ryugu kandi yabonetse neza gusa muri pellet ya C0009. Carbonates ziboneka muri matrix nk'ibice (munsi ya mikoroni magana make), cyane cyane dolomite, hamwe n'ingano nto ya kalisiyumu karubone na brinell. Magnetite iboneka nk'uduce twihariye, framboids, plaques, cyangwa aggregates z'umubumbe. Sulfide zigaragazwa ahanini na pyrrhotite mu buryo bwa prisms/plates zidasanzwe cyangwa laths. Matrix irimo ingano nini ya submicron pentlandite cyangwa hamwe na pyrrhotite. Ibyiciro bikungahaye kuri karuboni (bingana na µm 10) biba ahantu hose muri matrix ikungahaye kuri phylosilicate. Ibyiciro bikungahaye kuri karuboni (bingana na µm 10) biba ahantu hose muri matrix ikungahaye kuri phylosilicate. Богтыты углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в божой ф фососиликатами матрице. Ibyiciro bikungahaye kuri karuboni (bingana na µm 10) biba ahantu hose muri matrix ikungahaye kuri phylosilicate.富含碳的相（尺寸 <10 µm ）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸 <10 µm ）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богтыты углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в буйой ф фососиликатами матрице. Ibyiciro bikungahaye kuri karuboni (bingana na µm 10) byiganje muri matrix ikungahaye kuri phylosilicate.Andi mabuye y’agaciro aboneka mu mbonerahamwe y’inyongera ya 1. Urutonde rw’amabuye y’agaciro aboneka mu ishusho ya X-ray y’uruvange rwa C0087 na A0029 na A0037 ruhuye cyane n’urwabonetse muri chondrite ya CI (Orgueil), ariko rutandukanye cyane n’amabuye y’agaciro ya CY na CM (ubwoko bwa Mighei) (Ishusho ya 1 hamwe n’amakuru yagutse n’Ishusho y’inyongera ya 2). Ingano y’ibice byose bya Ryugu (A0098, C0068) nayo ihuye na chondrite ya 6 CI (amakuru yagutse, Ishusho ya 2 n’Imbonerahamwe y’inyongera ya 2). Mu buryo bunyuranye, amabuye y’agaciro ya CM agabanuka mu bintu bihindagurika cyane kandi biciriritse, cyane cyane Mn na Zn, kandi ari hejuru mu bintu birwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere7. Ingano y’ibintu bimwe na bimwe iratandukanye cyane, bishobora kuba ari ikimenyetso cy’ubusumbane bw’icyitegererezo bitewe n’ingano nto y’uduce duto n’uburyo ingero zikomokaho zihinduka. Imiterere yose ya peteroli, mineralogiya n'ibice by'ingenzi bigaragaza ko ibinyampeke bya Ryugu bisa cyane na chondrites CI8,9,10. Itandukaniro rigaragara ni uko nta ferrihydrite na sulfate biri mu binyampeke bya Ryugu, bigaragaza ko iyi myunyu ngugu iri muri chondrites CI yakozwe n'ikirere cyo ku isi.
a, Ishusho ya X-ray ya Mg Kα (umutuku), Ca Kα (icyatsi kibisi), Fe Kα (ubururu), na S Kα (umuhondo) igice cyumutse gisukuye C0068. Igice kigizwe na silicates zometseho (umutuku: ~88 vol%), karubone (dolomite; icyatsi kibisi cyoroshye: ~1.6 vol%), magnetite (ubururu: ~5.3 vol%) na sulfides (umuhondo: sulfide = ~2.5% vol. essay. b, ishusho y'akarere k'imiterere muri electrons zicagaguye inyuma kuri a. Bru - idakuze; Dole - dolomite; FeS ni sulfide y'icyuma; Mag - magnetite; umutobe - isabune; Srp - serpentine. c, ishusho ya mikorosikope ya electron yohereza ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru (TEM) y'ishusho isanzwe ya saponite-serpentine igaragaza imigozi ya lattice ya serpentine na saponite ya 0.7 nm na 1.1 nm, uko bikurikirana.
Imiterere ya matrix na silicate y’ibice bya Ryugu A0037 (uruziga rutukura rukomeye) na C0068 (uruziga rw’ubururu bukomeye) igaragazwa muri sisitemu ya (Si+Al)-Mg-Fe ternary. a, Ibisubizo bya Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) byashushanyijwe ku bimera bya CI (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 byagaragajwe mu ibara ry’umukara kugira ngo bigereranywe. b, Isesengura rya Scanning TEM (STEM) n’isesengura rya X-ray dispersive (EDS) ryagaragajwe kugira ngo rigereranywe na Orgueil9 na Murchison46 meteorites na IDP47 y’amazi. Filosilicates nziza n’izikomeye zasesenguwe, birinda uduce duto twa sulfide y’icyuma. Imirongo ifite utudomo muri a na b igaragaza imirongo ya saponite na serpentine. Imiterere ikungahaye ku butare muri a ishobora guterwa n’uduce twa submicron fer sulfide mu duce twa silicate tw’ibice bya silicate, tudashobora gukurwaho n’uburyo isesengura rya EPMA rihagaze. Amakuru afite Si nyinshi kurusha saponite muri b ashobora guterwa no kuba hari ibikoresho bya silikoni bikungahaye kuri nanos mu gice cy'urwego rwa phyllosilicate. Umubare w'isesengura: N=69 kuri A0037, N=68 kuri EPMA, N=68 kuri C0068, N=19 kuri A0037 na N=27 kuri C0068 kuri STEM-EDS. c, ikarita ya isotope y'agace ka trioxy Ryugu C0014-4 ugereranije n'agaciro ka chondrite CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) n'amakuru y'inyandiko (CM na C2-ung)41,48,49. Twabonye amakuru ya Orgueil na Y-82162 meteorites. CCAM ni umurongo w'amabuye y'agaciro ya chondrite ya anhydrous carbonaceous, TFL ni umurongo ugabanya ubutaka. d, amakarita ya Δ17O na δ18O y'agace ka Ryugu C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), na CY chondrite (Y-82162) (ubu bushakashatsi). Δ17O_Ryugu: Agaciro ka Δ17O C0014-1. Δ17O_Orgueil: Agaciro ka Δ17O k'impuzandengo kuri Orgueil. Δ17O_Y-82162: Agaciro ka Δ17O k'impuzandengo kuri Y-82162. Amakuru ya CI na CY yo mu nyandiko 41, 48, 49 nayo aragaragazwa kugira ngo agereranywe.
Isesengura rya ogisijeni ryakozwe ku rugero rwa 1.83 mg rw'ibintu byakuwe muri C0014 y'ibice bito hakoreshejwe fluorination ya laser (Uburyo). Mu kugereranya, twakoresheje kopi zirindwi za Orgueil (CI) (uburemere bwose = 8.96 mg) na kopi zirindwi za Y-82162 (CY) (uburemere bwose = 5.11 mg) (Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 3).
Ku ishusho ya 2d hagaragara itandukaniro rigaragara rya Δ17O na δ18O hagati y’uburemere bw’uduce duto twa Orgueil na Ryugu ugereranije na Y-82162. Δ17O y’agace ka Ryugu C0014-4 iri hejuru y’utwo duce twa Orgeil, nubwo duhurira kuri sd 2. Uduce twa Ryugu dufite agaciro ka Δ17O kari hejuru ugereranije na Orgeil, bishobora kugaragaza ihumana ry’isi kuva mu mpeshyi ya 1864. Ihindagurika ry’ikirere mu bidukikije byo ku isi11 rituma umwuka wa ogisijeni wo mu kirere winjira, bigahuza isesengura rusange n’umurongo wo gutandukanya ubutaka (TFL). Uyu mwanzuro urahuye n’amakuru y’ubutare (yavuzwe mbere) avuga ko uduce twa Ryugu tudafite hydrate cyangwa sulfate, mu gihe Orgeil yo ibigira.
Hashingiwe ku makuru yavuzwe haruguru ku byerekeye amabuye y’agaciro, ibi bisubizo bishyigikira isano iri hagati y’ibinyampeke bya Ryugu na CI chondrites, ariko bigakuraho isano iri hagati y’ibinyampeke bya CY chondrites. Kuba ibinyampeke bya Ryugu bidafitanye isano na CY chondrites, bigaragaza ibimenyetso bigaragara by’ubucucike bw’amazi, biratangaje. Ibipimo bya Ryugu mu kirere bisa nkaho bigaragaza ko yahuye n’amazi bityo bikaba bishoboka ko igizwe n’ibintu bya CY. Impamvu z’iri tandukaniro rigaragara ntizisobanutse neza. Isesengura rya isotope ya ogisijeni ku tundi duce twa Ryugu rigaragazwa mu nyandiko 12. Ariko, ibisubizo by’iyi mibare yagutse bihuye kandi n’isano iri hagati y’uduce twa Ryugu na CI chondrites.
Dukoresheje tekiniki za microanalysis zihujwe (Ishusho y'inyongera ya 3), twasuzumye uburyo karuboni organic ikwirakwizwa mu buso bwose bw'igice cy'umuraba wa ion (FIB) C0068.25 (Ishusho ya 3a–f). Imiterere myiza ya X-ray absorption spectra ya karuboni (NEXAFS) ku nkengero za hafi mu gice cya C0068.25 igaragaza amatsinda menshi y'imikorere - aromatic cyangwa C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) na C( =O)O (288.8 eV) - imiterere ya graphene ntabwo iri kuri 291.7 eV (Ishusho ya 3a), bivuze ko hari ihindagurika rito ry'ubushyuhe. Isonga rikomeye rya CH (287.5 eV) ry'ibice by'ibinyabuzima bya C0068.25 bitandukanye n'ibice by'ibinyabuzima bidashonga bya chondrites za karuboni zakoreweho ubushakashatsi mbere kandi bisa cyane na IDP14 n'uduce twa cometary twabonetse na Stardust mission. Ubwinshi bukomeye bwa CH kuri 287.5 eV n'ubwinshi buto cyane bwa aromatike cyangwa C=C kuri 285.2 eV bigaragaza ko ibintu by’umwimerere bikungahaye ku bintu by’umwimerere bya aliphatic (Ishusho ya 3a n'Ishusho y'Inyongera ya 3a). Uduce dukungahaye ku bintu by’umwimerere bya aliphatic tuba mu bintu by’ubwoko bwa phyllosilicates, ndetse no mu duce dufite imiterere mibi ya karuboni (cyangwa C=C) (Ishusho ya 3c, d). Mu buryo bunyuranye, A0037,22 (Ishusho y'Inyongera ya 3) yagaragaje igice gito cy'uduce dukungahaye kuri karuboni. Ishingiro ry'ibi binyampeke rikungahaye kuri karuboni, bisa na chondrite CI 16, bigaragaza impinduka nini z'amazi aturukamo (Imbonerahamwe y'Inyongera ya 1). Imiterere ya oxidize izafasha ubwinshi bw'amatsinda y'imikorere ya karuboni na karuboni mu bintu by’umwimerere bifitanye isano na karuboni. Ikwirakwizwa rya submicron ry'ibintu by’umwimerere bifite imiterere ya karuboni ya aliphatic rishobora gutandukana cyane n'ikwirakwizwa rya silicates z'ubwoko bwa coarse-grained layered. Ibisobanuro by'ibinyabutabire bya aliphatic organic bifitanye isano na phyllosilicate-OH byabonetse mu kiyaga cya Tagish meteorite. Amakuru ahujwe ya microanalytical agaragaza ko ibintu by'ibinyabuzima bikungahaye ku bintu bya aliphatic bishobora kuba bikwirakwiriye muri asteroide zo mu bwoko bwa C kandi bifitanye isano ya hafi na phyllosilicate. Uyu mwanzuro uhuye n'ibyatangajwe mbere bya CH za aliphatic/aromatic mu duce twa Ryugu byagaragajwe na MicroOmega, mikorosikopi ya hyperspectral hafi ya infrared. Ikibazo cy'ingenzi kandi kitarakemuka ni ukumenya niba imiterere yihariye y'ibinyabutabire bya aliphatic carbon-rich bifitanye isano na phyllosilicate zagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi iboneka gusa kuri Ryugu ya asteroide.
a, spectra ya karuboni ya NEXAFS yashyizwe ku rugero rwa 292 eV mu gace gakungahaye kuri aromatike (C=C) (umutuku), mu gace gakungahaye kuri alifatike (icyatsi kibisi), no muri matrix (ubururu). Umurongo w'ikijuju ni Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum kugira ngo igereranywe. au, arbitrary unit. b, Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) spectral image y'agace ka karuboni K-edge igaragaza ko igice cyiganjemo karuboni. c, RGB composite plot ifite uturere dukungahaye kuri aromatike (C=C) (umutuku), uturere dukungahaye kuri alifatike (icyatsi kibisi), na matrix (ubururu). d, organics ikungahaye kuri alifatike compounds yiganjemo phyllosilicate, agace karagutse uhereye ku dusanduku tw'umweru dufite utudomo muri b na c. e, nanospheres nini (ng-1) mu gace kagutse uhereye ku gasanduku k'umweru dufite utudomo muri b na c. Kuri: pyrrhotite. Pn: nickel-chromite. f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), na Azote (12C14N) amashusho y'ibanze, amashusho y'ikigereranyo cy'ibintu bya 12C/1H, n'amashusho ya isotope ya δD, δ13C, na δ15N - Igice cya PG-1: grafiti ibanziriza imirasire y'izuba ifite ubunini bwa 13C bukabije (Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 4).
Ubushakashatsi bwa Kinetic ku kwangirika kw'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera mu mibumbe ya Murchison bushobora gutanga amakuru y'ingenzi ku bijyanye n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera bya aliphatic bikungahaye ku bimera bya Ryugu. Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko imigozi ya CH ya aliphatic mu bintu bikomoka ku bimera ikomeza kugeza ku bushyuhe ntarengwa bwa 30°C ku gipimo cya mbere cyangwa impinduka bitewe n'isano y'igihe n'ubushyuhe (urugero: imyaka 200 kuri 100°C na 0°C imyaka miliyoni 100). . Iyo icyabanjirije kidashyushye ku bushyuhe runaka igihe kirenze igihe runaka, ikwirakwizwa ry'umwimerere ry'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera bya aliphatic bikungahaye kuri phyllosilicate rishobora kubikwa. Ariko, impinduka z'amazi y'amabuye zishobora kugorana ubu busobanuro, kuko A0037 ikungahaye kuri karubone itagaragaza uturere twa aliphatic dukungahaye kuri karubone dufitanye isano na phyllosilicate. Iri hinduka ry'ubushyuhe buke rihuye neza no kuba hari feldspar ya cubic mu bimera bya Ryugu (Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 1) 20.
Igice C0068.25 (ng-1; Ishusho ya 3a–c,e) irimo nanosphere nini igaragaza aromatike cyane (cyangwa C=C), aliphatic iri hagati, kandi ifite spectra nke ya C(=O)O na C=O. . Ikimenyetso cya karuboni ya aliphatic ntigihuye n'ikimenyetso cya organics nyinshi zidashonga na nanospheres organic zifitanye isano na chondrites (Ishusho ya 3a) 17,21. Isesengura rya Raman na infrared spectroscopic rya nanospheres mu kiyaga cya Tagish ryagaragaje ko zigizwe na aliphatic na oxidized organic compounds hamwe na polycyclic aromatic organic compounds zitameze neza zifite imiterere igoye22,23. Kubera ko matrix ikikije irimo organics ikunzwe na aliphatic compounds, ikimenyetso cya aliphatic carbon muri ng-1 gishobora kuba ikintu cy'isesengura. Igishimishije ni uko ng-1 irimo silicates zidafite imofo (Ishusho ya 3e), imiterere itaratangazwa ku binyabuzima byo hanze y'isi. Silicates zitagira imiterere y’amazi zishobora kuba ibice karemano bya ng-1 cyangwa zigaterwa no guhinduka kwa silicates z’amazi/zidafite imiterere y’amazi hakoreshejwe iyoni na/cyangwa electron mu gihe cyo gusesengura.
Amashusho ya NanoSIMS ion yo mu gice cya C0068.25 (Ishusho ya 3f) agaragaza impinduka zihwanye muri δ13C na δ15N, usibye imbuto zibanziriza imirasire y'izuba zifite ubunini bwa 13C bwa 30.811 ‰ (PG-1 mu ishusho ya δ13C mu Ishusho ya 3f) (Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 4). Amashusho ya X-ray Elementary Grain na High-Resolution TEM agaragaza gusa carbon concentration n'intera iri hagati y'imirongo y'ibanze ya 0.3 nm, ihuye na grafiti. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko agaciro ka δD (841 ± 394 ‰) na δ15N (169 ± 95 ‰), gakungahaye ku bintu by'umwimerere bya aliphatic bifitanye isano na phyllosilicates, bigaragara ko kari hejuru gato y'impuzandengo y'akarere kose ka C (δD = 528 ± 139 ‰). ‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) muri C0068.25 (Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 4). Iyi ngingo igaragaza ko organics zikungahaye kuri aliphatic muri phyllosilicates zishobora kuba ari iza kera kurusha organics ziyikikije, kuko izi za nyuma zishobora kuba zarahuye na isotopic n'amazi ayikikije mu mubiri wa mbere. Ubundi buryo, izi mpinduka za isotopic zishobora kuba zifitanye isano n'uburyo bwa mbere bwo kurema. Bisobanurwa ko silicates nziza muri CI chondrites zabayeho bitewe n'impinduka zihoraho z'amatsinda ya silicates asanzwe afite amazi. Ibintu by'umwimerere bikungahaye kuri aliphatic bishobora kuba byaraturutse kuri molekile za mbere muri disiki ya protoplanetary cyangwa interstellar medium mbere yo kuremwa kwa sisitemu y'izuba, hanyuma bigahinduka gato mu gihe cy'impinduka z'amazi z'umubiri mukuru wa Ryugu (nini). Ingano (<1.0 km) ya Ryugu ni nto cyane ku buryo idashobora kubika ubushyuhe bw'imbere mu mazi kugira ngo habeho imyunyu ngugu y'amazi25. Ingano (<1.0 km) ya Ryugu ni nto cyane ku buryo idashobora kugumana ubushyuhe bw'imbere buhagije kugira ngo amazi ahinduke kugira ngo habeho imyunyu ngugu y'amazi25. Размер. Ingano (<1.0 km) Ryugu ni nto cyane ku buryo idashobora kugumana ubushyuhe buhagije imbere mu mazi kugira ngo ihindure imyunyungugu yo mu mazi25. Ryugu 的尺寸（ <1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物 25。 Ryugu 的尺寸（ <1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物 25。 Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, ч ч поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с обованием водных минералов25. Ingano ya Ryugu (<1.0 km) ni nto cyane ku buryo itashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bw'imbere ku buryo itashobora guhindura amazi ngo akore imyunyungugu yo mu mazi25.Kubwibyo, ibipimo bya Ryugu byabanjirije ibipimo bya kilometero mirongo bishobora kuba ngombwa. Ibintu by’ibinyabuzima bikungahaye ku bintu bya aliphatic bishobora kugumana igipimo cyabyo cya isotope bitewe no kuba bifitanye isano na phyllosilicates. Ariko, imiterere nyayo y’ibintu biremereye bya isotope ntabwo irasobanuka neza bitewe n’uburyo bugoye kandi bworoshye bwo kuvanga ibice bitandukanye muri ibi bice bya FIB. Ibi bishobora kuba ibintu by’umwimerere bikungahaye ku bintu bya aliphatic mu duce twa Ryugu cyangwa phyllosilicates zibikikije. Menya ko ibintu by’umwimerere hafi ya byose mu binyabuzima bya carbonaceous chondrites (harimo na CI chondrites) bikunze kuba bikungahaye kuri D kurusha phyllosilicates, usibye CM Paris 24, 26 meteorites.
Ibishushanyo by'ingano ya δD na δ15N by'ibice bya FIB byabonetse kuri A0002.23 na A0002.26, A0037.22 na A0037.23 na C0068.23, C0068.25 na C0068.26 FIB (ibice birindwi bya FIB bivuye mu duce dutatu twa Ryugu) Igereranya rya NanoSIMS n'ibindi bintu byo muri sisitemu y'izuba rigaragazwa ku ishusho ya 4 (Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 4)27,28. Impinduka mu ngano ya δD na δ15N muri porogaramu za A0002, A0037, na C0068 zihuye n'iziri muri IDP, ariko ziri hejuru kurusha muri CM na CI chondrites (Ishusho ya 4). Menya ko ingano ya δD ​​y'icyitegererezo cya Comet 29 (-240 kugeza 1655 ‰) ari nini kuruta iya Ryugu. Ingano ya δD na δ15N y'imiterere ya Ryukyu, nk'uko bisanzwe, ni ntoya ugereranyije n'impuzandengo y'inyenyeri zo mu muryango wa Jupiter n'igicu cya Oort (Ishusho ya 4). Agaciro ka δD kari hasi k'inyenyeri za CI gashobora kugaragaza ingaruka z'ubwandu bw'isi muri izi ngero. Bitewe n'uko Bells, Lake Tagish, na IDP zisa, itandukaniro rikomeye mu gaciro ka δD na δN mu duce twa Ryugu rishobora kugaragaza impinduka mu bimenyetso bya isotopi bya mbere by'ibinyabutabire by'ibinyabuzima n'amazi mu miterere y'izuba ya mbere. Impinduka nk'izo muri δD na δN mu duce twa Ryugu na IDP zigaragaza ko byombi bishobora kuba byaraturutse ku bintu biva ku isoko imwe. Bikekwa ko IDPs zikomoka ku masoko ya cometary 14. Kubwibyo, Ryugu ishobora kuba irimo ibintu bisa na comet cyangwa nibura sisitemu y'izuba yo hanze. Ariko, ibi bishobora kugorana kurusha uko tubivuga hano bitewe na (1) uruvange rw'amazi ya spherulitic na D-akungahaye ku mubiri w'umubyeyi 31 na (2) igipimo cya D/H cya comet nk'uko bigenda ku gikorwa cya comet 32. Ariko, impamvu z'ubusumbane bwagaragaye bwa isotope za hydrogen na azote mu duce twa Ryugu ntizumvikana neza, bitewe n'umubare muto w'isesengura riboneka muri iki gihe. Ibisubizo bya sisiteme ya isotope ya hydrogen na azote biracyagaragaza ko Ryugu irimo ibintu byinshi biva hanze ya Sisiteme y'izuba bityo bikaba bishobora kugaragaza ko bisa na comet. Imiterere ya Ryugu nta sano igaragara yagaragaje hagati ya δ13C na δ15N (Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 4).
Imiterere rusange ya H na N mu duce twa Ryugu (uruziga rutukura: A0002, A0037; uruziga rw'ubururu: C0068) ifitanye isano n'ubunini bw'izuba 27, umuryango w'ikigereranyo cya Jupiter (JFC27), na Oort cloud comets (OCC27), IDP28, na chondrules za karubone. Igereranya rya meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung). Imiterere ya isotopi itangwa mu mbonerahamwe y'inyongera ya 4. Imirongo ifite utudomo ni agaciro ka isotopi yo ku isi kuri H na N.
Kujyana ibintu bihindagurika (urugero: ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima n'amazi) ku Isi biracyari ikibazo26,27,33. Ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima bya submicron bifitanye isano na phyllosilicates zikomeye mu duce twa Ryugu twagaragajwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bishobora kuba isoko y'ingenzi y'ibintu bihindagurika. Ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima biri mu duce duhindagurika birindwa neza kwangirika16,34 no kwangirika35 kurusha ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima biri mu duce duto. Kuba imiterere ikomeye ya hydrogen mu duce duto bivuze ko bidashoboka ko ari yo soko yonyine y'ibintu bihindagurika byajyanywe ku Isi ya kera. Bishobora kuvangwa n'ibice bifite imiterere yoroheje ya hydrogen isotopic, nk'uko byavuzwe vuba aha mu gitekerezo cy'uko hari amazi atwarwa n'izuba mu duce duto.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twerekanye ko meteorite za CI, nubwo zifite akamaro ka geochemical nk'ibiranga imiterere rusange y'izuba, 6,10 ni ingero zanduye ku isi. Dutanga kandi ibimenyetso bitaziguye byerekana imikoranire iri hagati y'ibintu bikungahaye kuri aliphatic organic n'amabuye y'agaciro yo hafi aho, kandi tugaragaza ko Ryugu ishobora kuba irimo ibintu bidafite imirasire y'izuba37. Ibisubizo by'ubu bushakashatsi bigaragaza neza akamaro ko gufata ingero za protoasteroyide mu buryo butaziguye no gutwara ingero zasubijwe mu bihe bidakomeye kandi bitanduye. Ibimenyetso byatanzwe hano bigaragaza ko utuntu twa Ryugu nta gushidikanya ko ari kimwe mu bikoresho bya sisitemu y'izuba bitanduye cyane biboneka mu bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari, kandi inyigo y'utu duce tw'agaciro nta gushidikanya ko izadusobanurira neza imikorere ya sisitemu y'izuba ya mbere. Utuntu twa Ryugu ni two duhagarariye neza imiterere rusange y'isitemu y'izuba.
Kugira ngo tumenye imiterere y’uturemangingo duto n’imiterere ya shimi y’ibipimo bya submicron, twakoresheje uburyo bwo gupima hakoreshejwe imirasire ya synchrotron (SR-XCT) na SR X-ray diffraction (XRD)-CT, isesengura rya FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM. Nta kwangirika, umwanda uterwa n’ikirere cy’isi, kandi nta kwangirika guturuka ku duce duto cyangwa ingero za mekanike. Hagati aho, twakoze isesengura ry’uburyo bwa “systematic volumetric analysis” dukoresheje scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS, EPMA, XRD, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), na laser oxygen isotope fluorination equipment. Uburyo bwo gupima bugaragazwa mu Ishusho y’Inyongera ya 3 kandi buri suzuma risobanurwa mu bice bikurikira.
Uduce twavuye muri asteroide Ryugu twakuwe muri module ya Hayabusa-2 twoherezwa mu kigo gishinzwe kugenzura JAXA i Sagamihara, mu Buyapani, tudahumanya ikirere cy'Isi4. Nyuma yo gusesengura no kutangiza ikirere cy'Isi mu kigo gicungwa na JAXA, koresha ibikoresho byo kohereza ibintu bifunga hagati y'ahantu hamwe n'udufuka tw'icyitegererezo (ubugari bwa 10 cyangwa 15 mm safiro crystal n'icyuma kidashonga, bitewe n'ingano y'icyitegererezo) kugira ngo wirinde ko ibidukikije byangirika. ibidukikije, ibidukikije, cyangwa ibyanduza ubutaka (urugero: umwuka w'amazi, hidrokaboni, imyuka yo mu kirere n'uduce duto) no kwanduzanya hagati y'ingero mu gihe cyo gutegura icyitegererezo no gutwara hagati y'ibigo na za kaminuza38. Kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika no kwangirika bitewe n’uko ikirere cy’isi gihura n’ikirere (umwuka w’amazi na ogisijeni), uburyo bwose bwo gutegura ingero (harimo no gukata hakoreshejwe tantalum chisel, hakoreshejwe inkero y’icyuma gipima diyama (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) no gutegura epoxy) byakozwe mu gasanduku k’ibikoresho munsi ya N2 yumye neza (aho ikime kiri: -80 kugeza -60 °C, O2 ~50-100 ppm). Ibintu byose bikoreshwa hano bisukurwa hakoreshejwe amazi meza cyane na ethanol hakoreshejwe imiraba ya ultrasound y’imivuduko itandukanye.
Aha turi kwiga icyegeranyo cy’ibimera bya meteorite by’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Mibumbe y’Inyanja (NIPR) by’Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Mibumbe y’Inyanja ya Antarctic (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y)-791198, CY: Y-82162 na CY: Y 980115).
Mu kohereza hagati y’ibikoresho byo gusesengura SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS na TEM, twakoresheje icyuma gifata icyitegererezo cyoroheje cyane cyavuzwe mu bushakashatsi bwabanje38.
Isesengura rya SR-XCT ry’ibipimo bya Ryugu ryakozwe hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya BL20XU/SPring-8 ya CT. Sisitemu ya CT igizwe n’uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima: uburyo bwagutse bwo kureba n’uburyo bworoshye bwo gusuzuma (WL) kugira ngo hafatwe imiterere yose y’icyitegererezo, uburyo bwa narrow field of view n’uburyo bwo hejuru bwo gusuzuma (NH) kugira ngo hapimwe neza agace k’icyitegererezo, inyungu n’ama-radiografi kugira ngo haboneke imiterere y’ingano y’icyitegererezo, kandi hakorwe XRD-CT kugira ngo haboneke imbonerahamwe ya 2D y’ibice by’amabuye y’agaciro biri mu gipimo. Menya ko ibipimo byose bishobora gukorwa hadakoreshejwe sisitemu yubatswemo kugira ngo ikureho icyuma gifata icyitegererezo ku gice cyo hasi, bigatuma haboneka ibipimo nyabyo bya CT na XRD-CT. Imashini ipima imirasire ya WL mode (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) yari ifite kamera y’inyongera ya 4608 × 4608 pixel metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) ifite scintillator igizwe na 10 lutetium aluminum garnet single crystal thickness µm (Lu3Al5O12:Ce) na relay lens. Ingano ya pixel muri WL mode ni hafi 0.848 µm. Bityo, field of view (FOV) muri WL mode ni hafi 6 mm muri offset CT mode. Imashini ipima imirasire ya NH mode (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) yari ifite icyuma gipima imirasire cya gadolinium-aluminium-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) gifite ubugari bwa 20 µm, kamera ya CMOS (C11440-22CU) ifite ubushobozi bwo kureba bwa pixel 2048 × 2048; Hamamatsu Photonics) na lensi ya ×20. Ingano ya pixel muri mode ya NH ni ~0.25 µm kandi aho umuntu areba ni ~0.5 mm. Imashini ipima imirasire ya XRD mode (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) yari ifite icyuma gipima imirasire kigizwe na ecran y'ifu ya P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) ifite ubugari bwa 50 µm, kamera ya CMOS ifite ubushobozi bwo kureba bwa pixel 2304 × 2304 (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) na lensi yo kugarura imirasire. Iyi detector ifite ingano ya pikseli ya 19.05 µm n'aho igaragara ya 43.9 mm2. Kugira ngo twongere FOV, twakoresheje uburyo bwa CT bwo gusimbuza muri WL mode. Ishusho y'urumuri rwoherezwa kugira ngo CT isubireho igizwe n'ishusho iri hagati ya 180° na 360° igaragara mu buryo butambitse ku ruhande rw'uruziga rw'izunguruka, n'ishusho iri hagati ya 0° na 180°.
Mu buryo bwa XRD, urumuri rwa X-ray rushyirwa ku murongo unyuze kuri plaque ya Fresnel zone. Muri ubu buryo, icyuma gipima gishyirwa kuri mm 110 inyuma y'icyitegererezo kandi aho icyuma gihagarara kiri kuri mm 3 imbere y'icyuma gipima. Amashusho y'impinduka muri 2θ ari hagati ya 1.43° na 18.00° (ubugari bwa grating d = 16.6–1.32 Å) yabonetse aho X-ray iherereye hepfo y'aho icyuma gipima. Icyitegererezo kigenda gihagaze mu buryo buhoraho, hamwe n'igice cyo guhindukira kuri buri ntambwe yo gupima ihagaze. Niba uduce tw'amabuye y'agaciro twujuje imiterere ya Bragg iyo tuzungurutswe na 180°, birashoboka kubona impinduka z'uduce tw'amabuye y'agaciro mu nzira itambitse. Hanyuma amashusho y'impinduka yahujwe mu ishusho imwe kuri buri ntambwe yo gupima ihagaze. Imiterere y'isuzuma rya SR-XRD-CT ni hafi kimwe n'iry'isuzuma rya SR-XRD. Mu buryo bwa XRD-CT, icyuma gipima gishyirwa kuri mm 69 inyuma y'icyitegererezo. Amashusho yo gutandukana mu rugero rwa 2θ ari hagati ya 1.2° na 17.68° (d = 19.73 kugeza 1.35 Å), aho imirasire ya X-ray n'umupaka w'umuraba byombi bihuye n'aho hagati mu gice cyo kureba cy'aho ureba. Suzuma icyitegererezo mu buryo butambitse hanyuma uzunguruke icyitegererezo kuri 180°. Amashusho ya SR-XRD-CT yongeye kubakwa hamwe n'ubukana bw'amabuye y'agaciro nk'agaciro ka pixel. Mu gusesengura mu buryo butambitse, icyitegererezo gikunze gupimwa mu ntambwe 500–1000.
Ku bipimo byose, ingufu za X-ray zari kuri 30 keV, kubera ko iyi ari yo ntarengwa yo hasi yo kwinjira kwa X-ray mu birere bifite umurambararo wa mm 6. Umubare w'amashusho yabonetse ku bipimo byose bya CT mu gihe cyo kuzenguruka kwa 180° wari 1800 (3600 kuri gahunda ya CT ya offset), kandi igihe cyo kwerekana amashusho cyari 100 ms kuri WL mode, 300 ms kuri NH mode, 500 ms kuri XRD, na 50 ms kuri XRD-CT ms. Igihe gisanzwe cyo gupima icyitegererezo ni iminota 10 muri WL mode, iminota 15 muri NH mode, amasaha 3 kuri XRD, n'amasaha 8 kuri SR-XRD-CT.
Amashusho ya CT yongeye gukorwa hakoreshejwe projection ya convolutional back kandi ahindurwa normal kugira ngo habeho linear attenuation coefficient kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 80 cm-1. Porogaramu ya Slice yakoreshejwe mu gusesengura amakuru ya 3D naho porogaramu ya muXRD ikoreshwa mu gusesengura amakuru ya XRD.
Uduce twa Ryugu twa Epoxy-fixed (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 na C0068) twagiye dutogoshwa buhoro buhoro ku buso kugeza ku rugero rwa filime ya diyama ya 0.5 µm (3M) mu gihe cyumutse, birinda ko ibikoresho bihura n'ubuso mu gihe cyo gutogoshwa. Ubuso bwatogoshwaga bwa buri gipimo bwabanje gusuzumwa hakoreshejwe mikorosikope yoroheje hanyuma hagasuzumwa electron zisubira inyuma kugira ngo haboneke amashusho ya mineralogy na texture (BSE) y'ibipimo n'ibintu bya NIPR bifite ubuziranenge hakoreshejwe ishusho ya JEOL JSM-7100F SEM ifite ishusho ya energy dispersive spectrometer (AZtec). Kuri buri gipimo, ibikubiye mu bintu by'ingenzi n'ibito byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe microanalyzer ya electron probe (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200). Sesengura uduce twa phyllosilicate na karubone kuri 5 nA, ibipimo karemano n'iby'ubukorikori kuri 15 keV, sulfide, magnetite, olivine, na pyroxene kuri 30 nA. Amanota ya modal yabazwe hakurikijwe amakarita y'ibintu n'amashusho ya BSE hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya ImageJ 1.53 hamwe n'imipaka ikwiye yashyizweho uko ishakiye kuri buri buye ry'agaciro.
Isesengura rya isotope ya ogisijeni ryakorewe muri Kaminuza Ifunguye (Milton Keynes, mu Bwongereza) hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya fluorination ya laser ya infrared. Ingero za Hayabusa2 zagejejwe muri Kaminuza Ifunguye 38 mu bikoresho byuzuye azote kugira ngo zijye hagati y’ibikoresho.
Gutanga ingero byakorewe mu gasanduku ka gakingira azote gafite urugero rwa ogisijeni ruri munsi ya 0.1%. Ku kazi ko gusesengura Hayabusa2, hakozwe agasanduku gashya ka Ni, kagizwe n'imyobo ibiri gusa y'icyitegererezo (umurambararo wa mm 2.5, ubujyakuzimu bwa mm 5), kamwe k'uduce twa Hayabusa2 n'akandi k'imbere k'ibipimo bya obsidian. Mu gihe cyo gusesengura, icyobo cy'icyitegererezo kirimo ibikoresho bya Hayabusa2 cyatwikiriwe n'idirishya rya BaF2 ry'imbere rifite ubugari bwa mm 1 na mm 3 z'umurambararo kugira ngo icyitegererezo gifatirwe mu gihe cyo gukora laser. Uburyo BrF5 inyuramo bwakomeje gukoreshwa n'umuyoboro uvanga gaze mu gasanduku ka Ni. Icyumba cy'icyitegererezo nacyo cyasubiwemo kugira ngo gishobore gukurwa mu murongo wa vacuum fluorination hanyuma kigafungurwa mu gasanduku kuzuye azote. Icyumba cy'ibice bibiri cyafunzwe hakoreshejwe agace k'umuringa gafite gasket na clamp ya EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38. Idirishya rya BaF2 ry'ubugari bwa mm 3 hejuru y'icyumba rituma habaho kureba icyarimwe icyitegererezo no gushyushya laser. Nyuma yo gushyiramo icyitegererezo, ongera uhambire icyumba hanyuma wongere ushyiremo umurongo wa fluorine. Mbere yo gusesengura, icyumba cy’icyitegererezo cyashyushywaga munsi y’ubushyuhe bugera kuri 95°C mu ijoro ryose kugira ngo hakurweho ubushyuhe bwose bwatewe n’amazi. Nyuma yo gushyushya mu ijoro ryose, icyumba cyaremererwaga gukonja kugeza ku bushyuhe bw’icyumba hanyuma igice cyashyizwe mu kirere mu gihe cyo kohereza icyitegererezo gisukurwa n’ibice bitatu bya BrF5 kugira ngo bikuremo ubushuhe. Ubu buryo butuma icyitegererezo cya Hayabusa 2 kidashyirwa mu kirere kandi nticyanduzwe n’ubushuhe buva mu gice cy’umurongo wa fluorine usohoka mu kirere mu gihe cyo gushyiramo icyitegererezo.
Ingero z'uduce twa Ryugu C0014-4 na Orgueil (CI) zasesenguwe mu buryo bwa "single" bwahinduwe42, mu gihe isesengura rya Y-82162 (CY) ryakozwe ku isahani imwe irimo ibigega byinshi by'icyitegererezo41. Bitewe n'imiterere yabyo idafite amazi, si ngombwa gukoresha uburyo bumwe kuri CY chondrites. Ingero zashyushywe hakoreshejwe imbaraga za laser ya Photon Machines Inc. ya infrared CO2. ya 50 W (10.6 µm) ishyizwe ku gantry ya XYZ imbere ya BrF5. Sisitemu yubatswemo videwo ikurikirana uko igikorwa cyagenze. Nyuma yo gukurura fluorination, O2 yakuwemo yasukuwe hakoreshejwe imitego ibiri ya azote ikoreshwa mu gukaraba n'agace gashyushye ka KBr kugira ngo fluorine irenzeho ikureho. Ibigize isotopi bya ogisijeni isukuye byasesenguwe kuri Thermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer ifite ubushobozi bwo gukaraba bwa 200.
Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, ingano ya O2 y’umwuka yasohotse mu gihe cy’ikizamini cyakozwe yari munsi ya µg 140, ari na yo ntarengwa yo gukoresha igikoresho cyo gupima kuri spectrometero ya MAT 253. Muri ibi bihe, koresha microvolumes kugira ngo usesengure. Nyuma yo gusesengura uduce twa Hayabusa2, igipimo cy’imbere cya obsidian cyarakozwe fluorine maze hamenyekana imiterere ya isotope ya ogisijeni.
Ion z'igice cya NF+ NF3+ zibangamira umuyoboro ufite uburemere bwa 33 (16O17O). Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, ingero nyinshi zitunganywa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu bidafite ishingiro. Ibi bishobora gukorwa mu cryogenic secretion mbere yo gusesengura MAT 253 cyangwa nk'isesengura rya kabiri usubiza gazi yasesenguwe mu cyuma cyihariye cya molekile hanyuma ukongera kuyisubiza nyuma yo gutandukanya ibintu bidafite ishingiro. Gutandukanya ibintu bidafite ishingiro bikubiyemo gutanga gazi mu cyuma gikoresha molekile ku bushyuhe bwa azote y'amazi hanyuma ukayishyira mu cyuma gikoresha molekile y'ibanze ku bushyuhe bwa -130°C. Isuzuma rikomeye ryagaragaje ko NF+ iguma ku cyuma cya mbere cya molekile kandi nta gutandukanya gukomeye kubaho hakoreshejwe ubu buryo.
Hashingiwe ku isesengura ryakozwe kenshi ry’amahame yacu y’imbere ya obsidian, ubunyangamugayo rusange bwa sisitemu mu buryo bwa bellows ni: ± 0.053 ‰ kuri δ17O, ± 0.095 ‰ kuri δ18O, ± 0.018 ‰ kuri Δ17O (2 sd). Isesengura rya isotope ya ogisijeni ritangwa mu nyandiko isanzwe ya delta, aho delta18O ibarwa muri ubu buryo:
Koresha kandi igipimo cya 17O/16O kuri δ17O. VSMOW ni igipimo mpuzamahanga cy’Ihame ry’amazi yo mu nyanja ya Vienne. Δ17O ihagarariye itandukaniro riturutse ku murongo w’igabanywa ry’ubutaka, kandi formula yo kubara ni iyi: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O. Amakuru yose yagaragajwe mu mbonerahamwe y’inyongera ya 3 yahinduwe.
Ibice bifite ubugari bwa nanometero 150 kugeza kuri 200 byakuwe mu duce twa Ryugu hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB muri JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute. Menya ko ibice byose bya FIB byakuwe mu duce tutaratunganywa tw’uduce tutaratunganywa nyuma yo gukurwa mu miyoboro yuzuye gaze ya N2 kugira ngo byoherezwe mu buryo butandukanye. Ibi bice ntibyapimwe na SR-CT, ahubwo byatunganyijwe ku buryo budahagije mu kirere cy’isi kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika no kwanduzwa bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mubumbe wa karuboni K-edge. Nyuma yo gushyiramo urwego rurinda tungsten, akarere gafite akamaro (kugeza kuri 25 × 25 μm2) kaciwe kandi gashyirwa ku muyoboro wa Ga+ ion ku muvuduko wihuta wa 30 kV, hanyuma kuri 5 kV n’umuyoboro wa probe wa 40 pA kugira ngo bigabanye kwangirika k’ubuso. Ibice bito cyane byashyizwe ku muyoboro w’umuringa wagutse (Kochi mesh) 39 hakoreshejwe micromanipulator ifite FIB.
Uduce twa Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) na C0068 (0.6483mg) twafunzwe kabiri mu mpapuro za polyethylene nziza cyane mu gasanduku kuzuyemo azote ku gisenge cya SPring-8 nta ngaruka na nkeya y'isi. Icyitegererezo cyo gutegura JB-1 (urutare rw'ifatizo rw'ubutaka rwatanzwe n'Ubushakashatsi ku bya Jewolojiya mu Buyapani) cyakorewe muri Kaminuza ya Tokyo Metropolitan.
INAA ibera mu Kigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Mirasire n’Ubumenyi bwa Nyukleziya, Kaminuza ya Kyoto. Ingero zarashwe inshuro ebyiri hakoreshejwe imirasire itandukanye yatoranijwe hakurikijwe igice cy’ubuzima bwa nuclide yakoreshejwe mu gupima ibintu. Ubwa mbere, icyitegererezo cyarashwe mu muyoboro w’imirasire ya pneumatic mu masegonda 30. Ingano za neutron zishyuha kandi zihuta ku ishusho ya 3 ni 4.6 × 1012 na 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, uko bikurikirana, kugira ngo hamenyekane ibikubiye muri Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V na Mn. Ibinyabutabire nka MgO (99.99% ubuziranenge, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% ubuziranenge, Soekawa Chemical), na Si metal (99.999% ubuziranenge, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) na byo byashwe kugira ngo bikosore ingaruka za kirimbuzi nka (n, n). Icyitegererezo cyanashyizwemo sodium chloride (99.99% purity; MANAC) kugira ngo hakosorwe impinduka mu mihindagurikire ya neutron.
Nyuma yo gusimbuzwa imirasire ya neutron, urupapuro rwo hanze rwa polyethylene rwasimbuwe n'urundi, maze imirasire ya gamma yasohowe n'icyitegererezo n'icyitegererezo bihita bipimwa hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima Ge. Ingero zimwe zongeye gusimbuzwa imirasire mu gihe cy'amasaha 4 mu muyoboro w'imirasire ya pneumatic. 2 ifite ubushyuhe n'ingufu za neutron zigenda vuba za 5.6 1012 na 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, uko bikurikirana, kugira ngo hamenyekane Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir na Au. Ingero zo kugenzura za Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, na Au zasimbujwe imirasire hakoreshejwe ingano ikwiye (kuva kuri 10 kugeza kuri 50 μg) y'ibisubizo bisanzwe by'ibi bintu bizwi ku bice bibiri by'impapuro ziyungurura, hagakurikiraho gusimbuzwa imirasire y'ingero. Umubare w'imirasire ya gamma wakorewe mu Kigo cy'Imirasire n'Ubumenyi bwa Nuclear, Kaminuza ya Kyoto na RI Research Center, Kaminuza ya Tokyo Metropolitan. Uburyo bwo gusesengura n'ibikoresho byo gusuzuma imibare y'ibintu bya INAA ni bimwe n'ibyavuzwe mu kazi kacu ka mbere.
Igikoresho cyo gupima imirasire ya X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) cyakoreshejwe mu gukusanya imiterere y'imirasire ya Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) muri NIPR. Igikoresho cyo gupima imirasire ya X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) cyakoreshejwe mu gukusanya imiterere y'imirasire ya Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) muri NIPR. Рентгеновский ди матом атом (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора ди дисонных карин оцов Рюгу A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (≪1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) в NIPR. Igipimo cya X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) cyakoreshejwe mu gukusanya imiterere ya diffraction ya Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), na C0087 (<1 mg) muri NIPR.使用 X 射线衍射仪 (Rigaku SmartLab) 在 NIPR 收集 Ryugu 样品 A0029 (<1 mg) 、 A0037 (<1 mg) 和 C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案。使用 X 射线衍射仪 (Rigaku SmartLab) 在 NIPR 收集 Ryugu 样品 A0029 (<1 mg) 、 A0037 (<1 mg) 和 C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案。 Диф беогограмим обрцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием рентгеновского ди киетететра (Rigaku SmartLab). Imiterere y’urumuri rwa X-ray rw’ibipimo bya Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) byabonetse muri NIPR hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab).Ingero zose zasibwe mu ifu nziza ku ifu ya silikoni idatanga urumuri hakoreshejwe isahani y'ikirahure cya safiro hanyuma zigakwirakwizwa neza ku ifu ya silikoni idatanga urumuri nta kintu na kimwe (amazi cyangwa alcool). Ibipimo byo gupima ni ibi bikurikira: Imirasire ya Cu Kα X-ray ikorwa kuri voltage ya tube ya 40 kV n'umuyoboro wa tube wa 40 mA, uburebure bw'aho ifatirwa ni mm 10, inguni y'itandukaniro ni (1/6)°, umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka mu ndege ni rpm 20, naho intera ni 2θ (inguni ya Bragg ebyiri) ni 3-100° kandi bifata amasaha agera kuri 28 kuyisesengura. Bragg Brentano optics zakoreshejwe. Imashini ipima ni icyuma gipima silicon semiconductor (D/teX Ultra 250). Imirasire ya X ya Cu Kβ yakuweho hakoreshejwe akayunguruzo ka Ni. Hakoreshejwe ingero ziboneka, ibipimo bya saponite ya magnesian ikoze mu buryo bwa sintetike (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) na pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexique Watts) byagereranyijwe kugira ngo hamenyekane imisozi miremire n'amakuru ajyanye n'ihindagurika ry'amakuru ya dosiye y'ifu aturuka mu Kigo Mpuzamahanga cy'Amakuru ajyanye n'Ihindagurika ry'Amakuru, dolomite (PDF 01-071-1662) na magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629). Amakuru ajyanye n'ihindagurika ry'amakuru aturuka muri Ryugu nayo yagereranyijwe n'amakuru ajyanye n'ihindagurika ry'amakuru ya chondrites ya karubone, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, na Y 980115 CY (urwego rw'ubushyuhe rwa III, 500–750°C). Igereranya ryagaragaje ko hari ibintu bisa na Orgueil, ariko ntabwo byari bimeze kuri Y-791198 na Y 980115.
Ishusho ya NEXAFS ifite impande za karuboni K z'ibice bito cyane by'ibipimo byakozwe muri FIB byapimwe hakoreshejwe umuyoboro wa STXM BL4U mu kigo cya UVSOR synchrotron mu Kigo cy'Ubumenyi bw'Ingirabuzimafatizo (Okazaki, mu Buyapani). Ingano y'ahantu hafite imirabyo ifite plaque ya Fresnel ni hafi 50 nm. Intambwe y'ingufu ni 0.1 eV ku miterere myiza y'akarere ka hafi (283.6–292.0 eV) na 0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV na 292.5–300.0 eV) ku turere tw'imbere n'inyuma. Igihe cya buri pixel y'ishusho cyashyizwe kuri 2 ms. Nyuma yo guhunga, icyumba cy'isesengura cya STXM cyuzuyemo heliyumu ku muvuduko wa 20 mbar. Ibi bifasha kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bya X-ray optique mu cyumba n'aho gifata icyitegererezo gishyirwa, ndetse no kugabanya kwangirika kw'icyitegererezo cyangwa oxidation. Spektara ya karuboni ya NEXAFS K-edge yakozwe mu makuru yakusanyijwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya aXis2000 na porogaramu yihariye yo gutunganya amakuru ya STXM. Menya ko agasanduku ko kohereza ingero n'agasanduku k'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu kwirinda ogisijeni n'ubwandu bw'ingero.
Nyuma yo gusesengura STXM-NEXAFS, imiterere ya isotopi ya hydrogen, karuboni, na azote mu bice bya Ryugu FIB yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe ifoto ya isotopi hakoreshejwe JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L. Umurabyo w’ibanze wa Cs+ ufite hafi 2 pA yo gusesengura isotopi ya karuboni na azote na hafi 13 pA yo gusesengura isotopi ya hydrogen byashyizwe mu buryo bwa rasteri ku buso buri hagati ya 24 × 24 µm2 na 30 × 30 µm2 ku gipimo. Nyuma yo gusukura iminota 3 ku muvuduko w’umuvuduko w’ibanze ukomeye, buri sesengura ryatangiye nyuma yo gushimangira imbaraga z’umuvuduko w’umuvuduko w’inyongera. Mu gusesengura isotopi za karuboni na azote, amashusho ya 12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– na 12C15N– yabonetse icyarimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bw’isuzuma ry’imashini zirindwi zikoresha electron multiplier multiplex hamwe n’ubushobozi bungana na 9000, bihagije gutandukanya imvange zose zijyanye na isotopi. Interference (ni ukuvuga 12C1H kuri 13C na 13C14N kuri 12C15N). Mu gusesengura isotope za hydrogen, habonetse amashusho ya 1H-, 2D- na 12C- afite ubushobozi bwo gusuzuma hafi 3000 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi bwo gupima hakoreshejwe electron multipliers eshatu. Buri sesengura rigizwe n'amashusho 30 yaskenwe y'agace kamwe, hamwe n'ishusho imwe igizwe na pixels 256 × 256 zo gusesengura isotope ya karuboni na azote na pixels 128 × 128 zo gusesengura isotope ya hydrogen. Igihe cyo gutinda ni µs 3000 kuri pixel imwe yo gusesengura isotope ya karuboni na azote na µs 5000 kuri pixel imwe yo gusesengura isotope ya hydrogen. Twakoresheje hydrate ya 1-hydroxybenzotriazole nk'ibipimo ngenderwaho bya isotope ya hydrogen, karuboni na azote kugira ngo dutunganye uburyo bwo gutandukanya uburemere bw'ibikoresho45.
Kugira ngo tumenye imiterere ya silicon isotopi ya grafiti ya presolar muri porofayiro ya FIB C0068-25, twakoresheje electron multipliers esheshatu zifite ubushobozi bwo gupima uburemere bwa 9000. Amashusho agizwe na pixels 256 × 256 hamwe n'igihe cyo gutinda cya µs 3000 kuri pixel. Twakoze igikoresho cyo gupima uburemere dukoresheje silicon wafers nk'ibipimo bya hydrogen, carbone, na silicon isotope.
Amashusho ya Isotope yatunganyijwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya NASA yitwa NanoSIMS45 imaging. Amakuru yakosowe ku bijyanye n'igihe cyapfuye cyo gupima electron (44 ns) n'ingaruka za quasi-multaneous arrival effects. Uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima buri shusho kugira ngo hakosorwe uburyo ishusho ihindagurika mu gihe cyo kuyifata. Ishusho ya nyuma ya isotope ikorwa hakongerwamo iyoni z'inyongera kuri buri shusho kuri buri pixel yo gupima.
Nyuma yo gusesengura STXM-NEXAFS na NanoSIMS, ibice bimwe bya FIB byasuzumwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi ya elegitoroniki yo kohereza (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) ku muvuduko wihuta wa kV 200 i Kochi, JAMSTEC. Imiterere ya mikorosi yagaragaye hakoreshejwe TEM y'umurima ugaragara cyane na TEM yo gupima inguni nini mu murima wijimye. Ibyiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro byagaragajwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "spot electron diffraction" na "lattice band imaging", maze isesengura rya chimique rikorwa na EDS hakoreshejwe "silicon drift detector" ya 100 mm2 na porogaramu ya JEOL Analysis Station 4.30. Mu gusesengura ingano, imbaraga za X-ray ziranga buri kintu zapimwe mu buryo bwa TEM bwo gupima hamwe n'igihe gihamye cyo kubona amakuru cya 30 s, agace ko gupima imirasire ka ~100 × 100 nm2, n'umuvuduko w'imirasire wa 50 pA. Igipimo (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe muri silicates zashyizwe mu byiciro byagenwe hakoreshejwe coefficient y'igerageza k, yakosowe ku bunini, yabonetse ku gipimo cya pyropagarnet karemano.
Amashusho yose n'isesengura byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi biboneka kuri sisitemu yo kubika no guhanahana amakuru ya JAXA (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2. Iyi nkuru itanga amakuru y'umwimerere.
Kitari, K. n'abandi. Imiterere y'ubuso bwa asteroid 162173 Ryugu nk'uko byagaragajwe n'igikoresho cya Hayabusa2 NIRS3. Science 364, 272–275.
Kim, AJ Yamato-type carbonaceous chondrites (CY): igereranya n'ubuso bwa asteroide ya Ryugu? Geochemistry 79, 125531 (2019).
Pilorjet, S. n'abandi. Isesengura rya mbere ry'ibice bya Ryugu ryakozwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi ya MicroOmega hyperspectral. National Astron. 6, 221–225 (2021).
Yada, T. n'abandi. Isesengura ry'ibanze ry'icyitegererezo cya Hyabusa2 cyavuye muri asteroide yo mu bwoko bwa C yitwa Ryugu. National Astron. 6, 214–220 (2021).