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Zvichingoshanduka-shanduka uye zvakapfuma muzvinhu zvipenyu, maC-type asteroids anogona kunge ari mamwe emanyuko makuru emvura paNyika. Parizvino, machondrite ane kabhoni anopa pfungwa yakanaka yemakemikari awo, asi ruzivo nezve meteorites rwakakanganiswa: mhando dzakasimba chete ndidzo dzinopona dzichipinda mumhepo dzozosangana nenharaunda yepasi. Pano tinopa mhedzisiro yekudzidza kwakadzama kwevolumetric uye microanalytical kwechikamu chikuru cheRyugu chakaunzwa kuNyika neHayabusa-2 spacecraft. Zvikamu zveRyugu zvinoratidza kufanana kwakasimba mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari neCI (Iwuna-type) chondrites dzisina kupatsanurwa asi dzakagadziriswa nemvura, dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechiratidzo chekugadzirwa kwese kwese kwesolar system. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza hukama hwakaoma pakati pezvinhu zvakapfuma zve aliphatic organics uye layered silicates uye unoratidza tembiricha yepamusoro inosvika 30 °C panguva yekukukurwa kwemvura. Takawana kuwanda kwe deuterium ne diazonium zvinoenderana nekwakabva kunze kwesolar. Zvikamu zveRyugu ndizvo zvinhu zvisina kusvibiswa uye zvisingaparadzaniswi zvakambodzidzwa uye zvinonyatsokodzera kuumbwa kwese kwesolar system.
Kubva muna Chikumi 2018 kusvika Mbudzi 2019, chikepe chengarava cheJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Hayabusa2 chakaita ongororo yakakura yeRyugu yeasteroid iri kure. Data kubva kuNear Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) paHayabusa-2 rinoratidza kuti Ryugu inogona kunge yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakafanana nezvinodziya uye/kana shock-metamorphic carbonaceous chondrites. Chinhu chakafanana zvikuru neCY chondrite (Yamato type) 2. Albedo yakaderera yaRyugu inogona kutsanangurwa nekuvapo kwezvikamu zvakawanda zvakapfuma mucarbon, pamwe nehukuru hweparticle, porosity, uye spatial weathering effects. Chikepe chengarava cheHayabusa-2 chakaita landings mbiri uye sampuro dzakaunganidzwa paRyuga. Panguva yekumhara kwekutanga musi wa21 Kukadzi 2019, zvinhu zvepamusoro zvakawanikwa, zvakachengetwa muchikamu A che return capsule, uye panguva yekumhara kwechipiri musi wa11 Chikunguru 2019, zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa pedyo ne artificial crater yakagadzirwa ne impactor diki inotakurika. Mienzaniso iyi inochengetwa muWard C. Kutsanangurwa kwekutanga kwezvikamu zviri muDanho 1 mumakamuri akakosha, asina kusvibiswa uye akachena ane nitrogen munzvimbo dzinotarisirwa neJAXA kwakaratidza kuti zvikamu zveRyugu zvaive zvakafanana zvakanyanya neCI4 chondrites uye zvakaratidza "mazinga akasiyana-siyana ekusiyana"3. Kupatsanurwa kweRyugu kunoratidzika sekunopesana, kwakafanana neCY kana CI chondrites, kunogona kugadziriswa chete nekutsanangurwa kwakadzama kwezvikamu zveRyugu, elemental, uye mineral. Mhedzisiro yakapihwa pano inopa hwaro hwakasimba hwekusarudza kuti ndeipi yetsananguro mbiri idzi dzekutanga dzekuumbwa kweRyugu yeasteroid ingangodaro.
Mapellets masere eRyugu (anenge 60mg ese), mana kubva kuChamber A uye mana kubva kuChamber C, akapihwa kuPhase 2 kuti atungamirire timu yeKochi. Chinangwa chikuru chechidzidzo ndechekujekesa hunhu, mavambo uye nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kweasteroid Ryugu, uye kunyora kufanana uye kusiyana nedzimwe sampuli dzinozivikanwa dziri kunze kwenyika dzakadai sechondrites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) uye returning comets. Samples dzakaunganidzwa neNASA's Stardust mission.
Kuongororwa kwakadzama kwezvicherwa zvishanu zveRyugu (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 uye C0068) kwakaratidza kuti zvinonyanya kuumbwa ne phyllosilicates dzakapfava nedzakakora (~64–88 vol.%; Mufananidzo 1a, b, Mufananidzo wekuwedzera 1). uye tafura yekuwedzera 1). Ma phyllosilicates akakora anowanikwa se pinnate aggregates (kusvika kumakumi ema microns muhukuru) muma matrices akakora, ane phyllosilicate-rich (asingasviki ma microns mashoma muhukuru). Zvidimbu zve silicate zvakaiswa muzvikamu zve serpentine-saponite symbionts (Mufananidzo 1c). Mepu ye (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe inoratidzawo kuti bulk layered silicate matrix ine chimiro chepakati pakati pe serpentine ne saponite (Mufananidzo 2a, b). Matrix yephyllosilicate ine zvicherwa zvecarbonate (~2–21 vol.%), zvicherwa zvesulfide (~2.4–5.5 vol.%), uye magnetite (~3.6–6.8 vol.%). Chimwe chezvicherwa zvakaongororwa muchidzidzo ichi (C0009) chaive nehuwandu hushoma (~0.5 vol.%) hwezvicherwa zveanhydrous silicates (olivine nepyroxene), izvo zvinogona kubatsira kuona kwakabva zvinhu zvakagadzira Ryugu stone5 isina kubikwa. Iyi anhydrous silicate haiwanzo kuwanikwa mumapellets eRyugu uye yakawanikwa zvakanaka chete mupellet yeC0009. Macarbonates aripo mumatrix sezvidimbu (zvisingasviki mazana mashoma ema microns), kunyanya dolomite, ane huwandu hushoma hwecalcium carbonate nebrinell. Magnetite inowanikwa sezvikamu zvakaparadzana, maframboid, maplaque, kana ma aggregates espherical. Masulfides anonyanya kumiririrwa nepyrrhotite muchimiro chemaprisms/maplates asina kurongeka kana ma laths. Matrix ine huwandu hwakawanda hwe submicron pentlandite kana pamwe chete nepyrrhotite. Mapoinzi ane kabhoni yakawanda (<10 µm muhukuru) anoitika kwose kwose mu phyllosilicate-rich matrix. Mapoinzi ane kabhoni yakawanda (<10 µm muhukuru) anoitika kwose kwose mu phyllosilicate-rich matrix. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Mapoinzi ane kabhoni yakawanda (<10 µm muhukuru) anoitika kwose kwose mu phyllosilicate-rich matrix.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Mapoinzi ane kabhoni yakawanda (<10 µm muhukuru) ndiwo anonyanya kuwanikwa mu phyllosilicate-rich matrix.Zvimwe zvicherwa zvekuwedzera zvinoratidzwa muTafura Yekuwedzera 1. Rondedzero yezvicherwa zvakawanikwa kubva pa X-ray diffraction pattern yemusanganiswa weC0087 neA0029 neA0037 inoenderana zvikuru neyakawanikwa mu CI (Orgueil) chondrite, asi yakasiyana zvikuru ne CY ne CM (Mighei type) chondrites (Mufananidzo 1 nedata rakawedzerwa uye Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 2). Huwandu hwezvinhu zviri muRyugu grains (A0098, C0068) hunoenderanawo ne chondrite 6 CI (data rakawedzerwa, Mufananidzo 2 neTafura Yekuwedzera 2). Kusiyana neizvi, CM chondrites dzakaderera muzvinhu zvinoshanduka zvine mwero uye zvakanyanya, kunyanya Mn neZn, uye zvakakwirira muzvinhu zvinoramba kusimba7. Kuwanda kwezvimwe zvinhu kunosiyana zvikuru, izvo zvinogona kunge zviri kuratidza kusiyana kwesampuro nekuda kwehukuru hudiki hwezvikamu zvega zvega uye kusarura kwakakonzerwa nesampuro. Hunhu hwese hwe petroli, mineral uye elemental hunoratidza kuti tsanga dzeRyugu dzakafanana zvikuru ne chondrites CI8,9,10. Chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekuti hapana ferrihydrite ne sulfate mu tsanga dzeRyugu, zvichiratidza kuti zvicherwa izvi mu CI chondrites zvakaumbwa ne terrestrial weathering.
a, Mufananidzo weX-ray waComposite weMg Kα (tsvuku), Ca Kα (girini), Fe Kα (bhuruu), uye S Kα (yero) chikamu chakaomeswa chakaporishwa C0068. Chikamu ichi chine silicates dzakaiswa layered (tsvuku: ~88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; girini rakapfava: ~1.6 vol%), magnetite (bhuruu: ~5.3 vol%) uye sulfides (yero: sulfide = ~2.5% vol. essay. b, mufananidzo wenzvimbo ye contour muma electrons akapararira kumashure pa a. Bru - immature; Dole - dolomite; FeS iron sulfide; Mag - magnetite; juice - soapstone; Srp - serpentine. c, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) mufananidzo we typical saponite-serpentine intergrowth inoratidza serpentine ne saponite lattice bands dze 0.7 nm ne 1.1 nm, zvichiteerana.
Kuumbwa kwematrix ne silicate yakatsetseka (pa %) yeRyugu A0037 (madenderedzwa matsvuku akasimba) uye C0068 (madenderedzwa ebhuruu akasimba) kunoratidzwa mu (Si+Al)-Mg-Fe ternary system. a, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) mhedzisiro yakarongwa ichipesana neCI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 inoratidzwa mugrey kuti ienzaniswe. b, Scanning TEM (STEM) uye energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis inoratidzwa kuti ienzaniswe neOrgueil9 neMurchison46 meteorites uye hydrated IDP47. Fine-grained uye coarse-grained phyllosilicates dzakaongororwa, dzichidzivirira zvidimbu zvidiki zve iron sulfide. Mitsetse ine madotsi iri mu a ne b inoratidza mitsetse yekunyungudika ye saponite ne serpentine. Kuumbwa kwe iron-rich mu a kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwe submicron iron sulfide grains mukati me layered silicate grains, izvo zvisingagone kubviswa ne spatial resolution ye EPMA analysis. Mapoinzi edata ane huwandu hwakakwira hweSi kupfuura saponite mu b anogona kukonzerwa nekuvapo kwezvinhu zvakapfuma zvesilicon zvisina silicon mukati me phyllosilicate layer. Huwandu hwekuongorora: N=69 yeA0037, N=68 yeEPMA, N=68 yeC0068, N=19 yeA0037 uye N=27 yeC0068 yeSTEM-EDS. c, isotope map ye trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 zvichienzaniswa ne chondrite values ​​​​CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) uye literature data (CM and C2-ung)41,48,49. Tawana data re Orgueil and Y-82162 meteorites. CCAM mutsetse wemaminerari e anhydrous carbonaceous chondrite, TFL mutsetse unopatsanura nyika. d, Δ17O uye δ18O mamepu eRyugu particle C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), uye CY chondrite (Y-82162) (chidzidzo ichi). Δ17O_Ryugu: Kukosha kweΔ17O C0014-1. Δ17O_Orgueil: Avhareji Δ17O kukosha kweOrgueil. Δ17O_Y-82162: Avhareji Δ17O kukosha kweY-82162. Data reCI neCY kubva mumabhuku 41, 48, 49 rinoratidzwawo kuti rienzaniswe.
Kuongororwa kweokisijeni ne isotope yakawanda kwakaitwa pa 1.83 mg yemuenzaniso wezvinhu zvakatorwa kubva mu granular C0014 ne laser fluorination (Nzira). Kuti tienzanise, takaburitsa makopi manomwe eOrgueil (CI) (huremu hwese = 8.96 mg) uye makopi manomwe eY-82162 (CY) (huremu hwese = 5.11 mg) (Supplementary Table 3).
Pamufananidzo wechipiri (2d) panoratidza kupatsanurwa kwakajeka kweΔ17O neδ18O pakati peavhareji yehuremu hwezvikamu zveOrgueil neRyugu zvichienzaniswa neY-82162. Δ17O yezvikamu zveRyugu C0014-4 yakakwira kupfuura yezvikamu zveOrgeil, pasinei nekupindirana pa2 sd. Zvikamu zveRyugu zvine Δ17O yakakwira zvichienzaniswa neOrgeil, izvo zvinogona kuratidza kusvibiswa kwenyika kubva pakudonha kwayo muna 1864. Kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze munyika11 kunoguma nekuiswa kweoxygen yemumhepo, zvichiunza ongororo yese pedyo nemutsetse wekupatsanurwa kwenyika (TFL). Mhedziso iyi inoenderana nedata remineralological (rakakurukurwa kare) rekuti zviyo zveRyugu hazvina hydrate kana sulfates, nepo Orgeil iine.
Zvichibva padata rezvicherwa riri pamusoro apa, mhinduro idzi dzinotsigira hukama huripo pakati peRyugu grains neCI chondrites, asi dzinobvisa hukama pakati peCY chondrites. Chokwadi chekuti Ryugu grains hadzina hukama neCY chondrites, izvo zvinoratidza zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekushaya mvura mumuviri, chinonetsa. Kuonekwa kweRyugu muchikamu chepasi kunoita sekunoratidza kuti yakamboshaya mvura mumuviri uye nekudaro inogona kunge yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zveCY. Zvikonzero zvemusiyano uyu zviri pachena hazvisati zvajeka. Ongororo yeoxygen isotope yezvimwe zvikamu zveRyugu inoratidzwa mupepa reshamwari 12. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yedata iri yakawedzerwa inoenderanawo nehukama huripo pakati peRyugu particles neCI chondrites.
Tichishandisa matekiniki ekuongorora zvinhu zvishoma (Mufananidzo 3 wekuwedzera), takaongorora kugoverwa kwecarbon organic munzvimbo yese yenzvimbo ye ion beam fraction (FIB) C0068.25 (Mifananidzo 3a–f). Magadzirirwo akanaka eX-ray absorption spectra yecarbon (NEXAFS) pamucheto uri pedyo muchikamu C0068.25 ichiratidza mapoka akati wandei anoshanda - aromatic kana C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) uye C( =O)O (288.8 eV) - chimiro chegraphene hachipo pa291.7 eV (Mufananidzo 3a), zvinoreva kuti thermal variation yakaderera. CH peak yakasimba (287.5 eV) yechikamu cheorganics cheC0068.25 yakasiyana neorganics isinganyungudike yecarbonaceous chondrites dzakambodzidzwa uye yakafanana neIDP14 ne cometary particles dzakawanikwa neStardust mission. Chiyero chakasimba cheCH pa287.5 eV uye chiyero chisina kusimba cheC=C pa285.2 eV chinoratidza kuti makemikari eorganic akapfuma mumakemikari ealiphatic (Mufananidzo 3a uye Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 3a). Nzvimbo dzakapfuma mumakemikari ealiphatic organic dziri munzvimbo dzephyllosilicates dzakakora, pamwe nenzvimbo dzine chimiro chisina kunaka chekabhoni (kana C=C) (Mufananidzo 3c, d). Kusiyana neizvi, A0037,22 (Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 3) yakaratidza zvishoma huwandu hwakaderera hwenzvimbo dzakapfuma mucarbon. Mineralogy iri pasi pezviyo izvi yakapfuma mucarbonates, yakafanana nechondrite CI 16, zvichiratidza shanduko yakakura yemvura inobva (Tafura Yekuwedzera 1). Mamiriro e oxidizing achaita kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwemapoka anoshanda ecarbonyl necarboxyl huvepo mumakemikari eorganic ane chekuita necarbonates. Kugoverwa kwesubmicron kwemakemikari ane aliphatic carbon structures kunogona kusiyana zvikuru nekugoverwa kweasilicates dzakakora. Zviratidzo zvemakemikari e-aliphatic organic akabatana ne-phyllosilicate-OH zvakawanikwa muTagish Lake meteorite. Data re microanalytical rakarongeka rinoratidza kuti zvinhu zve-organic zvakapfuma mumakemikari e-aliphatic zvinogona kunge zvakapararira mu-C-type asteroids uye zvakabatana zvakanyanya ne-phyllosilicates. Mhedziso iyi inoenderana nemishumo yapfuura ye-aliphatic/aromatic CHs muRyugu particles yakaratidzwa neMicroOmega, microscope iri pedyo neinfrared hyperspectral. Mubvunzo wakakosha uye usina kugadziriswa ndewekuti hunhu hwakasiyana hwemakemikari e-aliphatic carbon-rich organic akabatana ne-coarse-grained phyllosilicates akaonekwa muchidzidzo ichi hunowanikwa chete paRyugu asteroid.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra yakajairika kusvika ku292 eV munzvimbo ine aromatic (C=C) rich (tsvuku), munzvimbo ine aliphatic rich (girini), uye mu matrix (bhuruu). Mutsetse wegrey ndiwo Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum yekuenzanisa. au, arbitration unit. b, Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) spectral image ye carbon K-edge inoratidza kuti chikamu chacho chinotongwa ne carbon. c, RGB composite plot ine aromatic (C=C) rich regions (tsvuku), nzvimbo dzine aliphatic rich (girini), uye matrix (bhuruu). d, organics dzakapfuma mu aliphatic compounds dzakanyanya mu coarse-grained phyllosilicate, nzvimbo yacho yakakura kubva mumabhokisi machena ane dotted mu b na c. e, large nanospheres (ng-1) munzvimbo yakakura kubva mubhokisi rine dotted jena mu b na c. Kune: pyrrhotite. Pn: nickel-chromite. f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), uye Nitrogen (12C14N) elemental images, 12C/1H element ratio images, uye cross δD, δ13C, uye δ15N isotope images – Section PG-1: presolar graphite ine extreme 13C enrichment (Supplementary Table 4).
Zvidzidzo zveKinetic zvekuora kwezvinhu zvipenyu muMurchison meteorites zvinogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvekupararira kwakasiyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvine organic zvakapfuma muRyugu grains. Chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti aliphatic CH bonds muzvinhu zvipenyu zvinoramba zvichiripo kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya kweinenge 30°C pamubereki uye/kana kuchinja nehukama hwenguva nekupisa (semuenzaniso makore 200 pa100°C uye 0°C makore mamiriyoni 100). . Kana precursor ikasapiswa pakupisa kwakapihwa kwenguva inopfuura imwe nguva, kupararira kwekutanga kwezvirimwa zvine organic zvakapfuma muphyllosilicate kunogona kuchengetedzwa. Zvisinei, shanduko dzemvura yedombo dzinogona kuomesa dudziro iyi, sezvo A0037 ine carbonate-rich inclusive any carbon-rich aliphatic regions dzine chekuita nephyllosilicate. Kuchinja kwekupisa kwakaderera uku kunoenderana nekuvapo kwecubic feldspar muRyugu grains (Supplementary Table 1) 20.
Chikamu C0068.25 (ng-1; Mifananidzo 3a–c,e) ine nanosphere hombe inoratidza aromatic yakanyanya (kana C=C), ine aliphatic zvishoma, uye isina simba spectra yeC(=O)O uye C=O. . Siginecha ye aliphatic carbon haienderane nesiginecha ye bulk insoluble organics uye organic nanospheres dzakabatana ne chondrites (Mufananidzo 3a) 17,21. Raman uye infrared spectroscopic analysis ye nanospheres muLake Tagish yakaratidza kuti ine aliphatic uye oxidized organic compounds uye disordered polycyclic aromatic organic compounds ine complex structure22,23. Nekuti matrix yakapoteredza ine organics yakapfuma mu aliphatic compounds, siginecha ye aliphatic carbon mu ng-1 inogona kunge iri analytical artifact. Zvinofadza kuti, ng-1 ine embedded amorphous silicates (Mufananidzo 3e), texture isati yambotaurwa nezve chero extraterrestrial organics. Masilika eAmorphous anogona kunge ari zvikamu zve ng-1 zvakasikwa kana kuti anokonzerwa nekusachinja-chinja kwemasilika emvura/anhydrous neion uye/kana electron beam panguva yekuongorora.
Mifananidzo yeNanoSIMS ion yechikamu cheC0068.25 (Mufananidzo 3f) inoratidza shanduko dzakafanana muδ13C neδ15N, kunze kwezviyo zve presolar zvine 13C yakawanda ye30,811‰ (PG-1 mumufananidzo weδ13C muMufananidzo 3f) (Tafura Yekuwedzera 4). Mifananidzo yeX-ray primary grain uye mifananidzo yeTEM ine resolution yepamusoro inoratidza chete carbon concentration uye daro riri pakati pe basal planes ye0.3 nm, iyo inoenderana negraphite. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kukosha kweδD (841 ± 394‰) uye δ15N (169 ± 95‰), kwakapfuma mu aliphatic organic matter ine chekuita ne coarse-grained phyllosilicates, kunoonekwa kuti kwakakwira zvishoma pane avhareji yenzvimbo yese C (δD = 528 ± 139‰). ‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) muC0068.25 (Tafura Yekuwedzera 4). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti organics dzakapfuma mu phyllosilicates dzakakora dzinogona kunge dziri dzechinyakare kupfuura organics dzakakomberedza, sezvo dzekupedzisira dzingave dzakachinjana isotopic nemvura yakakomberedza mumuviri wekutanga. Neimwe nzira, shanduko idzi dze isotopic dzinogonawo kunge dzakabatana nemaitiro ekutanga ekuumbwa. Zvinotsanangurwa kuti silicates dzakakora dzakakora muCI chondrites dzakaumbwa nekuda kwekuchinja kunoramba kuripo kwema clusters ekutanga e coarse-grained anhydrous silicate. Aliphatic-rich organic matter inogona kunge yakaumbwa kubva kuma precursor molecules mu protoplanetary disk kana interstellar medium isati yaumbwa solar system, uye yakazochinjwa zvishoma panguva yekuchinja kwemvura kwemuviri wemubereki weRyugu (mukuru). Saizi (<1.0 km) yeRyugu idiki zvakanyanya zvekuti haikwanise kuchengetedza kupisa kwemukati kuti mvura ishanduke kuita maminerari emvura25. Saizi (<1.0 km) yeRyugu idiki kwazvo kuti ichengetedze kupisa kwemukati kwakakwana kuti mvura ishanduke kuita maminerari emvura25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водного изменения с образованием водных 5. Saizi (<1.0 km) Ryugu idiki zvakanyanya kuti igare ichipisa mukati memvura zvakakwana kuti igadzire zvicherwa zvemvura25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с образованием водных минералов25. Saizi yeRyugu (<1.0 km) idiki kwazvo kuti ikwanise kutsigira kupisa kwemukati kuti ishandure mvura kuti igadzire zvicherwa zvemvura25.Saka, Ryugu yakatangira makiromita makumi muhukuru inogona kudiwa. Organic matter yakapfuma mu aliphatic compounds inogona kuchengetedza ratios dzayo dzepakutanga nekuda kwekubatana ne coarse-grained phyllosilicates. Zvisinei, hunhu chaihwo hwe isotopic heavy carriers hahuna chokwadi nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwakaoma uye kwakapfava kwezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana muzvikamu izvi zve FIB. Izvi zvinogona kuva organic substances yakapfuma mu aliphatic compounds mu Ryugu granules kana coarse phyllosilicates dzakavapoteredza. Cherechedza kuti organic matter munenge ese carbonaceous chondrites (kusanganisira CI chondrites) inowanzova yakapfuma mu D kupfuura mu phyllosilicates, kunze kwe CM Paris 24, 26 meteorites.
Mapuratifomu evhoriyamu δD uye δ15N ezvidimbu zveFIB zvakawanikwa zveA0002.23 uye A0002.26, A0037.22 uye A0037.23 uye C0068.23, C0068.25 uye C0068.26 zvidimbu zveFIB (zvikamu zvinomwe zveFIB kubva muzvikamu zvitatu zveRyugu) Kuenzanisa kweNanoSIMS nezvimwe zvinhu zve solar system kunoratidzwa mumufananidzo 4 (Tafura Yekuwedzera 4)27,28. Kuchinja kwevhoriyamu mu δD uye δ15N mumaprofile eA0002, A0037, uye C0068 kunoenderana nezviri muIDP, asi zvakakwirira kupfuura muCM neCI chondrites (Mufananidzo 4). Cherechedza kuti huwandu hwe δD values ​​​​hweComet 29 sample (-240 kusvika 1655‰) hwakakura kupfuura hweRyugu. Mavhoriyamu δD neδ15N emaprofile eRyukyu, kazhinji, madiki pane avhareji yemacomet emhuri yeJupiter neOort cloud (Mufananidzo 4). Kuderera kwe δD kweCI chondrites kunogona kuratidza simba rekusvibiswa kwenyika mune aya masampuli. Zvichienderana nekufanana kuripo pakati peBells, Lake Tagish, neIDP, kusiyana kukuru kwe δD neδN kwezviyero muRyugu particles kunogona kuratidza shanduko mukutanga kwe isotopic signatures ye organic uye aqueous compositions mu solar system yekutanga. Kuchinja kwakafanana kwe isotopic mu δD neδN mu Ryugu ne IDP particles kunoratidza kuti zvese zvinogona kunge zvakaumbwa kubva pazvinhu zvinobva kune imwe sosi. Zvinotendwa kuti IDPs dzinobva kuma cometary sources 14. Nokudaro, Ryugu inogona kunge iine zvinhu zvakaita se comet uye/kana kuti solar system yekunze. Zvisinei, izvi zvingave zvakaoma kupfuura zvatinotaura pano nekuda kwe (1) musanganiswa wemvura ine spherulitic neD-rich pamuviri wemubereki 31 uye (2) chiyero cheD/H checomet sebasa re cometary activity 32. Zvisinei, zvikonzero zvekusiyana kwakaonekwa kwema isotopes ehydrogen ne nitrogen muzvikamu zveRyugu hazvinzwisisike zvizere, chimwe chikonzero nekuda kwehuwandu hushoma hwekuongorora huripo nhasi. Mhedzisiro yema isotopes ehydrogen ne nitrogen ichiri kuwedzera mukana wekuti Ryugu ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobva kunze kweSolar System uye nekudaro zvinogona kuratidza kufanana nema comets. Ryugu profile haina kuratidza hukama huri pachena pakati pe δ13C ne δ15N (Supplementary Table 4).
Kuumbwa kwezvikamu zveRyugu zvine H neN isotopic (madenderedzwa matsvuku: A0002, A0037; madenderedzwa ebhuruu: C0068) kunoenderana nehukuru hwezuva 27, mhuri yeJupiter (JFC27), uye maOort cloud comets (OCC27), IDP28, uye machondrules ane carbonaceous. Kuenzaniswa kwemeteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung). Kuumbwa kweisotopic kunopiwa muSupplementary Table 4. Mitsetse ine madotsi ndiyo terrestrial isotope values ​​​​dzeH neN.
Kutakurwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanduka-shanduka (semuenzaniso zvinhu zvemuchadenga nemvura) kuenda kuNyika kuchiri kunetseka26,27,33. Zvinhu zvemuchadenga zveSubmicron zvine chekuita nezvinoshanduka-shanduka muRyugu particles zvakaonekwa muchidzidzo ichi zvinogona kuva chinhu chakakosha chinokonzera zvinoshanduka-shanduka. Zvinhu zvemuchadenga muzvinhu zvine zvinoshanduka-shanduka zvinodzivirirwa zviri nani kubva mukuora16,34 nekuora35 pane zvinhu zvemuchadenga muzvikamu zvakapfava. Kuumbwa kwehydrogen inorema muzvikamu zvinoreva kuti hazvigoneke kuti ive ndiyo chete nzvimbo inoshanduka-shanduka inotakurwa kuenda kuNyika yekutanga. Zvinogona kusanganiswa nezvinhu zvine hydrogen isotopic composition yakareruka, sezvakatsanangurwa munguva pfupi yapfuura mufungidziro yekuvapo kwemvura inotungamirwa nemhepo yezuva muzvinhu zvine zvinoshanduka-shanduka.
Muchidzidzo ichi, tinoratidza kuti mameteorite eCI, pasinei nekukosha kwawo mu geochemical seanomiririra kuumbwa kwese kwe solar system, 6,10 isampuli dzakasvibiswa pasi rose. Tinopawo humbowo hwakananga hwekudyidzana pakati pezvinhu zvakapfuma zve aliphatic organic uye zvicherwa zve hydrous zviri pedyo uye tinoratidza kuti Ryugu inogona kunge iine zvinhu zviri kunze kwe solar37. Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi inoratidza zvakajeka kukosha kwekutora sampuro zvakananga dze protoasteroids uye kudiwa kwekutakura sampuro dzakadzoserwa pasi pemamiriro asina kusimba zvachose uye asina tsvina. Humbowo hwakapihwa pano hunoratidza kuti Ryugu particles pasina mubvunzo ndeimwe yezvinhu zvisina kusvibiswa zvakanyanya zve solar system zviripo pakutsvagisa murabhoritari, uye kudzidza kwakawanda kwe sampuro idzi dzinokosha pasina mubvunzo kuchawedzera kunzwisisa kwedu maitiro ekutanga e solar system. Ryugu particles ndiyo inomiririra yakanakisa kuumbwa kwese kwe solar system.
Kuti tione hunhu hwakaoma hwe microstructure uye hunhu hwemakemikari hwe submicron scale samples, takashandisa synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) uye SR X-ray diffraction (XRD)-CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM analysis. Hapana kuora, kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nemhepo yepasi, uye hapana kukuvara kunobva kuzvidimbu zvidiki kana ma mechanical samples. Panguva ino, takaita systematic volumetric analysis tichishandisa scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS, EPMA, XRD, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), uye laser oxygen isotope fluorination equipment. Maitiro e assay anoratidzwa muSupplementary Figure 3 uye assay yega yega inotsanangurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera.
Zvidimbu zveRyugu zvakatorwa kubva muHayabusa-2 reentry module ndokuendeswa kuJAXA Control Center muSagamihara, Japan, pasina kusvibisa mhepo yePasi. Mushure mekutanga uye kusaparadza nzvimbo inotungamirwa neJAXA, shandisai midziyo inovharika pakati penzvimbo uye mabhegi emacapsule emuenzaniso (10 kana 15 mm dhayamita yesafire crystal nesimbi isina tsvina, zvichienderana nehukuru hwemuenzaniso) kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. nharaunda, uye/kana tsvina yevhu (semuenzaniso mhute yemvura, mahydrocarbon, magasi emuchadenga uye zvidimbu zvidiki) uye kusvibiswa pakati pemasampuli panguva yekugadzirira sampuro nekutakura pakati pezvikoro nemayunivhesiti. Kudzivirira kuora nekusvibiswa nekuda kwekubatana nemhepo yepasi (mhute wemvura neokisijeni), mhando dzese dzekugadzirira sampuro (kusanganisira kupwanya netantalum chisel, kushandisa saha rewaya redhaimani rakaringana (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) uye kugadzirira epoxy) yekuisa) dzakaitwa mubhokisi remagirovhosi pasi peN2 yakachena yakaoma (nzvimbo yedova: -80 kusvika -60 °C, O2 ~50-100 ppm). Zvinhu zvese zvinoshandiswa pano zvinocheneswa nemusanganiswa wemvura yakachena uye ethanol uchishandisa mafungu e ultrasonic ane ma frequency akasiyana.
Pano tinodzidza muunganidzwa weNational Polar Research Institute (NIPR) meteorite weAntarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y)-791198, CY: Y-82162 uye CY: Y 980115).
Pakufambisa pakati pezvishandiso zveSR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS uye TEM analysis, takashandisa chibatiso chemuenzaniso chakatetepa chose chakatsanangurwa muzvidzidzo zvekare38.
Kuongororwa kweSR-XCT kwemasampuli eRyugu kwakaitwa uchishandisa sisitimu yeBL20XU/SPring-8 CT yakabatanidzwa. Sisitimu yeCT yakabatanidzwa ine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuyera: wide field of view uye low resolution (WL) mode yekubata chimiro chose chemuenzaniso, narrow field of view uye high resolution (NH) mode yekuyera kwakarurama nzvimbo yemuenzaniso, kufarira uye maX-ray kuti uwane pateni ye diffraction yehuwandu hwemuenzaniso, uye kuita XRD-CT kuti uwane dhayagiramu ye2D yematanho emineral epaseji yakatsetseka mumuenzaniso. Cherechedza kuti zviyero zvese zvinogona kuitwa pasina kushandisa sisitimu yakavakirwa mukati kubvisa chibatiso chemuenzaniso kubva pachigadziko, zvichibvumira kuyerwa kwakarurama kweCT neXRD-CT. Chinoongorora X-ray cheWL mode (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) chaive nekamera yekuwedzera ye4608 × 4608 pixel metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) ine scintillator ine 10 lutetium aluminium garnet single crystal thickness µm (Lu3Al5O12:Ce) uye relay lens. Saizi yepixel muWL mode inenge 0.848 µm. Saka, field of view (FOV) muWL mode inenge 6 mm muoffset CT mode. Iyo NH mode X-ray detector (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) yaive ne 20 µm gobvu gadolinium-aluminium-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator, kamera yeCMOS (C11440-22CU) ine resolution ye2048 × 2048 pixels; Hamamatsu Photonics) uye lenzi ye ×20. Saizi yepixel muNH mode i ~0.25 µm uye nzvimbo yekuona i ~0.5 mm. Iyo detector yeXRD mode (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) yaive ne scintillator ine skrini yeP43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) poda ine gobvu re50 µm, kamera yeCMOS ine resolution ye 2304 × 2304 pixel (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) uye lenzi ye relay. Chinoongorora chine saizi yepixel inoshanda ye19.05 µm uye nzvimbo yekuona ye43.9 mm2. Kuti tiwedzere FOV, takashandisa nzira yekudzikisa CT muWL mode. Mufananidzo wechiedza chinotumirwa wekugadzirisa CT une mufananidzo uri pakati pe180° kusvika 360° unotaridzwa wakatwasuka kutenderedza axis yekutenderera, uye mufananidzo uri pakati pe0° kusvika 180°.
Mu XRD mode, X-ray beam inotariswa neFresnel zone plate. Muiyi mode, detector inoiswa 110 mm kumashure kwemuenzaniso uye beam stop iri 3 mm pamberi pe detector. Mifananidzo ye diffraction mu 2θ inotangira pa 1.43° kusvika 18.00° (grating pitch d = 16.6–1.32 Å) yakawanikwa neX-ray spot yakatarisana pasi penzvimbo yekuona ye detector. Sampuro inofamba yakatwasuka panguva dzakatarwa, nehafu yekutendeuka kwega kwega nhanho yekuskena yakatwasuka. Kana mineral particles ikasangana nemamiriro eBragg painotenderedzwa ne 180°, zvinokwanisika kuwana diffraction yemineral particles mu horizontal plane. Mifananidzo ye diffraction yakabva yabatanidzwa kuita mufananidzo mumwe chete we vertical scan step yega yega. Mamiriro e SR-XRD-CT assay akafanana neaya e SR-XRD assay. Mu XRD-CT mode, detector iri panzvimbo 69 mm kumashure kwemuenzaniso. Mifananidzo yeDiffraction iri mu2θ inotangira pa1.2° kusvika 17.68° (d = 19.73 kusvika 1.35 Å), uko danda reX-ray nebeam limiter zviri pakati penzvimbo yekuona yedetector. Skena sample yakatwasuka wotenderedza sample 180°. Mifananidzo yeSR-XRD-CT yakavakwazve ne peak mineral intensities se pixel values. Ne horizontal scanning, sample inowanzo skenwa mu 500–1000 steps.
Pakuyedza kwese, simba reX-ray raive rakagadzikwa pa30 keV, sezvo iri iro muganho wakaderera wekupinda kweX-ray mumameteorite ane dhayamita inosvika 6 mm. Huwandu hwemifananidzo yakawanikwa pakuyerwa kwese kweCT panguva yekutenderera kwe180° hwaive 1800 (3600 yechirongwa cheoffset CT), uye nguva yekuratidzwa kwemifananidzo yaive 100 ms yeWL mode, 300 ms yeNH mode, 500 ms yeXRD, uye 50 ms. ms yeXRD-CT ms. Nguva yekuskena yesampuro yakajairika ingangoita maminetsi gumi muWL mode, maminetsi gumi nemashanu muNH mode, maawa matatu eXRD, uye maawa masere eSR-XRD-CT.
Mifananidzo yeCT yakavakwazve ne convolutional back projection uye yakagadziriswa kuti ive ne linear attenuation coefficient kubva pa 0 kusvika 80 cm-1. Software yeSlice yakashandiswa kuongorora data re3D uye software yemuXRD yakashandiswa kuongorora data reXRD.
Zvidimbu zveRyugu zvakagadziriswa neEpoxy (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 uye C0068) zvakapukutwa zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro kusvika padanho re 0.5 µm (3M) diamond lapping film mumamiriro akaoma, zvichidzivirira kuti zvinhu zvisabatane nepamusoro panguva yekupukutwa. Pamusoro pechidimbu chega chega chakatanga kuongororwa ne light microscopy uye ipapo ma electron akapararira kuti awane mineralogy uye texture images (BSE) yemasampuli uye qualitative NIPR elements uchishandisa JEOL JSM-7100F SEM ine energy dispersive spectrometer (AZtec). energy picture. Pamuenzaniso wega wega, zviri mukati mezvinhu zvikuru nezvidiki zvakaongororwa uchishandisa electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200). Ongorora phyllosilicate uye carbonate particles pa 5 nA, natural and synthetic standards pa 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, uye pyroxene pa 30 nA. Magiredhi emodal akaverengerwa kubva kumamepu eelement uye mifananidzo yeBSE vachishandisa software yeImageJ 1.53 nematanho akakodzera akaiswa zvisina kurongeka kune mineral yega yega.
Kuongororwa kweisotope yeokisijeni kwakaitwa paOpen University (Milton Keynes, UK) uchishandisa infrared laser fluorination system. Samples dzeHayabusa2 dzakaendeswa kuOpen University 38 mumagaba azere nenitrogen kuti dziendeswe pakati pezvivako.
Kutakura sampuro kwakaitwa mubhokisi remagirovhosi enitrogen rine mwero weokisijeni wakatariswa uri pasi pe0.1%. Pabasa rekuongorora reHayabusa2, homwe itsva yesample yeNi yakagadzirwa, ine maburi maviri chete esample (dhayamita 2.5 mm, kudzika 5 mm), rimwe reHayabusa2 particles uye rimwe reobsidian internal standard. Munguva yekuongorora, tsime resample rine zvinhu zveHayabusa2 rakafukidzwa nehwindo remukati reBaF2 rine ukobvu hunosvika 1 mm uye dhayamita 3 mm kuti ribate sampuro panguva ye laser reaction. Kuyerera kweBrF5 kuenda kusampuli kwakachengetedzwa negasi rekusanganisa channel rakachekwa muhodhi yesample yeNi. Homwe yesample yakagadziridzwa zvakare kuitira kuti ibviswe kubva mumutsara wevacuum fluorination uye yozovhurwa mubhokisi remagirovhosi rakazadzwa nenitrogen. Homwe ine zvikamu zviviri yakavharwa nechisimbiso chekumanikidza chemhangura checopper gasketed uye EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38 chain clamp. Hwindo reBaF2 rine ukobvu hwe3 mm riri pamusoro pekamuri rinobvumira kutarisa sampuro panguva imwe chete uye kupisa kwelaser. Mushure mekurodha sampuro, sunga kamuri zvakare wobva wabatanidzazve kune tambo ine fluorine. Musati maongorora, kamuri yemuenzaniso yaipiswa pasi pevacuum kusvika pa95°C husiku hwese kubvisa hunyoro hwakanyungudutswa. Mushure mekudziya husiku hwese, kamuri yaibvumirwa kutonhora kusvika patembiricha yemukamuri uye chikamu chakaiswa mumhepo panguva yekutamiswa kwesampuro chakacheneswa nema aliquot matatu eBrF5 kubvisa hunyoro. Maitiro aya anovimbisa kuti sampuro yeHayabusa 2 haina kuiswa mumhepo uye haina kusvibiswa nehunyoro kubva muchikamu chetambo ine fluorine inoburitswa mumhepo panguva yekurodha sampuro.
Samples dzeRyugu C0014-4 neOrgueil (CI) dzakaongororwa nenzira yakagadziridzwa "single" mode42, nepo Y-82162 (CY) ongororo yakaitwa patray imwe chete ine matsime akawanda esampuli41. Nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwavo kweanhydrous, hazvidikanwi kushandisa nzira imwe chete yeCY chondrites. Samples dzakapiswa uchishandisa Photon Machines Inc. infrared CO2 laser. simba re50 W (10.6 µm) rakaiswa paXYZ gantry pamberi peBrF5. Sisitimu yevhidhiyo yakavakirwa mukati inoongorora mafambiro ekuita. Mushure mefluorination, O2 yakasunungurwa yakakweshwa uchishandisa cryogenic nitrogen traps mbiri uye heated bed yeKBr kubvisa chero fluorine yakawandisa. Kuumbwa kweisotopic kwe purified oxygen kwakaongororwa paThermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer ine mass resolution yeinenge 200.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, huwandu hwegasi O2 hwakaburitswa panguva yemhinduro yemuenzaniso hwaive pasi pe140 µg, inova muganho wekushandisa mudziyo webellows paMAT 253 mass spectrometer. Muzviitiko izvi, shandisa microvolumes kuti uongorore. Mushure mekuongorora zvidimbu zveHayabusa2, chiyero chemukati cheobsidian chakaiswa fluorinated uye kuumbwa kwayo kwe oxygen isotope kwakawanikwa.
MaIon eNF+ NF3+ fragment anokanganisa danda rine huremu 33 (16O17O). Kuti dambudziko iri ribviswe, sampuli zhinji dzinogadziriswa uchishandisa nzira dzekuparadzanisa cryogenic. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nenzira yekumberi usati waongorora MAT 253 kana seongororo yechipiri nekudzosera gasi rakaongororwa ku special molecular sieve uye kuripazve mushure mekuparadzanisa cryogenic. Kuparadzanisa cryogenic kunosanganisira kupa gasi ku molecular sieve pa liquid nitrogen tembiricha uye wozoiburitsa mu primary molecular sieve pa tembiricha ye -130°C. Kuongororwa kwakawanda kwakaratidza kuti NF+ inoramba iri pa molecular sieve yekutanga uye hapana kupatsanurwa kwakakosha kunoitika uchishandisa nzira iyi.
Zvichibva pakuongororwa kwakadzokororwa kwemazinga edu emukati meobsidian, kururama kwese kwesystem mu bellows mode ndekwekuti: ±0.053‰ ye δ17O, ±0.095‰ ye δ18O, ±0.018‰ ye Δ17O (2 sd). Oxygen isotope analysis inopiwa mu standard delta notation, apo delta18O inoverengerwa se:
Shandisawo chiyero che17O/16O cheδ17O. VSMOW ndiyo chiyero chepasi rose cheVienna Mean Sea Water Standard. Δ17O inomiririra kutsauka kubva pamutsetse wekupatsanurwa kwenyika, uye fomura yekuverenga ndeiyi: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O. Data rese riri muSupplementary Table 3 rakagadziriswa gap-adjusted.
Zvikamu zvine ukobvu hwe150 kusvika 200 nm zvakatorwa kubva muzvidimbu zveRyugu uchishandisa mudziyo weHitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB paJAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute. Cherechedza kuti zvikamu zvese zveFIB zvakatorwa kubva muzvidimbu zvisina kugadziriswa zvezvidimbu zvisina kugadziriswa mushure mekubviswa mumidziyo yeN2 yakazara negasi kuti zviendeswe mukati mezvinhu. Zvikamu izvi hazvina kuyerwa neSR-CT, asi zvakagadziriswa zvishoma mumhepo yepasi kudzivirira kukuvara nekusvibiswa kunogona kukanganisa carbon K-edge spectrum. Mushure mekuiswa kwechikamu chinodzivirira chetungsten, nzvimbo yaifarira (kusvika 25 × 25 μm2) yakachekwa ndokutetepa neGa+ ion beam pamagetsi anowedzera e30 kV, wozobva wasvika pa5 kV uye probe current ye40 pA kuderedza kukuvara kwepamusoro. Zvikamu zvakatetepa zvakazoiswa pamesh yemhangura yakakura (Kochi mesh) 39 uchishandisa micromanipulator ine FIB.
Mapellets eRyugu A0098 (1.6303mg) neC0068 (0.6483mg) akavharwa kaviri mumapepa epolyethylene akachena kwazvo mubhokisi remagirovhosi rakazara nenitrogen paSPring-8 pasina kusangana nemhepo yepasi. Kugadzirira kwemuenzaniso weJB-1 (dombo rekuongorora geology rakaburitswa neGeological Survey yeJapan) kwakaitwa paTokyo Metropolitan University.
INAA inoitirwa paInstitute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, Kyoto University. Samples dzakapiswa nemwaranzi kaviri nemwaranzi dzakasiyana dzakasarudzwa zvichienderana nehafu yehupenyu hwenuclide inoshandiswa pakuenzanisa zvinhu. Kutanga, sample yakapiswa nemwaranzi muchubhu yemwaranzi yepneumatic kwemasekonzi makumi matatu. Mafluxes ethermal nefast neutrons ari mumufananidzo 3 ndeaya 4.6 × 1012 uye 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, zvichiteerana, ekuona zviri mukati meMg, Al, Ca, Ti, V neMn. Makemikari akadai seMgO (99.99% purity, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% purity, Soekawa Chemical), uye Si metal (99.999% purity, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) akapiswawo nemwaranzi kuti agadzirise zvikanganiso zvenyukireya zvakaita se (n, n). Muenzaniso wacho wakapiswawo ne sodium chloride (99.99% purity; MANAC) kugadzirisa shanduko dziri kuitika mu neutron flux.
Mushure mekupiswa nemwaranzi ye neutron, pepa rekunze re polyethylene rakatsiviwa nerimwe idzva, uye gamma radiation yakabudiswa nemuenzaniso uye reference yakayerwa pakarepo neGe detector. Samples dzakafanana dzakapiswazve kwemaawa mana mu pneumatic irradiation tube. 2 ine thermal uye fast neutron fluxes ye5.6 1012 uye 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, zvichiteerana, kuti ione Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir uye Au. Samples dzekudzora dzeGa, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, uye Au dzakapiswa nemwaranzi nekushandisa huwandu hwakakodzera (kubva pa10 kusvika 50 μg) hwemhinduro dzakajairwa dzehuwandu hunozivikanwa hwezvinhu izvi pazvidimbu zviviri zve filter paper, zvichiteverwa nekupiswa kwesamples. Kuverengwa kwe gamma ray kwakaitwa paInstitute of Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, Kyoto University neRI Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Maitiro ekuongorora uye zvinhu zvekutarisa huwandu hwezvinhu zveINAA zvakafanana nezvakatsanangurwa mubasa redu rekare.
Chiyero cheX-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) chakashandiswa kuunganidza mapatani e diffraction eRyugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) uye C0087 (<1 mg) paNIPR. Chiyero cheX-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) chakashandiswa kuunganidza mapatani e diffraction eRyugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) uye C0087 (<1 mg) paNIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (≥70) (≪1) NIPR. Chiyero cheX-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) chakashandiswa kuunganidza mapatani e diffraction eRyugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), uye C0087 (<1 mg) samples muNIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案. Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием рентгенов ренгеного для в NIPR с использованием рентгенов ренгенов ренгенов ренгенов ренгенов ренгенов. Mapatani eX-ray diffraction esampuli dzeRyugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) uye C0087 (<1 mg) akawanikwa paNIPR achishandisa X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab).Mienzaniso yese yakakuyiwa kuita upfu hwakatsetseka pawafer yesilicon isingadzoreri uchishandisa ndiro yegirazi resafire uye yozopararira zvakaenzana pawafer yesilicon isingadzoreri isina mvura (mvura kana doro). Mamiriro ekuyera ndeaya anotevera: Cu Kα X-ray inogadzirwa pavoltage yechubhu ye40 kV uye current yechubhu ye40 mA, kureba kweslit kuri 10 mm, angle yekusiyana ndeye (1/6)°, kumhanya kwekutenderera kwemukati meplane ndeye 20 rpm, uye range ndeye 2θ (double Bragg angle) ndeye 3-100° uye inotora maawa angangoita makumi maviri nemasere kuongorora. Bragg Brentano optics yakashandiswa. Iyo detector ione-dimensional silicon semiconductor detector (D/teX Ultra 250). X-rays yeCu Kβ yakabviswa uchishandisa Ni filter. Zvichishandisa mienzaniso iripo, zviyero zvemagnesian saponite yakagadzirwa (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) uye pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) zvakaenzaniswa kuti zvionekwe peaks uye kushandisa data re data re data re diffraction kubva kuInternational Center for Diffraction Data, dolomite (PDF 01-071-1662) uye magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629). Data re diffraction kubva kuRyugu rakaenzaniswawo nedata re hydroaltered carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, uye Y 980115 CY (heating stage III, 500–750°C). Kuenzanisa kwakaratidza kufanana neOrgueil, asi kwete neY-791198 naY 980115.
NEXAFS spectra ine carbon edge K yezvikamu zvakatetepa zvesamples zvakagadzirwa kubva kuFIB zvakayerwa uchishandisa STXM BL4U channel panzvimbo yeUVSOR synchrotron facility paInstitute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Japan). Saizi yedanda rakanangana neFresnel zone plate inenge 50 nm. Danho resimba i0.1 eV yechimiro chakanaka chenzvimbo iri pedyo nemucheto (283.6–292.0 eV) uye 0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV uye 292.5–300.0 eV) yenzvimbo dziri pamberi nepashure. Nguva yepikisheni yega yega yemufananidzo yakaiswa pa2 ms. Mushure mekubuda, STXM analytical chamber yakazadzwa nehelium nekumanikidzwa kweinenge 20 mbar. Izvi zvinobatsira kuderedza kupisa kwemidziyo yeX-ray optics mukamuri uye mubati wesample, pamwe nekuderedza kukuvara kwesample uye/kana oxidation. NEXAFS K-edge carbon spectra dzakagadzirwa kubva padata rakaunganidzwa uchishandisa aXis2000 software uye proprietary STXM data processing software. Cherechedza kuti sample transfer case neglovebox zvinoshandiswa kudzivirira oxidation uye kusvibiswa kwesample.
Mushure mekuongorora kweSTXM-NEXAFS, kuumbwa kwehydrogen, kabhoni, uye nitrogen yeRyugu FIB slices kwakaongororwa uchishandisa isotope imaging neJAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L. Beam reCs+ primary rine angangoita 2 pA rekuongorora carbon nenitrogen isotope uye angangoita 13 pA rekuongorora hydrogen isotope rakaiswa raster pamusoro penzvimbo ingangoita 24 × 24 µm2 kusvika 30 × 30 µm2 pamuenzaniso. Mushure memaminitsi matatu prespray pa primary beam current yakasimba, ongororo yega yega yakatangwa mushure mekugadzikana kwesecondary beam intensity. Pakuongorora carbon nenitrogen isotopes, mifananidzo ye12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– uye 12C15N– yakawanikwa panguva imwe chete uchishandisa seven electron multiplier multiplex detection ine mass resolution inosvika 9000, iyo yakakwana kuparadzanisa ese akakodzera isotopic compounds. Kupindira (kureva 12C1H pa13C uye 13C14N pa12C15N). Pakuongorora mahydrogen isotopes, mifananidzo ye1H-, 2D- uye 12C- yakawanikwa ine resolution yehukuru hweinenge 3000 nekuona kwakawanda uchishandisa maerekitironi matatu. Kuongorora kwega kwega kune mifananidzo makumi matatu yakaskenwa yenzvimbo imwe chete, nemufananidzo mumwe chete une mapikisi 256 × 256 ekuongorora carbon nenitrogen isotope uye mapikisi 128 × 128 ekuongorora hydrogen isotope. Nguva yekunonoka i3000 µs pa pixel yekuongorora carbon nenitrogen isotope uye 5000 µs pa pixel yekuongorora hydrogen isotope. Takashandisa 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate se hydrogen, carbon ne nitrogen isotope standards kuti tigadzirise kupatsanurwa kwemasimba ekushandisa45.
Kuti tizive kuti silicon isotopic composition ye presolar graphite iri mu FIB C0068-25 profile, takashandisa ma electron multipliers matanhatu ane mass resolution inosvika 9000. Mifananidzo yacho ine 256 × 256 pixels ine nguva yekunonoka ye3000 µs pa pixel. Takagadzirisa mudziyo wekupatsanura mass tichishandisa silicon wafers se hydrogen, carbon, uye silicon isotope standards.
Mifananidzo yeIsotope yakagadziriswa uchishandisa software yeNASA yeNanoSIMS45 imaging. Data racho rakagadziriswa kuti rionekwe serisingashande panguva yakatarwa (44 ns) uye kuti mufananidzo wega wega unoshanda sei panguva imwe chete. Kurongeka kwakasiyana kwescan yemufananidzo wega wega kuti mufananidzo ushande panguva yekutora mifananidzo. Mufananidzo wekupedzisira weisotope unogadzirwa nekuwedzera maion echipiri kubva pamufananidzo wega wega wepixel yega yega yescan.
Mushure mekuongorora kweSTXM-NEXAFS neNanoSIMS, zvikamu zvakafanana zveFIB zvakaongororwa uchishandisa transmission electron microscope (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) pamagetsi anowedzera e200 kV paKochi, JAMSTEC. Chimiro che microstructure chakaonekwa uchishandisa bright-field TEM uye high-angle scanning TEM mumunda une rima. Maminerari phases akaonekwa ne spot electron diffraction uye lattice band imaging, uye chemical analysis yakaitwa neEDS ne 100 mm2 silicon drift detector uye JEOL Analysis Station 4.30 software. Pakuongorora kwehuwandu, hunhu hweX-ray intensity yechinhu chimwe nechimwe hwakayerwa muTEM scanning mode ine nguva yakatarwa yekuwana data ye30 s, beam scanning area ye ​​~100 × 100 nm2, uye beam current ye50 pA. Chiyero (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe mu layered silicates chakaongororwa uchishandisa experimental coefficient k, yakagadziriswa kuti ionekwe nehukobvu, yakawanikwa kubva pa standard ye natural pyropagarnet.
Mifananidzo yese neongororo dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi dziripo paJAXA Data Archiving and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2. Chinyorwa chino chinopa ruzivo rwepakutanga.
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