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Inoputika uye yakapfuma mune organic zvinhu, C-type asteroids inogona kunge iri imwe yemanyuko makuru emvura paNyika.Parizvino, carbon-bearing chondrites inopa pfungwa yakanakisisa yemakemikari avo, asi ruzivo rwemeteorites rwakakanganiswa: chete marudzi akasimba chete ndiwo anopona achipinda mumhepo uye obva apindirana nemhoteredzo yepasi.Pano tinopa mhedzisiro yeyakadzama volumetric uye microanalytical kudzidza kweyekutanga Ryugu chidimbu chakaunzwa kuPasi neHayabusa-2 spacecraft.Ryugu particles inoratidza kuenzanisa kwepedyo mukuumbwa kwemakemikari asina kuparadzaniswa asi mvura-yakashandurwa CI (Iwuna-type) chondrites, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechiratidzo chehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezuva.Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza hukama hwakaoma hwenzvimbo pakati pezvakapfuma aliphatic organics uye akaturikidzana silicates uye inoratidza tembiricha yepamusoro inosvika 30 °C panguva yekukukurwa kwemvura.Isu takawana kuwanda kwe deuterium uye diazonium inoenderana neiyo extrasolar kwakabva.Ryugu zvimedu ndizvo zvisina kusvibiswa uye zvisingaparadzanisiki zvinhu zvechienzi zvakambodzidzwa uye zvinonyatsoenderana nekuumbwa kwesolar system.
Kubva munaChikumi 2018 kusvika Mbudzi 2019, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA) Hayabusa2 spacecraft yakaita ongororo yakakura yeasteroid Ryugu.Dhata kubva kuNear Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) paHayabusa-2 inoratidza kuti Ryugu inogona kuumbwa nezvinhu zvakafanana ne thermally uye/kana shock-metamorphic carbonaceous chondrites.Mutsara wepedyo ndeye CY chondrite (Yamato type) 2. Ryugu's low albedo inogona kutsanangurwa nekuvapo kwenhamba yakawanda ye carbon-rich components, pamwe chete nekukura kwechidimbu, porosity, uye spatial weathering effects.Iyo Hayabusa-2 spacecraft yakaita mbiri kumhara uye sampuli yekuunganidza paRyuga.Munguva yekutanga kumhara muna Kukadzi 21, 2019, zvinhu zvepamusoro zvakawanikwa, izvo zvakachengetwa muchikamu A chekudzoka capsule, uye panguva yekumhara kwechipiri munaChikunguru 11, 2019, zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa padyo negomba rekugadzira rakagadzirwa nediki rinotakurika impactor.Aya masampuli akachengetwa muWard C. Pakutanga kusingaparadzi maitiro ezvikamu muChikamu 1 mumakamuri anokosha, asina kusvibiswa uye akachena akazara nenitrogen pazvivako zvinotungamirirwa neJAXA zvakaratidza kuti maRyugu particles ainyanya kufanana neCI4 chondrites uye akaratidza "mazinga akasiyana-siyana ekusiyana"3.Iyo inoratidzika kunge inopokana kupatsanurwa kweRyugu, yakafanana neCY kana CI chondrites, inogona chete kugadziriswa neyakadzama isotopic, elemental, uye mineralogical hunhu hweRyugu particles.Mhedzisiro yakapihwa pano inopa hwaro hwakasimba hwekuona kuti ndeipi yetsananguro mbiri dzekutanga dzekuumbwa kweasteroid Ryugu kunonyanya kuitika.
Eight Ryugu pellets (inenge 60mg yakazara), ina kubva kuChamber A uye ina kubva kuChamber C, vakaiswa kuChikamu chechipiri chekutungamira timu yeKochi.Chinangwa chikuru chekudzidza ndechekujekesa hunhu, mavambo uye nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kweiyo asteroid Ryugu, uye kunyora kufanana nekusiyana nemamwe anozivikanwa ekunze ekunze akadai sechondrites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) uye kudzoka kometi.Samples dzakaunganidzwa neNASA's Stardust mishoni.
Detailed mineralological analysis of five Ryugu grains (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 and C0068) yakaratidza kuti inonyanya kuumbwa nefine- uye coarse-grained phyllosilicates (~ 64-88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b, Supplement1).uye tafura yekuwedzera 1).Coarse-grained phyllosilicates inoitika se pinnate aggregates (kusvika kumakumi emakironi muhukuru) mune yakanaka-grained, phyllosilicate-rich matrices (asingasviki mamicrons mashoma muhukuru).Layered silicate particles are serpentine-saponite symbionts (Fig. 1c).Iyo (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe mepu inoratidzawo kuti iyo yakawanda yakaturikidzana silicate matrix ine yepakati kuumbwa pakati penyoka nesaponite (Fig. 2a, b).Iyo phyllosilicate matrix ine carbonate minerals (~ 2-21 vol.%), sulfide minerals (~ 2.4-5.5 vol.%), uye magnetite (~ 3.6-6.8 vol.%).Chimwe chezvikamu zvakaongororwa muchidzidzo ichi (C0009) chaiva nediki (~ 0.5 vol.%) yeanhydrous silicates (olivine uye pyroxene), iyo inogona kubatsira kuziva tsime rakagadzira Ryugu stone5.Iyi anhydrous silicate haiwanzo muRyugu pellets uye yakangoonekwa zvakanaka muC0009 pellet.Makabhoni aripo mumatrix sezvimedu (zvisingasviki mazana mashoma emamicron), kunyanya dolomite, ine mashoma e calcium carbonate uye brinell.Magnetite inoitika sezvimedu zvakasarudzika, framboids, plaques, kana spherical aggregates.Masulfides anonyanya kumiririrwa nepyrrhotite muchimiro cheasina kujairika hexagonal prisms/plates kana laths.Iyo matrix ine yakawanda submicron pentlandite kana musanganiswa nepyrrhotite. Carbon-rich phases (<10 µm muhukuru) inoitika pose pose mu phyllosilicate-rich matrix. Carbon-rich phases (<10 µm muhukuru) inoitika pose pose mu phyllosilicate-rich matrix. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Carbon-rich phases (<10 µm muhukuru) inoitika pose pose mu phyllosilicate-rich matrix.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Carbon-rich phases (<10 µm muhukuru) inotungamira mu phyllosilicate-rich matrix.Zvimwe zvicherwa zvekuwedzera zvinoratidzwa muSupplementary Table 1. Rondedzero yemaminerari akatemerwa kubva kuX-ray diffraction pattern yeC0087 uye A0029 uye A0037 musanganiswa inonyatsoenderana neyakatemerwa muCI (Orgueil) chondrite, asi inosiyana zvikuru kubva kuCY uye CM (Mipples 1 data yeFiguret (Migheri 2) yakawedzera Figure (Migheri 1 data) uye Figure 2 data.Izvo zvikamu zvese zvemukati zveRyugu zviyo (A0098, C0068) zvakare inopindirana nechondrite 6 CI (yakawedzera data, Fig. 2 uye Supplementary Tafura 2).Kusiyana neizvi, CM chondrites inopera mune zvine mwero uye zvakanyanya kutenderera zvinhu, kunyanya Mn uye Zn, uye yakakwirira mune refractory elements7.Kudzika kwezvimwe zvinhu kunosiyana zvakanyanya, izvo zvinogona kunge zviri ratidziro yezvakasikwa heterogeneity yemuenzaniso nekuda kwehukuru hudiki hwezvikamu zvega uye mhedzisiro yesampling.Yese petrological, mineralogical uye elemental maitiro anoratidza kuti Ryugu zviyo zvakafanana chaizvo nechondrites CI8,9,10.Chinocherechedzwa kusavapo kweferrihydrite uye sulfate muRyugu zviyo, zvichiratidza kuti maminerari aya muCI chondrites akaumbwa nemamiriro ekunze epasi.
a, Composite X-ray mufananidzo weMg Kα (tsvuku), Ca Kα (girinhi), Fe Kα (bhuruu), uye S Kα (yero) yakaoma yakakwenenzverwa chikamu C0068.Chikamu chacho chine silicates (tsvuku: ~ 88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; chiedza chegirini: ~ 1.6 vol%), magnetite (blue: ~ 5.3 vol%) uye sulfides (yero: sulfide = ~ ~ 2.5% vol. essay. b, mufananidzo we contour dunhu mu backscattered vol 3 ; - magnetite; muto - sipo; Srp - serpentine c, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) mufananidzo weyakajairika saponite-serpentine intergrowth inoratidza nyoka uye saponite lattice mabhendi e0.7 nm uye 1.1 nm, zvichiteerana.
Iko kuumbwa kwematrix uye layered silicate (pa%) yeRyugu A0037 (yakasimba dzvuku denderedzwa) uye C0068 (yakasimba bhuruu denderedzwa) inoratidzwa mu (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe ternary system.a, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) mhinduro dzakarongerwa CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais) 16 inoratidzwa negrey kuenzanisa.b, Kuongorora TEM (STEM) uye simba dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) kuongororwa kunoratidzwa nekuenzanisa neOrgueil9 uye Murchison46 meteorites uye hydrated IDP47.Fine-grained uye coarse-grained phyllosilicates yakaongororwa, kudzivisa zviduku zvesimbi sulfide.Mitsetse ine madoti mune a uye b inoratidza mitsara yekunyungudika yesaponite nenyoka.Iron-rich content in a inogona kunge yakakonzerwa ne submicron iron sulfide grains mukati me layered silicate grains, iyo isingagoni kubviswa nekugadzirisa nzvimbo yekuongorora kweEPMA.Mapoinzi e data ane Si yakakwira kupfuura iyo saponite mu b inogona kukonzerwa nekuvapo kwe nanosized amorphous silicon-rich material mu interstices ye phyllosilicate layer.Nhamba yekuongorora: N=69 yeA0037, N=68 yeEPMA, N=68 yeC0068, N=19 yeA0037 uye N=27 yeC0068 ye STEM-EDS.c, isotopu mepu ye trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 ichienzaniswa nechondrite kukosha CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa (CM uye C2-ung) 41,48,49.Tawana data yeOrgueil uye Y-82162 meteorites.CCAM mutsara weanhydrous carbonaceous chondrite minerals, TFL mutsara wekupatsanura nyika.d, Δ17O uye δ18O mamepu eRyugu particle C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), uye CY chondrite (Y-82162) (chidzidzo ichi).Δ17O_Ryugu: Kukosha kweΔ17O C0014-1.Δ17O_Orgueil: Avhareji Δ17O kukosha kweOrgueil.Δ17O_Y-82162: Avhareji Δ17O kukosha kweY-82162.CI uye CY data kubva mumabhuku 41, 48, 49 inoratidzwawo kuenzanisa.
Misa isotope kuongororwa kweokisijeni yakaitwa pane 1.83 mg sampuli yezvinhu zvakatorwa kubva mugranular C0014 nelaser fluorination (Nzira).Kuenzanisa, takamhanya makopi manomwe eOrgueil (CI) (yakazara misa = 8.96 mg) uye manomwe makopi eY-82162 (CY) (yakazara kuwanda = 5.11 mg) (Supplementary Tafura 3).
Pamusoro pemuonde.2d inoratidza kuparadzaniswa kwakajeka kweΔ17O uye δ18O pakati pehuremu hwepakati pezvikamu zveOrgueil neRyugu zvichienzaniswa neY-82162.Iyo Δ17O yeRyugu C0014-4 particle yakakwirira kudarika iyo yeOrgeil particle, pasinei nekupindirana pa2 sd.Ryugu particles ine yakakwirira Δ17O values ​​​​inofananidzwa neOrgeil, iyo inogona kuratidza kusvibiswa kwenyika yekupedzisira kubva pakudonha kwayo muna 1864. Kumira kwemamiriro ekunze munyika yepasi11 kunoguma nekubatanidzwa kweokisijeni yemhepo, kuunza kuongororwa kwese pedyo nemutsara weterrestrial (TFL).Mhedziso iyi inoenderana neye mineralological data (yakakurukurwa kare) kuti Ryugu zviyo hazvina hydrates kana sulfates, nepo Orgeil achidaro.
Kubva pane iri pamusoro apa mineralogical data, izvi zvigumisiro zvinotsigira kushamwaridzana pakati peRyugu zviyo neCI chondrites, asi kubvisa kushamwaridzana kweCY chondrites.Ichokwadi chokuti Ryugu zviyo hazvibatanidzi neCY chondrites, iyo inoratidza zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekupera kwemvura mineralogy, inoshamisa.Obital observations yeRyugu inoita kunge inoratidza kuti yapera mvura uye saka inogona kunge yakaumbwa nezvinhu zveCY.Zvikonzero zvemusiyano uyu unooneka zvinoramba zvisina kujeka.Okisijeni isotope kuongororwa kwemamwe maRyugu particles anowanikwa mune imwe shamwari pepa 12. Zvisinei, migumisiro yeiyi yakawedzerwa data seti inopindiranawo nekubatana pakati peRyugu particles neCI chondrites.
Tichishandisa nzira dzakarongwa dze microanalysis (Supplementary Fig. 3), takaongorora kugoverwa kwenzvimbo ye organic kabhoni pamusoro penzvimbo yese yeiyo yakanangwa ion beam chikamu (FIB) C0068.25 (Figs. 3a–f).Fine structure X-ray absorption spectra of carbon (NEXAFS) kumucheto kwepedyo muchikamu C0068.25 inoratidza mapoka akawanda anoshanda - anonhuwirira kana C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) uye C(=O)O (288.8 eg ent a. ), zvinoreva kuderera kwekupisa kwekupisa.Iyo yakasimba CH peak (287.5 eV) yechikamu chechikamu cheC0068.25 chinosiyana kubva kune insoluble organics yakambodzidza carbonaceous chondrites uye inonyanya kufanana neIDP14 uye cometary particles yakawanikwa neStardust mission.Iyo yakasimba CH peak pa 287.5 eV uye yakanyanya kusimba inonhuhwirira kana C = C peak pa 285.2 eV inoratidza kuti organic compounds yakapfuma mune aliphatic compounds (Fig. 3a uye Supplementary Fig. 3a).Nzvimbo dzakapfuma mualiphatic organic compounds dzinowanikwa mu-coarse-grained phyllosilicates, uyewo munzvimbo dzine urombo hunonhuhwirira (kana C = C) carbon structure (Fig. 3c, d).Kusiyana neizvi, A0037,22 (Supplementary Fig. 3) yakaratidza zvishoma zvishoma zvinyorwa zvealiphatic carbon-rich regions.Iyo yepasi mineralogy yezviyo izvi yakapfuma mu carbonates, yakafanana nechondrite CI 16, ichiratidza kuchinja kukuru kwemvura inobva (Supplementary Table 1).Mamiriro eoxidizing anozofarira huwandu hwepamusoro hwekabhoni uye carboxyl inoshanda mapoka mune organic makomisheni ane hukama necarbonates.Iyo submicron yekugovera organics ine aliphatic kabhoni zvimiro inogona kunge yakasiyana zvakanyanya nekugoverwa kweiyo coarse-grained layered silicates.Mazano ealiphatic organic compounds akabatanidzwa ne phyllosilicate-OH akawanikwa muTagish Lake meteorite.Coordinated microanalytical data inoratidza kuti organic matter yakapfuma mualiphatic compounds inogona kunge yakapararira muC-type asteroids uye yakanyatsobatanidzwa ne phyllosilicates.Mhedziso iyi inoenderana nemishumo yapfuura yealiphatic / inonhuhwirira CH muRyugu zvimedu zvinoratidzwa neMicroOmega, iri pedyo-infrared hyperspectral microscope.Mubvunzo unokosha uye usina kugadziriswa ndewekuti iyo yakasiyana-siyana yealiphatic carbon-rich organic compounds inobatanidza ne-coarse-grained phyllosilicates inoonekwa muchidzidzo ichi inowanikwa chete pane asteroid Ryugu.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra yakajairwa kusvika 292 eV munzvimbo inonhuhwirira (C=C) yakapfuma (dzvuku), munzvimbo yealiphatic rich region (girinhi), uye mumatrix (blue).Mutsara wegrey ndiyo Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum yekuenzanisa.kana, arbitration unit.b, Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) spectral image ye carbon K-edge inoratidza kuti chikamu chinotongwa nekabhoni.c, RGB composite plot ine anonhuwirira (C = C) akapfuma matunhu (tsvuku), aliphatic akapfuma matunhu (girinhi), uye matrix (bhuruu).d, organics akapfuma mualiphatic compounds akaiswa mu coarse-grained phyllosilicate, nzvimbo yacho inowedzerwa kubva kumabhokisi ane mavara machena mu b uye c.e, ma nanospheres mahombe (ng-1) munzvimbo yakakura kubva mubhokisi rine madoti machena muna b uye c.Nokuti: pyrrhotite.Pn: nickel-chromite.f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), uye Nitrogen (12C14N) elemental mifananidzo, 12C/1H element reshiyo mifananidzo, uye muchinjiko δD, δ13C, uye δ15N isotopu mifananidzo - Chikamu PG-3C inopfumisa Tafura 1 yakanyanyisa Supplement 1: yakanyanyisa Tafura 1
Kinetic zvidzidzo zvekuora kwe organic matter muMurchison meteorites zvinogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve kugovaniswa kwakasiyana kwealiphatic organic matter yakapfuma muRyugu zviyo.Ichi chidzidzo chinoratidza kuti aliphatic CH zvisungo mune organic zvinhu zvinoramba zvichikwira kusvika pakupisa kwepamusoro kwe30 ° C kumubereki uye / kana kuchinja nehukama hwenguva-yekushisa (semuenzaniso makore 200 pa100 ° C uye 0 ° C 100 mamiriyoni emakore) ..Kana iyo precursor isingadziyirwe pane imwe tembiricha kwenguva inopfuura imwe nguva, kugoverwa kwekutanga kwealiphatic organics yakapfuma mu phyllosilicate inogona kuchengetedzwa.Nekudaro, shanduko yemvura yedombo inogona kuomesa dudziro iyi, sezvo carbonate-rich A0037 isingaratidze chero kabhoni-rich aliphatic matunhu ane chekuita ne phyllosilicates.Iyi yakaderera tembiricha shanduko inowirirana nekuvapo kwe cubic feldspar muRyugu zviyo (Supplementary Table 1) 20.
Chikamu C0068.25 (ng-1; Fig. 3a–c,e) chine nanosphere hombe inoratidza kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya (kana C=C), zvine mwero aliphatic, uye isina simba yeC(=O)O neC=O..Iyo siginicha yealiphatic kabhoni haienderane nesaini yeakawanda insoluble organics uye organic nanospheres yakabatana nechondrites (Fig. 3a) 17,21.Raman uye infrared spectroscopic ongororo yenanospheres muLake Tagish yakaratidza kuti inoumbwa nealiphatic uye oxidized organic compounds uye disordered polycyclic inonhuhwirira organic makomisheni ane yakaoma chimiro22,23.Nekuti iyo matrix yakatenderedza ine organics yakapfuma mune aliphatic komisheni, siginecha yealiphatic kabhoni mu ng-1 inogona kunge iri analytical artifact.Sezvineiwo, ng-1 ine embedded amorphous silicates (Fig. 3e), chimiro chisati chaziviswa kune chero extraterrestrial organics.Amorphous silicates inogona kunge yakasikwa zvikamu zve ng-1 kana mhedzisiro kubva kune amorphization yeaqueous / anhydrous silicates neion uye / kana electron danda panguva yekuongorora.
NanoSIMS ion mifananidzo yeC0068.25 chikamu (Fig. 3f) inoratidza kuchinja kweyunifomu mu δ13C uye δ15N, kunze kwezviyo zvepresolar zvine yakakura 13C enrichment ye30,811‰ (PG-1 mu δ13C mufananidzo muFig. 3f) (Supplementary Table).X-ray yekutanga zviyo mifananidzo uye yakakwirira-resolution TEM mifananidzo inoratidza chete iyo kabhoni concentration uye chinhambwe pakati peiyo basal ndege ye0.3 nm, inoenderana negraphite.Zvinokosha kuziva kuti tsika dze δD (841 ± 394 ‰) uye δ15N (169 ± 95‰), dzakapfumiswa mune aliphatic organic zvinhu zvine chekuita necoarse-grained phyllosilicates, inove yakakwira zvishoma pane avhareji yedunhu rose C (δD = 539 ‰ ± 1).‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) mu C0068.25 (Supplementary Table 4).Izvi zvinoratidza kuti aliphatic-rich organics in coarse-grained phyllosilicates inogona kunge iri yechinyakare kupfuura iyo yakapoteredza organics, sezvo iyo yekupedzisira inogona kunge yakasangana isotopic exchange nemvura yakatenderedza mumuviri wekutanga.Neimwe nzira, idzi shanduko dze isotopic dzinogona kunge dzine chekuita nekutanga kuumbwa maitiro.Inodudzirwa kuti yakanaka-grained layered silicates muCI chondrites yakaumbwa semugumisiro wekuenderera mberi kwekuchinja kwekutanga-grained anhydrous silicate clusters.Aliphatic-rich organic matter inogona kunge yakaumbwa kubva kune precursor molecules mu protoplanetary disk kana interstellar medium isati yaumbwa solar system, uye zvakazoshandurwa zvishoma panguva yekuchinja kwemvura yeRyugu (hombe) yemubereki muviri. Hukuru (<1.0 km) yeRyugu idiki zvekusakwanisa kuchengetedza kupisa kwemukati kuitira kuchinjwa kwemvura kuita mamineral ane hydrous25. Hukuru (<1.0 km) yeRyugu idiki zvekusakwanisa kuchengetedza kupisa kwemukati zvakakwana kuti ishandure mvura kuti iumbe zvicherwa zvine hydrous25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водного изменения с образованием водных 5. Saizi (<1.0 km) Ryugu idiki kwazvo kuti ichengetedze kupisa kwemukati kwakakwana kuti mvura ishanduke kuita zvicherwa zvemvura25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с образованием водных минералов25. Hukuru hweRyugu (<1.0 km) idiki kwazvo kuti itsigire kupisa kwemukati kuti ishandure mvura kuita zvicherwa zvemvura25.Naizvozvo, Ryugu vanotangira makumi emakiromita muhukuru anogona kudikanwa.Organic matter yakapfuma mualiphatic compounds inogona kuchengetedza isotope ratios yavo yepakutanga nekuda kwekubatana necoarse-grained phyllosilicates.Nekudaro, iyo chaiyo hunhu hweiyo isotopic inorema inotakura inoramba isina kujeka nekuda kwekuoma uye kwakapfava musanganiswa wezvakasiyana zvikamu muzvikamu izvi zveFIB.Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri organic zvinhu zvakapfuma mune aliphatic makomisheni muRyugu granules kana coarse phyllosilicates akavatenderedza.Ziva kuti organic matter munenge ese carbonaceous chondrites (kusanganisira CI chondrites) anowanzo kuve akapfuma muD pane mu phyllosilicates, kunze kweCM Paris 24, 26 meteorites.
Zvikamu zvevhoriyamu δD uye δ15N zveFIB zvimedu zvakawanikwa zveA0002.23 uye A0002.26, A0037.22 uye A0037.23 uye C0068.23, C0068.25 uye C0068.26 FIB zvimedu (huwandu hwezvimwe zvimedu zvinomwe zveFIB SIM zvimedu zveA SIM zvimedu zvinomwe) solar system inoratidzwa mufig.4 (Supplementary Table 4)27,28.Kuchinja kwehuwandu mu δD uye δ15N muA0002, A0037, uye C0068 profiles inopindirana neiyo muIDP, asi yakakwirira kudarika muCM uye CI chondrites (Fig. 4).Ziva kuti huwandu hwe δD kukosha kweComet 29 sampuro (-240 kusvika 1655‰) yakakura kupfuura iyo yeRyugu.Mavhoriyamu δD uye δ15N yeRyukyu profiles, sekutonga, madiki pane avhareji yemacomets emhuri yeJupiter uye Oort gore (Fig. 4).Iwo epasi δD maitiro eCI chondrites anogona kuratidza pesvedzero yekusvibiswa kwepasi mune aya masampuli.Tichifunga nezvekufanana pakati peBells, Lake Tagish, uye IDP, iyo hombe heterogeneity mu δD uye δN kukosha muRyugu zvimedu zvinogona kuratidza shanduko mumasiginecha ekutanga isotopic ezvinyorwa zve organic uye aqueous mukutanga kwezuva.Iwo akafanana isotopic shanduko mu δD uye δN muRyugu uye IDP zvimedu zvinoratidza kuti ese ari maviri angadai akaumba kubva kuzvinhu kubva kune imwechete sosi.Zvinotendwa kuti IDPs inobva kune cometary sources 14.Naizvozvo, Ryugu inogona kunge iine comet-yakafanana nezvinhu uye/kana ingangoita yekunze solar system.Zvisinei, izvi zvingava zvakaoma kudarika zvatinotaura pano nekuda kwe (1) musanganiswa we spherulitic uye D-rich mvura pamuviri wemubereki 31 uye (2) chiyero checomet D / H sebasa rekuita cometary 32.Nekudaro, zvikonzero zvekucherechedzwa heterogeneity yehydrogen nenitrogen isotopes muRyugu particles hazvinzwisisike zvizere, pamwe nekuda kwenhamba shoma yeongororo iripo nhasi.Mhedzisiro yehydrogen uye nitrogen isotopu masisitimu ichiri kusimudza mukana wekuti Ryugu ine zvakawanda zvezvinhu kubva kunze kweSolar System uye nekudaro inogona kuratidza kumwe kufanana kune comets.Nhoroondo yeRyugu haina kuratidza kuwirirana kuri pakati pe δ13C ne δ15N (Yekuwedzera Tafura 4).
H uye N isotopic kuumbwa kweRyugu particles (red denderedzwa: A0002, A0037; bhuruu madenderedzwa: C0068) inopindirana nehukuru hwezuva 27, iyo Jupiter zvinoreva mhuri (JFC27), uye Oort cloud comets (OCC27), IDP28, uye carbonaceous chondrules.Kuenzanisa meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung).Iyo isotopic kuumbwa kunopihwa muSupplementary Tafura 4. Mitsetse ine madoti ndiyo yepasi isotope kukosha kweH uye N.
Kutakurwa kwezvinhu zvinovhiringika (eg organic matter nemvura) kuenda kuPasi kunoramba kuri kunetseka26,27,33.Submicron organic matter yakabatana necoarse phyllosilicates muRyugu particles yakaonekwa muchidzidzo ichi inogona kuve yakakosha sosi yekusagadzikana.Organic matter in coarse-grained phyllosilicates inodzivirirwa zviri nani kubva pakuora16,34 uye kuora35 pane organic matter mumatrices akanaka-grained.Iyo inorema isotopic kuumbwa kwehydrogen muzvimedu zvinoreva kuti haafanire kunge ari iwo ega bviro yezvinoshanduka zvakatakurwa kuNyika yekutanga.Zvinogona kusanganiswa nezvikamu zvine yakareruka hydrogen isotopic kuumbwa, sezvakangoitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura mukufungidzira kwekuvapo kwezuva rinofambiswa nemhepo mvura mune silicates.
Muchidzidzo ichi, tinoratidza kuti CI meteorites, pasinei nekukosha kwavo kwe geochemical sevamiririri vehuwandu hwekuumbwa kwezuva, 6,10 isampuli dzakasvibiswa dzepasi.Isu tinopawo humbowo hwakananga hwekudyidzana pakati peakapfuma aliphatic organic zvinhu uye yakavakidzana hydrous zvicherwa uye tinopa zano kuti Ryugu inogona kunge iine extrasolar zvinhu37.Zvigumisiro zvechidzidzo ichi zvinonyatsoratidza kukosha kwekuita sampling yakananga yeprotoasteroids uye kudiwa kwekutakura masampuli akadzorerwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu asina kukwana uye asina kuchena.Humbowo hwakapihwa pano hunoratidza kuti maRyugu particles pasina mubvunzo ndeimwe yeasina kusvibiswa solar system zvinhu zviripo zvekutsvagisa marabhoritari, uye kuenderera mberi nekudzidza kweaya akakosha masampuli pasina mubvunzo kuchawedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwekutanga solar system maitiro.Ryugu particles ndiyo inomiririra yakanakisa yekuumbwa kwese kwesolar system.
Kuti titarise iyo yakaoma microstructure uye makemikari zvinhu zve submicron scale samples, takashandisa synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) uye SR X-ray diffraction (XRD) -CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM kuongorora.Hapana kushatiswa, kusvibiswa nekuda kwemhepo yepasi, uye hapana kukuvadzwa kubva kune akatsetseka particles kana mechanical samples.Zvichakadaro, takaita yakarongeka volumetric ongororo tichishandisa scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -EDS, EPMA, XRD, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), uye laser oxygen isotope fluorination equipment.Maitiro ekuedza anoratidzwa muSupplementary Figure 3 uye imwe neimwe bvunzo inotsanangurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera.
Zvimedu zveasteroid Ryugu zvakatorwa kubva kuHayabusa-2 reentry module ndokuendeswa kuJAXA Control Center muSagamihara, Japan, pasina kusvibisa mhepo yePasi4.Mushure mekutanga uye isingaparadze hunhu panzvimbo inotungamirwa neJAXA, shandisa zvinovharika pakati-saiti yekuchinjisa midziyo uye sampuli mabhegi emakapule (10 kana 15 mm dhayamita yekristaro yesafire uye simbi isina tsvina, zvichienderana nesaizi yemuenzaniso) kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.zvakatipoteredza.y uye/kana zvinosvibisa zvepasi (semuenzaniso mhute yemvura, mahydrocarboni, magasi emuchadenga uye zvimedu zvakanaka) uye kusvibiswa pakati pemasampuli panguva yekugadzirira uye kutakura pakati pezvikoro nemayunivhesiti38.Kuti udzivise kusvibiswa uye kusvibiswa nekuda kwekutaurirana nemamiriro ekunze epasi (marudzi emvura) -100 ppm).Zvese zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pano zvinocheneswa pamwe nekubatanidzwa kweultrapure mvura uye ethanol uchishandisa ultrasonic mafungu emhando dzakasiyana.
Pano tinodzidza National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) meteorite collection yeAntarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y) -791198, CY: Y-82162 uye CY: Y 980115).
Pakuchinjisa pakati pezviridzwa zveSR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS uye TEM ongororo, takashandisa universal ultrathin sample holder yakatsanangurwa muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura38.
SR-XCT kuongororwa kweRyugu samples kwakaitwa uchishandisa BL20XU/SPring-8 yakabatanidzwa CT system.Iyo yakabatanidzwa CT system ine maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuyera: nzvimbo yakafara yekuona uye yakaderera resolution (WL) maitiro ekutora chimiro chese chemuenzaniso, nhete yekuona uye yakakwirira resolution (NH) maitiro ekuyera kwakaringana kwenzvimbo yemuenzaniso.kufarira uye radiographs kuti uwane diffraction pateni yehuwandu hwesample, uye ita XRD-CT kuti uwane 2D dhayagiramu yeyakatwasuka ndege yemaminerari zvikamu mumuenzaniso.Ziva kuti zviyero zvese zvinogona kuitwa pasina kushandisa yakavakirwa-mukati sisitimu yekubvisa sampu inobata kubva pachigadziko, ichibvumira kuyera CT uye XRD-CT zviyero.Iyo WL modhi X-ray detector (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) yaive yakashongedzerwa imwe 4608 × 4608 pixel simbi-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) kamera (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) ine scintillator inosanganisira gumi lutetim 10 lutetium 10 lutetium1 uye 2 lutetium 10 lutetium 10 lutetium 10 lutetium 1. kuisa lens.Saizi yepixel muWL modhi ingangoita 0.848 µm.Nekudaro, iyo ndima yekuona (FOV) muWL modhi ingangoita 6 mm mune offset CT mode.Iyo NH mode X-ray detector (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) yaive ne20 µm gobvu gadolinium-aluminium-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator, CMOS kamera (C11440-22CU) ine pixels 2048 × 2048 ;Hamamatsu Photonics) uye ×20 lenzi.Saizi yepixel muNH modhi i ~ 0.25 µm uye ndima yekuona i ~ 0.5 mm.Iyo detector yeXRD modhi (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) yaive ine scintillator ine 50 µm gobvu P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) poda sikirini, 2304 × 2304 pixel resolution CMOS kamera (C15440-20-20 UP mafoto) uye Hamama mafoto renics.Iyo detector ine saizi yepixel inoshanda ye19.05 µm uye munda wekuona we43.9 mm2.Kuti tiwedzere iyo FOV, takashandisa nzira yekubvisa CT muWL modhi.Mufananidzo wakafambiswa wemwenje wekuvaka patsva weCT une mufananidzo uri pakati pe180 ° kusvika 360 ° unoratidzwa wakachinjika kutenderedza axis yekutenderera, uye mufananidzo uri pakati pe0 ° kusvika 180 °.
Mune XRD modhi, iyo X-ray danda inotariswa neFresnel zone ndiro.Mune iyi modhi, detector inoiswa 110 mm kuseri kwemuenzaniso uye danda rinomira riri 3 mm pamberi pe detector.Mifananidzo ye diffraction mu 2θ kubva ku1.43 ° kusvika 18.00 ° (grating pitch d = 16.6-1.32 Å) yakawanikwa ne-X-ray nzvimbo yakatarisa pasi penzvimbo yekuona ye detector.Sample inofamba yakatwasuka nguva nenguva, nehafu yekutendeuka kune imwe neimwe yakatwasuka scan nhanho.Kana iyo mineral particles inogutsa iyo Bragg mamiriro kana ichitenderedzwa ne180 °, zvinokwanisika kuwana diffraction yemamineral particles mundege yakatwasuka.Iwo mapikicha akapatsanurwa akabva asanganiswa kuita mufananidzo mumwechete kune yega yega yakatwasuka scan.Iyo SR-XRD-CT assay mamiriro anenge akafanana neaya eSR-XRD assay.Mu XRD-CT modhi, detector yakaiswa 69 mm kuseri kwemuenzaniso.Diffraction mifananidzo mu2θ range kubva 1.2 ° kusvika 17.68 ° (d = 19.73 kusvika 1.35 Å), apo zvose X-ray danda uye simbi limiter zviri mumutsara nechepakati penzvimbo yekuona ye detector.Skena sampuli yakatwasuka uye tenderedza muenzaniso 180 °.Iyo SR-XRD-CT mifananidzo yakavakwazve nepeak mineral intensity se pixel values.Nekutarisisa kwakachinjika, sampuli inowanzoongororwa mumatanho 500-1000.
Pazviyedzo zvese, simba reX-ray rakaiswa pa30 keV, sezvo iyi iri muganho wakaderera weX-ray kupinda mumameteorites ane dhayamita ingangoita 6 mm.Nhamba yemifananidzo yakawanikwa kune ese CT zviyero panguva ye180 ° kutenderera yaive 1800 (3600 yeiyo offset CT chirongwa), uye nguva yekuratidzwa yemifananidzo yaive 100 ms yeWL mode, 300 ms yeNH mode, 500 ms yeXRD, uye 50 ms .ms ye XRD-CT ms.Yakajairika sample scan time ingangoita maminetsi gumi muWL modhi, 15 maminetsi muNH modhi, 3 maawa eXRD, uye 8 maawa eSR-XRD-CT.
CT mifananidzo yakagadzirwazve ne convolutional back fungidziro uye yakajairwa kune mutsara attenuation coefficient kubva 0 kusvika 80 cm-1.Iyo Slice software yakashandiswa kuongorora iyo 3D data uye muXRD software yakashandiswa kuongorora iyo XRD data.
Epoxy-fixed Ryugu particles (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 neC0068) zvishoma nezvishoma zvakakwenenzverwa pamusoro kusvika padanho re0.5 µm (3M) redhaimani rinorasa firimu pasi pemamiriro akaoma, zvichidzivirira kuti zvinhu zvisangane nepamusoro panguva yekupenya.Iyo yakakwenenzverwa yesample yega yega yakatanga kuongororwa nemwenje microscope yozodzokera kumashure maerekitironi kuti iwane mineralogy uye mameseji mifananidzo (BSE) yemasamples uye yemhando NIPR zvinhu uchishandisa JEOL JSM-7100F SEM yakashongedzerwa ine simba dispersive spectrometer (AZtec).simba) mufananidzo.Pamuenzaniso wega wega, zviri mukati mezvikuru nezvidiki zvinhu zvakaongororwa pachishandiswa electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200).Ongorora phyllosilicate uye carbonate particles pa 5 nA, maitiro echisikigo uye ekugadzira pa 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, uye pyroxene pa 30 nA.Modal mamakisi akaverengerwa kubva kumepu yemepu uye BSE mifananidzo uchishandisa ImageJ 1.53 software ine zvikumbaridzo zvakakodzera zvakagadzirirwa zvicherwa yega yega.
Oxygen isotope wongororo yakaitwa paOpen University (Milton Keynes, UK) pachishandiswa infrared laser fluorination system.Masampuli eHayabusa2 akaunzwa kuOpen University 38 mumagaba akazadzwa nenitrogen kuti aendeswe pakati pezvivakwa.
Sample loading yakaitwa mubhokisi regirovhosi renitrogen rine mwero weokisijeni wakatariswa pasi pe0.1%.Pabasa rekuongorora reHayabusa2, chibatiso chitsva cheNi chakagadzirwa, chaingove nemakomba maviri emuenzaniso (dhayamita 2.5 mm, kudzika 5 mm), imwe yeHayabusa2 zvidimbu uye imwe yeobsidian yemukati mwero.Panguva yekuongorora, sampuli tsime rine Hayabusa2 zvinhu zvakafukidzwa nemukati BaF2 hwindo rinenge 1 mm gobvu uye 3 mm dhayamita kubata sampuli panguva laser reaction.Kuyerera kweBrF5 kuenda kumuenzaniso kwakachengetwa negesi rekusanganisa chiteshi chakachekwa muNi sampuli inobata.Imba yekuenzanisira yakagadziridzwa zvakare kuitira kuti ibviswe kubva mumutsara wevacuum fluorination uye wozovhurwa mubhokisi regirovhosi rakazara nenitrogen.Imba ine zvidimbu zviviri yakavharwa nemhangura gasketed compression chisimbiso uye EVAC Kurumidza Kuburitsa CeFIX 38 chain clamp.Iyo 3 mm gobvu BaF2 hwindo pamusoro pekamuri inobvumira kutarisa panguva imwe chete yemuenzaniso uye kupisa kwelaser.Mushure mekutakura sampuli, sunga kamuri zvakare uye wobatanidza zvakare kumutsara wefluorinated.Isati yaongororwa, kamuri yekuenzanisira yaipiswa pasi pevacuum kusvika pa 95 ° C usiku humwe kubvisa chero hunyoro hweadsorbed.Mushure mekupisa kwehusiku, kamuri yakatenderwa kutonhora kusvika kukamuri tembiricha uye ipapo chikamu chakafumurwa mumhepo panguva yekuchinjisa sampuli chakacheneswa nematatu aliquots eBrF5 kubvisa unyoro.Matanho aya anovimbisa kuti sampuli yeHayabusa 2 haina kuratidzwa mumhepo uye haina kusvibiswa nehunyoro kubva pachikamu chetambo yefluorinated inopinzwa kumhepo panguva yekurodha sampuli.
Ryugu C0014-4 uye Orgueil (CI) particle samples dzakaongororwa mune yakashandurwa "single" mode42, nepo Y-82162 (CY) kuongororwa kwakaitwa pane imwe tray ine akawanda matsime matsime41.Pamusana pekuumbwa kwavo kweanhydrous, hazvidiwi kushandisa nzira imwe chete yeCY chondrites.Iwo masampuli akapiswa achishandisa Photon Machines Inc. infrared CO2 laser.simba re50 W (10.6 µm) rakaiswa paXYZ gantry pamberi peBrF5.Iyo yakavakirwa-mukati vhidhiyo sisitimu inotarisisa mafambiro ekuita.Mushure me fluorination, iyo yakasunungurwa O2 yakakweshwa uchishandisa maviri cryogenic nitrogen misungo uye mubhedha unopisa we KBr kubvisa chero yakawandisa fluorine.Iyo isotopic kuumbwa kweokisijeni yakacheneswa yakaongororwa paThermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer ine mass resolution inosvika mazana maviri.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, huwandu hwegasi O2 hwakaburitswa panguva yekuitwa kwemuenzaniso hwaive husingasviki 140 µg, inova ndiyo muganhu wekushandisa bhero mudziyo paMAT 253 mass spectrometer.Muzviitiko izvi, shandisa microvolumes yekuongorora.Mushure mekuongorora zvidimbu zveHayabusa2, iyo obsidian yemukati mwero yakanyungudutswa uye kuumbwa kwayo kweokisijeni isotope kwakatemwa.
Ions yeNF+ NF3+ fragment inovhiringidza danda nehukuru 33 (16O17O).Kuti abvise dambudziko iri rinogona kuitika, sampuli zhinji dzinogadziriswa uchishandisa cryogenic yekuparadzanisa maitiro.Izvi zvinogona kuitwa mukutungamira pamberi peMAT 253 kuongororwa kana sechipiri chekuongorora nekudzorera gasi rakaongororwa kudzokera kune yakakosha molecular sieve uye kuipfuudza zvakare mushure mekuparadzaniswa kwecryogenic.Kupatsanurwa kweCryogenic kunosanganisira kugovera gasi kune sefa ye molecular pa tembiricha yenitrogen yemvura uye wozoiburitsa muprimary molecular sieve patembiricha ye -130°C.Kuongorora kwakadzama kwakaratidza kuti NF+ inoramba iri pane yekutanga molecular sieve uye hapana kupatsanurwa kwakakosha kunoitika uchishandisa nzira iyi.
Kubva pakuongorora kwakadzokororwa kwemaitiro edu emukati obsidian, kurongeka kwese kwehurongwa mubellows modhi ndeiyi: ± 0.053 ‰ ye δ17O, ± 0.095 ‰ ye δ18O, ± 0.018‰ ye Δ17O (2 sd).Oxygen isotope yekuongorora inopiwa mune yakajairwa delta notation, uko delta18O inoverengerwa se:
Shandisawo chiyero che17O/16O che δ17O.VSMOW ndiyo chiyero chepasi rose cheVienna Mean Sea Water Standard.Δ17O inomiririra kutsauka kubva kumutsara wechikamu chepasi, uye nhamba yekuverenga ndeye: Δ17O = δ17O - 0.52 × δ18O.Yese data inoratidzwa muSupplementary Tafura 3 yakagadziridzwa gap.
Zvikamu zvingangoita 150 kusvika 200 nm gobvu zvakatorwa kubva muRyugu zvimedu uchishandisa Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB chiridzwa paJAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute.Ziva kuti zvikamu zvese zveFIB zvakadzoserwa kubva kune zvisina kugadziridzwa zvimedu zvezvimedu zvisina kugadziridzwa mushure mekubviswa kubva mungarava dzeN2 dzakazadzwa negasi dzekufambisa.Zvimedu izvi hazvina kuyerwa neSR-CT, asi zvakagadziriswa nekuratidzwa kushoma kumhepo yepasi kudzivirira kukuvara nekusvibiswa kunogona kukanganisa kabhoni K-edge spectrum.Mushure mekuiswa kwetungsten inodzivirira layer, dunhu rekufarira (kusvika 25 × 25 μm2) rakachekwa uye kutetepa neGa+ ion danda pane inomhanyisa voltage ye30 kV, ipapo pa5 kV uye probe ikozvino ye40 pA kuderedza kukuvadzwa kwepasi.Zvikamu zveultrathin zvakabva zvaiswa pane yakakurisa mesh yemhangura (Kochi mesh) 39 uchishandisa micromanipulator ine FIB.
Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) uye C0068 (0.6483mg) pellets dzakanamwa kaviri mumapepa akachena epolyethylene akachena mubhokisi regirovhosi renitrogen rakazara paSPring-8 pasina kudyidzana nemhepo yepasi.Sample gadziriro yeJB-1 (a geological reference rock yakabudiswa neGeological Survey of Japan) yakaitwa paTokyo Metropolitan University.
INAA inoitwa kuInstitute for Integrated Radiation uye Nuclear Sayenzi, Kyoto University.Iwo masampuli akaiswa irradiation kaviri neakasiyana eradiation cycles akasarudzwa zvichienderana nehafu-yehupenyu hweiyo nuclide inoshandiswa kune element quantitation.Kutanga, sampuli yakasvibiswa mupneumatic irradiation tube kwemasekonzi makumi matatu.Fluxes yehutsi uye inokurumidza neutron mumuonde.3 ndeye 4.6 × 1012 uye 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, maererano, pakuona zviri mukati meMg, Al, Ca, Ti, V uye Mn.Mishonga yakadai seMgO (99.99% kuchena, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% kuchena, Soekawa Chemical), uye Si simbi (99.999% kuchena, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) yakasvibiswawo kuti igadzirise kuvhiringidza maitiro enyukireya akadai se (n, n).Muenzaniso wacho wakaiswawo irradiated ne sodium chloride (99.99% kuchena; MANAC) kugadzirisa kuchinja kweneutron flux.
Mushure me neutron irradiation, pepa rekunze re polyethylene rakatsiviwa neimwe nyowani, uye gamma mwaranzi inoburitswa nesample uye referensi yakayerwa pakarepo neGe detector.Mienzaniso yakafanana yakadzoserwa zvakare kwemaawa mana mupneumatic irradiation tube.2 ine thermal uye inokurumidza neutron fluxes ye5.6 1012 uye 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, zvichiteerana, pakusarudza Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir uye Au.Kudzora sampuli dzeGa, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, uye Au dzakadiridzwa nekushandisa huwandu hwakakodzera (kubva pa10 kusvika 50 μg) yezviyero zvakajairwa zvezviyero zvinozivikanwa zvezvinhu izvi pazvidimbu zviviri zvepepa refirita, zvichiteverwa neradiation yemasampuli.Iyo gamma ray count yakaitwa paInstitute of Integrated Radiation uye Nuclear Sayenzi, Kyoto University uye RI Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University.Maitirwo ekuongorora uye zviwanikwa zvekutemerwa kwehuwandu hweINAA zvinhu zvakafanana nezvakatsanangurwa mubasa redu rekare.
X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) yakashandiswa kuunganidza diffraction mapatani eRyugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) uye C0087 (<1 mg) paNIPR. X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) yakashandiswa kuunganidza diffraction mapatani eRyugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) uye C0087 (<1 mg) paNIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (≥701m) <1 мг, A0037 (≪1) . X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) yakashandiswa kuunganidza diffraction mapatani eRyugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), uye C0087 (<1 mg) samples muNIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案. Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием рентгенов ренгеного для в NIPR с использованием рентгенов ренгенов ренгенов ренгенов ренгенов ренгенов. X-ray diffraction maitiro emasampuli Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) uye C0087 (<1 mg) akawanikwa paNIPR achishandisa X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab).Mienzaniso yese yakagayiwa kuita hupfu hwakatsetseka pasilicon isina-reflective wafer uchishandisa sapphire glass plate yobva yawaridzwa zvakaenzana pasilicon non-reflective wafer isina mvura (mvura kana doro).Mamiriro ekuyera ndeaya anotevera: Cu Kα X-ray mwaranzi inogadzirwa pachubhu voltage ye40 kV uye chubhu ikozvino ye40 mA, iyo inogumira slit kureba i10 mm, divergence angle ndeye (1/6) °, in-ndege kutenderera kumhanya i20 rpm, uye huwandu hunotora 2θ (0 kaviri kusvika 3 maawa)Bragg Brentano optics yakashandiswa.Iyo detector ndeye-dimensional silicon semiconductor detector (D/teX Ultra 250).X-rays yeCu Kβ yakabviswa pachishandiswa Ni filter.Uchishandisa sampuli dziripo, zviyero zve synthetic magnesian saponite (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), nyoka (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) uye pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) zvakafananidzwa kuziva peaks uye kushandisa Didoloffraction Data data kubva kuDhidhadhadha data data kubva kune Didoloff Data data kubva kune International Data data. 071-1662) uye magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629).Diffraction data kubva kuRyugu yakaenzaniswawo nedata pa hydroaltered carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, uye Y 980115 CY (heating stage III, 500–750°C).Kuenzanisa kwakaratidza kufanana neOrgueil, asi kwete neY-791198 uye Y 980115.
NEXAFS spectra ine carbon edge K ye ultrathin zvikamu zvemasamples akagadzirwa kubva kuFIB akayerwa pachishandiswa STXM BL4U chiteshi panzvimbo yeUVSOR synchrotron paInstitute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Japan).Saizi yenzvimbo yedanda yakatarisana neFresnel zone plate inosvika makumi mashanu nm.Nhanho yesimba ndeye 0.1 eV yechimiro chakanaka chenharaunda yepedyo (283.6–292.0 eV) uye 0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV uye 292.5–300.0 eV) kumatunhu kumberi nekumashure.nguva yepixel yega yega yemufananidzo yakaiswa ku2 ms.Mushure mekubuda, kamuri yekuongorora STXM yakazadzwa nehelium pakumanikidzwa kwe20 mbar.Izvi zvinobatsira kudzikisira kunyura kweiyo X-ray optics midziyo mukamuri uye sampu inobata, pamwe nekuderedza kukuvara kwemuenzaniso uye / kana oxidation.NEXAFS K-edge kabhoni spectra yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakarongedzerwa data uchishandisa aXis2000 software uye yevaridzi STXM data processing software.Ziva kuti sampuli yekuchinjisa kesi uye bhokisi regirovhosi rinoshandiswa kudzivirira sampuli oxidation uye kusvibiswa.
Kutevera STXM-NEXAFS kuongororwa, iyo isotopic kuumbwa kwehydrogen, kabhoni, uye nitrogen yeRyugu FIB zvimedu zvakaongororwa pachishandiswa isotope imaging neJAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L.Iyo yakanangana neCs + yekutanga danda ye2 pA yekabhoni uye nitrogen isotopu yekuongorora uye inenge gumi nenhatu pA yehydrogen isotopu ongororo inorongedzerwa pamusoro penzvimbo ingangoita 24 × 24 µm2 kusvika 30 × 30 µm2 pamuenzaniso.Mushure memaminitsi matatu eprespray pane yakanyanya kusimba danda rekutanga, kuongorora kwega kwega kwakatangwa mushure mekudzikamiswa kwesimbi yechipiri.Pakuongororwa kwekabhoni nenitrogen isotopes, mifananidzo ye12C-, 13C-, 16O-, 12C14N- uye 12C15N- yakawanikwa panguva imwe chete uchishandisa nomwe maelectron multiplier multiplex kuonekwa nekugadziriswa kwehuwandu hunosvika 9000, iyo inokwana kuparadzanisa zvose zvakakosha isotopic compounds.kukanganisa (kureva 12C1H pa13C uye 13C14N pa12C15N).Pakuongororwa kwehydrogen isotopes, 1H-, 2D- uye 12C- mifananidzo yakawanikwa ine mass resolution ingangoita 3000 nekuonekwa kwakawanda pachishandiswa matatu maelectron multiplier.Ongororo yega yega ine makumi matatu emifananidzo yakaongororwa yenzvimbo imwe chete, ine mufananidzo mumwechete unosanganisira 256 × 256 pixels yecarbon uye nitrogen isotope kuongorora uye 128 × 128 pixels yehydrogen isotopu kuongorora.Nguva yekunonoka i3000 µs papixel yekabhoni uye nitrogen isotopu yekuongorora uye 5000 µs papixel yehydrogen isotope kuongororwa.Takashandisa 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate sehydrogen, kabhoni uye nitrogen isotope zviyero kuenzanisa instrumental mass fractionation45.
Kuti titarise silicon isotopic kuumbwa kwepresolar graphite muFIB C0068-25 profile, takashandisa nhanhatu electron multipliers ine mass resolution inosvika 9000. Mifananidzo yacho ine 256 × 256 pixels ine nguva yekunonoka ye3000 µs per pixel.Isu takayera misa yekuparadzanisa chiridzwa tichishandisa silicon wafers sehydrogen, kabhoni, uye silicon isotope zviyero.
Mifananidzo yeIsotopu yakagadziriswa pachishandiswa NASA's NanoSIMS45 imaging software.Iyo data yakagadziridzwa kune electron multiplier nguva yakafa (44 ns) uye quasi-pamwe chete yekusvika mhedzisiro.Yakasiyana scanning kurongeka kwechifananidzo chega chega kugadzirisa kudhiraivha kwemufananidzo panguva yekutora.Iyo yekupedzisira isotopu mufananidzo unogadzirwa nekuwedzera yechipiri ions kubva pamufananidzo wega wega wega wega pixel scan.
Mushure mekuongororwa kweSTXM-NEXAFS neNanoSIMS, zvikamu zvakafanana zveFIB zvakaongororwa pachishandiswa ma electron microscope (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) pamhepo inomhanyisa ye200 kV paKochi, JAMSTEC.Iyo microstructure yakaonekwa uchishandisa inopenya-munda TEM uye yakakwirira-angle scanning TEM mumunda wakasviba.Zvicherwa zvikamu zvakaonekwa nespot electron diffraction uye lattice band imaging, uye kuongororwa kwemakemikari kwakaitwa neEDS ne100 mm2 silicon drift detector uye JEOL Analysis Station 4.30 software.Pakuongororwa kwehuwandu, hunhu hweX-ray kusimba kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe chakayerwa muTEM yekuongorora modhi ine yakatarwa data yekutora nguva ye30 s, danda rekuongorora nzvimbo ~ 100 × 100 nm2, uye danda razvino re50 pA.Chiyero (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe mune akaturikidzana silicates akatemerwa uchishandisa yekuedza coefficient k, yakagadziridzwa ukobvu, yakawanikwa kubva kune yakajairika pyropagarnet.
Mifananidzo yese neongororo yakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi inowanikwa paJAXA Data Archive and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2.Ichi chinyorwa chinopa data rekutanga.
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Pilorjet, S. et al.Yekutanga kuumbwa kwekuongorora kweRyugu samples kwakaitwa uchishandisa MicroOmega hyperspectral microscope.National Astron.6, 221–225 (2021).
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