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N'ịbụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe ma baa ọgaranya na ihe ndị dị ndụ, asteroids ụdị C nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa. Ugbu a, chondrites ndị nwere carbon na-enye echiche kacha mma banyere ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ha, mana ozi gbasara meteorites agbagọọla: naanị ụdị ndị kacha sie ike na-adị ndụ ịbanye n'ikuku wee soro gburugburu ụwa na-akpakọrịta. N'ebe a, anyị na-egosi nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ volumetric na microanalytical zuru ezu nke ihe Ryugu bụ isi nke ụgbọ elu Hayabusa-2 nyere Ụwa. Ihe Ryugu na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mejupụtara ya na chondrites CI (Iwuna-type) nke na-enweghị fraction mana nke mmiri gbanwere, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe ngosi nke ihe mejupụtara sistemụ anyanwụ. Ihe atụ a na-egosi mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ihe ndị dị ndụ aliphatic bara ụba na silicates dị larịị ma na-egosi okpomọkụ kachasị elu nke ihe dị ka 30 °C n'oge mbuze mmiri. Anyị hụrụ ọtụtụ deuterium na diazonium kwekọrọ na mmalite anyanwụ. Ihe Ryugu bụ ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ na nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke a mụrụla ma dabara na ihe mejupụtara sistemụ anyanwụ niile.
Site na June 2018 ruo Nọvemba 2019, ụgbọelu Hayabusa2 nke Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mere nnukwu nnyocha dịpụrụ adịpụ nke asteroid Ryugu. Data sitere na Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) na Hayabusa-2 na-egosi na Ryugu nwere ike ịbụ ihe yiri chondrites carbonaceous na okpomọkụ na/ma ọ bụ shock-metamorphic. Nke kacha nso bụ CY chondrite (ụdị Yamato) 2. Enwere ike ịkọwa obere albedo nke Ryugu site na ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ ihe bara ụba na carbon, yana nha ihe, porosity, na mmetụta ihu igwe oghere. Ụgbọelu Hayabusa-2 mere ọdịda abụọ na nchịkọta ihe atụ na Ryuga. N'oge ọdịda mbụ na February 21, 2019, enwetara ihe dị n'elu, nke echekwara na ngalaba A nke kapsụl nlọghachi, na n'oge ọdịda nke abụọ na Julaị 11, 2019, a chịkọtara ihe dị nso na olulu arụrụ arụ nke obere ihe na-ebugharị ebugharị mepụtara. A na-echekwa ihe nlele ndị a na Ward C. Nkọwa mbụ nke ihe ndị ahụ na-anaghị emebi emebi na Stage 1 n'ime ụlọ pụrụ iche, ndị na-enweghị mmerụ ahụ na ndị dị ọcha jupụtara na nitrogen na ebe ndị JAXA na-achịkwa gosiri na ihe ndị ahụ Ryugu yiri chondrites CI4 ma gosipụta "ọkwa dị iche iche nke mgbanwe"3. Nkewa yiri ka ọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya nke Ryugu, nke yiri CY ma ọ bụ CI chondrites, nwere ike idozi naanị site na njirimara isotopic, elemental, na mineralological zuru ezu nke ihe ndị ahụ Ryugu. Nsonaazụ egosiri ebe a na-enye ntọala siri ike maka ịchọpụta nke n'ime nkọwa mbụ abụọ a maka mkpokọta ihe mejupụtara asteroid Ryugu kacha yie.
E kenyere mkpụrụ osisi Ryugu asatọ (ihe dị ka 60mg n'ozuzu), anọ sitere na Chamber A na anọ sitere na Chamber C, na Nkebi nke Abụọ iji jikwaa otu Kochi. Isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọmụmụ ihe a bụ ịkọwa ọdịdị, mmalite na akụkọ ihe mere eme evolushọn nke asteroid Ryugu, na idekọ myirịta na ọdịiche dị na ihe atụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka chondrites, ihe ndị dị n'etiti mbara ala (IDPs) na comets na-alọghachi. Ihe atụ ndị ọrụ Stardust nke NASA chịkọtara.
Nnyocha zuru ezu nke mkpụrụ Ryugu ise (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 na C0068) gosiri na ha bụ phyllosilicates dị nro na nke siri ike mejupụtara (~64–88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b, Fig. Mgbakwunye 1). na tebụl ọzọ 1). phyllosilicates dị nro na-apụta dị ka nchịkọta pinnate (ruo ọtụtụ iri microns n'ogo) na matrices dị nro, nke nwere phyllosilicate bara ụba (erughị obere microns ole na ole n'ogo). Mkpụrụ silicate dị larịị bụ symbionts serpentine-saponite (Fig. 1c). Maapụ (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe na-egosikwa na matrix silicate dị larịị nwere nnukwu ihe mejupụtara n'etiti serpentine na saponite (Fig. 2a, b). Matrix phyllosilicate nwere mineral carbonate (~2–21 vol.%), mineral sulfide (~2.4–5.5 vol.%), na magnetite (~3.6–6.8 vol.%). Otu n'ime ihe ndị a tụlere n'ọmụmụ ihe a (C0009) nwere obere ego (~0.5 vol.%) nke silicates anhydrous (olivine na pyroxene), nke nwere ike inyere aka ịchọpụta ihe sitere na ya nke mejupụtara nkume Ryugu raw5. Silicate anhydrous a dị ụkọ na pellets Ryugu ma achọpụtara ya nke ọma na pellet C0009. Carbonates dị na matrix dị ka iberibe (ihe na-erughị narị microns ole na ole), ọkachasị dolomite, yana obere calcium carbonate na brinell. Magnetite na-apụta dị ka ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, framboids, plaques, ma ọ bụ mkpokọta gburugburu. A na-anọchite anya sulfides karịsịa site na pyrrhotite n'ụdị prisms/plates ma ọ bụ laths na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Matrix ahụ nwere nnukwu submicron pentlandite ma ọ bụ na njikọta ya na pyrrhotite. Usoro ndị bara ụba na kabọn (ihe na-erughị µm n'ogo) na-eme ebe niile na matrix bara ụba na phyllosilicate. Usoro ndị bara ụba na kabọn (ihe na-erughị µm n'ogo) na-eme ebe niile na matrix bara ụba na phyllosilicate. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно Usoro ndị bara ụba na kabọn (ihe na-erughị µm n'ogo) na-eme ebe niile na matrix bara ụba na phyllosilicate.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Usoro ndị bara ụba na kabọn (<10 µm n'ogo) na-adịkarị na matrix bara ụba na phyllosilicate.E gosiri mineral ndị ọzọ dị na Tebụl Mgbakwunye 1. Ndepụta mineral ndị a chọpụtara site na usoro X-ray diffraction nke ngwakọta C0087 na A0029 na A0037 kwekọrọ nke ukwuu na nke a chọpụtara na chondrite CI (Orgueil), mana ọ dị iche nke ukwuu na chondrite CY na CM (ụdị Mighei) (Foto 1 nwere data gbasaara na Foto Mgbakwunye 2). Ihe mejupụtara ihe dị na mkpụrụ Ryugu (A0098, C0068) kwekọrọkwa na chondrite 6 CI (data gbasaara, Fig. 2 na Tebụl Mgbakwunye 2). N'ụzọ dị iche, chondrites CM na-ebelata na ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ọma, karịsịa Mn na Zn, ma dị elu na ihe ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe7. Ọnụọgụ nke ụfọdụ ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ukwuu, nke nwere ike ịbụ ngosipụta nke ọdịiche dị n'ime ihe nlele ahụ n'ihi obere nha nke ihe dị iche iche na echiche nlele sitere na ya. Ihe niile gbasara petrolajik, mineral na elemental na-egosi na mkpụrụ Ryugu yiri chondrites CI8,9,10 nke ukwuu. Ihe dị iche bụ enweghị ferrihydrite na sulfate na mkpụrụ Ryugu, nke na-egosi na e mepụtara mineral ndị a dị na CI chondrites site na ihu igwe dị n'ụwa.
a, Foto X-ray nke Mg Kα (ọbara ọbara), Ca Kα (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), Fe Kα (acha anụnụ anụnụ), na S Kα (acha odo odo) nke ngalaba akọrọ akọrọ C0068. Nkewa ahụ nwere silicates dị larịị (ọbara ọbara: ~88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị mfe: ~1.6 vol%), magnetite (acha anụnụ anụnụ: ~5.3 vol%) na sulfide (odo: sulfide = ~2.5% edemede vol. b, onyonyo nke mpaghara contour na elektrọn ndị a gbasasịrị azụ na a. Bru - etobeghị eto; Dole - dolomite; FeS bụ ígwè sulfide; Mag - magnetite; ihe ọṅụṅụ - nkume soapstone; Srp - serpentine. c, onyonyo elektrọn nnyefe dị elu (TEM) nke njikọ saponite-serpentine nkịtị na-egosi eriri lattice serpentine na saponite nke 0.7 nm na 1.1 nm, n'otu n'otu.
A na-egosi ihe mejupụtara matrix na silicate a kpụrụ akpụ (na %) nke Ryugu A0037 (okirikiri uhie siri ike) na C0068 (okirikiri anụnụ anụnụ siri ike) na sistemụ ternary (Si+Al)-Mg-Fe. a, Nsonaazụ Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) nke e sere megide CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 na isi awọ maka ntụnyere. b, Nyocha Scanning TEM (STEM) na nyocha X-ray dispersive ike (EDS) egosiri maka ntụnyere na meteorites Orgueil9 na Murchison46 na hydrated IDP47. E nyochachara phyllosilicates dị nro na nke siri ike, na-ezere obere irighiri ihe nke iron sulfide. Ahịrị ntụpọ dị na a na b na-egosi ahịrị mgbaze nke saponite na serpentine. Ihe mejupụtara ígwè bara ụba na a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mkpụrụ submicron iron sulfide dị n'ime mkpụrụ silicate a kpụrụ akpụ, nke enweghị ike iwepụ site na mkpebi oghere nke nyocha EPMA. Isi ihe data nwere ọdịnaya Si dị elu karịa saponite na b nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ihe nanosized amorphous silicon bara ụba na interstices nke oyi akwa phyllosilicate. Ọnụọgụ nyocha: N=69 maka A0037, N=68 maka EPMA, N=68 maka C0068, N=19 maka A0037 na N=27 maka C0068 maka STEM-EDS. c, maapụ isotope nke trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụkpụrụ chondrite CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) na data akwụkwọ (CM na C2-ung)41,48,49. Anyị enwetala data maka meteorites Orgueil na Y-82162. CCAM bụ ahịrị nke mineral chondrite carbonaceous anhydrous, TFL bụ ahịrị nkewa ala. d, maapụ Δ17O na δ18O nke ihe dị n'ime Ryugu C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), na CY chondrite (Y-82162) (ọmụmụ a). Δ17O_Ryugu: Uru nke Δ17O C0014-1. Δ17O_Orgueil: Uru nkezi Δ17O maka Orgueil. Δ17O_Y-82162: Uru nkezi Δ17O maka Y-82162. A na-egosikwa data CI na CY sitere na akwụkwọ 41, 48, 49 maka ntụnyere.
E mere nyocha nke oke isotope nke oxygen na ihe nlele 1.83 mg nke ihe ewepụtara na granular C0014 site na iji laser fluorination (Ụzọ). Iji tụnyere ya, anyị gbara mbipụta asaa nke Orgueil (CI) (ngụkọta oke = 8.96 mg) na mbipụta asaa nke Y-82162 (CY) (ngụkọta oke = 5.11 mg) (Tebụl Mgbakwunye 3).
Na fig. 2d na-egosi nkewa doro anya nke Δ17O na δ18O n'etiti ihe nkezi ibu nke Orgueil na Ryugu ma e jiri ya tụnyere Y-82162. Δ17O nke ihe nkesa Ryugu C0014-4 dị elu karịa nke ihe nkesa Orgeil, n'agbanyeghị njikọta ya na sd 2. Ihe nkesa Ryugu nwere uru Δ17O dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere Orgeil, nke nwere ike igosipụta mmetọ ala nke ikpeazụ kemgbe ọ dara na 1864. Ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụwa11 na-eme ka ikuku oxygen dị n'ime ikuku tinye, na-eme ka nyocha zuru oke dị nso na ahịrị nkewa ala (TFL). Nkwubi okwu a kwekọrọ na data mineralogical (atụlere na mbụ) na ọka Ryugu enweghị hydrates ma ọ bụ sulfates, ebe Orgeil nwere.
Dabere na data mineralogical dị n'elu, nsonaazụ ndị a na-akwado njikọ dị n'etiti ọka Ryugu na chondrites CI, mana ha anaghị ewepụ njikọ nke CY chondrites. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na mkpụrụ Ryugu ejikọghị ya na CY chondrites, nke na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama doro anya nke mineralogy mmiri, na-agbagwoju anya. Nleba anya orbital nke Ryugu yiri ka ọ na-egosi na ọ gbara mmiri ma ya mere o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ ihe CY mejupụtara ya. Ihe kpatara ọdịiche a doro anya ka edoghị anya. E gosipụtara nyocha isotope oxygen nke mkpụrụ Ryugu ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ ibe 12. Agbanyeghị, nsonaazụ nke data agbatịkwuru a kwekọkwara na njikọ dị n'etiti mkpụrụ Ryugu na chondrites CI.
Site na iji usoro nyocha microanalysis a haziri ahazi (Foto mgbakwunye 3), anyị lere anya na nkesa oghere nke carbon organic n'elu mpaghara elu niile nke ion beam fraction (FIB) C0068.25 (Foto 3a–f). Ọdịdị dị mma nke X-ray absorption spectra nke carbon (NEXAFS) na nsọtụ dị nso na ngalaba C0068.25 na-egosi ọtụtụ otu ọrụ - aromatic ma ọ bụ C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) na C( =O)O (288.8 eV) - nhazi graphene adịghị na 291.7 eV (Foto 3a), nke pụtara obere ogo mgbanwe okpomọkụ. Oke CH siri ike (287.5 eV) nke organic akụkụ nke C0068.25 dị iche na organic ndị na-anaghị agbaze nke carbonaceous chondrites a mụrụ na mbụ ma yiri IDP14 na cometary particles nke ọrụ Stardust nwetara. Oke CH siri ike na 287.5 eV na oke aromatic ma ọ bụ C=C dị obere na 285.2 eV na-egosi na ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ (Fig. 3a na Fig. 3a). Ebe ndị jupụtara na ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere aliphatic dị n'ime phyllosilicates dị nro, yana ebe ndị nwere usoro carbon na-adịghị mma (ma ọ bụ C=C) (Fig. 3c,d). N'ụzọ dị iche, A0037,22 (Fig. 3a) gosiri obere ọdịnaya nke mpaghara bara ọgaranya na carbon aliphatic. Ihe ndị dị n'ime nke ọka ndị a bara ụba na carbon, yiri chondrite CI 16, na-egosi nnukwu mgbanwe nke mmiri isi iyi (Tebụl Mgbakwunye 1). Ọnọdụ oxidation ga-akwado oke mkpokọta carbonyl na carboxyl dị elu na ihe ndị dị ndụ metụtara carbon. Nkesa submicron nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere usoro carbon aliphatic nwere ike ịdị iche na nkesa nke silicates dị nro. A hụrụ ntụaka nke ihe ndị dị ndụ aliphatic jikọtara ya na phyllosilicate-OH na meteorite Tagish Lake. Data microanalytical nhazi na-egosi na ihe ndị dị ndụ bara ụba na ihe ndị dị ndụ aliphatic nwere ike ịdị ebe niile na asteroids ụdị C ma nwee njikọ chiri anya na phyllosilicates. Nkwubi okwu a kwekọrọ na akụkọ gara aga nke aliphatic/aromatic CHs na ihe ndị dị ndụ Ryugu nke MicroOmega gosipụtara, microscope hyperspectral dị nso na infrared. Ajụjụ dị mkpa na nke a na-edozighị bụ ma ihe pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ aliphatic bara ụba na carbon jikọtara ya na phyllosilicates grained grained a hụrụ na ọmụmụ ihe a dị naanị na asteroid Ryugu.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra nke a haziri ka ọ bụrụ 292 eV na mpaghara bara ọgaranya na aromatic (C=C) (uhie), na mpaghara bara ọgaranya na aliphatic (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), na na matrix (acha anụnụ anụnụ). Ahịrị isi awọ bụ Murchison 13 organic spectrum nke a na-agbazeghị agbaze maka ntụnyere. au, nkeji ikpe. b, Nyocha nnyefe X-ray microscopy (STXM) onyonyo spectral nke carbon K-edge na-egosi na ngalaba ahụ bụ carbon. c, RGB composite plot nwere aromatic (C=C) rich regions (uhie), aliphatic rich regions (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), na matrix (acha anụnụ anụnụ). d, organics bara ọgaranya na aliphatic compounds na-etinye uche na phyllosilicate grained grained, a na-amụba mpaghara ahụ site na igbe ọcha nwere ntụpọ na b na c. e, nnukwu nanospheres (ng-1) na mpaghara ahụ gbasaa site na igbe ọcha nwere ntụpọ na b na c. Maka: pyrrhotite. Pn: nickel-chromite. f, Foto elemental nke Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), na Nitrogen (12C14N), Foto elemental nke 12C/1H, na Foto isotope cross δD, δ13C, na δ15N - Nkebi PG-1: graphite presolar nwere oke mmụba 13C (Tebụl Mgbakwunye 4).
Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na Murchison meteorites nwere ike inye ozi dị mkpa gbasara nkesa dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ aliphatic bara ụba na mkpụrụ Ryugu. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi na njikọ CH aliphatic na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide ruo okpomọkụ kachasị elu nke ihe dị ka 30°C na nne na nna na/ma ọ bụ mgbanwe yana mmekọrịta oge na okpomọkụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ afọ 200 na 100°C na 0°C afọ nde 100). . Ọ bụrụ na e kpooghị ihe mbụ ahụ ọkụ na okpomọkụ enyere ihe karịrị oge ụfọdụ, enwere ike ichekwa nkesa mbụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ aliphatic bara ụba na phyllosilicate. Agbanyeghị, mgbanwe mmiri nkume isi iyi nwere ike ime ka nkọwa a sie ike, ebe ọ bụ na A0037 bara ọgaranya na carbon anaghị egosi mpaghara aliphatic bara ụba na carbon nke jikọtara ya na phyllosilicates. Mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị ala a dabara na ọnụnọ nke cubic feldspar na ọka Ryugu (Tebụl Mgbakwunye 1) 20.
Nkewa C0068.25 (ng-1; Fig. 3a–c,e) nwere nnukwu nanosphere nke na-egosi oke ísì ụtọ (ma ọ bụ C=C), aliphatic dị mma, na adịghị ike nke C(=O)O na C=O. Mbinye aka nke aliphatic carbon adabaghị na mbinye aka nke nnukwu organics insoluble na organic nanospheres jikọtara ya na chondrites (Fig. 3a) 17,21. Nyocha Raman na infrared spectroscopic nke nanospheres na Lake Tagish gosiri na ha nwere aliphatic na oxidized organic compounds na disordered polycyclic aromatic organic compounds with disordered polycyclic aromatic organic compounds with a structure aligned22,23. N'ihi na matrix gbara ya gburugburu nwere organics bara ụba na aliphatic compounds, mbinye aka nke aliphatic carbon na ng-1 nwere ike ịbụ ihe nyocha. N'ụzọ na-adọrọ mmasị, ng-1 nwere amorphous silicates agbakwunyere (Fig. 3e), udidi nke a na-akọbeghị maka organics ọ bụla dị n'èzí ụwa. Amorphous silicates nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke ng-1 ma ọ bụ sitere na amorphization nke mmiri mmiri/anhydrous silicates site na ion na/ma ọ bụ electron beam n'oge nyocha.
Foto ion NanoSIMS nke ngalaba C0068.25 (Foto 3f) na-egosi mgbanwe otu na δ13C na δ15N, ewezuga mkpụrụ presolar nwere nnukwu mmụba 13C nke 30,811‰ (PG-1 na onyonyo δ13C na Fig. 3f) (Tebụl mgbakwunye 4). Foto ọka elementrị X-ray na onyonyo TEM dị elu na-egosi naanị mkpokọta carbon na anya dị n'etiti oghere basal nke 0.3 nm, nke kwekọrọ na graphite. Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na uru nke δD (841 ± 394‰) na δ15N (169 ± 95‰), nke bara ụba na ihe organic aliphatic jikọtara ya na phyllosilicates siri ike, na-apụta na ọ dị ntakịrị elu karịa nkezi maka mpaghara C dum (δD = 528 ± 139‰). ‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) na C0068.25 (Tebụl Mgbakwunye 4). Ihe a chọpụtara na-egosi na ihe ndị dị ndụ aliphatic bara ụba na phyllosilicates nwere ike ịdị obere karịa ihe ndị dị ndụ gbara ya gburugburu, ebe ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ịgbanwe isotopic na mmiri gbara ya gburugburu n'ahụ mbụ ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbanwe isotopic ndị a nwekwara ike ịdị na usoro mmalite nke nhazi mbụ. A na-akọwa na e mepụtara silicates nwere obere grained na CI chondrites n'ihi mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu nke ụyọkọ silicate anhydrous mbụ. Ihe ndị dị ndụ aliphatic bara ụba nwere ike ịpụta site na molekul precursor na diski protoplanetary ma ọ bụ interstellar medium tupu e mepụta sistemụ anyanwụ, wee gbanwee ntakịrị n'oge mgbanwe mmiri nke ahụ nne na nna Ryugu (nnukwu). Nha (<1.0 km) nke Ryugu dị oke obere nke na ọ gaghị ekwe ka okpomọkụ dị n'ime ya dịgide nke ọma maka mgbanwe mmiri iji mepụta mineral hydrous25. Nha (<1.0 km) nke Ryugu dị oke obere iji chekwaa okpomọkụ dị n'ime ya nke ọma maka mgbanwe mmiri iji mepụta mineral hydrous25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы подерживать внутреное водных минералов25. Nha (<1.0 km) Ryugu pere mpe nke na ọ gaghị ekwe ka mmiri gbanwee ya nke ọma iji mepụta minerals mmiri25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矉物 Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矉物 Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы подерживать внутреннее nkenke25. Nha Ryugu (<1.0 km) pere mpe nke na ọ gaghị ekwe ka okpomọkụ dị n'ime ya gbanwee mmiri ka ọ ghọọ mineral mmiri25.Ya mere, enwere ike ịchọ ihe ndị bu ụzọ Ryugu ruo ọtụtụ iri kilomita n'ogo. Ihe ndị dị ndụ nke bara ụba na ngwakọta aliphatic nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe oke isotope mbụ ha n'ihi njikọ ya na phyllosilicates siri ike. Agbanyeghị, kpọmkwem ụdị ihe ndị dị arọ nke isotopic ka bụ ihe a na-amaghị ama n'ihi ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya na nke dị nro nke ihe dị iche iche dị na FIB ndị a. Ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nke bara ụba na ngwakọta aliphatic na granules Ryugu ma ọ bụ phyllosilicates siri ike gbara ha gburugburu. Rịba ama na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ chondrites carbonaceous niile (gụnyere CI chondrites) na-adịkarị ọgaranya na D karịa na phyllosilicates, ewezuga meteorites CM Paris 24, 26.
Eserese olu δD na δ15N nke iberibe FIB enwetara maka A0002.23 na A0002.26, A0037.22 na A0037.23 na C0068.23, C0068.25 na C0068.26 mpekere FIB (ngụkọta mpekere FIB asaa sitere na mpekere Ryugu atọ) E gosiri ntụnyere nke NanoSIMS na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na sistemụ anyanwụ na fig. 4 (Tebụl Mgbakwunye 4)27,28. Mgbanwe olu na δD na δ15N na profaịlụ A0002, A0037, na C0068 kwekọrọ na nke dị na IDP, mana ọ dị elu karịa na CM na chondrites CI (Fig. 4). Rịba ama na oke nke uru δD maka ihe nlele Comet 29 (-240 ruo 1655‰) buru ibu karịa nke Ryugu. Mpịakọta δD na δ15N nke profaịlụ Ryukyu, dịka iwu si dị, pere mpe karịa nkezi maka kọmpụ nke ezinụlọ Jupiter na igwe ojii Oort (Foto 4). Ụkpụrụ δD dị ala nke CI chondrites nwere ike igosipụta mmetụta nke mmetọ ala na ihe atụ ndị a. N'iburu myirịta dị n'etiti Bells, Lake Tagish, na IDP, nnukwu ọdịiche dị na ụkpụrụ δD na δN na mkpụrụ Ryugu nwere ike igosipụta mgbanwe na mbinye aka isotopic mbụ nke ihe mejupụtara organic na mmiri na sistemụ anyanwụ mbụ. Mgbanwe isotopic yiri nke ahụ na δD na δN na mkpụrụ Ryugu na IDP na-atụ aro na ha abụọ nwere ike ịbụ site na ihe sitere na otu isi iyi. A kwenyere na IDPs sitere na isi iyi cometary 14. Ya mere, Ryugu nwere ike ịnwe ihe dị ka kọmpụ na/ma ọ bụ opekata mpe sistemụ anyanwụ mpụta. Agbanyeghị, nke a nwere ike isi ike karịa ka anyị kwuru ebe a n'ihi (1) ngwakọta nke mmiri spherulitic na D bara ụba na ahụ nne na nna 31 na (2) oke D/H nke comet dị ka ọrụ nke ọrụ cometary 32. Agbanyeghị, a ghọtaghị ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti hydrogen na nitrogen isotopes na obere ihe Ryugu, nke bụ n'ihi obere ọnụọgụ nyocha dị taa. Nsonaazụ nke sistemụ hydrogen na nitrogen isotopes ka na-eme ka o kwe omume na Ryugu nwere ọtụtụ ihe sitere na mpụga Sistemụ Anyanwụ ma si otú a nwee ike igosi ụfọdụ myirịta na comets. Profaịlụ Ryugu egosighi njikọ doro anya n'etiti δ13C na δ15N (Tebụl Mgbakwunye 4).
Nchịkọta isotopic H na N zuru oke nke ihe ndị dị na Ryugu (okirikiri uhie: A0002, A0037; okirikiri anụnụ anụnụ: C0068) na oke anyanwụ 27, ezinụlọ Jupiter nkezi (JFC27), na comets igwe ojii Oort (OCC27), IDP28, na chondrules carbonaceous. Ntụnyere nke meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung). E nyere nhazi isotopic na Tebụl Mgbakwunye 4. Ahịrị ntụpọ bụ uru isotope nke ala maka H na N.
Ibuga ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmiri) gaa n'ụwa ka bụ ihe na-echegbu mmadụ26,27,33. Ihe ndị dị ndụ nke submicron jikọtara ya na phyllosilicates siri ike na ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Ryugu achọpụtara n'ọmụmụ ihe a nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ihe ndị dị ndụ na phyllosilicates siri ike na-echebe nke ọma site na mbibi16,34 na ire ere35 karịa ihe ndị dị ndụ na matrices siri ike. Ihe dị arọ nke hydrogen na-eme ka ọ dị na ihe ndị ahụ pụta ìhè na ha agaghị abụ naanị isi iyi nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ebuga n'ụwa mbụ. Enwere ike ịgwakọta ha na ihe ndị nwere ihe mejupụtara hydrogen isotopic dị mfe, dịka e kwuru n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na echiche nke ọnụnọ nke mmiri ifufe anyanwụ na-ebugharị na silicates.
N'ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị na-egosi na meteorites CI, n'agbanyeghị mkpa ha dị na geochemical dịka ndị nnọchiteanya nke ihe mejupụtara sistemụ anyanwụ dum, 6,10 bụ ihe nlele ruru unyi n'ụwa. Anyị na-enyekwa ihe akaebe kpọmkwem maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe organic aliphatic bara ụba na mineral hydrous dị nso ma na-atụ aro na Ryugu nwere ike ịnwe ihe mpụga anyanwụ37. Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi nke ọma mkpa ọ dị ịnwale ihe atụ protoasteroid ozugbo na mkpa ọ dị ibuga ihe nlele ndị a laghachiri n'okpuru ọnọdụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nke na-adịghị ọcha. Ihe akaebe egosiri ebe a na-egosi na ihe ndị Ryugu bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ nke sistemụ anyanwụ kachasị dị maka nyocha ụlọ nyocha, ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ nke ihe atụ ndị a dị oké ọnụ ahịa ga-eme ka nghọta anyị banyere usoro sistemụ anyanwụ mbụ dịkwuo elu. Ihe ndị Ryugu bụ ihe nnọchiteanya kacha mma nke ihe mejupụtara usoro anyanwụ dum.
Iji chọpụta ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ihe ndị dị na kemịkalụ nke ihe nlele submicron, anyị jiri synchrotron radieshon-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) na SR X-ray diffraction (XRD)-CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM nyocha. Enweghị mmebi, mmetọ n'ihi ikuku ụwa, ọ nweghịkwa mmebi sitere na obere ihe ma ọ bụ ihe nlele mechanical. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, anyị emeela nyocha volumetric sistemụ site na iji nyocha electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS, EPMA, XRD, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), na laser oxygen fluorination equipment. E gosiri usoro nnwale ahụ na Mgbakwunye Foto 3 na a kọwara nyocha ọ bụla na ngalaba ndị a.
E nwetara obere ihe sitere na asteroid Ryugu na modulu nwughari Hayabusa-2 ma zigara ya na JAXA Control Center dị na Sagamihara, Japan, na-emetọghị ikuku ụwa4. Mgbe e mechara njirimara mbụ na nke na-anaghị emebi emebi na ebe JAXA na-achịkwa, jiri akpa mbufe ebe dị iche iche a na-emechi emechi na akpa kapsụl (crystal sapphire kristal na ígwè anaghị agba nchara nke 10 ma ọ bụ 15 mm dayameta, dabere na nha ihe nlele) iji zere nnyonye anya gburugburu ebe obibi. gburugburu ebe obibi. y na/ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ala (dịka uzu mmiri, hydrocarbons, gas ikuku na obere ihe ndị dị nro) na mmetọ dị n'etiti ihe nlele n'oge nkwadebe ihe nlele na njem n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na mahadum38. Iji zere mmebi na mmetọ sitere na mmekọrịta ya na ikuku ụwa (anwụrụ mmiri na oxygen), e mere ụdị nkwadebe ihe nlele niile (gụnyere ịkpụcha ihe na tantalum chisel, site na iji igwe waya diamond kwesịrị ekwesị (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) na nkwadebe epoxy ịkpụcha) maka ntinye) na igbe uwe aka n'okpuru N2 kpọrọ nkụ dị ọcha (ebe igirigi: -80 ruo -60 °C, O2 ~50-100 ppm). A na-eji ngwakọta nke mmiri ultrapur na ethanol hichaa ihe niile ejiri ebe a site na iji ebili mmiri ultrasonic nke ugboro dị iche iche.
N'ebe a, anyị na-amụ nchịkọta meteorite nke National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) nke Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y)-791198, CY: Y-82162 na CY: Y 980115).
Maka mbufe n'etiti ngwa maka nyocha SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS na TEM, anyị jiri ihe njide ihe nlele zuru ụwa ọnụ nke dị oke mkpa akọwara na ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga38.
E jiri sistemụ CT agbakọtara BL20XU/SPring-8 mee nyocha SR-XCT nke ihe nlele Ryugu. Sistemụ CT agbakọtara nwere ụdị nha dị iche iche: mbara ihu na ụdị mkpebi dị ala (WL) iji jide usoro dum nke ihe nlele ahụ, obere oghere ihu na ụdị mkpebi dị elu (NH) maka nha ziri ezi nke mpaghara ihe nlele ahụ. mmasị na rediograf iji nweta ụkpụrụ diffraction nke olu nke ihe nlele ahụ, ma mee XRD-CT iji nweta eserese 2D nke usoro mineral plane kwụ ọtọ na ihe nlele ahụ. Mara na enwere ike ime nha niile na-ejighị sistemụ arụnyere n'ime iji wepụ ihe njide ihe nlele na ntọala ahụ, na-enye ohere maka nha CT na XRD-CT ziri ezi. E tinyere ihe nchọpụta X-ray nke ụdị WL (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) n'ime igwefoto 4608 × 4608 pixel metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) nke nwere ihe na-eme ka ihe dị nkọ nke nwere ọkpụrụkpụ kristal lutetium 10 nke µm (Lu3Al5O12:Ce) na lenzi relay. Nha pixel na ụdị WL dị ihe dị ka 0.848 µm. Ya mere, oghere nke ịhụ ihe (FOV) na ụdị WL dị ihe dị ka 6 mm na ụdị CT offset. E tinyere ihe nchọpụta X-ray nke ụdị NH (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) na ihe nchọpụta gadolinium-aluminum-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) dị arọ µm, igwefoto CMOS (C11440-22CU) nwere mkpebi nke pikselụ 2048 × 2048; Hamamatsu Photonics) na oghere ×20. Nha pikselụ na ụdị NH bụ ~0.25 µm na ebe a na-ahụ ya bụ ~0.5 mm. Ihe nchọpụta maka ụdị XRD (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) nwere ihe nchọpụta scintillator nke nwere ihuenyo ntụ ntụ P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) dị arọ 50 µm, igwefoto CMOS mkpebi pikselụ 2304 × 2304 (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) na oghere relay. Ihe nchọpụta ahụ nwere nha pikselụ dị irè nke 19.05 µm na oghere anya nke 43.9 mm2. Iji mee ka FOV dịkwuo elu, anyị tinyere usoro CT offset na ọnọdụ WL. Foto ọkụ ebufere maka nhazigharị CT nwere onyonyo dị n'etiti 180° ruo 360° nke a na-egosipụta n'usoro gburugburu axis nke ntụgharị, yana onyonyo dị n'etiti 0° ruo 180°.
Na ụdị XRD, a na-eji efere mpaghara Fresnel lekwasị anya na oghere X-ray. N'ụdị a, a na-etinye ihe nchọpụta ahụ 110 mm n'azụ ihe nlele ahụ, nkwụsị ogwe ahụ dịkwa 3 mm n'ihu ihe nchọpụta ahụ. E nwetara onyonyo diffraction dị na 2θ site na 1.43° ruo 18.00° (pitch grating d = 16.6–1.32 Å) site na iji ntụpọ X-ray lekwasị anya na ala nke oghere ihe nchọpụta ahụ. Ihe nlele ahụ na-agagharị n'akụkụ oge niile, na-atụgharị ọkara maka nzọụkwụ nyocha kwụ ọtọ ọ bụla. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ndị dị na mineral emezuo ọnọdụ Bragg mgbe 180° na-atụgharị ya, o kwere omume inweta diffraction nke ihe ndị dị na mineral n'elu kwụ ọtọ. E wee jikọta onyonyo diffraction ahụ n'otu onyonyo maka nzọụkwụ nyocha kwụ ọtọ ọ bụla. Ọnọdụ nnwale SR-XRD-CT fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ihe ahụ maka nnwale SR-XRD. Na ụdị XRD-CT, a na-etinye ihe nchọpụta ahụ 69 mm n'azụ ihe nlele ahụ. Foto diffraction dị na oke 2θ dị site na 1.2° ruo 17.68° (d = 19.73 ruo 1.35 Å), ebe ma ogwe X-ray na ihe mgbochi ogwe dị n'etiti ebe ihe nchọpụta ahụ si ele anya. Lelee ihe nlele ahụ n'usoro ma tụgharịa ihe nlele ahụ 180°. E ji ike mineral kacha elu rụgharịa onyonyo SR-XRD-CT dị ka uru pixel. Site na nyocha kwụ ọtọ, a na-enyocha ihe nlele ahụ na usoro 500–1000.
Maka nnwale niile, e tinyere ike X-ray na 30 keV, ebe ọ bụ na nke a bụ oke ala nke X-ray ịbanye n'ime meteorites nwere dayameta nke ihe dị ka 6 mm. Ọnụọgụ onyonyo enwetara maka nha CT niile n'oge ntụgharị 180° bụ 1800 (3600 maka mmemme CT offset), oge ikpughe maka onyonyo ahụ bụ 100 ms maka ọnọdụ WL, 300 ms maka ọnọdụ NH, 500 ms maka XRD, na 50 ms . ms maka XRD-CT ms. Oge nyocha ihe nlele nkịtị bụ ihe dị ka nkeji iri na ọnọdụ WL, nkeji iri na ise na ọnọdụ NH, awa atọ maka XRD, na awa asatọ maka SR-XRD-CT.
E ji ihe atụ azụ convolutional rụgharịa onyonyo CT ma mee ka ọ dị mma maka ihe nrịbama linear attenuation site na 0 ruo 80 cm-1. E jiri ngwanrọ Slice nyochaa data 3D ma jiri ngwanrọ muXRD nyochaa data XRD.
E ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etechapụ ihe ndị e ji epoxy mee (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 na C0068) n'elu ruo n'ọkwa nke ihe nkiri diamond nke 0.5 µm (3M) n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọrọ, na-ezere ihe ahụ ịbanye n'elu ya n'oge usoro nchacha. E buru ụzọ jiri obere microscopy lelee elu nke ihe nlele ọ bụla nke ọma wee jiri elektrọn ndị a gbasasịrị azụ iji nweta ihe onyonyo mineralogy na udidi (BSE) nke ihe nlele na ihe NIPR dị mma site na iji JEOL JSM-7100F SEM nke nwere foto ike mgbasa ike (AZtec). Maka ihe nlele ọ bụla, e jiri electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200) nyochaa ọdịnaya nke ihe ndị bụ isi na ndị dị obere. Nyochaa phyllosilicate na ihe ndị carbonate na 5 nA, ụkpụrụ eke na nke sịntetik na 15 keV, sulfide, magnetite, olivine, na pyroxene na 30 nA. E jiri ngwanrọ ImageJ 1.53 gbakọọ akara ngosi Modal site na maapụ element na onyonyo BSE, ya na oke kwesịrị ekwesị maka mineral ọ bụla.
E mere nyocha ikuku oxygen na Mahadum Open (Milton Keynes, UK) site na iji usoro fluorination infrared laser. E zigara ihe nlele Hayabusa2 na Mahadum Open 38 n'ime akpa jupụtara na nitrogen maka mbufe n'etiti ebe ọrụ.
A rụrụ ntinye ihe nlele n'ime igbe uwe aka nitrogen nke ọkwa oxygen a na-enyocha n'okpuru 0.1%. Maka ọrụ nyocha Hayabusa2, e mepụtara ihe njide ihe nlele Ni ọhụrụ, nke nwere naanị oghere ihe nlele abụọ (dayameta 2.5 mm, omimi 5 mm), otu maka ihe ndị dị n'ime Hayabusa2 na nke ọzọ maka ọkọlọtọ ime obsidian. N'oge nyocha ahụ, e ji windo dị n'ime BaF2 nke dị ihe dị ka 1 mm ọkpụrụkpụ na dayameta 3 mm kpuchie olulu mmiri nwere ihe Hayabusa2 iji jide ihe nlele ahụ n'oge mmeghachi omume laser. E ji ọwa ngwakọta gas nke e bepụrụ na ihe nlele Ni na-ejide mmiri BrF5 na ihe nlele ahụ. E mekwara ka ụlọ nlele ahụ dịghachi mma ka e wee wepụ ya na eriri fluorination vacuum wee mepee ya na igbe uwe aka jupụtara na nitrogen. E ji akara mkpakọ gasket ọla kọpa na ihe njide yinye EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38 mechie ọnụ ụlọ ahụ nke nwere akụkụ abụọ. Windo BaF2 dị ọkpụrụkpụ 3 mm n'elu ọnụ ụlọ ahụ na-enye ohere maka ilele ihe nlele ahụ na ikpo ọkụ laser n'otu oge. Mgbe ị wụnyechara ihe nlele ahụ, jide ọnụ ụlọ ahụ ọzọ ma jikọọ na ahịrị fluorinated. Tupu e mee nyocha ahụ, a na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime oghere ihe nlele ahụ ruo ihe dị ka 95°C n'abalị iji wepụ mmiri ọ bụla a mịkọrọ n'ime ya. Mgbe a kpochara ya ọkụ n'abalị, a na-ahapụ ụlọ ahụ ka ọ jụọ oyi ruo okpomọkụ ụlọ, e mesịa jiri obere BrF5 atọ sachaa akụkụ ahụ e kpughere n'ikuku n'oge nnyefe ihe nlele ahụ iji wepụ mmiri. Usoro ndị a na-eme ka ihe nlele Hayabusa 2 ghara ịpụta ìhè na ikuku ma ghara imerụ ya site na mmiri sitere na akụkụ nke eriri fluorinated nke a na-ekupụ na ikuku n'oge ibu ihe nlele ahụ.
A tụlere ihe nlele Ryugu C0014-4 na Orgueil (CI) n'ụdị "otu" emezigharịrị42, ebe a mere nyocha Y-82162 (CY) n'otu tray nwere ọtụtụ olulu mmiri41. N'ihi ihe mejupụtara ha na-anaghị enweta mmiri, ọ dịghị mkpa iji otu ụzọ maka CY chondrites. E ji ọkụ ọkụ mee ihe nlele ndị ahụ site na iji Photon Machines Inc. infrared CO2 laser. ike nke 50 W (10.6 µm) nke etinyere na XYZ gantry n'ihu BrF5. Sistemụ vidiyo arụnyere n'ime ya na-enyocha usoro mmeghachi omume ahụ. Mgbe a gbasasịrị fluorine, a sachara O2 ahụ e wepụrụ site na iji ọnyà nitrogen abụọ na akwa KBr dị ọkụ iji wepụ fluorine karịrị akarị. A nyochachara ihe mejupụtara isotopic nke oxygen dị ọcha na Thermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer nwere mkpebi oke nke ihe dị ka 200.
N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọnụọgụ gas O2 ewepụtara n'oge mmeghachi omume nke ihe nlele ahụ erughị 140 µg, nke bụ oke njedebe nke iji ngwaọrụ bellows na MAT 253 mass spectrometer. N'ọnọdụ ndị a, jiri obere volume maka nyocha. Mgbe ị nyochachara ihe ndị dị na Hayabusa2, a na-etinye fluorin na ọkọlọtọ dị n'ime obsidian ma chọpụta ihe mejupụtara isotope oxygen ya.
Ion nke iberibe NF+ NF3+ na-egbochi ogwe ahụ na oke 33 (16O17O). Iji wepụ nsogbu a nwere ike ime, a na-eji usoro nkewa cryogenic hazie ọtụtụ ihe nlele. Enwere ike ime nke a n'ihu tupu nyocha MAT 253 ma ọ bụ dị ka nyocha nke abụọ site na iweghachi gas a nyochachara na sieve molekul pụrụ iche ma nyefee ya ọzọ mgbe nkewa cryogenic gasịrị. Nkewa cryogenic gụnyere inye gas na sieve molekul na okpomọkụ nitrogen mmiri mmiri wee hapụ ya na sieve molekul mbụ na okpomọkụ nke -130°C. Nnwale sara mbara egosila na NF+ ka nọ na sieve molekul mbụ na enweghị nnukwu nkewa na-eme site na iji usoro a.
Dabere na nyocha ugboro ugboro nke ọkọlọtọ obsidian dị n'ime anyị, izi ezi nke sistemụ ahụ n'ụdị bellows bụ: ±0.053‰ maka δ17O, ±0.095‰ maka δ18O, ±0.018‰ maka Δ17O (2 sd). A na-enye nyocha isotope oxygen na akara ọkọlọtọ delta, ebe a na-agbakọ delta18O dị ka:
Jirikwa oke 17O/16O maka δ17O. VSMOW bụ ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa maka ọkọlọtọ Vienna nke Mmiri Oké Osimiri. Δ17O na-anọchite anya mgbanwe site na ahịrị nkewa ụwa, usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O. A gbanweela data niile ewepụtara na Tebụl Mgbakwunye 3 site na oghere.
E si na ihe ndị dị n'ime Ryugu wepụta akụkụ ndị dị n'obosara ruru 150 ruo 200 nm site na iji ngwa Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB na JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute wepụta akụkụ ndị dị n'obosara ruru 150 ruo 200 nm. Mara na e wepụtara akụkụ FIB niile site na iberibe ihe ndị a na-anaghị edozi nke ọma mgbe ewepụrụ ha na arịa gas N2 maka nnyefe ihe dị n'etiti. E jighị SR-CT tụọ iberibe ndị a, mana e ji obere ikpughe na ikuku ụwa iji zere mmebi na mmetọ nwere ike imetụta spectrum carbon K. Mgbe e tinyere oyi akwa nchebe tungsten, e bepụrụ mpaghara mmasị (ruo 25 × 25 μm2) ma mee ka ha dị gịrịgịrị na voltaji na-eme ngwa ngwa nke 30 kV, wee jiri 5 kV na probe current nke 40 pA belata mmebi elu. E tinyere akụkụ ndị ahụ dị oke mkpa na mpempe ọla kọpa buru ibu (Kochi mesh) 39 site na iji micromanipulator nwere FIB.
E tinyere mpempe akwụkwọ Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) na C0068 (0.6483mg) ugboro abụọ n'ime mpempe akwụkwọ polyethylene dị ọcha nke jupụtara na nitrogen n'ime igbe uwe aka dị ọcha na SPring-8 na-enweghị mmekọrịta ọ bụla na ikuku ụwa. Emere nkwadebe ihe atụ maka JB-1 (nkume ntụaka ala nke Geological Survey nke Japan wepụtara) na Mahadum Tokyo Metropolitan.
A na-eme INAA na Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, Mahadum Kyoto. E tinyere ihe nlele ndị a ugboro abụọ site na usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche ahọpụtara dịka ọkara ndụ nke nuclide ejiri mee ihe maka ọnụọgụ ihe. Nke mbụ, e tinyere ihe nlele ahụ n'ime tube mgbasa ozi pneumatic maka sekọnd 30. Ngụkọta nke neutrons okpomọkụ na ngwa ngwa na fig. 3 bụ 4.6 × 1012 na 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, n'otu n'otu, iji chọpụta ihe dị na Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V na Mn. Chemicals dịka MgO (99.99% ịdị ọcha, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% ịdị ọcha, Soekawa Chemical), na Si metal (99.999% ịdị ọcha, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) ka e wee gbazie ihe nlele ahụ maka igbochi mmeghachi omume nuklia dịka (n, n). E tinyekwara sodium chloride (99.99% ịdị ọcha; MANAC) iji gbazie ihe nlele ahụ maka mgbanwe na mgbasa ozi neutron.
Mgbe e mechara ka ọ dị na neutron, e jiri nke ọhụrụ dochie mpempe akwụkwọ polyethylene dị n'èzí, e wee jiri ihe nchọpụta Ge tụọ radieshon gamma nke ihe nlele na ntụaka na-ewepụta ozugbo. E tinyere otu ihe nlele ndị ahụ ọzọ ruo awa anọ n'ime tube radieshon pneumatic. 2 nwere ọkụ na ọsọ neutron dị ngwa nke 5.6 1012 na 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, n'otu n'otu, iji chọpụta Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir na Au. E tinyere ihe nlele njikwa nke Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, na Au site n'itinye ọnụọgụ kwesịrị ekwesị (site na 10 ruo 50 μg) nke ngwọta ọkọlọtọ nke ihe ndị a maara na mpempe akwụkwọ nzacha abụọ, wee soro radieshon nke ihe nlele ndị ahụ. Emere ọnụọgụ gamma ray na Institute of Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, Mahadum Kyoto na RI Research Center, Mahadum Tokyo Metropolitan. Usoro nyocha na ihe ntụaka maka mkpebi ọnụọgụ nke ihe INAA bụ otu ihe ahụ dịka nke akọwara n'ọrụ anyị gara aga.
E jiri X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) chịkọta ụkpụrụ diffraction nke ihe nlele Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) na NIPR. E jiri X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) chịkọta ụkpụrụ diffraction nke ihe nlele Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) na NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Rygu A0029 (A0029) (A0029) C0087 (<1 mг) na NIPR. E jiri X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) chịkọta ụkpụrụ diffraction nke ihe nlele Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), na C0087 (<1 mg) na NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衾尡使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衾尡 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использовнговение Ngwa ngwa (Rigaku SmartLab). E ji ihe nyocha X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) nweta ụdị X-ray diffraction nke ihe nlele Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) na NIPR.A gweri ihe nlele niile ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ dị mma na wafer silicon nke na-anaghị egosipụta ìhè site na iji efere iko sapphire wee gbasaa ya nke ọma na wafer silicon nke na-anaghị egosipụta ìhè na-enweghị mmiri ọ bụla (mmiri ma ọ bụ mmanya). Ọnọdụ nha bụ ndị a: A na-emepụta radieshon X-ray Cu Kα na voltaji tube nke 40 kV na ugbu a tube nke 40 mA, ogologo mkpụchi bụ 10 mm, akụkụ nkewa bụ (1/6)°, ọsọ ntụgharị n'ime-plane bụ 20 rpm, oke ya bụkwa 2θ (akụkụ Bragg abụọ) bụ 3-100° ma were ihe dị ka awa 28 iji nyochaa. Ejiri Bragg Brentano optics. Ihe nchọpụta ahụ bụ ihe nchọpụta silicon semiconductor otu akụkụ (D/teX Ultra 250). E jiri nzacha Ni wepụ X-ray nke Cu Kβ. Site n'iji ihe atụ dịnụ, a tụnyere nha nke saponite magnesian sịntetik (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (akwụkwọ serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) na pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) iji chọpụta oke ma jiri data diffraction data faịlụ ntụ ntụ sitere na International Center for Diffraction Data, dolomite (PDF 01-071-1662) na magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629). A tụkwara data diffraction sitere na Ryugu na data na hydroalted carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, na Y 980115 CY (ogbo okpomọkụ III, 500–750°C). Ntụnyere ahụ gosiri myirịta na Orgueil, mana ọ bụghị na Y-791198 na Y 980115.
E jiri ọwa STXM BL4U tụọ spectra NEXAFS nwere akụkụ carbon K nke akụkụ dị gịrịgịrị nke ihe atụ emere site na FIB site na iji ọwa STXM BL4U na ụlọ ọrụ UVSOR synchrotron na Institute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Japan). Nha ntụpọ nke ogwe osisi lekwasịrị anya na efere mpaghara Fresnel dị ihe dị ka nm 50. Nzọụkwụ ike bụ 0.1 eV maka nhazi dị mma nke mpaghara dị nso (283.6–292.0 eV) na 0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV na 292.5–300.0 eV) maka mpaghara ihu na azụ. E debere oge maka pikselụ onyonyo ọ bụla na ms 2. Mgbe a chụpụrụ ya, e juputara ụlọ nyocha STXM na helium na nrụgide nke ihe dị ka 20 mbar. Nke a na-enyere aka ibelata mmiri okpomọkụ nke ngwa X-ray optics n'ime ụlọ na onye na-ejide ihe nlele, yana ibelata mmebi ihe nlele na/ma ọ bụ oxidation. E si na data aXis2000 na ngwanrọ nhazi data STXM nkeonwe mepụta NEXAFS K-edge carbon spectra. Mara na a na-eji igbe nnyefe ihe nlele na igbe aka iji zere oxidation na mmetọ ihe nlele.
Mgbe nyocha STXM-NEXAFS gasịrị, e jiri onyonyo isotope nke JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L nyochaa ihe mejupụtara isotopic nke hydrogen, carbon, na nitrogen nke mpekere FIB Ryugu. A na-eji ihe onyonyo isotope nke JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L nyochaa ihe mejupụtara isotopic nke hydrogen, carbon, na nitrogen nke mpekere FIB nke ihe dị ka 2 pA maka nyocha isotope carbon na nitrogen na ihe dị ka 13 pA maka nyocha isotope hydrogen n'elu mpaghara nke ihe dị ka 24 × 24 µm2 ruo 30 × 30 µm2 na ihe nlele ahụ. Mgbe a gbasịrị ọgwụ pre-3 nkeji na isi ọkụ eletrik siri ike, a malitere nyocha ọ bụla mgbe emechara ka ike ọkụ eletrik nke abụọ kwụsie ike. Maka nyocha nke isotope carbon na nitrogen, e nwetara onyonyo nke 12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– na 12C15N– n'otu oge site na iji nchọpụta multiplex elektrọn asaa nwere mkpebi oke nke ihe dị ka 9000, nke zuru oke iji kewaa ihe niile dị mkpa maka isotope. nnyonye anya (ya bụ, 12C1H na 13C na 13C14N na 12C15N). Maka nyocha nke isotopes hydrogen, enwetara onyonyo 1H-, 2D- na 12C- site na mkpebi oke nke ihe dị ka 3000 yana nchọpụta ọtụtụ site na iji ọtụtụ elektrọn atọ. Nyocha ọ bụla nwere onyonyo 30 nke a na-enyocha nke otu mpaghara ahụ, yana otu onyonyo nwere pikselụ 256 × 256 maka nyocha isotopes carbon na nitrogen na pikselụ 128 × 128 maka nyocha isotopes hydrogen. Oge igbu oge bụ 3000 µs kwa pikselụ maka nyocha isotopes carbon na nitrogen na 5000 µs kwa pikselụ maka nyocha isotopes hydrogen. Anyị ejirila 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate dị ka ọkọlọtọ isotopes hydrogen, carbon na nitrogen iji hazie nkesa oke ngwa ọrụ45.
Iji chọpụta ihe mejupụtara silicon isotopic nke presolar graphite na profaịlụ FIB C0068-25, anyị jiri ihe nrịbama elektrọn isii nwere mkpebi oke nke ihe dị ka 9000. Foto ndị ahụ nwere pikselụ 256 × 256 yana oge igbu oge nke 3000 µs kwa pikselụ. Anyị mere ka ngwa nchịkọta oke nkesa dị ka ọkọlọtọ hydrogen, carbon, na silicon sietope.
E ji ngwanrọ onyonyo NanoSIMS45 nke NASA hazie onyonyo Isotope. E doziri data ahụ maka oge ọnwụ nke electron multiplier (44 ns) na mmetụta ọbịbịa nke quasi-n'otu oge. Nhazi nyocha dị iche iche maka onyonyo ọ bụla iji dozie maka mgbanwe onyonyo n'oge nnweta. A na-emepụta onyonyo isotope ikpeazụ site na ịgbakwunye ion nke abụọ site na onyonyo ọ bụla maka pixel nyocha ọ bụla.
Mgbe nyocha STXM-NEXAFS na NanoSIMS gasịrị, e jiri igwe microscope transmission electron (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) nyochaa otu akụkụ FIB ahụ na voltaji na-agba ọsọ nke 200 kV na Kochi, JAMSTEC. E ji TEM na-egbuke egbuke na nyocha elu-nkuku TEM hụ obere nhazi ahụ n'ọhịa gbara ọchịchịrị. E jiri ntụpọ electron na onyonyo band lattice chọpụta usoro mineral, EDS mekwara nyocha kemịkalụ na ihe nchọpụta silicon drift 100 mm2 na ngwanrọ JEOL Analysis Station 4.30. Maka nyocha ọnụọgụgụ, a tụrụ ike X-ray pụrụ iche maka ihe ọ bụla na ụdị nyocha TEM yana oge nnweta data edobere nke 30 s, mpaghara nyocha beam nke ~100 × 100 nm2, na ugbu a nke 50 pA. E jiri ihe nnwale k, nke edoziri maka ọkpụrụkpụ, nke enwetara site na ọkọlọtọ pyropagarnet eke, chọpụta oke (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe na silicates dị larịị.
Foto na nyocha niile ejiri mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe a dị na Sistemụ Nchekwa na Nkwukọrịta JAXA (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2. Edemede a na-enye data mbụ.
Kitari, K. na ndị ọzọ. Ihe mejupụtara elu nke asteroid 162173 Ryugu dịka ngwa Hayabusa2 NIRS3 si hụ. Sayensị 364, 272–275.
Kim, ụdị carbonaceous chondrites nke AJ Yamato (CY): ihe ndị yiri Ryugu asteroid surface? Geochemistry 79, 125531 (2019).
Pilorjet, S. et al. Ejiri igwe microscope MicroOmega hyperspectral mee nyocha mbụ nke ihe nlele Ryugu. National Astron. 6, 221–225 (2021).
Yada, T. et al. Nyocha mbụ nke ihe nlele Hyabusa2 e si na Ryugu nke ụdị C-type nweta. National Astron. 6, 214–220 (2021).