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Na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọgaranya na ihe ndị dị ndụ, C-ụdị asteroids nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime isi iyi mmiri na Ụwa.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, chondrites na-ebu carbon na-enye echiche kachasị mma nke ihe mejupụtara kemịkal ha, mana ozi gbasara meteorites na-agbagọ: ọ bụ naanị ụdị kachasị dịgidere na-abanye na mbara igwe wee na-emekọrịta ihe na gburugburu ụwa.N'ebe a, anyị na-eweta nsonaazụ nke nyocha volumetric na microanalytical nke mbụ nke Ryugu nke ụgbọ elu Hayabusa-2 nyefere n'ụwa.Ihe irighiri Ryugu na-egosi njikọ chiri anya n'ihe mejupụtara ya na CI (ụdị Iwuna-ụdị) chondrite nke mmiri na-agbanwe, bụ nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe na-egosi mkpokọta usoro mbara igwe.Ihe nlere a na-egosi mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti organic aliphatic organics na layered silicates ma na-egosi oke okpomọkụ dị ihe dịka 30 Celsius C n'oge mbuze mmiri.Anyị hụrụ n'ụba nke deuterium na diazonium kwekọrọ na mmalite anyanwụ.Ahụhụ Ryugu bụ ihe ndị mba ọzọ na-adịghị emerụ emerụ na nke a na-ekewaghị ekewa nke a na-amụ na nke kacha mma dabara na mkpokọta nke usoro mbara igwe.
Site na June 2018 ruo Nọvemba 2019, ụgbọ elu Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Hayabusa2 mere nyocha dịpụrụ adịpụ nke asteroid Ryugu.Data sitere na Spectrometer Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) na Hayabusa-2 na-atụ aro na Ryugu nwere ike mejupụtara ihe dị ka thermally na/ma ọ bụ shock-metamorphic carbonaceous chondrites.Egwuregwu kacha nso bụ CY chondrite (ụdị Yamato) 2. Enwere ike ịkọwa albedo dị ala nke Ryugu site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe ndị nwere carbon, yana nha nha, porosity, na mmetụta ihu igwe.Ụgbọ elu Hayabusa-2 mere ọdịda abụọ na nchịkọta nlele na Ryuga.N'oge ọdịda mbụ na February 21, 2019, enwetara ihe dị elu, nke echekwara na ngalaba A nke nkwụghachi azụ, yana n'oge ọdịda nke abụọ na Julaị 11, 2019, a na-anakọta ihe n'akụkụ olulu mmiri wuru nke obere obere ihe nwere ike ibugharị.A na-echekwa ihe nlele ndị a na Ward C. Nkọwa mbụ nke na-adịghị emebi emebi nke ihe ndị dị na Stage 1 na ụlọ pụrụ iche, nke na-adịghị mma na nke dị ọcha nke jupụtara na nitrogen na ụlọ ọrụ JAXA na-achịkwa na-egosi na ihe ndị Ryugu dị ka CI4 chondrites ma gosipụta "ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke mgbanwe"3.Nhazi nke Ryugu yiri ka ọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya, dị ka CY ma ọ bụ CI chondrites, nwere ike idozi ya site na njiri mara ihe dị iche iche nke isotopic, elemental, na mineralogical nke mkpụrụ irighiri Ryugu.Nsonaazụ e gosipụtara ebe a na-enye ntọala siri ike maka ịchọpụta nke n'ime nkọwa mbido abụọ a maka mkpokọta asteroid Ryugu nwere ike ịbụ.
E kenyere pellets Ryugu asatọ (ihe dị ka mkpokọta 60mg), anọ sitere na Chamber A na anọ sitere na Chamber C, na Phase 2 iji jikwaa otu Kochi.Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọmụmụ a bụ ịkọwapụta ọdịdị, mmalite na akụkọ ntolite evolushọn nke asteroid Ryugu, na idetu myirịta na ọdịiche dị na ụdị ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka chondrites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) na nlọghachi comets.Nlereanya ndị NASA's Stardust chịkọtara.
Nyocha zuru ezu nke mineralogical nke mkpụrụ osisi Ryugu ise (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 na C0068) gosiri na ha na-abụkarị nke phyllosilicates dị mma na nke na-enweghị isi (~ 64-88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b, Fig.na tebụl ọzọ 1).phyllosilicates na-esighị ike na-eme dị ka nchịkọta pinnate (ihe ruru iri iri micron n'ogo) na ezigbo grained, phyllosilicate matrices bara ụba (ihe na-erughị micron ole na ole n'ogo).Ụmụ irighiri silicate na-ekpuchi elu bụ serpentine-saponite symbionts (Fig 1c).Map (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe na-egosikwa na nnukwu silicate matrix nwere ihe dị n'etiti serpentine na saponite (Fig. 2a, b).Matrix phyllosilicate nwere mineral carbonate (~ 2-21 vol.%), mineral sulfide (~ 2.4-5.5 vol.%), na magnetite (~ 3.6-6.8 vol.%).Otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-enyocha n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a (C0009) nwere obere ego (~ 0.5 vol.%) nke silicates anhydrous (olivine na pyroxene), nke nwere ike inye aka chọpụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta nkume Ryugu raw5.Silicate nke na-esighị ike na-adịghị ahụkebe na pellets Ryugu ma bụrụ nke a chọpụtara nke ọma na C0009 pellet.Carbonates dị na matriks dị ka iberibe (ihe na-erughị narị microns ole na ole), ọkachasị dolomite, nwere obere calcium carbonate na brinell.Magnetite na-apụta dị ka ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ, framboid, plaques, ma ọ bụ mkpokọta gburugburu.Sulfide bụ pyrrhotite na-anọchi anya ya n'ụdị prisms/efere hexagonal oge niile ma ọ bụ laths.Matriks ahụ nwere nnukwu ego nke submicron pentlandite ma ọ bụ jikọtara ya na pyrrhotite. Usoro nke nwere carbon (<10 µm n'ogo) na-eme ebe niile na matrix phyllosilicate bara ụba. Usoro nke nwere carbon (<10 µm n'ogo) na-eme ebe niile na matrix phyllosilicate bara ụba. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно Usoro nke nwere carbon (<10 µm n'ogo) na-eme ebe niile na matrix phyllosilicate bara ụba.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Akụkụ nke nwere carbon (<10 µm n'ogo) bụ nke kachasị na matriks phyllosilicate bara ụba.E gosipụtara mineral ndị ọzọ na-enye aka na tebụl mgbakwunye 1. Ndepụta nke mineral ndị e kpebisiri ike site na X-ray diffraction pattern of C0087 na A0029 na A0037 ngwakọta dị nnọọ kwekọrọ na nke ahụ kpebisiri ike na CI (Orgueil) chondrite, ma dị iche na CY na CM (ụdị Mighei) chondrite 1 na ihe atụ.Mkpokọta ọdịnaya nke mkpụrụ ọka Ryugu (A0098, C0068) kwekọrọ na chondrite 6 CI (data gbasaa, Fig. 2 na tebụl mgbakwunye 2).N'ụzọ dị iche, CM chondrites na-agwụcha na ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke ukwuu, karịsịa Mn na Zn, ma dị elu na ihe ndị na-atụgharị uche7.Nchikota nke ihe ụfọdụ na-adịgasị iche iche nke ukwuu, nke nwere ike ịbụ ngosipụta nke ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ihe nlele ahụ n'ihi ntakịrị nha nke ihe ndị dị n'otu n'otu na ihe na-esi na nlele nlele pụta.All petrological, mineralogical na elemental e ji mara na-egosi na Ryugu grains yiri nnọọ chondrites CI8,9,10.Ihe dị iche iche dị ịrịba ama bụ enweghị ferrihydrite na sulfate na ọka Ryugu, na-atụ aro na mineral ndị a na CI chondrites sitere na ihu igwe nke ụwa.
a, Ihe oyiyi X-ray mejupụtara nke Mg Kα (red), Ca Kα (green), Fe Kα (acha anụnụ anụnụ), na S Kα (edo edo) ngalaba akọrọ akọrọ C0068.Iberibe ahụ nwere silicates oyi akwa (acha uhie uhie: ~ 88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; green green: ~ 1.6 vol%), magnetite (acha anụnụ anụnụ: ~ 5.3 vol%) na sulfide (edo edo: sulfide = ~ 2.5% vol. edemede b, ihe oyiyi nke mpaghara contour na azụ azụ electrons - ihe ọṅụṅụ ígwè Magnete - Bruce - ihe ọṅụṅụ iron; soapstone; Srp – serpentine.c, ihe onyonyo eletrọnịkị eletrọnịkị (TEM) nnyefe dị elu nke ihe onyonyo saponite-serpentine intergrowth na-egosi serpentine na saponite lattice bands nke 0.7 nm na 1.1 nm n'otu n'otu.
Ihe mejupụtara nke matrix na Layered silicate (na%) nke Ryugu A0037 ( okirikiri uhie siri ike) na C0068 ( okirikiri acha anụnụ anụnụ) ka egosiri na sistemu ternary (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe.a, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) nsonaazụ kpara nkata megide CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 gosiri na isi awọ maka ntụnyere.b, Nyochaa TEM (STEM) na ike dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) nyocha egosiri iji tụnyere Orgueil9 na Murchison46 meteorites na hydrated IDP47.A na-enyocha phyllosilicates ndị dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma, na-ezere obere ihe nke ígwè sulfide.Ahịrị nwere ntụpọ dị na a na b na-egosi ahịrị mgbasa nke saponite na serpentine.Ngwakọta bara ụba nke ígwè dị na a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi submicron iron sulfide grains n'ime mkpụrụ osisi silicate nke oyi akwa, nke enweghị ike iwepụ ya site na mkpebi oghere nke nyocha EPMA.Isi ihe data nwere ọdịnaya Si dị elu karịa saponite na b nwere ike bute ya site na ọnụnọ nke nanosized amorphous silicon-rich material na interstices nke oyi akwa phyllosilicate.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nyocha: N = 69 maka A0037, N = 68 maka EPMA, N = 68 maka C0068, N = 19 maka A0037 na N = 27 maka C0068 maka STEM-EDS.c, map isotope nke trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 tụnyere chondrite ụkpụrụ CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) na akwụkwọ data (CM na C2-ung) 41,48,49.Anyị enwetala data maka meteorites Orgueil na Y-82162.CCAM bụ ahịrị nke mineral chondrite carbonaceous anhydrous, TFL bụ ahịrị nkesa ala.d, Δ17O na δ18O maapụ nke Ryugu particle C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), na CY chondrite (Y-82162) (ihe ọmụmụ a).Δ17O_Ryugu: Uru nke Δ17O C0014-1.Δ17O_Orgueil: Nkezi Δ17O uru maka Orgueil.Δ17O_Y-82162: Nkezi Δ17O uru maka Y-82162.E gosipụtara data CI na CY sitere na akwụkwọ 41, 48, 49 maka ntụnyere.
A na-eme nyocha nke isotope mass nke oxygen na ihe nlele 1.83 mg nke ihe a na-enweta site na C0014 granular site na laser fluorination (Ụzọ).Maka ntụnyere, anyị gbara akwụkwọ asaa nke Orgueil (CI) (ngụkọta oke = 8.96 mg) na mkpụrụ asaa nke Y-82162 (CY) (ngụkọta oke = 5.11 mg) (Nkwupụta 3).
Na fig.2d na-egosi nkewa doro anya nke Δ17O na δ18O n'etiti oke arọ nke Orgueil na Ryugu tụnyere Y-82162.The Δ17O nke Ryugu C0014-4 urughuru dị elu karịa nke Orgeil urughuru, n'agbanyeghị overlack na 2 sd.Ihe ndị dị na Ryugu nwere ụkpụrụ Δ17O dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere Orgeil, nke nwere ike igosi mmetọ ụwa nke ikpeazụ kemgbe ọdịda ya na 1864. Weathering na gburugburu ebe obibi11 na-ebute na ntinye nke ikuku oxygen, na-eme ka nyocha ahụ dịkwuo nso na njedebe nke ụwa.Nkwubi okwu a kwekọrọ na data mineralogical (a tụlere na mbụ) na ọka Ryugu enweghị hydrates ma ọ bụ sulfates, ebe Orgeil nwere.
Dabere na data mineralogical dị n'elu, nsonaazụ ndị a na-akwado njikọ dị n'etiti ọka Ryugu na CI chondrites, mana na-ewepụ njikọ nke CY chondrites.Eziokwu ahụ bụ na mkpụrụ osisi Ryugu adịghị ejikọta ya na CY chondrites, bụ ndị na-egosi akara doro anya nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo mineralogy, bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya.Nleba anya n'akụkụ Ryugu na-egosi na akpịrị akpọnwụla ya, yabụ na ọ bụ ihe CY mejupụtara ya.Ihe kpatara ọdịiche a pụtara ìhè ka edobeghị anya.A na-egosiputa nyocha nke isotope oxygen nke ihe ndị ọzọ Ryugu na akwụkwọ ibe 12. Otú ọ dị, nsonaazụ nke ntinye data a gbatịpụrụ na-adaberekwa na njikọ dị n'etiti Ryugu particles na CI chondrites.
N'iji usoro microanalysis a na-ahazi (Mgbakwunye 3), anyị nyochara nkesa mbara igwe nke carbon carbon n'elu ebe niile nke ion beam fraction (FIB) C0068.25 (Figs 3a-f).Ọdịdị dị mma X-ray absorption spectra nke carbon (NEXAFS) na nso nso na ngalaba C0068.25 na-egosi ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche - aromatic ma ọ bụ C = C (285.2 eV), C = O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) na C ( = O) O (288.8 eV) nke pụtara . ogo dị ala nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ.Oke CH siri ike (287.5 eV) nke akụkụ akụkụ nke C0068.25 dị iche na organic insoluble nke carbonaceous chondrites a mụrụ na mbụ ma yie IDP14 na ihe ndị na-eme mkpọtụ nwetara site na ozi Stardust.Oke CH siri ike na 287.5 eV na aromatic na-adịghị ike ma ọ bụ C = C na 285.2 eV na-egosi na ogige organic bara ụba na ogige aliphatic (Fig 3a na Fig. 3a).A na-edobe ebe ndị bara ụba na ogige aliphatic organic na phyllosilicates na-enweghị isi, yana ebe ndị nwere ihe na-adịghị mma aromatic (ma ọ bụ C = C) carbon (Fig. 3c, d).N'ụzọ dị iche, A0037,22 (Mgbakwunye 3) gosipụtara akụkụ dị ala nke mpaghara aliphatic carbon.Ihe dị n'okpuru mineralogy nke ọka ndị a bara ụba na carbonates, dị ka chondrite CI 16, na-atụ aro mgbanwe dị ukwuu nke mmiri iyi (Mgbakwunye 1).Ọnọdụ oxidizing ga-akwado ọkwa dị elu nke carbonyl na carboxyl na-arụ ọrụ na ogige organic jikọtara ya na carbonates.Nkesa submicron nke organics nwere usoro carbon aliphatic nwere ike ịdị nnọọ iche na nkesa nke silicates oyi akwa na-enweghị isi.Ntụnye nke ogige organic aliphatic jikọtara ya na phyllosilicate-OH ka achọtara na Tagish Lake meteorite.Data microanalytical achikọtara na-egosi na ihe ndị dị ndụ bara ụba na ogige aliphatic nwere ike gbasaa na ụdị C-asteroids yana njikọ chiri anya na phyllosilicates.Nkwubi okwu a kwekọrọ na akụkọ gara aga nke aliphatic/aromatic CHs na irighiri ihe Ryugu gosipụtara site na MicroOmega, microscope hyperspectral infrared dị nso.Ajụjụ dị mkpa na nke a na-edozibeghị bụ ma ihe pụrụ iche nke aliphatic carbon-rich organic compounds nke jikọtara ya na phyllosilicates na-enweghị isi nke a na-ahụ n'ọmụmụ ihe a bụ nanị na asteroid Ryugu.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra normalized ka 292 eV na aromatic (C = C) ọgaranya mpaghara (red), na aliphatic ọgaranya mpaghara (green), na matriks (acha anụnụ anụnụ).Ahịrị isi awọ bụ Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum maka ntụnyere.au, ngalaba ikpe ikpe.b, Nleba anya nnyefe X-ray microscopy (STXM) spectral image nke carbon K-ọnụ na-egosi na akụkụ ahụ bụ nke carbon na-achị.c, RGB mejupụtara atụmatụ nwere aromatic (C=C) mpaghara bara ụba (ọbara ọbara), mpaghara bara ụba nke aliphatic (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), na matriks (acha anụnụ anụnụ).d, organics bara ụba na ogige aliphatic na-etinye uche na phyllosilicate na-enweghị isi, ebe a na-abawanye site na igbe ndị nwere ntụpọ ọcha na b na c.e, nnukwu nanospheres (ng-1) dị na mpaghara agbasawanye site na igbe nwere ntụpọ ọcha na b na c.Maka: pyrrhotite.Ihe atụ: nickel-chromite.f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), na Nitrogen (12C14N) ihe oyiyi elementrị, 12C/1H element ratio oyiyi, na cross δD, δ13C, na δ15N isotope oyiyi - Nkebi PG-1: nwere nnukwu ihe oyiyi 4C.
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ kinetic nke mmebi ihe organic na Murchison meteorites nwere ike inye ozi dị mkpa gbasara nkesa dị iche iche nke aliphatic organic okwu bara ụba na ọka Ryugu.Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi na aliphatic CH bonds na organic matter na-adịgide ruo oke okpomọkụ nke ihe dịka 30 Celsius na nne na nna na / ma ọ bụ gbanwee na mmekọrịta oge okpomọkụ (dịka afọ 200 na 100 ° C na 0 ° C 100 nde afọ)..Ọ bụrụ na onye na-aga n'ihu anaghị ekpo ọkụ n'oge okpomọkụ maka ihe karịrị oge ụfọdụ, enwere ike ichekwa nkesa mbụ nke aliphatic organics bara ụba na phyllosilicate.Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe mmiri nkume isi iyi nwere ike ime ka nkọwa a dị mgbagwoju anya, ebe ọ bụ na A0037 carbonate-rich adịghị egosi mpaghara aliphatic ọ bụla nwere carbon nke jikọtara ya na phyllosilicates.Mgbanwe okpomọkụ a dị ala dabara na ọnụnọ cubic feldspar na ọka Ryugu (Table 1) 20.
Iberibe C0068.25 (ng-1; Fig 3a–c,e) nwere nnukwu nanosphere na-egosi nnukwu ísì ụtọ (ma ọ bụ C = C), aliphatic na-agafeghị oke, na ụdị adịghị ike nke C (= O) O na C = O..The mbinye aka nke aliphatic carbon ekwekọghị na mbinye aka nke nnukwu insoluble organics na organic nanospheres metụtara chondrites (Fig. 3a) 17,21.Raman na infrared spectroscopic analysis nke nanospheres na Lake Tagish gosiri na ha mejupụtara aliphatic na oxidized organic ogige na disordered polycyclic aromatic organic ogige nwere mgbagwoju Ọdịdị22,23.N'ihi na matriks gbara ya gburugburu nwere organics bara ụba na ogige aliphatic, mbinye aka nke carbon aliphatic na ng-1 nwere ike ịbụ ihe nyocha.N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ng-1 nwere silicates amorphous agbakwunyere (Fig. 3e), ụdị ederede a na-akọbeghị maka ihe ọ bụla na-abụghị nke ụwa.Amorphous silicates nwere ike ịbụ ihe sitere n'okike nke ng-1 ma ọ bụ pụta site na amorphization nke aqueous/anhydrous silicates site na ion na/ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik n'oge nyocha.
Ihe oyiyi ion nke NanoSIMS nke ngalaba C0068.25 (Fig 3f) na-egosi mgbanwe mgbanwe na δ13C na δ15N, ma e wezụga maka mkpụrụ osisi presolar na nnukwu 13C enrichment nke 30,811 ‰ (PG-1 na δ13C oyiyi na Fig. 3f) (Ntinye mgbakwunye).Ihe oyiyi ọka elementrị X-ray na ihe oyiyi TEM dị elu na-egosi naanị mkpokọta carbon na anya n'etiti ụgbọ elu basal nke 0.3 nm, nke kwekọrọ na graphite.Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ụkpụrụ nke δD (841 ± 394 ‰) na δ15N (169 ± 95 ‰), bara ụba na ihe aliphatic organic nke jikọtara ya na phyllosilicates na-enweghị isi, na-atụgharị ka ọ dị elu karịa nkezi maka mpaghara C dum (δD = 528 ‰).‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) na C0068.25 (Mgbakwunye 4).Nleba anya a na-egosi na ihe ndị dị na aliphatic-ọgaranya organics na phyllosilicates na-enweghị isi nwere ike ịbụ oge ochie karịa ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ebe ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ nwere ike ịme mgbanwe isotopic na mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na ahụ mbụ.N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbanwe ndị a isotopic nwekwara ike jikọta na usoro nhazi mbụ.A na-akọwara na silicates dị larịị nwere ezigbo ọka na CI chondrites ka e hiwere n'ihi mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu nke ụyọkọ silicate na-esighị ike nke mbụ na-enweghị isi.Aliphatic-ọgaranya organic okwu nwere ike kpụrụ si precursor ụmụ irighiri na protoplanetary disk ma ọ bụ interstellar media tupu e guzobere usoro nke anyanwụ, na mgbe ahụ e dịtụ gbanwere n'oge mgbanwe mmiri nke Ryugu (nnukwu) nne na nna. Nha (<1.0km) nke Ryugu dị obere iji kwado okpomọkụ dị n'ime nke ọma maka mgbanwe mmiri iji mepụta mineral hydrous25. Nha (<1.0km) nke Ryugu dị obere iji dobe okpomọkụ dị n'ime nke ọma maka mgbanwe mmiri iji mepụta mineral hydrous25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы подерживать внутреное ых MINERALOF25. Size (<1.0 km) Ryugu dị obere iji nọgide na-enwe okpomọkụ dị n'ime ya maka mgbanwe mmiri iji mepụta mineral mmiri25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矉物 Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矉物 Tinye -р рюу (<1,0 кишшОмм) . Ogo Ryugu (<1.0 km) dị obere iji kwado okpomọkụ dị n'ime ka ọ gbanwee mmiri iji mepụta mineral mmiri25.Ya mere, ndị Ryugu bu ụzọ nwee ike ịchọ iri kilomita iri n'ogo.Ihe na-emepụta ihe bara ụba na ogige aliphatic nwere ike idowe oke isotope mbụ ha n'ihi mkpakọrịta ha na phyllosilicates nwere nnukwu ọka.Otú ọ dị, kpọmkwem ọdịdị nke ndị na-ebu ibu dị arọ isotopic na-anọgide na-ejighị n'aka n'ihi mgbagwoju anya na ngwakọta dị nro nke ihe dị iche iche dị na akụkụ FIB ndị a.Ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ bara ụba na ogige aliphatic na Ryugu granules ma ọ bụ phyllosilicates na-adịghị ahụkebe gbara ha gburugburu.Rịba ama na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile carbonaceous chondrites (gụnyere CI chondrites) na-achọ ịba ọgaranya na D karịa na phyllosilicates, ewezuga CM Paris 24, 26 meteorites.
Ibé nke olu δD na δ15N nke FIB mpekere nwetara maka A0002.23 na A0002.26, A0037.22 na A0037.23 na C0068.23, C0068.25 na C0068.25 na C0068.26 FIB Mpekere nke A0002.23 na A0002.26. E gosipụtara usoro na fig.4 (Tebụl mgbakwunye 4)27,28.Mgbanwe olu na δD na δ15N na profaịlụ A0002, A0037, na C0068 kwekọrọ na ndị nọ na IDP, ma dị elu karịa na CM na CI chondrites (Fig 4).Rịba ama na oke nke ụkpụrụ δD maka sample Comet 29 (-240 ruo 1655‰) karịrị nke Ryugu.Mpịakọta δD na δ15N nke profaịlụ Ryukyu, dịka iwu, dị ntakịrị karịa nkezi maka comets nke ezinụlọ Jupiter na igwe ojii Oort (Fig 4).Ụkpụrụ δD dị ala nke CI chondrites nwere ike igosipụta mmetụta nke mmetọ ụwa na nlele ndị a.Nyere myirịta dị n'etiti Bells, Lake Tagish, na IDP, nnukwu heterogeneity dị na δD na δN ụkpụrụ na Ryugu particles nwere ike igosi mgbanwe na mbido mbụ nke isootopic nke organic na aqueous compounds na mmalite anyanwụ usoro.Mgbanwe isotopic yiri nke ahụ na δD na δN na Ryugu na irighiri IDP na-egosi na ha abụọ nwere ike ịmalite site na ihe sitere n'otu ebe.A kwenyere na ndị IDP sitere na isi mmalite cometary 14.Ya mere, Ryugu nwere ike ịnwe ihe dị ka comet na/ma ọ bụ opekata mpe sistemụ mbara igwe.Otú ọ dị, nke a nwere ike isi ike karịa ka anyị na-ekwu ebe a n'ihi (1) ngwakọta nke spherulitic na D-ọgaranya mmiri na nne na nna 31 na (2) the comet's D/H ratio dị ka ọrụ nke cometary ọrụ 32 .Otú ọ dị, a ghọtaghị ihe kpatara ọdịdị dị iche iche nke hydrogen na nitrogen isotopes dị na Ryugu particles, akụkụ n'ihi ntakịrị ọnụọgụ nyocha dị taa.Nsonaazụ nke sistemu isotope hydrogen na nitrogen ka na-ebuli ohere na Ryugu nwere ọtụtụ ihe sitere na mpụga Sistemu anyanwụ wee si otú a gosi myirịta ụfọdụ na comets.Profaịlụ Ryugu egosighi njikọ pụtara ìhè n'etiti δ13C na δ15N (Ntinye mgbakwunye 4).
N'ozuzu H na N isotopic mejupụtara nke Ryugu (okirikiri uhie: A0002, A0037; okirikiri anụnụ anụnụ: C0068) jikọtara ya na ịdị ukwuu anyanwụ 27, Jupiter pụtara ezinụlọ (JFC27), na Oort ígwé ojii comets (OCC27), IDP28, na carbonaceous chondrules.Ntụle nke meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung).Enyere ihe mejupụtara isotopic na tebụl mgbakwunye 4. Ahịrị ndị nwere ntụpọ bụ ụkpụrụ terrestrial isotope maka H na N.
Ụgbọ njem nke volatiles (dịka organic okwu na mmiri) na Ụwa na-anọgide a nchegbu26,27,33.Submicron organic okwu jikọtara na keadighi rarii phyllosilicates na Ryugu particles nke a chọpụtara na ọmụmụ a nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke volatiles.A na-echekwa ihe ndị dị n'ime phyllosilicates na-enweghị isi nke ọma ka ọ ghara imebi16,34 na ire ere35 karịa ihe ndị dị n'ime matrices mara mma.Ngwakọta isotopic dị arọ nke hydrogen n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe pụtara na o yighị ka ọ ga-abụ naanị isi iyi nke mgbanwe na-ebuga na ụwa mbụ.Enwere ike ịgwakọta ha na ihe mejupụtara ya na ihe mejupụtara isotopic hydrogen dị ọkụ, dịka ekwuru n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'echiche nke ọnụnọ nke mmiri na-efe efe nke anyanwụ na silicates.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị na-egosi na CI meteorites, n'agbanyeghị na ha geochemical mkpa dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya nke mkpokọta mejupụtara nke usoro mbara igwe, 6,10 bụ terrestrial emeru samples.Anyị na-enyekwa ihe akaebe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe aliphatic organic bara ụba na mineral hydrous gbara agbata obi ma na-atụ aro na Ryugu nwere ike ịnwe ihe extrasolar37.Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya mkpa ọ dị nleba anya kpọmkwem nke protoasteroids na mkpa ọ dị ibufe ihe nlele azụtara n'okpuru ọnọdụ enweghị ike na enweghị ike.Ihe akaebe e gosipụtara n'ebe a na-egosi na ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na ụmụ irighiri ihe Ryugu bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ emerụ nke anyanwụ dị maka nyocha ụlọ nyocha, na nyocha ọzọ nke ihe atụ ndị a dị oké ọnụ ahịa ga-agbasawanye nghọta anyị banyere usoro usoro mbara igwe nke mbụ.Ihe ndị dị na Ryugu bụ ihe nnọchianya kachasị mma nke mkpokọta nke usoro mbara igwe.
Iji chọpụta mgbagwoju anya microstructure na kemịkal nke submicron scale samples, anyị na-eji synchrotron radieshon dabeere computed tomography (SR-XCT) na SR X-ray diffraction (XRD) -CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM analysis.Enweghị mmebi, mmetọ n'ihi ikuku nke ụwa, ọ dịghịkwa mmebi site na ezigbo irighiri ihe ma ọ bụ n'ụdị igwe.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, anyị ejirila nyocha microscopy eletrọnịnụ (SEM) -EDS, EPMA, XRD, akụrụngwa neutron activation analysis (INAA), na laser oxygen isotope fluorination akụrụngwa.E gosipụtara usoro nnwale ahụ na foto mgbakwunye 3 na nyocha nke ọ bụla ka akọwara na ngalaba ndị a.
Achọtara ụmụ irighiri ihe sitere na asteroid Ryugu na modul Hayabusa-2 reentry ma nyefee ya na JAXA Control Center na Sagamihara, Japan, na-emetọghị ikuku ụwa4.Mgbe njirimara mbụ na nke na-adịghị emebi emebi na ụlọ ọrụ JAXA jikwaa, jiri igbe mbufe n'etiti saịtị na akpa capsule sample (10 ma ọ bụ 15 mm dayameta sapphire crystal na igwe anaghị agba nchara, dabere na nha nlele) iji zere ndabichi gburugburu ebe obibi.gburugburu ebe obibi.y na/ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ n'ala (dịka mmiri vapour, hydrocarbons, ikuku ikuku na ihe dị mma) na mmetọ n'etiti ihe atụ n'oge nkwadebe sample na njem n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na mahadum38.Iji zere nbibi na mmetọ n'ihi mmekọrịta na ikuku ụwa (mmiri vepo na oxygen), ụdị nile nke sample nkwadebe (gụnyere chipping na a tantalum chisel, na-eji a itule diamond waya saw (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) na ọnwụ epoxy) nkwadebe maka echichi) e rụrụ na glovebox n'okpuru dị ọcha akọrọ N2 (igirigi ebe: -0 °C: 60 °C).A na-ehichapụ ihe niile eji eme ihe ebe a na ngwakọta nke mmiri ultrapure na ethanol na-eji ultrasonic ebili mmiri nke ugboro dị iche iche.
N'ebe a, anyị na-amụ National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) nchịkọta meteorite nke Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y) -791198, CY: Y-82162 na CY: Y 980115).
Maka ịnyefe n'etiti ngwa maka SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS na nyocha TEM, anyị jiri ihe njide ultrathin zuru ụwa ọnụ akọwara na ọmụmụ gara aga38.
A na-eme nyocha SR-XCT nke ihe nlele Ryugu site na iji usoro CT agbakwunyere BL20XU/SPring-8.The integrated CT usoro mejupụtara dị iche iche nha ụdịdị: mbara ubi ele na ala mkpebi (WL) mode weghara dum Ọdịdị nke sample, warara ubi ele na elu mkpebi (NH) mode maka ezi nha nke sample ebe.mmasị na redio iji nweta usoro ntụgharị nke olu nke ihe nlele ahụ, ma mee XRD-CT iji nweta eserese 2D nke usoro ịnweta ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na nlele.Rịba ama na enwere ike ịme nha niile na-ejighi usoro arụnyere n'ime ya wepụ ihe njide nlele na ntọala, na-enye ohere maka nha CT na XRD-CT ziri ezi.Mpempe akwụkwọ WL-ray X-ray (BM AA40P; hamamatstu foto) ens.Nha pikselụ na ọnọdụ WL bụ ihe dịka 0.848 µm.Ya mere, ebe nlele (FOV) dị na ọnọdụ WL bụ ihe dịka 6 mm na nkwụsị CT mode.Ihe nchọpụta X-ray nke ọnọdụ NH (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) nwere nnukwu gadolinium-aluminom-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) 20 µm, scintillator, igwefoto CMOS (C11440-22CU) nwere mkpebi nke 2048 × 2048 pixels.Hamamatsu Photonics) na oghere × 20.Nha pikselụ na ọnọdụ NH bụ ~0.25 µm na mpaghara nlele bụ ~0.5 mm.Onye na-achọpụta ihe maka ọnọdụ XRD (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) nwere ihe scintillator nke nwere 50 µm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) ihuenyo ntụ ntụ, igwefoto CMOS 2304 × 2304 pixel mkpebi (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) na relays.Ihe nchọta ahụ nwere nha pikselụ dị irè nke 19.05 µm yana oghere nlele nke 43.9 mm2.Iji mee ka FOV dịkwuo elu, anyị tinyere usoro nkwụsị CT na ọnọdụ WL.Onyonyo ọkụ a na-ebunye maka nrụgharị CT nwere ihe onyonyo dị na nso 180° ruo 360° nke na-egosipụta n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ gburugburu axis nke ntụgharị, yana onyonyo dị n'ogo nke 0° ruo 180°.
Na ọnọdụ XRD, oghere X-ray na-elekwasị anya site na efere mpaghara Fresnel.N'ime ọnọdụ a, a na-etinye onye na-achọpụta ihe 110 mm n'azụ ihe nlele ahụ na nkwụsị ọkụ dị 3 mm n'ihu onye nchọpụta ahụ.Ihe oyiyi diffraction dị na 2θ sitere na 1.43 ° ruo 18.00 ° (grating pitch d = 16.6-1.32 Å) nwetara ebe X-ray lekwasịrị anya na ala nke ebe ihe nleba anya.Ihe nlele ahụ na-aga n'ihu kwụ ọtọ na etiti oge, na-atụgharị ọkara maka nzọụkwụ nyocha kwụ ọtọ ọ bụla.Ọ bụrụ na irighiri ihe ịnweta ahụ na-egbo ọnọdụ Bragg mgbe ọ na-atụgharị site na 180 Celsius, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịnweta ihe dị iche iche nke mineral na ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ.A na-ejikọta onyonyo diffraction ahụ n'otu onyonyo maka usoro nyocha kwụ ọtọ ọ bụla.Ọnọdụ nyocha SR-XRD-CT fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ihe maka nyocha SR-XRD.Na ọnọdụ XRD-CT, a na-edobe ihe nchọta 69 mm n'azụ ihe nlele ahụ.Onyonyo diffraction na 2θ nso sitere na 1.2° ruo 17.68° (d = 19.73 ruo 1.35 Å), ebe ma x-ray beam na ihe mgbochi beam kwekọrọ na etiti ebe ihe nleba anya.Nyochaa ihe nlele ahụ n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ wee tụgharịa nlele ahụ 180°.E jiri ike ịnweta ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu wughachi onyonyo SR-XRD-CT dị ka ụkpụrụ pikselụ.Site na nyocha kwụ ọtọ, a na-enyocha ihe nlele ahụ na usoro 500-1000.
Maka nnwale niile, a na-edozi ike X-ray na 30 keV, ebe nke a bụ njedebe dị ala nke ntinye X-ray n'ime meteorites nwere dayameta nke ihe dịka 6 mm.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onyonyo enwetara maka nha CT niile n'oge ntụgharị 180 ° bụ 1800 (3600 maka mmemme CT nke akwụghị ụgwọ), na oge mkpughe maka onyonyo bụ 100 ms maka ọnọdụ WL, 300 ms maka ọnọdụ NH, 500 ms maka XRD, na 50 ms.ms maka XRD-CT ms.Oge nlebanya a na-ahụkarị bụ ihe dịka nkeji iri na ọnọdụ WL, nkeji iri na ise na ọnọdụ NH, awa 3 maka XRD, yana awa 8 maka SR-XRD-CT.
E wughachiri onyonyo CT site na ntule azụ nke convolutional wee hazie ya maka ọnụọgụ mbelata n'ahịrị site na 0 ruo 80 cm-1.Ejiri ngwanro Slice ahụ nyochaa data 3D yana ngwa muXRD wee nyochaa data XRD.
Epoxy-fixed Ryugu particles (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 na C0068) ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-egbuke egbuke n'elu ruo ọkwa nke 0.5 µm (3M) ihe nkiri lapping diamond n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọrọ, na-ezere ihe na-abanye na kọntaktị na elu n'oge usoro nhazi.The polished elu nke ọ bụla sample e bu ụzọ enyocha ya site ìhè microscopy wee backscattered electrons iji nweta mineralogy na udidi oyiyi (BSE) nke samples na qualitative NIPR ọcha iji a JEOL JSM-7100F SEM onwem na ike dispersive spectrometer (AZtec).ike) foto.Maka nlele ọ bụla, a na-enyocha ọdịnaya nke isi na obere ihe site na iji microanalyzer nyocha eletrọn (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200).Nyochaa phyllosilicate na carbonate particles na 5 nA, ụkpụrụ okike na nke sịntetik na 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, na pyroxene na 30 nA.A gbakọrọ akara ule modal site na maapụ mmewere na onyonyo BSE site na iji sọftụwia ImageJ 1.53 nwere ọnụ ụzọ dabara adaba nke edobere maka ịnweta ọ bụla.
Emere nyocha isotope oxygen na Mahadum Open (Milton Keynes, UK) site na iji sistemu fluorination laser infrared.Enyere sample Hayabusa2 na Mahadum mepere emepe 38 na arịa nwere nitrogen maka ịnyefe n'etiti akụrụngwa.
Emere ihe nlele n'ime igbe mkpuchi nitrogen nwere ọkwa oxygen a na-enyocha n'okpuru 0.1%.Maka ọrụ nyocha Hayabusa2, a rụpụtara ihe njide Nii ọhụrụ, nke nwere naanị oghere abụọ (dayameta 2.5 mm, omimi 5 mm), otu maka ụmụ irighiri ihe Hayabusa2 na nke ọzọ maka ọkọlọtọ ime obsidian.N'oge nyocha, ihe nlele ahụ nwere ihe Hayabusa2 dị na windo BaF2 dị n'ime kpuchiri ihe dịka 1 mm n'obosara na 3 mm na dayameta iji jide ihe nlele ahụ n'oge mmeghachi omume laser.A na-edobe mgbaba BrF5 na nlele ahụ site na ọwa ngwakọta gas na-egbutu na ihe njide Ni.A hazigharịrị ụlọ nlele ahụ ka e wee wepụ ya na eriri fluorination na-ekpo ọkụ wee meghee ya na igbe mkpuchi nwere nitrogen.Eji akara mkpakọ ọla kọpa gasketed na ihe mwepụta ngwa ngwa EVAC CeFIX 38 mechie ọnụ ụlọ ahụ nwere akụkụ abụọ.Window BaF2 gbara ọkpụrụkpụ dị mm 3 n'elu ụlọ ahụ na-enye ohere maka nlele n'otu oge nke nlele na ikpo ọkụ laser.Mgbe ị wụnyechara ihe nlele ahụ, kpachie ụlọ ahụ ọzọ wee jikọọ na eriri fluorinated.Tupu nyocha, a na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ụlọ nlele ahụ n'okpuru oghere ruo ihe dịka 95 Celsius C n'abali iji wepụ mmiri ọ bụla na-ekpo ọkụ.Mgbe kpochara n'otu abalị, a na-ahapụ ụlọ ahụ ka ọ dị jụụ ruo n'ime ụlọ wee mee ka akụkụ ahụ ekpughere na ikuku n'oge nnyefe sample jiri aliquots atọ nke BrF5 kpochapụ mmiri mmiri.Usoro ndị a na-achọpụta na ihe nlele Hayabusa 2 adịghị ekpughe na ikuku ma ghara imetọ ya site na mmiri sitere na akụkụ nke eriri fluorinated nke na-esi na ikuku pụta n'oge ntinye nlele.
A na-enyocha ihe nlele nke Ryugu C0014-4 na Orgueil (CI) na ọnọdụ "otu" gbanwetụrụ, ebe nyocha Y-82162 (CY) na-eme n'otu tray nwere ọtụtụ olulu mmiri41.N'ihi nchịkọta anhydrous ha, ọ dịghị mkpa iji otu usoro maka CY chondrites.A na-ekpo ọkụ n'omume ndị ahụ site na iji Photon Machines Inc. infrared CO2 laser.ike nke 50 W (10.6 µm) etinyere na XYZ gantry n'ihu BrF5.Usoro vidiyo wuru na-enyocha usoro mmeghachi omume ahụ.Mgbe fluorination gasịrị, a na-ehichapụ O2 ndị a tọhapụrụ site na iji ọnyà nitrogen cryogenic abụọ na akwa KBr na-ekpo ọkụ iji wepụ fluorine ọ bụla.A tụlere ihe mejupụtara ikuku oxygen dị ọcha na Thermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer nwere nnukwu mkpebi dị ihe dị ka 200.
N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gaseous O2 ewepụtara n'oge mmeghachi omume nke ihe nlele ahụ erughị 140 µg, nke bụ oke oke iji ngwaọrụ bellow na MAT 253 mass spectrometer.N'okwu ndị a, jiri microvolume maka nyocha.Mgbe nyochachara ụmụ irighiri ihe Hayabusa2, ọkọlọtọ ime obsidian bụ fluorinated wee chọpụta ihe mejupụtara oxygen isotope ya.
Ions nke iberibe NF+ NF3+ na-etinye aka na beam na oke 33 (16O17O).Iji kpochapụ nsogbu a nwere ike ime, a na-ahazi ọtụtụ ihe nlele site na iji usoro nkewa nke cryogenic.Enwere ike ime nke a n'ihu n'ihu tupu nyocha MAT 253 ma ọ bụ dị ka nyocha nke abụọ site na ịlaghachi gas nyochaghachi azụ na sieve molecular pụrụ iche ma na-agafe ya mgbe nkewa nke cryogenic gasịrị.Nkewa nke Cryogenic gụnyere ịnye gas na sieve molecular na mmiri mmiri nitrogen okpomọkụ wee tụba ya n'ime sieve molekụla bụ isi na okpomọkụ nke -130C.Nnwale dị ukwuu egosila na NF + na-anọgide na sieve molikula mbụ na ọ dịghị akụkụ dị ịrịba ama na-eme site na iji usoro a.
Dabere na nyocha ugboro ugboro nke ụkpụrụ obsidian dị n'ime anyị, n'ozuzu izi ezi nke sistemu na ọnọdụ bellow bụ: ± 0.053‰ maka δ17O, ± 0.095‰ maka δ18O, ± 0.018‰ maka Δ17O (2 sd).Enyere nyocha nke isotope oxygen na ọkwa delta ọkọlọtọ, ebe a na-agbakọ delta18O dị ka:
Jirikwa nha 17O/16O maka δ17O.VSMOW bụ ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa maka ọkọlọtọ mmiri mmiri Vienna pụtara.Δ17O na-anọchi anya ndịiche si n'ala fractionation akara, na ngụkọta oge usoro bụ: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O.Akọziri data niile ewepụtara na tebụl mgbakwunye 3.
Akụkụ dị ihe dịka 150 ruo 200 nm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ ka ewepụtara site na irighiri Ryugu site na iji ngwa Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB na JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute.Rịba ama na a napụtara akụkụ FIB niile site na mpempe akwụkwọ ndị na-adịghị edozi ya mgbe e wepụsịrị ya na N2 gas jupụtara n'ụgbọ mmiri maka nnyefe interobject.Ejighị SR-CT tụọ iberibe ihe ndị a, mana ejiri ntakịrị mkpughe na ikuku nke ụwa iji zere mmebi na mmetọ nwere ike imetụta ụdị carbon K- Edge spectrum.Mgbe etinyere oyi akwa mkpuchi tungsten, mpaghara mmasị (ihe ruru 25 × 25 μm2) na-egbutu ya na beam Ga + ion na ọkụ na-agba ọsọ nke 30 kV, wee na 5 kV na nyocha ugbu a nke 40 pA iji belata mmebi elu.A na-etinyekwa akụkụ ultrathin na ntupu ọla kọpa abawanyela (Kochi mesh) 39 site na iji micromanipulator nwere FIB.
Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) na C0068 (0.6483mg) pellets ka akara ugboro abụọ na ọcha elu ịdị ọcha polyethylene Ibé akwụkwọ na a dị ọcha nitrogen jupụtara glove igbe na SPring-8 na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla mmekọrịta na ụwa ikuku.A na-eme nkwadebe ihe atụ maka JB-1 (nkume ntụnye ala ala nke nyocha nke Geological Survey nke Japan nyere) na Mahadum Tokyo Metropolitan.
A na-eme INAA na Institute for Integrated Radiation na Nuclear Sciences, Mahadum Kyoto.A na-eji usoro irradiation dị iche iche ahọrọ dịka ọkara ndụ nke nuclide ejiri mee ihe maka ọnụọgụ ihe.Nke mbụ, a na-agbanye ihe nlele ahụ na tube irradiation pneumatic maka 30 sekọnd.Fluxes nke neutrons thermal na ngwa ngwa na fig.3 bụ 4.6 × 1012 na 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, n'otu n'otu, maka ịchọpụta ọdịnaya nke Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V na Mn.Chemicals dị ka MgO (99.99% ịdị ọcha, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% ịdị ọcha, Soekawa Chemical), na Si metal (99.999% ịdị ọcha, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) bụkwa irradiated iji mezie maka interfering nuclear mmeghachi omume dị ka (n, n).E jirikwa sodium chloride mee ihe nlele ahụ (99.99% ịdị ọcha; MANAC) iji mezie maka mgbanwe mgbanwe neutron.
Mgbe neutron irradiation gasịrị, a na-eji nke ọhụrụ dochie mpempe akwụkwọ polyethylene dị n'èzí, a na-ejikwa ihe nchọpụta Ge tụọ radieshon gamma nke ihe nlele na ntụaka pụtara ozugbo.A na-agbanyeghachi otu ihe nlele ahụ maka awa 4 n'ime tube irradiation pneumatic.2 nwere thermal na ngwa ngwa neutron fluxes nke 5.6 1012 na 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, n'otu n'otu, maka ikpebi Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir na Au.A na-ewepụ ihe nlele njikwa nke Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, na Au site n'itinye nha kwesịrị ekwesị (site na 10 ruo 50 μg) nke ngwọta ọkọlọtọ nke ntinye ama ama nke ihe ndị a na mpempe akwụkwọ nzacha abụọ, na-esote irradiation nke samples.Emere ọnụ ọgụgụ gamma ray na Institute of Integrated Radiation and Nuklear Sciences, Mahadum Kyoto na RI Research Center, Mahadum Tokyo Metropolitan.Usoro nyocha na ihe ntụnye aka maka nyocha ọnụọgụ nke ihe INAA bụ otu ndị akọwara na ọrụ anyị gara aga.
A na-eji X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) chịkọta usoro mgbasa nke Ryugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) na NIPR. A na-eji X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) chịkọta usoro mgbasa nke Ryugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) na NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Rygu A0029 (A0029) (<1 мг) na NIPR. A na-eji X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) na-anakọta ụkpụrụ nke Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), na C0087 (<1 mg) sample na NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衾尡使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衾尡 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) na C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с Ngwa (Rigaku SmartLab). A na-enweta usoro mgbasa ozi X-ray nke sample Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) na C0087 (<1 mg) na NIPR site na iji X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab).A na-awụsa ihe atụ niile n'ime ntụ ntụ dị mma n'elu wafer silicon na-adịghị atụgharị anya na-eji efere iko sapphire wee gbasaa nke ọma na silicon na-enweghị mmetụta na-enweghị mmiri mmiri (mmiri ma ọ bụ mmanya).Ọnọdụ nha bụ ndị a: Cu Kα X-ray radieshon na-eme na tube voltaji nke 40 kV na a tube ugbu a nke 40 mA, mmachi slit ogologo bụ 10 mm, divergence angle bụ (1/6) °, in-ụgbọ elu ntụgharị ọsọ bụ 20 rpm, na nso bụ 2θ (okpukpu abụọ bụ 8 Bragg-1 n'akuku nyocha).Ejiri Bragg Brentano optics mee ihe.Ihe nchọta bụ ihe nchọta silicon semiconductor nke nwere otu akụkụ (D/teX Ultra 250).E wepụrụ X-ray nke Cu Kβ site na iji nzacha Ni.Iji ihe atụ ndị dịnụ, atụnyere nha nke sịntetik magnesian saponite (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) na pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) iji chọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na-eji ntụ ntụ faịlụ site na International-P0 data diffra. 1-1662) na magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629).A tụlekwara data diffraction sitere na Ryugu na data na hydroaltered carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, na Y 980115 CY (ogbo ikpo ọkụ III, 500-750°C).Ntụnyere ahụ gosipụtara myirịta na Orgueil, mana ọ bụghị na Y-791198 na Y 980115.
NEXAFS spectra nwere carbon edge K nke akụkụ ultrathin nke ihe nlele emere site na FIB site na iji ọwa STXM BL4U na ụlọ ọrụ synchrotron UVSOR na Institute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Japan).Nha ntụpọ nke oghere lekwasịrị anya anya nke nwere efere mpaghara Fresnel bụ ihe dịka 50 nm.Nzọụkwụ ike bụ 0.1 eV maka nhazi dị mma nke mpaghara dị nso (283.6-292.0 eV) na 0.5 eV (280.0-283.5 eV na 292.5-300.0 eV) maka mpaghara ihu na azụ azụ.Edobere oge pikselụ onyonyo ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ 2 ms.Mgbe ọpụpụ gasịrị, ụlọ nyocha STXM jupụtara na helium na nrụgide nke ihe dịka 20 mbar.Nke a na-enyere aka belata mkpagharị ọkụ nke ngwa X-ray optics dị n'ime ụlọ na ihe njide ihe nlele, yana ibelata mmebi sample na/ma ọ bụ oxidation.NEXAFS K-ọnụ carbon spectra sitere na data ekpokọtara site na iji sọftụwia aXis2000 na ngwanrọ nhazi data STXM nwe ya.Rịba ama na a na-eji igbe mbufe ihe nlele na igbe mkpuchi iji zere oxidation sample na mmetọ.
N'ịgbaso nyocha STXM-NEXAFS, a na-enyocha ihe mejupụtara isotopic nke hydrogen, carbon, na nitrogen nke Ryugu FIB mpekere site na iji onyonyo isotope na JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L.Igwe ọkụ Cs + a na-elekwasị anya nke ihe dị ka 2 pA maka carbon na nitrogen isotope analysis na ihe dị ka 13 pA maka nyocha isotope hydrogen ka etinyere na mpaghara ihe dịka 24 × 24 µm2 ruo 30 × 30 µm2 na nlele ahụ.Mgbe nkeji 3 gachara prespray n'oge dị ugbu a siri ike, a malitere nyocha nke ọ bụla ka emechara nkwụsi ike nke ọkụ nke abụọ.Maka nyocha nke carbon na nitrogen isotopes, ihe oyiyi nke 12C-, 13C-, 16O-, 12C14N- na 12C15N-enwetara n'otu oge site na iji nchọpụta multiplex electron asaa na mkpebi nke ihe dịka 9000, nke zuru ezu iji kewaa ogige isotopic niile dị mkpa.ndabichi (ya bụ 12C1H na 13C na 13C14N na 12C15N).Maka nyocha nke isotopes hydrogen, a na-enweta ihe oyiyi 1H-, 2D- na 12C site na nnukwu mkpebi nke ihe dịka 3000 na ọtụtụ nchọpụta site na iji atọ electron multipliers.Nyocha nke ọ bụla nwere ihe onyonyo 30 a nyochara nke otu mpaghara, yana otu onyonyo nwere 256 × 256 pikselụ maka nyocha isotope carbon na nitrogen yana 128 × 128 pikselụ maka nyocha isotope hydrogen.Oge igbu oge bụ 3000µs kwa pikselụ maka nyocha isotope carbon na nitrogen yana 5000 µs kwa pixel maka nyocha isotope hydrogen.Anyị ejirila 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate dị ka hydrogen, carbon na nitrogen isotope ụkpụrụ iji chịkọta akụkụ nke akụrụngwa akụrụngwa45.
Iji chọpụta ihe mejupụtara sịlịkọn isotopic nke presolar graphite na profaịlụ FIB C0068-25, anyị jiri igwe eletrọnịrọn isii nwere mkpebi dị ihe dị ka 9000. Ihe onyonyo a nwere pikselụ 256 × 256 nwere oge igbu oge nke 3000 µs kwa pixel.Anyị ji silicon wafers dị ka ụkpụrụ hydrogen, carbon, na silicon isotope ụkpụrụ.
Ejiri ngwanro onyonyo NanoSIMS45 nke NASA hazie onyonyo Isotope.Edoziri data ahụ maka oge ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ eletrọn (44 ns) na mmetụta mbata na-enwe otu oge.Nhazi nyocha dị iche iche maka onyonyo ọ bụla iji mezie maka mbugharị onyonyo n'oge nnweta.Emepụtara onyonyo isotop ikpeazụ site na ịgbakwunye ion nke abụọ site na onyonyo ọ bụla maka pixel nyocha ọ bụla.
Mgbe nyocha STXM-NEXAFS na NanoSIMS gasịrị, a na-enyocha otu akụkụ FIB ahụ site na iji microscope elektrọn nnyefe (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) na voltaji na-agba ọsọ nke 200 kV na Kochi, JAMSTEC.A na-ahụ microstructure site na iji TEM na-egbuke egbuke na nyocha dị elu TEM n'ọhịa gbara ọchịchịrị.Achọpụtara usoro ịnweta site na ntụpọ eletrọn diffraction na ihe onyonyo lattice band, yana nyocha kemịkalụ bụ EDS jiri 100 mm2 silicon drift detector na JEOL Analysis Station 4.30 software mere.Maka nyocha ọnụọgụ, a tụrụ njirimara X-ray ike maka mmewere ọ bụla na ọnọdụ nyocha TEM na oge nnweta data nke 30 s, mpaghara nyocha nke ~ 100 × 100 nm2, yana ọkụ ugbu a nke 50 pA.Achọpụtara oke (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe na silicates layered site na iji ọnụọgụ nnwale k, dezie maka ọkpụrụkpụ, nwetara site na ọkọlọtọ nke pyropagarnet eke.
Ihe onyonyo na nyocha niile ejiri na ọmụmụ ihe a dị na JAXA Data Archiving and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2.Edemede a na-enye data izizi.
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Kim, AJ Yamato-ụdị carbonaceous chondrites (CY): analogues nke Ryugu asteroid elu?Geochemistry 79, 125531 (2019).
Pilorjet, S. et al.Emere nyocha nke mbụ nke ihe nlele Ryugu site na iji microscope hyperspectral MicroOmega.National Astron.6, 221–225 (2021).
Yada, T. et al.Ntụle mbido nke ihe nlele Hyabusa2 laghachiri na ụdị C-asteroid Ryugu.National Astron.6, 214–220 (2021).