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Zosakhazikika komanso zolemera muzinthu zachilengedwe, ma asteroid amtundu wa C atha kukhala amodzi mwamagwero amadzi padziko lapansi.Pakadali pano, ma chondrite okhala ndi kaboni amapereka lingaliro labwino kwambiri la kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, koma chidziwitso chokhudza meteorites chimasokonekera: mitundu yokhazikika yokhayo imapulumuka kulowa mumlengalenga ndikulumikizana ndi chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi.Apa tikuwonetsa zotsatira za kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wa volumetric ndi microanalytical wa gawo loyambirira la Ryugu loperekedwa ku Earth ndi Hayabusa-2 spacecraft.Ma particles a Ryugu amasonyeza kufanana kwapafupi mukupanga kwa mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito koma osinthidwa ndi madzi a CI (mtundu wa Iwuna) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri monga chizindikiro cha mawonekedwe onse a dzuwa.Chitsanzochi chikuwonetsa ubale wovuta wa malo pakati pa zinthu zamoyo zolemera za aliphatic ndi masiketi osanjikiza ndipo zimawonetsa kutentha kwakukulu kozungulira 30 °C panthawi ya kukokoloka kwa madzi.Tinapeza kuchuluka kwa deuterium ndi diazonium zogwirizana ndi chiyambi cha extrasolar.Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Ryugu ndi zinthu zachilendo zosaipitsidwa komanso zosalekanitsidwa zomwe zaphunziridwapo ndipo zimagwirizana bwino ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa.
Kuchokera mu June 2018 mpaka November 2019, chombo cha m’mlengalenga cha Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Hayabusa2 chinachita kafukufuku wakutali wa asteroid Ryugu.Deta yochokera ku Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) ku Hayabusa-2 ikusonyeza kuti Ryugu ikhoza kupangidwa ndi zinthu zofanana ndi ma chondrites a thermally ndi/kapena shock-metamorphic carbonaceous.Mgwirizano wapafupi kwambiri ndi CY chondrite (mtundu wa Yamato) 2. Albedo ya Ryugu yochepa imatha kufotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa zigawo zambiri za carbon, komanso kukula kwa tinthu, porosity, ndi zotsatira za nyengo.Chombo cha ndege cha Hayabusa-2 chinatera kuwiri ndi kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo pa Ryuga.Pakutera koyamba pa February 21, 2019, zida zopezeka pamwamba zidapezeka, zomwe zidasungidwa mugawo A la kapisozi wobwerera, ndipo pakutera kwachiwiri pa Julayi 11, 2019, zinthu zidasonkhanitsidwa pafupi ndi chigwa chopanga chopangidwa ndi cholumikizira chaching'ono.Zitsanzozi zimasungidwa ku Ward C. Mawonekedwe oyambirira osawonongeka a tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu Gawo 1 m'zipinda zapadera, zosaipitsidwa ndi zoyera zodzaza nayitrogeni pazigawo zoyendetsedwa ndi JAXA zimasonyeza kuti Ryugu particles anali ofanana kwambiri ndi CI4 chondrites ndipo adawonetsa "mitundu yosiyanasiyana"3.Gulu lowoneka ngati losagwirizana la Ryugu, lofanana ndi CY kapena CI chondrites, lingathe kuthetsedwa ndi tsatanetsatane wa isotopic, elemental, ndi mineralological characterization ya Ryugu particles.Zotsatira zomwe zaperekedwa apa zimapereka maziko olimba odziwira kuti ndi ziti mwa kufotokozera koyambirira kwa kapangidwe kake ka asteroid Ryugu komwe kuli koyenera.
Ma pellets asanu ndi atatu a Ryugu (pafupifupi 60mg chonse), anayi ochokera ku Chamber A ndi anayi ochokera ku Chamber C, adatumizidwa ku Phase 2 kuyang'anira gulu la Kochi.Cholinga chachikulu cha phunziroli ndi kufotokozera chikhalidwe, chiyambi ndi mbiri ya chisinthiko cha asteroid Ryugu, ndi kulemba zofanana ndi zosiyana ndi zitsanzo zina zomwe zimadziwika kunja kwa dziko lapansi monga chondrites, interplanetary fumbi particles (IDPs) ndi ma comets obwerera.Zitsanzo zotengedwa ndi NASA's Stardust mission.
Kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa mineralogical kwambewu zisanu za Ryugu (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 ndi C0068) zidawonetsa kuti makamaka amapangidwa ndi ma phyllosilicates abwino komanso owoneka bwino (~ 64-88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b. Fig. 1).ndi tebulo lowonjezera 1).Ma phyllosilicates a coarse-grained phyllosilicates amapezeka ngati pinnate aggregates (mpaka ma microns makumi mu kukula kwake) mu matrices abwino, olemera kwambiri a phyllosilicate (osachepera ma microns ochepa).Zosanjikiza silicate particles ndi serpentine-saponite symbionts (mkuyu. 1c).Mapu a (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe akuwonetsanso kuti masanjidwewo a silicate ambiri amakhala ndi gawo lapakati pakati pa serpentine ndi saponite (mkuyu 2a, b).Matrix a phyllosilicate ali ndi mchere wa carbonate (~ 2-21 vol.%), mchere wa sulfide (~ 2.4-5.5 vol.%), ndi magnetite (~ 3.6-6.8 vol.%).Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zafufuzidwa mu phunziroli (C0009) zinali ndi zochepa (~ 0.5 vol.%) za silicates za anhydrous (olivine ndi pyroxene), zomwe zingathandize kuzindikira gwero lomwe linapanga Ryugu stone5 yaiwisi.Silicate ya anhydrous iyi ndiyosowa mu ma pellets a Ryugu ndipo idadziwika bwino mu C0009 pellet.Ma carbonate amapezeka mu matrix ngati zidutswa (zosakwana ma microns mazana angapo), makamaka dolomite, okhala ndi calcium carbonate ndi brinell pang'ono.Magnetite imapezeka ngati tinthu tating'ono, ma framboids, zolembera, kapena zozungulira.Sulfides makamaka amaimiridwa ndi pyrrhotite mu mawonekedwe a prisms hexagonal / mbale kapena laths.Matrix ali ndi submicron pentlandite yambiri kapena kuphatikiza ndi pyrrhotite. Magawo okhala ndi mpweya wambiri (<10 µm kukula kwake) amapezeka paliponse mumtundu wa phyllosilicate-rich matrix. Magawo okhala ndi mpweya wambiri (<10 µm kukula kwake) amapezeka paliponse mumtundu wa phyllosilicate-rich matrix. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Magawo okhala ndi mpweya wambiri (<10 µm kukula kwake) amapezeka paliponse mumtundu wa phyllosilicate-rich matrix.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Magawo okhala ndi mpweya wambiri (<10 µm mu kukula) amatsogola mu matrix olemera a phyllosilicate.Maminolo ena owonjezera akuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Table 1. Mndandanda wa mchere womwe umatsimikiziridwa kuchokera ku X-ray diffraction chitsanzo cha C0087 ndi A0029 ndi A0037 osakaniza amagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa mu CI (Orgueil) chondrite, koma zimasiyana kwambiri ndi CY ndi CM (Migheri 1 ndi mtundu wa Figure wa Figure (mtundu wa Migheri ndi Figure 2).Zinthu zonse zomwe zili mumbewu za Ryugu (A0098, C0068) zimagwirizananso ndi chondrite 6 CI (deta yowonjezera, Fig. 2 ndi Supplementary Table 2).Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma chondrite a CM amachepetsedwa muzinthu zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka kwambiri, makamaka Mn ndi Zn, komanso apamwamba muzinthu zotsutsa7.Kuchulukira kwa zinthu zina kumasiyana kwambiri, zomwe zitha kukhala chithunzithunzi cha kusiyanasiyana kwachibadwidwe chifukwa cha kucheperako kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso kukondera kotsatira.Makhalidwe onse a petroloji, mineralogical ndi elemental akuwonetsa kuti mbewu za Ryugu ndizofanana kwambiri ndi chondrites CI8,9,10.Chodziwika bwino ndikusowa kwa ferrihydrite ndi sulphate mumbewu za Ryugu, kutanthauza kuti mcherewu mu CI chondrites unapangidwa ndi nyengo yapadziko lapansi.
a, Chithunzi cha X-ray Chophatikizika cha Mg Kα (chofiira), Ca Kα (chobiriwira), Fe Kα (buluu), ndi S Kα (chikasu) chigawo chopukutidwa chouma C0068.Kachigawo kakang'ono ka silicates wosanjikiza (wofiira: ~ 88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; kuwala kobiriwira: ~ 1.6 vol%), magnetite (buluu: ~ 5.3 vol%) ndi sulfides (chikasu: sulfide = ~ ~ 2.5% vol. essay. b, chithunzi cha contour dera mu backscattered electron; - magnetite; madzi - mwala wa sopo; Srp - serpentine c, chithunzi chapamwamba cha ma electron microscopy (TEM) chamtundu wamtundu wa saponite-serpentine wosonyeza magulu a serpentine ndi saponite a 0.7 nm ndi 1.1 nm, motsatana.
Mapangidwe a matrix ndi silicate wosanjikiza (pa%) a Ryugu A0037 (mabwalo ofiira olimba) ndi C0068 (mabwalo olimba a buluu) akuwonetsedwa mu (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe ternary system.a, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) zotsatira zokonzekera motsutsana ndi CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais) 16 yowonetsedwa mu imvi poyerekeza.b, Scanning TEM (STEM) ndi mphamvu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) kusanthula kuonetsedwa poyerekeza ndi Orgueil9 ndi Murchison46 meteorites ndi hydrated IDP47.Fine-grained and coarse-grained phyllosilicates anawunikidwa, kupewa tinthu tating'ono ta iron sulfide.Mizere yamadontho mu a ndi b ikuwonetsa mizere yosungunuka ya saponite ndi serpentine.Zomwe zili ndi chitsulo mu a zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha submicron iron sulfide njere mkati mwa silika wosanjikiza, zomwe sizingalepheretsedwe ndi kusintha kwa malo a kusanthula kwa EPMA.Mfundo za data zomwe zili ndi Si apamwamba kuposa saponite mu b zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa nanosized amorphous silicon-rich material mu interstices ya phyllosilicate layer.Nambala ya zowunika: N=69 ya A0037, N=68 ya EPMA, N=68 ya C0068, N=19 ya A0037 ndi N=27 ya C0068 ya STEM-EDS.c, mapu a isotopu a trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 poyerekeza ndi mfundo za chondrite CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) ndi zolemba zolemba (CM ndi C2-ung) 41,48,49.Tapeza zambiri za Orgueil ndi Y-82162 meteorites.CCAM ndi mzere wa mchere wa anhydrous carbonaceous chondrite, TFL ndi mzere wogawa malo.d, Δ17O ndi δ18O mapu a Ryugu particle C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), ndi CY chondrite (Y-82162) (phunziroli).Δ17O_Ryugu: Mtengo wa Δ17O C0014-1.Δ17O_Orgueil: Avereji Δ17O mtengo wa Orgueil.Δ17O_Y-82162: Mtengo wapakati wa Δ17O wa Y-82162.Deta ya CI ndi CY yochokera m'mabuku 41, 48, 49 ikuwonetsedwanso poyerekeza.
Kusanthula kwa mpweya wa isotopu kunkachitika pa chitsanzo cha 1.83 mg cha zinthu zotengedwa ku granular C0014 ndi laser fluorination (Njira).Poyerekeza, tinayendetsa makope asanu ndi awiri a Orgueil (CI) (chiwerengero chonse = 8.96 mg) ndi makope asanu ndi awiri a Y-82162 (CY) (chiwerengero chonse = 5.11 mg) (Supplementary Table 3).
Pa mkuyu.2d ikuwonetsa kulekanitsa bwino kwa Δ17O ndi δ18O pakati pa kulemera kwapakati pa tinthu ta Orgueil ndi Ryugu poyerekeza ndi Y-82162.The Δ17O ya Ryugu C0014-4 tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuposa ya Orgeil particle, ngakhale kuti pali 2 sd.Ma Ryugu particles ali ndi ma Δ17O apamwamba poyerekeza ndi Orgeil, omwe angawonetsere kuwonongeka kwa dziko lapansi kuyambira pamene adagwa mu 1864. Nyengo yapadziko lapansi11 imapangitsa kuti mpweya wa mumlengalenga ukhale wophatikizika, kubweretsa kusanthula kwathunthu pafupi ndi gawo la terrestrial (TFL).Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedwa kale) kuti mbewu za Ryugu zilibe ma hydrate kapena sulfates, pomwe Orgeil ali.
Malingana ndi zomwe zili pamwambazi, zotsatirazi zimathandizira mgwirizano pakati pa mbewu za Ryugu ndi CI chondrites, koma zimachotsa mgwirizano wa CY chondrites.Mfundo yakuti mbewu za Ryugu sizigwirizana ndi CY chondrites, zomwe zimasonyeza zizindikiro za kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi, ndizodabwitsa.Kuwona kwa orbital kwa Ryugu kumawoneka ngati kukuwonetsa kuti yataya madzi m'thupi ndipo chifukwa chake mwina ili ndi zinthu za CY.Zifukwa za kusiyana kowonekeraku sizikudziwikabe.Kusanthula kwa isotopu ya okosijeni ya ma Ryugu particles kumaperekedwa mu pepala lothandizira 12. Komabe, zotsatira za deta yowonjezerayi zimagwirizananso ndi mgwirizano pakati pa Ryugu particles ndi CI chondrites.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirizanitsa za microanalysis (Supplementary Fig. 3), tinayang'ana kagawidwe kake ka carbon organic pamtunda wonse wa kachigawo kakang'ono ka ion mtengo (FIB) C0068.25 (Mkuyu 3a-f).Fine kapangidwe X-ray mayamwidwe sipekitiramu mpweya (NEXAFS) pafupi m'mphepete mu gawo C0068.25 kusonyeza angapo zinchito magulu - onunkhira kapena C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) ndi C(=O)O (288.8 kagawo graphene 2 eV. ), kutanthauza kutsika kwa kutentha kwa kutentha.Mphamvu yamphamvu ya CH (287.5 eV) yapang'ono organics ya C0068.25 imasiyana ndi organics osasungunuka a carbonaceous chondrites anaphunzira kale ndipo ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi IDP14 ndi cometary particles zopezedwa ndi Stardust mission.Amphamvu CH pamwamba pa 287.5 eV ndi ofooka kwambiri onunkhira kapena C = C pachimake pa 285.2 eV amasonyeza kuti organic mankhwala ali olemera mu aliphatic mankhwala (Fig. 3a ndi Supplementary Fig. 3a).Madera olemera mu aliphatic organic mankhwala ndi localized mu coarse-grained phyllosilicates, komanso m'madera osauka onunkhira (kapena C = C) mpweya dongosolo (mkuyu 3c, d).Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, A0037,22 (Supplementary Fig. 3) inasonyeza pang'ono zochepa za zigawo za aliphatic carbon-rich.Ma mineralogy amkati mwa mbewuzi ali ndi ma carbonates, ofanana ndi chondrite CI 16, kutanthauza kusintha kwakukulu kwa madzi oyambira (Supplementary Table 1).Mikhalidwe yokhala ndi okosijeni imakomera kuchuluka kwamagulu a carbonyl ndi carboxyl ogwira ntchito m'magulu ophatikizana ndi ma carbonates.Kugawa kwa submicron kwa organic ndi aliphatic carbon mapangidwe kungakhale kosiyana kwambiri ndi kugawidwa kwa ma silicates opangidwa ndi coarse-grained layered.Malangizo a aliphatic organic compounds okhudzana ndi phyllosilicate-OH anapezeka mu meteorite ya Tagish Lake.Deta yogwirizana ya microanalytical imasonyeza kuti zinthu zamoyo zolemera mu aliphatic mankhwala zingakhale zofala mu C-type asteroids komanso zogwirizana kwambiri ndi phyllosilicates.Izi zikugwirizana ndi malipoti am'mbuyomu a aliphatic / onunkhira CHs mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Ryugu towonetsedwa ndi MicroOmega, maikulosikopu yapafupi ndi infrared hyperspectral.Funso lofunika komanso losayankhidwa ndiloti zinthu zapadera za aliphatic carbon-rich organic compounds zogwirizana ndi coarse-grained phyllosilicates zomwe zimawonedwa mu phunziroli zimapezeka kokha pa asteroid Ryugu.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra normalized to 292 eV in the onunkhira (C=C) rich region (red), mu aliphatic rich region (green), and in the matrix (blue).Mzere wotuwa ndi Murchison 13 wosasungunuka organic sipekitiramu poyerekeza.kapena, arbitration unit.b, Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) chithunzi chowonekera cha carbon K-edge chosonyeza kuti gawoli likulamulidwa ndi carbon.c, chiwembu cha RGB chokhala ndi madera onunkhira (C = C) olemera (ofiira), madera olemera a aliphatic (wobiriwira), ndi matrix (buluu).d, organics olemera mu aliphatic mankhwala amakhazikika mu coarse-grained phyllosilicate, malo amakulitsidwa kuchokera ku madontho oyera mabokosi mu b ndi c.e, ma nanospheres akulu (ng-1) m'derali okulitsidwa kuchokera pabokosi lamadontho oyera mu b ndi c.Kwa: pyrrhotite.Pn: nickel-chromite.f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), ndi Nayitrojeni (12C14N) zithunzi zoyambirira, zithunzi za 12C/1H element ratio, ndi mtanda δD, δ13C, ndi δ15N zithunzi za isotopu - Gawo PG-3C4 lolemera kwambiri la Tanthauzo la 1: enrichment Tanthauzo 1
Maphunziro a Kinetic okhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zamoyo mu Murchison meteorites atha kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza kugawa kosasinthika kwa aliphatic organic matter wolemera mu mbewu za Ryugu.Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti aliphatic CH zomangira mu organic kanthu kulimbikira kwa pazipita kutentha pafupifupi 30 ° C pa kholo ndi / kapena kusintha ndi nthawi-kutentha ubale (mwachitsanzo zaka 200 pa 100 ° C ndi 0 ° C 100 miliyoni zaka) ..Ngati kalambulabwalo sikutenthedwa pa kutentha komwe kunapatsidwa kwa nthawi yochulukirapo, kugawa koyambirira kwa organic organic phyllosilicate kumatha kusungidwa.Komabe, kusintha kwa madzi a thanthwe kungapangitse kutanthauzira uku, chifukwa carbonate-rich A0037 sichisonyeza madera olemera a carbon aliphatic okhudzana ndi phyllosilicates.Kusintha kwa kutentha kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa cubic feldspar mu mbewu za Ryugu (Table Supplementary 1) 20.
Chigawo C0068.25 (ng-1; Nkhuyu 3a-c,e) chili ndi nanosphere yayikulu yowonetsa kununkhira kwambiri (kapena C=C), aliphatic wapakatikati, ndi mawonekedwe ofooka a C(=O)O ndi C=O..Siginecha ya aliphatic kaboni sikugwirizana ndi siginecha ya zinthu zambiri zosasungunuka ndi organic nanospheres zogwirizana ndi chondrites (mkuyu 3a) 17,21.Raman ndi infrared spectroscopic kusanthula kwa nanospheres mu Lake Tagish anasonyeza kuti ali ndi aliphatic ndi oxidized organic mankhwala ndi disordered polycyclic onunkhira organic mankhwala ndi kapangidwe zovuta22,23.Chifukwa matrix ozungulira amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zokhala ndi aliphatic, siginecha ya aliphatic kaboni mu ng-1 ikhoza kukhala chinthu chowunikira.Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, ng-1 ili ndi amorphous silicates ophatikizidwa (mkuyu 3e), mawonekedwe omwe sanatchulidwepo pazinthu zilizonse zakunja.Amorphous silicates akhoza kukhala achilengedwe zigawo za ng-1 kapena chifukwa amorphization amadzimadzi/anhydrous silicates ndi ion ndi/kapena electron mtengo pa kusanthula.
Zithunzi za ion za NanoSIMS za gawo la C0068.25 (mkuyu 3f) zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa yunifolomu mu δ13C ndi δ15N, kupatulapo mbewu za presolar zomwe zili ndi 13C yolemera kwambiri ya 30,811 ‰ (PG-1 mu chithunzi cha δ13C mkuyu 3f) (Zowonjezera 4).Zithunzi za X-ray zoyambira tirigu ndi zithunzi za TEM zowoneka bwino zimangowonetsa kuchuluka kwa kaboni komanso mtunda wapakati pa ndege zoyambira za 0,3 nm, zomwe zimafanana ndi graphite.N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mfundo za δD (841 ± 394 ‰) ndi δ15N (169 ± 95 ‰), wolemera mu aliphatic organic kanthu kugwirizana ndi coarse-grained phyllosilicates, kukhala apamwamba pang'ono kuposa pafupifupi kwa dera lonse C (δD = 539 ‰ ± 1).‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) mu C0068.25 (Zowonjezera Table 4).Kuwona uku kukuwonetsa kuti zamoyo zokhala ndi aliphatic mu coarse-grained phyllosilicates zitha kukhala zachikale kwambiri kuposa zamoyo zozungulira, chifukwa chomalizacho chikhoza kusinthidwa ndi isotopic ndi madzi ozungulira m'thupi loyambirira.Mwinanso, kusintha kwa isotopic kumeneku kungakhalenso kogwirizana ndi mapangidwe oyambirira.Zimatanthauzidwa kuti ma silicates opangidwa bwino mu CI chondrites anapangidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kosalekeza kwa magulu oyambirira a masango a silicate a coarse-grained anhydrous silicate.Aliphatic wolemera organic zinthu mwina anapanga ku kalambulabwalo mamolekyu mu protoplanetary litayamba kapena interstellar sing'anga isanapangidwe dongosolo dzuwa, ndiyeno zinasinthidwa pang'ono pa kusintha madzi a Ryugu (lalikulu) kholo thupi. Kukula (<1.0 km) wa Ryugu ndi wochepa kwambiri kuti ungathe kusunga kutentha kwa mkati kuti asinthe madzi kuti apange mchere wa hydrous25. Kukula (<1.0 km) wa Ryugu ndi wocheperako kwambiri kuti asunge kutentha kwamkati mokwanira kuti asinthe madzi kuti apange mchere wa hydrous25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водного изменения с образованием водных. Kukula (<1.0 km) Ryugu ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuti isunge kutentha kwamkati kokwanira kuti madzi asinthe kupanga mchere wamadzi25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с образованием водных минералов25. Kukula kwa Ryugu (<1.0 km) n’kochepa kwambiri kuthandizira kutentha kwamkati kusintha madzi kuti apange mchere wamadzi25.Chifukwa chake, otsogolera a Ryugu amafunikira ma kilomita makumi ambiri.Zinthu zakuthupi zokhala ndi ma aliphatic zitha kukhalabe ndi ma isotopu apachiyambi chifukwa cholumikizana ndi ma phyllosilicates obiriwira.Komabe, zenizeni za zonyamulira zolemera za isotopic sizikudziwikabe chifukwa cha kusakanizika kovutirapo komanso kosavuta kwa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za tizigawo ta FIB izi.Izi zitha kukhala organic zinthu zolemera mu aliphatic mankhwala mu Ryugu granules kapena coarse phyllosilicates ozungulira iwo.Dziwani kuti organic matter pafupifupi onse carbonaceous chondrites (kuphatikiza CI chondrites) amakonda kukhala olemera mu D kuposa phyllosilicates, kupatulapo CM Paris 24, 26 meteorites.
Magawo a voliyumu δD ndi δ15N wa magawo a FIB omwe adapezedwa A0002.23 ndi A0002.26, A0037.22 ndi A0037.23 ndi C0068.23, C0068.25 ndi C0068.26 FIB magawo (tinthu tating'ono tomwe ta magawo asanu ndi awiri a FIBgus a FIBson) magawo asanu ndi awiri a FIBgus solar system ikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.4 (Gulu lowonjezera 4)27,28.Kusintha kwa voliyumu mu δD ndi δ15N mu mbiri za A0002, A0037, ndi C0068 zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zili mu IDP, koma zapamwamba kuposa CM ndi CI chondrites (Mkuyu 4).Dziwani kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya δD ya Comet 29 (-240 mpaka 1655 ‰) ndi yayikulu kuposa ya Ryugu.Ma voliyumu δD ndi δ15N a mbiri ya Ryukyu, monga lamulo, ndi ang'onoang'ono kuposa apakati a comets a banja la Jupiter ndi mtambo wa Oort (mkuyu 4).Miyezo yotsika ya δD ya ma CI chondrite imatha kuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwa kuipitsidwa kwapadziko lapansi mu zitsanzo izi.Poganizira kufanana pakati pa Mabelu, Lake Tagish, ndi IDP, kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa δD ndi δN mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Ryugu kumatha kuwonetsa kusintha kwamasiginidwe oyambilira a isotopic a nyimbo za organic ndi zamadzi m'madzuwa oyambirira.Kusintha kofananira kwa isotopic mu δD ndi δN mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Ryugu ndi IDP tikuwonetsa kuti zonsezi zikadapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zomwezo.Amakhulupirira kuti ma IDPs amachokera ku cometary sources 14.Chifukwa chake, Ryugu ikhoza kukhala ndi zinthu ngati comet komanso/kapena ma solar akunja.Komabe, izi zikhoza kukhala zovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe timanenera pano chifukwa cha (1) kusakaniza kwa madzi ozungulira ndi D-olemera pa thupi la kholo 31 ndi (2) chiŵerengero cha comet cha D / H monga ntchito ya cometary 32 .Komabe, zifukwa zomwe zimawonera kusiyanasiyana kwa hydrogen ndi nitrogen isotopu mu tinthu ta Ryugu sizikumveka bwino, mwina chifukwa cha kuwunika kochepa komwe kulipo masiku ano.Zotsatira za hydrogen ndi nitrogen isotope machitidwe akadali kukweza kuthekera kwakuti Ryugu ili ndi zinthu zambiri zochokera kunja kwa Dzuwa la Dzuwa ndipo motero zingasonyeze kufanana kwina kwa comets.Mbiri ya Ryugu sinawonetse kugwirizana pakati pa δ13C ndi δ15N (Zowonjezera 4).
Zonse za H ndi N isotopic za Ryugu particles (zozungulira zofiira: A0002, A0037; zozungulira za buluu: C0068) zimagwirizana ndi kukula kwa dzuwa 27, banja la Jupiter mean (JFC27), ndi Oort cloud comets (OCC27), IDP28, ndi carbonaceous chondrules.Kuyerekeza kwa meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung).Kapangidwe ka isotopi kwaperekedwa mu Supplementary Table 4. Mizere yamadontho ndi milingo yapadziko lapansi ya isotopu ya H ndi N.
Kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zosasinthika (monga zinthu zachilengedwe ndi madzi) kupita kudziko lapansi kumakhalabe vuto26,27,33.Submicron organic matter yokhudzana ndi coarse phyllosilicates mu Ryugu particles zomwe zadziwika mu phunziroli zitha kukhala gwero lofunikira la kusakhazikika.Zinthu zamoyo zomwe zili mu coarse-grained phyllosilicates zimatetezedwa bwino kuti zisawonongeke16,34 ndi kuwonongeka35 kusiyana ndi zinthu zakuthupi mu matrices abwino.Kulemera kwa isotopic kwa haidrojeni mu tinthu ting'onoting'ono kumatanthauza kuti sizingatheke kukhala gwero lokhalo la zinthu zosasunthika zomwe zimatengera kudziko lapansi loyambirira.Zitha kusakanikirana ndi zigawo zokhala ndi mawonekedwe opepuka a hydrogen isotopic, monga momwe zafotokozedwera posachedwapa mu lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa madzi oyendetsedwa ndi mphepo yadzuwa mu silicates.
Mu kafukufukuyu, tikuwonetsa kuti ma meteorite a CI, ngakhale kuti ali ndi kufunikira kwa geochemical monga oyimira gawo lonse la solar system, 6,10 ndi zitsanzo zoipitsidwa ndi dziko lapansi.Timaperekanso umboni wachindunji pakuyanjana pakati pa zinthu zolemera za aliphatic organic ndi ma hydrous minerals oyandikana nawo ndipo tikuwonetsa kuti Ryugu ikhoza kukhala ndi extrasolar37.Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa momveka bwino kufunikira kwa zitsanzo zachindunji za protoasteroids komanso kufunikira konyamula zitsanzo zobwerera pansi pamikhalidwe yopanda kanthu komanso yosabala.Umboni womwe waperekedwa pano ukuwonetsa kuti tinthu ta Ryugu mosakayikira ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zosaipitsidwa kwambiri ndi dzuwa zomwe zimapezeka pakufufuza kwa labotale, ndipo kuphunziranso za zitsanzo zamtengo wapatalizi mosakayikira kudzakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa njira zoyambira zoyendera dzuwa.Ma particles a Ryugu ndiye chifaniziro chabwino kwambiri cha mawonekedwe onse a dzuŵa.
Kuti tidziwe zovuta za microstructure ndi mankhwala a submicron scale samples, tinagwiritsa ntchito synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) ndi SR X-ray diffraction (XRD) -CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM kusanthula.Palibe kuwonongeka, kuipitsa chifukwa cha mlengalenga wa dziko lapansi, ndipo palibe kuwonongeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena zitsanzo zamakina.Pakadali pano, tachita kusanthula kwadongosolo la volumetric pogwiritsa ntchito scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS, EPMA, XRD, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), ndi zida za laser oxygen isotope fluorination.Njira zoyeserera zikuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Figure 3 ndipo kuyesa kulikonse kukufotokozedwa m'zigawo zotsatirazi.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta asteroid Ryugu tinapezedwa kuchokera ku gawo la Hayabusa-2 reentry ndikuperekedwa ku JAXA Control Center ku Sagamihara, Japan, osaipitsa mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi4.Pambuyo pa mawonekedwe oyambira komanso osawononga pamalo oyendetsedwa ndi JAXA, gwiritsani ntchito zotengera zomata zapamalo ndi matumba a makapisozi amitundu (10 kapena 15 mm m'mimba mwake mwa safiro kristalo ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, kutengera kukula kwachitsanzo) kupewa kusokoneza chilengedwe.chilengedwe.y ndi/kapena zowononga pansi (monga mpweya wa madzi, ma hydrocarbon, mpweya wa mumlengalenga ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono) komanso kuipitsidwa pakati pa zitsanzo panthawi yokonzekera ndi zoyendera pakati pa masukulu ndi mayunivesite38.Kupewa kuwonongeka ndi kuipitsidwa chifukwa kugwirizana ndi mlengalenga wa dziko lapansi (nthunzi wa madzi ndi mpweya), mitundu yonse ya chitsanzo kukonzekera (kuphatikiza chipping ndi tantalum chisel, ntchito bwino diamondi waya machedwe (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) ndi kudula epoxy) kukonzekera unsembe) inkachitika mu glovebox pansi woyera youma: 60 ° C ~ 200 ° C mfundo - 2 pp - 2 pp - 2 pp - 2 pp. ).Zinthu zonse ntchito pano kutsukidwa ndi osakaniza ultrapure madzi ndi Mowa ntchito akupanga mafunde osiyanasiyana mafurikwense.
Pano tikuphunzira za National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) meteorite yosonkhanitsa ya Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y) -791198, CY: Y-82162 ndi CY: Y 980115).
Posamutsa pakati pa zida za SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS ndi kusanthula kwa TEM, tidagwiritsa ntchito chiphaso chapadziko lonse cha ultrathin chomwe chafotokozedwa m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu38.
Kusanthula kwa SR-XCT kwa zitsanzo za Ryugu kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito BL20XU/SPring-8 Integrated CT system.Dongosolo lophatikizika la CT lili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyezera: mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso mawonekedwe otsika (WL) kuti agwire mawonekedwe onse achitsanzo, mawonekedwe ocheperako komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba (NH) kuti muyese molondola dera lachitsanzo.chidwi ndi radiographs kupeza diffraction chitsanzo cha voliyumu ya chitsanzo, ndi kuchita XRD-CT kupeza 2D chithunzi cha yopingasa ndege magawo mchere mu chitsanzo.Zindikirani kuti miyeso yonse imatha kuchitidwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito makina omangira kuti achotse chogwirizira kuchokera pamunsi, kulola miyeso yolondola ya CT ndi XRD-CT.The WL mode X-ray detector (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) inali ndi kamera yowonjezera ya 4608 × 4608 pixel metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) yokhala ndi scintillator yopangidwa ndi 10 lutetim 3 lutetim 1 aluminiyamu imodzi ndi 2 lutetium 2 lutetium 2 aluminium kuwala lens.Kukula kwa pixel mu WL mode ndi pafupifupi 0.848 µm.Chifukwa chake, gawo lowonera (FOV) mumayendedwe a WL ndi pafupifupi 6 mm mumayendedwe a CT.The NH mode X-ray detector (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) inali ndi 20 µm wandiweyani wa gadolinium-aluminium-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator, kamera ya CMOS (C11440-22CU) yokhala ndi mapikiselo a 2048 × 2048;Hamamatsu Photonics) ndi mandala ×20.Kukula kwa pixel mumayendedwe a NH ndi ~ 0.25 µm ndipo gawo lowonera ndi ~ 0.5 mm.Chowunikira cha XRD mode (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) chinali ndi scintillator yopangidwa ndi 50 µm wandiweyani wa P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) chophimba cha ufa, kamera ya 2304 × 2304 ya pixel resolution CMOS (C15440-20 UP);Chojambulira chili ndi kukula kwa pixel kogwira mtima kwa 19.05 µm ndi gawo lowonera 43.9 mm2.Kuti tiwonjezere FOV, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yochotsera CT mu WL mode.Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha CT chomangidwanso chimakhala ndi chithunzi chapakati pa 180 ° mpaka 360 ° chowoneka mopingasa mozungulira mozungulira, ndi chithunzi chapakati pa 0 ° mpaka 180 °.
Mu mawonekedwe a XRD, mtengo wa X-ray umayang'aniridwa ndi mbale ya Fresnel zone.Munjira iyi, chowunikira chimayikidwa 110 mm kuseri kwa chitsanzo ndipo kuyimitsidwa kwamitengo ndi 3 mm patsogolo pa chowunikira.Zithunzi zosokoneza mu 2θ zimachokera ku 1.43 ° mpaka 18.00 ° (grating pitch d = 16.6-1.32 Å) zinapezedwa ndi malo a X-ray omwe amayang'ana pansi pa gawo la detector.Zitsanzo zimayenda molunjika pakapita nthawi, ndikutembenukira theka pa sitepe iliyonse yoyima.Ngati tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta Bragg titazunguliridwa ndi 180 °, ndizotheka kupeza ma diffraction a mineral particles mu ndege yopingasa.Zithunzi zosokoneza zidaphatikizidwa kukhala chithunzi chimodzi pagawo lililonse loyang'ana.Mayesero a SR-XRD-CT ali pafupifupi ofanana ndi a SR-XRD assay.Mu mawonekedwe a XRD-CT, chowunikira chimayikidwa 69 mm kumbuyo kwa chitsanzo.Zithunzi zosokoneza mumtundu wa 2θ zimachokera ku 1.2 ° kufika ku 17.68 ° (d = 19.73 mpaka 1.35 Å), pomwe mtengo wa X-ray ndi malire a mtengo zimagwirizana ndi pakati pa malo owonetsera.Jambulani chitsanzo chopingasa ndikuzungulira chitsanzo 180 °.Zithunzi za SR-XRD-CT zidamangidwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere wambiri ngati ma pixel.Ndi sikani yopingasa, chitsanzocho chimasinthidwa pamasitepe 500-1000.
Pazoyesera zonse, mphamvu ya X-ray idakhazikitsidwa pa 30 keV, chifukwa ichi ndi malire otsika a X-ray kulowa mu meteorites ndi m'mimba mwake pafupifupi 6 mm.Chiwerengero cha zithunzi zomwe zinapezedwa pamiyeso yonse ya CT panthawi ya 180 ° kuzungulira chinali 1800 (3600 pa pulogalamu ya CT), ndipo nthawi yowonetsera zithunzizo inali 100 ms pa WL mode, 300 ms ya NH mode, 500 ms ya XRD, ndi 50 ms .ms kwa XRD-CT ms.Nthawi yojambulira yachitsanzo ndi pafupifupi mphindi 10 mumachitidwe a WL, mphindi 15 mumayendedwe a NH, maola 3 a XRD, ndi maola 8 a SR-XRD-CT.
Zithunzi za CT zidamangidwanso ndikuwonetsetsa kumbuyo ndikusinthidwa kukhala mzere wotsitsa kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 80 cm-1.Pulogalamu ya Slice idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula deta ya 3D ndipo pulogalamu ya muXRD idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula deta ya XRD.
Ma epoxy-fixed Ryugu particles (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 ndi C0068) adapukutidwa pang'onopang'ono pamtunda mpaka kufika pamlingo wa 0.5 µm (3M) filimu yopukutira ya diamondi pansi pamikhalidwe yowuma, kupewa kuti zinthuzo zisakhumane ndi pamwamba panthawi yopukutira.Malo opukutidwa pachitsanzo chilichonse amawunikidwa koyamba ndi ma microscope wopepuka kenako ma elekitironi omwazikana kuti apeze zithunzi za mineralogy ndi kapangidwe kake (BSE) za zitsanzo ndi zinthu za NIPR zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito JEOL JSM-7100F SEM yokhala ndi spectrometer yamagetsi (AZtec).energy) chithunzi.Pachitsanzo chilichonse, zomwe zili muzinthu zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zidawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200).Fufuzani ma phyllosilicate ndi carbonate particles pa 5 nA, miyezo yachilengedwe ndi yopanga pa 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, ndi pyroxene pa 30 nA.Magiredi a Modal adawerengedwa kuchokera pamapu azinthu ndi zithunzi za BSE pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ImageJ 1.53 yokhala ndi zipata zoyenera zokhazikitsidwa mosasamala pa mchere uliwonse.
Kusanthula kwa isotopu ya okosijeni kunachitika ku Open University (Milton Keynes, UK) pogwiritsa ntchito infrared laser fluorination system.Zitsanzo za Hayabusa2 zidaperekedwa ku Open University 38 m'makontena odzaza nayitrojeni kuti asamutsidwe pakati pa malo.
Kuyika kwachitsanzo kunachitika mu bokosi la gilovu ya nayitrogeni yokhala ndi mpweya wowunika pansi pa 0.1%.Pakuti Hayabusa2 kusanthula ntchito, chofukizira latsopano Ni chitsanzo anali anapangidwa, wopangidwa awiri okha mabowo chitsanzo (m'mimba mwake 2.5 mm, kuya 5 mm), mmodzi Hayabusa2 particles ndi wina obsidian mkati muyezo.Pa kusanthula, chitsanzo bwino munali zinthu Hayabusa2 anali yokutidwa ndi mkati BaF2 zenera pafupifupi 1 mm wandiweyani ndi 3 mm m'mimba mwake kugwira chitsanzo pa anachita laser.Kuthamanga kwa BrF5 kupita ku chitsanzocho kunasungidwa ndi njira yosakaniza gasi yodulidwa mu chotengera cha Ni.Chipinda chachitsanzocho chinasinthidwanso kuti chichotsedwe mumzere wa vacuum fluorination ndikutsegulidwa mu bokosi lamagetsi lodzaza nayitrogeni.Chipinda chazigawo ziwiri chidasindikizidwa ndi chosindikizira chamkuwa chokhala ndi gasket ndi cholembera cha EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38.Zenera la 3 mm wandiweyani wa BaF2 pamwamba pa chipindacho limalola kuyang'ana nthawi imodzi ya chitsanzo ndi kutentha kwa laser.Mukatsitsa chitsanzo, sunganinso chipinda ndikugwirizanitsanso ndi mzere wa fluorinated.Asanaunike, chipinda chachitsanzocho chinatenthedwa ndi vacuum mpaka pafupifupi 95 ° C usiku wonse kuti chichotse chinyezi chilichonse.Pambuyo pakuwotcha usiku wonse, chipindacho chimaloledwa kuti chizizizira mpaka kutentha kwa chipinda ndipo gawo lomwe limawonekera mumlengalenga panthawi yakusamutsa kwachitsanzo limatsukidwa ndi ma aliquots atatu a BrF5 kuti achotse chinyezi.Njirazi zimawonetsetsa kuti chitsanzo cha Hayabusa 2 sichimawonekera mumlengalenga ndipo sichidaipitsidwa ndi chinyezi kuchokera kugawo la mzere wa fluorinated womwe umalowetsedwa mumlengalenga panthawi yotsitsa zitsanzo.
Ryugu C0014-4 ndi Orgueil (CI) tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta Ryugu C0014-4 ndi Orgueil (CI) kachitidwe ka "single" mode42, pomwe kusanthula kwa Y-82162 (CY) kunkachitika pa thireyi imodzi yokhala ndi zitsime zingapo41.Chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo a anhydrous, sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi ya CY chondrites.Zitsanzozo zinatenthedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Photon Machines Inc. infrared CO2 laser.mphamvu ya 50 W (10.6 µm) yokwezedwa pa XYZ gantry pamaso pa BrF5.Kanema womangidwa mkati amayang'anira momwe zimachitikira.Pambuyo pa fluorination, O2 womasulidwayo adatsukidwa pogwiritsa ntchito misampha iwiri ya cryogenic nitrogen ndi bedi lotentha la KBr kuti achotse fluorine yowonjezereka.Kupangidwa kwa isotopic kwa okosijeni woyeretsedwa kudawunikidwa pa Thermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer yokhala ndi malingaliro ochuluka pafupifupi 200.
Nthawi zina, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa O2 womwe unatulutsidwa panthawi yachitsanzo unali wochepera 140 µg, womwe ndi malire ogwiritsira ntchito chipangizo cha bellow pa MAT 253 mass spectrometer.Muzochitika izi, gwiritsani ntchito ma microvolume kuti muwunike.Pambuyo kusanthula particles Hayabusa2, obsidian mkati muyezo anali fluorinated ndi mpweya isotope zikuchokera anatsimikiza.
Ma Ioni a chidutswa cha NF + NF3 + amasokoneza mtengowo ndi misa 33 (16O17O).Kuti athetse vutoli, zitsanzo zambiri zimakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zolekanitsa za cryogenic.Izi zikhoza kuchitidwa kutsogolo pamaso pa kusanthula kwa MAT 253 kapena ngati kusanthula kwachiwiri mwa kubwezera mpweya wofufuzidwa kubwereranso ku sieve yapadera ya molekyulu ndikuyiperekanso pambuyo pa kupatukana kwa cryogenic.Kupatukana kwa cryogenic kumaphatikizapo kupereka mpweya ku sieve ya molekyulu pa kutentha kwa nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi ndikuutulutsa mu sieve yoyamba ya maselo pa kutentha kwa -130 ° C.Kuyesa kwakukulu kwawonetsa kuti NF + imakhalabe pa sieve yoyamba ya maselo ndipo palibe kugawanika kwakukulu komwe kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi.
Kutengera kusanthula mobwerezabwereza kwa miyezo yathu yamkati ya obsidian, kulondola kwathunthu kwa dongosolo la ma bellows ndi: ± 0.053 ‰ kwa δ17O, ± 0.095 ‰ kwa δ18O, ± 0.018‰ kwa Δ17O (2 sd).Kusanthula kwa isotopu ya okosijeni kumaperekedwa muzolemba za delta, pomwe delta18O imawerengedwa motere:
Gwiritsaninso ntchito chiyerekezo cha 17O/16O pa δ17O.VSMOW ndiye muyezo wapadziko lonse lapansi wa Vienna Mean Sea Water Standard.Δ17O imayimira kupatuka kwa mzere wa magawo a dziko lapansi, ndipo chiŵerengero cha kuwerengera ndi: Δ17O = δ17O - 0.52 × δ18O.Zambiri zomwe zaperekedwa mu Supplementary Table 3 zasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana.
Magawo pafupifupi 150 mpaka 200 nm wandiweyani adachotsedwa ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Ryugu pogwiritsa ntchito chida cha Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB ku JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute.Dziwani kuti zigawo zonse za FIB zidapezedwa kuchokera kuzidutswa zosasinthika za tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono titachotsedwa muzombo zodzaza mpweya wa N2 kuti zisinthidwe.Zidutswazi sizinayesedwe ndi SR-CT, koma zidakonzedwa mosawoneka pang'ono ndi mpweya wapadziko lapansi kuti zipewe kuwonongeka ndi kuipitsidwa komwe kungakhudze mawonekedwe a carbon K-edge.Pambuyo poyika gawo lachitetezo cha tungsten, dera losangalatsa (mpaka 25 × 25 μm2) linadulidwa ndikuphwanyidwa ndi mtengo wa Ga + ion pamagetsi othamanga a 30 kV, kenako pa 5 kV ndi probe current ya 40 pA kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba.Magawo a ultrathin adayikidwa pa mesh yamkuwa yokulirapo (Kochi mesh) 39 pogwiritsa ntchito micromanipulator yokhala ndi FIB.
Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) ndi C0068 (0.6483mg) ma pellets adasindikizidwa kawiri m'mapepala oyera a polyethylene oyera mu bokosi lamagetsi lodzaza nayitrogeni pa SPring-8 popanda kuyanjana ndi mlengalenga wa dziko lapansi.Kukonzekera kwachitsanzo kwa JB-1 (mwala wofotokozera za geological woperekedwa ndi Geological Survey of Japan) kunachitika ku Tokyo Metropolitan University.
INAA imachitikira ku Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, Kyoto University.Zitsanzozo zidawunikiridwa kawiri ndi mikombero yoyatsa yosiyana yosankhidwa molingana ndi theka la moyo wa nuclide womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera zinthu.Choyamba, chitsanzocho chinayatsidwa mu chubu cha pneumatic irradiation kwa masekondi 30.Kuthamanga kwa ma neutroni otentha komanso othamanga mumkuyu.3 ndi 4.6 × 1012 ndi 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, motero, pofuna kudziwa zomwe zili mu Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V ndi Mn.Mankhwala monga MgO (99.99% kuyeretsedwa, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% kuyera, Soekawa Chemical), ndi Si zitsulo (99.999% purity, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) adawotchedwanso kuti akonze kusokoneza machitidwe a nyukiliya monga (n, n).Chitsanzocho chinayatsidwanso ndi sodium chloride (99.99% chiyero; MANAC) kukonza kusintha kwa neutron flux.
Pambuyo pa kuyatsa kwa neutroni, pepala lakunja la polyethylene linasinthidwa ndi latsopano, ndipo ma radiation a gamma otulutsidwa ndi chitsanzo ndi kutchulidwa anayesedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi Ge detector.Zitsanzo zomwezo zinayatsidwanso kwa maola 4 mu chubu cha pneumatic irradiation.2 ili ndi matenthedwe a neutron otentha komanso othamanga a 5.6 1012 ndi 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, motsatana, pozindikira Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir ndi Au.Zitsanzo zowongolera za Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, ndi Au zidawunikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito milingo yoyenera (kuyambira 10 mpaka 50 μg) ya mayankho odziwika a zinthu izi pazidutswa ziwiri za pepala losefera, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuwunikira kwa zitsanzo.Kuwerengera kwa gamma ray kunachitika ku Institute of Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, Kyoto University ndi RI Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University.Njira zowunikira ndi zolemba zowunikira kuchuluka kwa zinthu za INAA ndizofanana ndi zomwe tafotokoza m'mbuyomu.
X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa ma diffraction a zitsanzo za Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) ndi C0087 (<1 mg) ku NIPR. X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa ma diffraction a zitsanzo za Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) ndi C0087 (<1 mg) ku NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (≪17m) (≪1) C1 мг. X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo za Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), ndi C0087 (<1 mg) mu NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案. Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) ndi C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием рентгеновгенгей ренгенов ренгенов ренгенов рабованием рентгеновся в NIPR. X-ray diffraction mapatani a zitsanzo Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) ndi C0087 (<1 mg) anapezedwa ku NIPR pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab).Zitsanzo zonse zidapunthidwa kukhala ufa wabwino pa chophatikizira chosawoneka bwino cha silicon pogwiritsa ntchito mbale yagalasi ya safiro ndiyeno kufalikira mofanana pa chophatikizira cha silicon chopanda madzi (madzi kapena mowa).Miyezo ndi motere: Cu Kα X-ray ma radiation amapangidwa ndi chubu 40 kV ndi chubu panopa 40 mA, malire ang'onoang'ono kutalika ndi 10 mm, divergence angle ndi (1/6) °, mu-ndege kasinthasintha liwiro ndi 20 rpm, ndipo osiyanasiyana ndi 2θ (0 0 maola 3 Bra-1) ° ndi maola 3 Bra-1.Bragg Brentano Optics idagwiritsidwa ntchito.Chowunikira ndi chojambulira chamtundu umodzi wa silicon semiconductor (D/teX Ultra 250).Ma X-ray a Cu Kβ adachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito fyuluta ya Ni.Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zomwe zilipo, miyeso ya magnesian saponite yopangidwa (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) ndi pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) anafaniziridwa kuti azindikire nsonga ndikugwiritsa ntchito deta ya data ya Dirateff1 kuchokera ku Fayilo yapadziko Lonse ya PDF 071-1662) ndi magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629).Deta ya diffraction kuchokera ku Ryugu inafanizidwanso ndi deta ya hydroaltered carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, ndi Y 980115 CY (kutentha siteji III, 500-750 ° C).Kuyerekezaku kunawonetsa kufanana ndi Orgueil, koma osati ndi Y-791198 ndi Y 980115.
NEXAFS spectra yokhala ndi carbon edge K ya zigawo za ultrathin za zitsanzo zopangidwa kuchokera ku FIB zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya STXM BL4U pa UVSOR synchrotron station pa Institute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Japan).Kukula kwa malo a mtengo wowoneka bwino ndi mbale ya Fresnel zone ndi pafupifupi 50 nm.Gawo la mphamvu ndi 0.1 eV pamapangidwe abwino a dera lapafupi (283.6-292.0 eV) ndi 0.5 eV (280.0-283.5 eV ndi 292.5-300.0 eV) kumadera akutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.nthawi ya pixel ya chithunzi chilichonse idakhazikitsidwa kukhala 2 ms.Pambuyo pothawa, chipinda chowunikira cha STXM chinadzazidwa ndi helium pazovuta za 20 mbar.Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kutentha kwa zida za X-ray optics m'chipinda ndi chosungira zitsanzo, komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zitsanzo ndi / kapena okosijeni.NEXAFS K-edge carbon spectra idapangidwa kuchokera ku data yosungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya aXis2000 ndi pulogalamu ya STXM yopangira data.Zindikirani kuti chitsanzo chotengeramo ndi bokosi la glove zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupewa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a zitsanzo ndi kuipitsidwa.
Kutsatira kusanthula kwa STXM-NEXAFS, mawonekedwe a isotopic a haidrojeni, kaboni, ndi nayitrogeni wa magawo a Ryugu FIB adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kujambula kwa isotopu ndi JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L.Dongosolo loyang'ana kwambiri la Cs + la pafupifupi 2 pA pakuwunika kwa kaboni ndi nitrogen isotope komanso pafupifupi 13 pA pakuwunika kwa hydrogen isotopu imasinthidwa kudera la 24 × 24 µm2 mpaka 30 × 30 µm2 pachitsanzocho.Pambuyo pa prespray ya mphindi 3 pamtengo wolimba kwambiri, kusanthula kulikonse kunayambika pambuyo pa kukhazikika kwamphamvu yachiwiri.Pakuwunika kwa isotopu ya kaboni ndi nayitrogeni, zithunzi za 12C-, 13C-, 16O-, 12C14N- ndi 12C15N- zidapezedwa panthawi imodzi pogwiritsa ntchito kudziwika kwa ma elekitironi asanu ndi awiri ochulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi okhala ndi misala pafupifupi 9000, yomwe ndi yokwanira kulekanitsa mitundu yonse ya isotopic.kusokoneza (ie 12C1H pa 13C ndi 13C14N pa 12C15N).Pakuwunika ma isotopu a haidrojeni, zithunzi za 1H-, 2D- ndi 12C- zidapezedwa ndi kusamvana kwakukulu kwa pafupifupi 3000 ndikuzindikira kambiri pogwiritsa ntchito ma electron multipliers atatu.Kusanthula kulikonse kumakhala ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa 30 za dera lomwelo, ndi chithunzi chimodzi chokhala ndi mapikiselo a 256 × 256 a carbon ndi nitrogen isotope kusanthula ndi mapikiselo 128 × 128 posanthula hydrogen isotopu.Nthawi yochedwa ndi 3000 µs pa pixel yowunikira isotopu ya kaboni ndi nitrogen ndi 5000 µs pa pixel pakuwunika kwa hydrogen isotope.Tagwiritsa ntchito 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate monga miyezo ya haidrojeni, carbon ndi nitrogen isotope kuti tiyese kugawanitsa kwamagulu45.
Kuti tidziwe mawonekedwe a silicon isotopic a presolar graphite mu mbiri ya FIB C0068-25, tinagwiritsa ntchito ma elekitironi asanu ndi limodzi ochulukitsa ndi kusamvana kwakukulu kwa pafupifupi 9000. Zithunzizo zimakhala ndi mapikiselo a 256 × 256 ndi nthawi yochedwa ya 3000 µs pa pixel.Tidayesa chida chogawikana chambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zowotcha za silicon monga hydrogen, kaboni, ndi silicon isotope miyezo.
Zithunzi za isotopu zidakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yojambula ya NASA ya NanoSIMS45.Zomwe zidakonzedwa pa nthawi yakufa ya ma electron (44 ns) ndi zotsatira zofika nthawi imodzi.Masanjidwe osiyanasiyana azithunzi pa chithunzi chilichonse kuti akonzere kuti chithunzi chisasunthike panthawi yopezeka.Chithunzi chomaliza cha isotopu chimapangidwa powonjezera ma ion achiwiri pa chithunzi chilichonse pa pixel iliyonse.
Pambuyo pa kusanthula kwa STXM-NEXAFS ndi NanoSIMS, magawo a FIB omwewo adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu ya electron (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) pamagetsi othamanga a 200 kV ku Kochi, JAMSTEC.Ma microstructure adawonedwa pogwiritsa ntchito TEM yowala-munda komanso kusanthula kwapamwamba kwambiri TEM m'munda wamdima.Magawo a mchere adazindikirika ndi ma electron diffraction ndi kuyerekeza kwa band lattice, ndipo kusanthula kwamankhwala kunachitika ndi EDS yokhala ndi 100 mm2 silicon drift detector ndi pulogalamu ya JEOL Analysis Station 4.30.Pakuwunika kachulukidwe, mawonekedwe a X-ray pachinthu chilichonse adayezedwa munjira yosanthula TEM yokhala ndi nthawi yokhazikika yopezera deta ya 30 s, malo owunikira a ~ 100 × 100 nm2, ndi mtengo wamakono wa 50 pA.Chiŵerengero (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe m'ma silicates osanjikiza chinatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito koyezetsa koyezera k, kukonzedwa chifukwa cha makulidwe, otengedwa kuchokera muyeso wa pyropagarnet wachilengedwe.
Zithunzi ndi kusanthula zonse zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu zikupezeka pa JAXA Data Archive and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2.Nkhaniyi imapereka deta yoyambirira.
Kitari, K. et al.Kupangidwa kwapamwamba kwa asteroid 162173 Ryugu monga kuwonedwa ndi chida cha Hayabusa2 NIRS3.Sayansi 364, 272-275.
Kim, AJ Yamato-mtundu wa carbonaceous chondrites (CY): analogues a Ryugu asteroid surface?Geochemistry 79, 125531 (2019).
Pilorjet, S. et al.Kusanthula koyamba kwa zitsanzo za Ryugu kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito microscope ya MicroOmega hyperspectral.National Astron.6, 221–225 (2021).
Yada, T. et al.Kusanthula koyambirira kwa chitsanzo cha Hyabusa2 chochokera ku C-mtundu wa asteroid Ryugu.National Astron.6, 214–220 (2021).