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Rashin ƙarfi da wadata a cikin kwayoyin halitta, nau'in asteroids na nau'in C na iya kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen ruwa a Duniya.A halin yanzu, chondrites masu ɗauke da carbon suna ba da mafi kyawun ra'ayi game da abubuwan sinadaran su, amma bayanai game da meteorites sun gurbata: kawai nau'ikan da suka fi ɗorewa suna tsira suna shiga cikin yanayi sannan kuma suna hulɗa da yanayin duniya.Anan mun gabatar da sakamakon cikakken bincike na volumetric da microanalytical na farkon kwayar Ryugu da jirgin Hayabusa-2 ya isar wa Duniya.Barbashi na Ryugu suna nuna kusanci a cikin abun da ke ciki zuwa sinadarai marasa ƙarfi amma CI (nau'in Iwuna) chondrites masu canza ruwa, waɗanda ake amfani da su a ko'ina a matsayin mai nuni ga gabaɗayan tsarin hasken rana.Wannan samfurin yana nuna ƙayyadaddun dangantaka ta sararin samaniya tsakanin wadatattun kwayoyin halitta na aliphatic da silicates mai laushi kuma yana nuna matsakaicin zafin jiki na kusan 30 ° C yayin da ruwa ke zazzagewa.Mun sami yalwar deuterium da diazonium daidai da asalin hasken rana.Barbashi na Ryugu sune mafi ƙarancin gurɓataccen abu kuma ba za a iya rabuwa da su ba kayan da aka taɓa yin nazari kuma sun fi dacewa da tsarin tsarin hasken rana gabaɗaya.
Daga watan Yunin 2018 zuwa Nuwamba 2019, kumbon Hayabusa2 na hukumar binciken sararin samaniya ta Japan (JAXA) ya gudanar da wani bincike mai nisa na asteroid Ryugu.Bayanai daga Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) a Hayabusa-2 suna ba da shawarar cewa Ryugu na iya kasancewa da wani abu mai kama da thermal da/ko shock-metamorphic carbonaceous chondrites.Matsakaicin mafi kusa shine CY chondrite (Nau'in Yamato) 2. Za'a iya bayyana ƙananan albedo na Ryugu ta kasancewar yawan adadin abubuwan da ke da wadatar carbon, da girman barbashi, porosity, da tasirin yanayi.Jirgin Hayabusa-2 ya yi saukowa biyu da tarin samfurin akan Ryuga.A lokacin saukar farko a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an sami kayan saman, wanda aka adana a cikin sashin A na capsule na dawowa, kuma yayin saukarwa ta biyu a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2019, an tattara kayan kusa da wani rami na wucin gadi wanda ƙaramin mai ɗaukar hoto ya yi.Ana adana waɗannan samfurori a cikin Ward C. Ƙimar da ba ta lalacewa ta farko na sassan da ke cikin Stage 1 a cikin ɗakunan musamman, marasa lalacewa da kuma tsabtaccen nitrogen a wuraren da aka gudanar da JAXA sun nuna cewa ƙwayoyin Ryugu sun fi kama da CI4 chondrites kuma sun nuna "matakin bambancin" 3.Rarraba Ryugu mai kama da CY ko CI chondrites, za'a iya warware shi ta hanyar cikakken yanayin isotopic, elemental, da ma'adanai na sassan Ryugu.Sakamakon da aka gabatar a nan ya ba da ƙwaƙƙwaran tushe don tantance wane daga cikin waɗannan bayanan farko guda biyu na gabaɗayan abun da ke tattare da asteroid Ryugu ya fi yiwuwa.
Ryugu pellets takwas (kimanin 60mg duka), hudu daga Chamber A da hudu daga Chamber C, an sanya su zuwa Mataki na 2 don sarrafa ƙungiyar Kochi.Babban makasudin binciken shine don bayyana yanayi, asali da tarihin juyin halitta na asteroid Ryugu, da kuma rubuta kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tare da wasu sanannun samfurori na waje kamar chondrites, ƙwayoyin ƙura na interplanetary (IDPs) da dawo da tauraro mai tauraro mai wayo.Samfuran da NASA's Stardust manufa ta tattara.
Cikakken bincike na ma'adinai na hatsi na Ryugu guda biyar (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 da C0068) sun nuna cewa sun fi dacewa da phyllosilicates masu kyau da ƙananan-girma (~ 64-88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b, Ƙarin Ƙari).da ƙarin tebur 1).Ƙwayoyin phyllosilicates masu ƙanƙara suna faruwa a matsayin tararrakin filaye (har zuwa dubun microns a cikin girman) a cikin matsi mai kyau, phyllosilicate-rich matrices (kasa da 'yan microns a girman).Silicate barbashi Layered su ne serpentine-saponite symbionts (Fig. 1c).Taswirar (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe kuma tana nuna cewa babban matrix silicate matrix yana da tsaka-tsakin abun ciki tsakanin serpentine da saponite (Fig. 2a, b).Matrix phyllosilicate ya ƙunshi ma'adanai carbonate (~ 2-21 vol.%), ma'adanai sulfide (~ 2.4-5.5 vol.%), da magnetite (~ 3.6-6.8 vol.%).Ɗaya daga cikin barbashi da aka bincika a cikin wannan binciken (C0009) ya ƙunshi ƙananan adadin (~ 0.5 vol.%) na silicates anhydrous (olivine da pyroxene), wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen gano tushen kayan da ya zama danyen dutse Ryugu5.Wannan silicate mai ƙarancin ruwa ba kasafai ba ne a cikin pellet ɗin Ryugu kuma an gano shi kawai a cikin pellet C0009.Carbonates suna nan a cikin matrix a matsayin gutsuttsura (kasa da ƴan microns ɗari), galibi dolomite, tare da ƙananan adadin calcium carbonate da brinell.Magnetite yana faruwa a matsayin keɓaɓɓen barbashi, framboid, plaques, ko tara mai siffar zobe.Sulfides galibi ana wakilta su ta hanyar pyrrhotite a cikin nau'i na prisms/faranti ko faranti marasa daidaituwa.Matrix ya ƙunshi babban adadin submicron pentlandite ko a hade tare da pyrrhotite. Matsakaicin wadatar carbon (<10 µm a girman) suna faruwa a ko'ina a cikin matrix mai arzikin phyllosilicate. Matsakaicin wadatar carbon (<10 µm a girman) suna faruwa a ko'ina a cikin matrix mai arzikin phyllosilicate. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) Matsakaicin wadatar carbon (<10 µm a girman) suna faruwa a ko'ina a cikin matrix mai arzikin phyllosilicate.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) Matsakaicin wadatar Carbon (<10 µm cikin girman) sun fi rinjaye a cikin matrix mai arzikin phyllosilicate.Ana nuna sauran ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a cikin Ƙarin Ƙarin 1. Jerin ma'adanai da aka ƙaddara daga tsarin X-ray diffraction na C0087 da A0029 da A0037 cakuda ya dace sosai tare da abin da aka ƙaddara a cikin CI (Orgueil) chondrite, amma ya bambanta da yawa daga CY da CM (nau'in Mighei) chondrite 2 tare da bayanan Figure 1 da ƙarin bayani.Jimlar abun ciki na hatsin Ryugu (A0098, C0068) shima yayi daidai da chondrite 6 CI (bayanan da aka faɗaɗa, siffa 2 da Ƙarin Teburin 2).Sabanin haka, CM chondrites suna raguwa a cikin matsakaici da abubuwa masu canzawa sosai, musamman Mn da Zn, kuma mafi girma a cikin abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi7.Ƙididdiga na wasu abubuwa sun bambanta sosai, wanda zai iya zama nunin bambance-bambancen dabi'un samfurin saboda ƙanƙantar ɓangarorin guda ɗaya da sakamakon ƙima.Dukkanin sifofin petrological, ma'adinai da na asali sun nuna cewa hatsin Ryugu suna kama da chondrites CI8,9,10.Wani sanannen ban mamaki shine rashin ferrihydrite da sulfate a cikin hatsi na Ryugu, yana nuna cewa waɗannan ma'adanai a cikin CI chondrites an kafa su ta hanyar yanayin yanayi.
a, Hoton X-ray mai hade na Mg Kα (ja), Ca Kα (kore), Fe Kα (blue), da S Kα (rawaya) busashen goge goge C0068.Rukunin ya ƙunshi silicates masu launi (ja: ~ 88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; haske kore: ~ 1.6 vol%), magnetite (blue: ~ 5.3 vol%) da sulfides (rawaya: sulfide = ~ 2.5% vol. muqala. b, Hoton yanki na kwane-kwane a cikin electrons na baya-baya; Magnete - ruwan 'ya'yan itace na Magnetic; Dole - ruwa mai ƙarfi; sabulun dutse; Srp - serpentine.c, babban ma'aunin watsawa na lantarki microscopy (TEM) Hoton saponite-serpentine intergrowth na yau da kullun yana nuna serpentine da saponite lattice bands na 0.7 nm da 1.1 nm, bi da bi.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da matrix da silicate mai siliki (a%) na Ryugu A0037 (m jan da'irar ja) da C0068 (m blue circles) ana nuna su a cikin (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe tsarin ternary.a, Sakamakon Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) da aka yi ƙulla da CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 da aka nuna a cikin launin toka don kwatanta.b, Scanning TEM (STEM) da makamashi dispersive X-ray spectroscopy bincike (EDS) da aka nuna don kwatanta tare da Orgueil9 da Murchison46 meteorites da hydrated IDP47.An yi nazarin phyllosilicates masu kyau da ƙananan hatsi, suna guje wa ƙananan ƙwayoyin baƙin ƙarfe sulfide.Layukan da aka dige a cikin a da b suna nuna layin rushewar saponite da serpentine.Abubuwan da ke da wadatar baƙin ƙarfe a cikin wani na iya kasancewa saboda ƙwayar sulfide na baƙin ƙarfe a cikin nau'in siliki mai laushi, wanda ba za a iya cire shi ta wurin ƙudurin sararin samaniya na binciken EPMA ba.Bayanan bayanai tare da mafi girman abun ciki na Si fiye da saponite a cikin b na iya haifar da kasancewar nanosized amorphous abu mai arzikin silicon a cikin tsaka-tsakin Layer phyllosilicate.Yawan bincike: N = 69 don A0037, N = 68 don EPMA, N = 68 don C0068, N = 19 don A0037 da N = 27 don C0068 don STEM-EDS.c, taswirar isotope na trioxy barbashi Ryugu C0014-4 idan aka kwatanta da chondrite dabi'u CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) da kuma wallafe-wallafen bayanai (CM da C2-ung) 41,48,49.Mun sami bayanai don Orgueil da Y-82162 meteorites.CCAM layi ne na ma'adanai na chondrite na carbonaceous, TFL layin raba ƙasa ne.d, Δ17O da δ18O taswirorin Ryugu barbashi C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), da CY chondrite (Y-82162) (wannan binciken).Δ17O_Ryugu: Darajar Δ17O C0014-1.Δ17O_Orgueil: Matsakaicin ƙimar Δ17O na Orgueil.Δ17O_Y-82162: Matsakaicin ƙimar Δ17O na Y-82162.CI da bayanan CY daga 41, 48, 49 wallafe-wallafen ana nuna su don kwatanta.
An gudanar da nazarin isotope mai yawa na oxygen akan samfurin 1.83 MG na kayan da aka samo daga granular C0014 ta Laser fluorination (Hanyoyin).Don kwatantawa, mun gudanar da kwafi bakwai na Orgueil (CI) (jimlar taro = 8.96 mg) da kwafi bakwai na Y-82162 (CY) (jimlar taro = 5.11 mg) (Ƙarin Table 3).
A kan fig.2d yana nuna bayyanannen rabuwa na Δ17O da δ18O tsakanin matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyin nau'in Orgueil da Ryugu idan aka kwatanta da Y-82162.Δ17O na Ryugu C0014-4 barbashi ya fi na Orgeil barbashi, duk da zoba a 2 sd.Ryugu barbashi suna da mafi girma Δ17O dabi'u idan aka kwatanta da Orgeil, wanda zai iya nuna na karshen ta terrestrial gurbatawa tun da fall a 1864. Weathering a cikin terrestrial yanayi11 dole ne sakamakon a cikin hadawa na yanayi oxygen, kawo gaba daya bincike kusa da terrestrial FLctionation line.Wannan ƙarshe ya yi daidai da bayanan ma'adinai (wanda aka tattauna a baya) cewa hatsin Ryugu ba su ƙunshi hydrates ko sulfates ba, yayin da Orgeil ya yi.
Dangane da bayanan ma'adinai na sama, waɗannan sakamakon suna goyan bayan ƙungiyar tsakanin hatsi na Ryugu da CI chondrites, amma yin sarauta daga ƙungiyar CY chondrites.Gaskiyar cewa hatsin Ryugu ba su da alaƙa da CY chondrites, waɗanda ke nuna alamun rashin ruwa na mineralogy, abin mamaki ne.Binciken Orbital na Ryugu ya bayyana yana nuna cewa an yi rashin ruwa don haka yana iya kasancewa da kayan CY.Har yanzu ba a fayyace dalilan wannan bambancin ba.Ana gabatar da nazarin isotope na oxygen na sauran ƙwayoyin Ryugu a cikin takarda na abokin tarayya 12. Duk da haka, sakamakon wannan ƙaddamar da bayanan bayanan ya kasance daidai da haɗin kai tsakanin sassan Ryugu da CI chondrites.
Yin amfani da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar microanalysis (Ƙarin Hoton 3), mun yi nazarin rarraba sararin samaniya na carbon carbon a kan dukan sararin samaniya na ɓangarorin ion katako mai mahimmanci (FIB) C0068.25 (Figs. 3a-f).Fine tsarin X-ray sha bakan na carbon (NEXAFS) a kusa kusa a cikin sashe C0068.25 nuna da dama ayyuka kungiyoyin - aromatic ko C = C (285.2 eV), C = O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) da C ( = O) O (288.8 eV) da kuma C ( = O) O (288.8 eV) - a . ƙananan digiri na bambancin thermal.Ƙarfin CH mafi girma (287.5 eV) na sassan kwayoyin halitta na C0068.25 ya bambanta da kwayoyin halitta marasa narkewa na chondrites na carbonaceous da aka yi nazari a baya kuma ya fi kama da IDP14 da barbashi mai ban dariya da aka samu ta hanyar Stardust.Ƙarfin CH mai ƙarfi a 287.5 eV da ƙamshi mai rauni sosai ko C = C mafi girma a 285.2 eV yana nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta suna da wadata a cikin mahadi na aliphatic (Fig. 3a da Ƙarin Fig. 3a).Wuraren da ke cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta na aliphatic suna cikin gida a cikin phyllosilicates masu girma, da kuma a cikin yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ƙanshi (ko C = C) tsarin carbon (Fig. 3c, d).Sabanin haka, A0037,22 (Ƙarin Hoton 3) a wani ɓangare ya nuna ƙananan abun ciki na yankuna masu arzikin carbon aliphatic.Ma'adinin ma'adinai na waɗannan hatsi yana da wadata a cikin carbonates, kama da chondrite CI 16, yana ba da shawarar canji mai yawa na ruwa mai tushe (Ƙarin Teburin 1).Yanayi na oxidizing zai ba da fifiko ga yawan adadin carbonyl da ƙungiyoyin aikin carboxyl a cikin mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da alaƙa da carbonates.Rarraba submicron na kwayoyin halitta tare da sifofin carbon aliphatic na iya bambanta sosai da rarraba silicates masu laushi masu laushi.Alamu na mahadin kwayoyin halitta na aliphatic da ke da alaƙa da phyllosilicate-OH an samo su a cikin Tekun Tagish meteorite.Bayanan microanalytical masu daidaitawa sun nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta masu arziki a cikin mahadi na aliphatic na iya zama tartsatsi a cikin nau'in asteroids masu nau'in C kuma suna da alaƙa da phyllosilicates.Wannan ƙarshe ya yi daidai da rahotannin da suka gabata na aliphatic/ aromatic CHs a cikin barbashi na Ryugu wanda MicroOmega ya nuna, wani ƙaramin infrared hyperspectral na kusa.Tambaya mai mahimmanci kuma ba a warware shi ba shine ko abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci na abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta na aliphatic carbon-rich phyllosilicates da aka lura a cikin wannan binciken ana samun su ne kawai akan asteroid Ryugu.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra al'ada zuwa 292 eV a cikin aromatic (C = C) arziki yankin (ja), a cikin aliphatic arziki yankin (kore), kuma a cikin matrix (blue).Layin launin toka shine Murchison 13 nau'in nau'in halitta wanda ba a iya narkewa don kwatantawa.au, sashin sasantawa.b, Siffar watsawa ta X-ray microscopy (STXM) siffar hoton carbon K-gefen yana nuna cewa sashin yana mamaye da carbon.c, RGB composite mãkirci tare da aromatic (C=C) yankuna masu wadata (ja), yankuna masu wadata na aliphatic (kore), da matrix (blue).d, Organics mai arziki a cikin mahadi na aliphatic suna mai da hankali a cikin phyllosilicate maras nauyi, yankin yana girma daga kwalaye masu dige fari a cikin b da c.e, manyan nanospheres (ng-1) a cikin yankin da aka haɓaka daga farin akwatin mai digo a cikin b da c.Don: pyrrhotite.Pn: nickel-chromite.f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), da Nitrogen (12C14N) hotuna na farko, 12C / 1H element rabo hotuna, da giciye δD, δ13C, da δ15N isotope hotuna - Sashe PG-1: enrichment 4C presolar Hotunan.
Nazarin Kinetic na lalata kwayoyin halitta a cikin Murchison meteorites na iya ba da mahimman bayanai game da rarraba nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu wadata a cikin hatsin Ryugu.Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa aliphatic CH bonds a cikin kwayoyin halitta sun ci gaba har zuwa matsakaicin zafin jiki na kusan 30 ° C a iyaye da / ko canza tare da yanayin yanayin lokaci (misali shekaru 200 a 100 ° C da 0 ° C 100 shekaru miliyan)..Idan precursor bai yi zafi ba a yanayin zafin da aka ba shi fiye da wani ɗan lokaci, ana iya kiyaye asalin rarraba kwayoyin halitta na aliphatic mai arziki a cikin phyllosilicate.Koyaya, sauye-sauyen ruwan dutsen tushen na iya dagula wannan fassarar, kamar yadda carbonate-rich A0037 baya nuna kowane yanki na aliphatic mai arzikin carbon da ke da alaƙa da phyllosilicates.Wannan canjin ƙananan zafin jiki yayi daidai da kasancewar cubic feldspar a cikin hatsin Ryugu (Ƙarin Teburin 1) 20.
Juzu'i na C0068.25 (ng-1; Fig. 3a-c,e) ya ƙunshi babban nanosphere mai nuna ƙamshi sosai (ko C = C), matsakaicin aliphatic, da rarraunan sifofi na C (= O) O da C = O..Sa hannu na carbon aliphatic bai dace da sa hannun yawancin kwayoyin da ba a iya narkewa ba da kuma nanospheres na kwayoyin da ke hade da chondrites (Fig. 3a) 17,21.Raman da infrared spectroscopic bincike na nanospheres a cikin Lake Tagish ya nuna cewa sun ƙunshi aliphatic da oxidized kwayoyin mahadi da cuta polycyclic aromatic kwayoyin mahadi tare da wani hadadden tsari22,23.Saboda matrix ɗin da ke kewaye yana ƙunshe da kwayoyin halitta masu wadata a mahaɗan aliphatic, sa hannun carbon aliphatic a cikin ng-1 na iya zama kayan tarihi na nazari.Abin sha'awa shine, ng-1 yana ƙunshe da silicate na amorphous (Fig. 3e), rubutun da har yanzu ba a ba da rahotonsa ga kowane kwayoyin halitta na waje ba.Amorphous silicates na iya zama abubuwan halitta na ng-1 ko kuma sakamakon amorphization na silicates mai ruwa/anhydrous ta ion da/ko katako na lantarki yayin bincike.
Hotunan NanoSIMS ion na sashin C0068.25 (Fig. 3f) suna nuna canje-canje na uniform a cikin δ13C da δ15N, sai dai ga hatsi na presolar tare da babban haɓakar 13C na 30,811 ‰ (PG-1 a cikin hoton δ13C a cikin Fig. 3f) (Table 4).Hotunan hatsi na farko na X-ray da Hotunan TEM masu girma suna nuna kawai tattarawar carbon da nisa tsakanin jiragen basal na 0.3 nm, wanda yayi daidai da graphite.Abin lura ne cewa ƙimar δD (841 ± 394 ‰) da δ15N (169 ± 95 ‰), wadatar da su a cikin kwayoyin halitta na alphatic da ke hade da phyllosilicates masu girma, sun zama dan kadan mafi girma fiye da matsakaita ga duk yankin C (δD = 52 ± 52 ‰).‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) a cikin C0068.25 (Ƙarin Teburin 4).Wannan abin lura yana nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta masu wadatar aliphatic a cikin phyllosilicates masu girma na iya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da abubuwan da ke kewaye da su, tun da na ƙarshe na iya yin musayar isotopic tare da ruwan da ke kewaye a cikin ainihin jiki.A madadin, waɗannan canje-canjen isotopic na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da tsarin samuwar farko.An fassara cewa silicates masu laushi masu kyau a cikin CI chondrites an samo su ne sakamakon ci gaba da sauye-sauye na ainihin gungu na silicate na silicate mara nauyi.Halittar kwayoyin halitta mai wadatar Aliphatic mai yiwuwa ya samo asali daga ƙwayoyin da suka riga sun kasance a cikin faifan protoplanetary ko matsakaicin matsakaici kafin samuwar tsarin hasken rana, sannan kuma an ɗan canza su a yayin canjin ruwa na Ryugu (babban) iyaye. Girman (<1.0km) na Ryugu ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai don samun isasshen zafin ciki don canjin ruwa don samar da ma'adinan ruwa25. Girman (<1.0km) na Ryugu ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai don kula da isasshen zafi na ciki don canza ruwa mai ruwa don samar da ma'adinan ruwa25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы подерживать достаточное достаточное MINERALOF25. Girman (<1.0km) Ryugu ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai don kula da isasshen zafi na ciki don canjin ruwa don samar da ma'adanai na ruwa25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矉。 Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矉。 (1,0гу (1,0 кмать подыренырдикивать . Girman Ryugu (<1.0km) yayi ƙanƙanta don tallafawa zafin ciki don canza ruwa don samar da ma'adanai na ruwa25.Don haka, ana iya buƙatar magabata na Ryugu tsayin kilomita goma.Kwayoyin halitta masu wadata a mahadi na aliphatic na iya riƙe ainihin ma'aunin isotope na asali saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da phyllosilicates masu girma.Koyaya, ainihin yanayin masu ɗaukar nauyi na isotopic ya kasance mara tabbas saboda haɗaɗɗiyar haɗaɗɗiyar haɗakar abubuwa daban-daban a cikin waɗannan ɓangarorin FIB.Waɗannan na iya zama abubuwan halitta masu wadata a cikin mahaɗan aliphatic a cikin granules Ryugu ko ƙananan phyllosilicates kewaye da su.Lura cewa kwayoyin halitta a cikin kusan dukkanin chondrites na carbonaceous (ciki har da CI chondrites) suna da kyau a cikin D fiye da phyllosilicates, ban da CM Paris 24, 26 meteorites.
Makirci na ƙarar δD da δ15N na yankan FIB da aka samu don A0002.23 da A0002.26, A0037.22 da A0037.23 da C0068.23, C0068.25 da C0068.25 da C0068.26 na FIB guda uku da sauran sassan FIB na A0068.26 da sauran sassa bakwai na FIB. ana nuna tsarin a cikin fig.4 (Ƙarin Teburin 4)27,28.Canje-canje na girma a cikin δD da δ15N a cikin bayanan A0002, A0037, da C0068 sun dace da waɗanda ke cikin IDP, amma sama da CM da CI chondrites (Fig. 4).Lura cewa kewayon ƙimar δD don samfurin Comet 29 (-240 zuwa 1655‰) ya fi na Ryugu girma.Ƙididdigar δD da δ15N na bayanan martaba na Ryukyu, a matsayin mai mulkin, sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da matsakaicin raƙuman ruwa na dangin Jupiter da girgijen Oort (Fig. 4).Ƙananan ƙimar δD na CI chondrites na iya nuna tasirin gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin waɗannan samfuran.Ganin kamanceceniya tsakanin Bells, Lake Tagish, da IDP, babban nau'ikan dabi'u na δD da δN a cikin abubuwan Ryugu na iya nuna canje-canje a cikin sa hannu na farko na isotopic na kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan ruwa a farkon tsarin hasken rana.Canje-canjen isotopic irin wannan a cikin δD da δN a cikin Ryugu da ɓangarorin IDP suna ba da shawarar cewa duka biyun sun kasance daga abu daga tushe ɗaya.An yi imanin cewa 'yan gudun hijirar sun samo asali ne daga kafofin barkwanci 14 .Saboda haka, Ryugu na iya ƙunsar abubuwa kamar tauraro mai wutsiya da/ko aƙalla tsarin hasken rana na waje.Duk da haka, wannan yana iya zama mafi wahala fiye da yadda muka fada a nan saboda (1) cakuda ruwan spherulitic da D-rich a jikin iyaye 31 da (2) ma'auni na D/H na comet a matsayin aikin wasan kwaikwayo 32 .Duk da haka, dalilan da aka lura daban-daban na hydrogen da isotopes na nitrogen a cikin sassan Ryugu ba a fahimta sosai ba, wani ɓangare saboda iyakacin adadin nazarin da ake samu a yau.Sakamakon tsarin isotope na hydrogen da nitrogen har yanzu yana tayar da yuwuwar cewa Ryugu ya ƙunshi mafi yawan kayan da ke wajen Tsarin Rana kuma don haka na iya nuna kamanceceniya da taurari masu tauraro.Bayanan martaba na Ryugu bai nuna alamar alaƙa tsakanin δ13C da δ15N (Ƙarin Teburin 4).
Gabaɗaya abun da ke tattare da isotopic na H da N na barbashi Ryugu (jajayen da'ira: A0002, A0037; blue Circles: C0068) yayi daidai da girman hasken rana 27, Jupiter yana nufin dangi (JFC27), da Oort Cloud comets (OCC27), IDP28, da carbonaceous chondrules.Kwatanta meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung).An ba da abun da ke ciki na isotopic a cikin ƙarin Teburin 4. Layukan da aka dige su ne ƙimar isotope na ƙasa don H da N.
Jirgin da ba a so (misali kwayoyin halitta da ruwa) zuwa duniya ya kasance abin damuwa26,27,33.Submicron kwayoyin halitta hade da m phyllosilicates a cikin Ryugu barbashi gano a cikin wannan binciken na iya zama wani muhimmin tushen volatiles.Kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in phyllosilicates masu girma sun fi kariya daga lalacewa16,34 da lalata35 fiye da kwayoyin halitta a cikin matrices masu kyau.Mafi nauyi abun da ke tattare da isotopic na hydrogen a cikin barbashi yana nufin ba zai yuwu su zama tushen sauye-sauyen da aka ɗauka zuwa farkon Duniya ba.Ana iya haɗa su da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da abun da ke tattare da isotopic hydrogen mai sauƙi, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar kwanan nan a cikin hasashe na kasancewar ruwa mai motsa hasken rana a cikin silicates.
A cikin wannan binciken, mun nuna cewa CI meteorites, duk da muhimmancin geochemical a matsayin wakilai na tsarin tsarin hasken rana, 6,10 sune samfurori masu gurɓataccen yanayi.Har ila yau, muna ba da shaida kai tsaye don hulɗar tsakanin alphatic kwayoyin halitta da ma'adinan ma'adanai na maƙwabta kuma muna ba da shawarar cewa Ryugu na iya ƙunsar kayan extrasolar37.Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna a sarari mahimmancin yin samfurin kai tsaye na protoasteroids da buƙatar jigilar samfuran da aka dawo a ƙarƙashin inert da bakararre yanayi.Shaidar da aka gabatar a nan ta nuna cewa ƙwayoyin Ryugu ba shakka suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci kayan tsarin hasken rana da ake samu don binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma ƙarin nazarin waɗannan samfurori masu daraja ba shakka zai faɗaɗa fahimtarmu game da tsarin tsarin hasken rana na farko.Barbashi Ryugu sune mafi kyawun wakilci na gabaɗayan tsarin tsarin hasken rana.
Don ƙayyade ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun microstructure da sinadarai na samfurori na sikelin submicron, mun yi amfani da synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) da SR X-ray diffraction (XRD) -CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM bincike.Babu lalacewa, gurɓatawa saboda yanayin duniya, kuma babu lalacewa daga ƙananan barbashi ko samfuran injina.A halin yanzu, mun gudanar da bincike na tsarin ƙima ta amfani da sikanin microscopy na lantarki (SEM) -EDS, EPMA, XRD, kayan aikin neutron activation analysis (INAA), da Laser oxygen isotope fluorination kayan aikin.Ana nuna hanyoyin tantancewa a Ƙarin Hoto na 3 kuma an kwatanta kowane ƙididdiga a cikin sassan da ke gaba.
An gano barbashi daga asteroid Ryugu daga tsarin sake dawowa Hayabusa-2 kuma an kai su Cibiyar Kula da JAXA a Sagamihara, Japan, ba tare da gurɓata yanayin duniya ba4.Bayan siffa ta farko da mara lalacewa a wurin da aka sarrafa ta JAXA, yi amfani da kwantena masu canja wuri na tsaka-tsaki da jakunkuna na capsule (10 ko 15 mm diamita na sapphire crystal da bakin karfe, dangane da girman samfurin) don guje wa tsoma bakin muhalli.muhalli.y da/ko gurɓataccen ƙasa (misali tururin ruwa, hydrocarbons, iskar gas da ƙananan barbashi) da gurɓatawa tsakanin samfuran yayin shirye-shiryen samfurin da sufuri tsakanin cibiyoyi da jami'o'i38.Don kauce wa ƙasƙanci da ƙazanta saboda hulɗa tare da yanayin duniya (ruwan ruwa da oxygen), kowane nau'i na shirye-shiryen samfurin (ciki har da chipping tare da tantalum chisel, ta amfani da ma'auni na lu'u-lu'u mai daidaitacce (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) da kuma yanke epoxy) shirye-shiryen shigarwa) an gudanar da su a cikin akwatin safofin hannu a karkashin tsabtataccen bushe N2 (dew point: -0 ° C): -0 ° C.Duk abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a nan ana tsabtace su tare da haɗuwa da ruwa mai zurfi da ethanol ta amfani da raƙuman ruwa na ultrasonic na mitoci daban-daban.
Anan muna nazarin Cibiyar Bincike na Polar National (NIPR) na tarin meteorite na Cibiyar Nazarin Antarctic Meteorite (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y) -791198, CY: Y-82162 da CY: Y 980115).
Don canja wuri tsakanin kayan aiki don SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS da bincike na TEM, mun yi amfani da mariƙin samfurin ultrathin na duniya da aka bayyana a cikin binciken da suka gabata38.
An yi nazarin SR-XCT na samfurori na Ryugu ta amfani da BL20XU/SPring-8 hadedde tsarin CT.Tsarin CT ɗin da aka haɗa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ma'auni daban-daban: faffadan ra'ayi mai faɗi da yanayin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima (WL) don ɗaukar duk tsarin tsarin samfurin, kunkuntar filin ra'ayi da babban ƙuduri (NH) don daidaitaccen ma'auni na yanki samfurin.sha'awa da radiyo don samun tsarin diffraction na ƙarar samfurin, da kuma yin XRD-CT don samun zane na 2D na matakan ma'adinai na jirgin sama a kwance a cikin samfurin.Lura cewa ana iya yin duk ma'auni ba tare da yin amfani da tsarin da aka gina ba don cire mai riƙe da samfurin daga tushe, yana ba da damar daidaitattun ma'aunin CT da XRD-CT.Mai gano yanayin X-ray (BM AA40p; Hamamatsu Phototons) An sanye da ƙarin kyamara ta lemp (Lu3al5o12: A) da kuma ruwan tabarau.Girman pixel a yanayin WL yana kusan 0.848 µm.Don haka, filin kallo (FOV) a cikin yanayin WL yana da kusan 6 mm a cikin yanayin CT.Na'urar gano X-ray na yanayin NH (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) an sanye shi da 20 µm kauri gadolinium-aluminum-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator, kyamarar CMOS (C11440-22CU) tare da ƙuduri na 2048 × 2048 pixels;Hamamatsu Photonics) da ruwan tabarau ×20.Girman pixel a yanayin NH shine ~0.25 µm kuma filin kallo shine ~0.5 mm.Mai gano yanayin XRD (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) an sanye shi da scintillator wanda ya ƙunshi allon foda mai kauri 50 µm P43 (Gd2O2S: Tb), kyamarar CMOS 2304 × 2304 ƙuduri pixel (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) da relays.Mai ganowa yana da ingantaccen girman pixel 19.05 μm da filin kallo na 43.9 mm2.Don ƙara FOV, mun yi amfani da tsarin CT na biya a yanayin WL.Hoton haske da aka watsa don sake gina CT ya ƙunshi hoto a cikin kewayon 180 ° zuwa 360 ° wanda aka nuna a kwance a kusa da axis na juyawa, da hoto a cikin kewayon 0 ° zuwa 180 °.
A cikin yanayin XRD, hasken X-ray yana mayar da hankali ne ta farantin yankin Fresnel.A cikin wannan yanayin, ana sanya mai ganowa 110 mm a bayan samfurin kuma tsayawar katako yana da 3 mm gaba da mai ganowa.Hotuna masu banƙyama a cikin kewayon 2θ daga 1.43 ° zuwa 18.00 ° (grating pitch d = 16.6-1.32 Å) an samo su tare da tabo na X-ray da aka mayar da hankali a kasan filin kallo na mai ganowa.Samfurin yana motsawa a tsaye a tsaka-tsaki na yau da kullun, tare da juyawa rabin kowane mataki na dubawa a tsaye.Idan ma'adinan ma'adinai sun gamsar da yanayin Bragg lokacin da aka juya ta 180 °, yana yiwuwa a sami raguwar ƙwayoyin ma'adinai a cikin jirgin sama a kwance.Daga nan aka haɗa hotunan daɗaɗɗen zuwa hoto ɗaya don kowane mataki na dubawa a tsaye.Yanayin tantancewar SR-XRD-CT kusan iri ɗaya ne da na SR-XRD.A cikin yanayin XRD-CT, an saita mai ganowa 69 mm a bayan samfurin.Hotunan diffraction a cikin kewayon 2θ daga 1.2 ° zuwa 17.68 ° (d = 19.73 zuwa 1.35 Å), inda duka katako na X-ray da madaidaicin katako suna cikin layi tare da tsakiyar filin kallo.Duba samfurin a kwance kuma juya samfurin 180 °.Hotunan SR-XRD-CT an sake gina su tare da mafi girman ma'adinai azaman ƙimar pixel.Tare da dubawa a kwance, ana duba samfurin a cikin matakai 500-1000.
Don duk gwaje-gwajen, an daidaita ƙarfin X-ray akan 30 keV, tunda wannan shine ƙananan iyaka na shigar X-ray cikin meteorites mai diamita na kusan 6 mm.Adadin hotunan da aka samo don duk ma'aunin CT yayin juyawa na 180 ° shine 1800 (3600 don shirin CT na kashewa), kuma lokacin bayyanar hotunan shine 100 ms don yanayin WL, 300 ms don yanayin NH, 500 ms don XRD, da 50 ms.ms don XRD-CT ms.Yawancin lokacin duba samfurin shine kusan mintuna 10 a yanayin WL, mintuna 15 a yanayin NH, awanni 3 don XRD, da awanni 8 don SR-XRD-CT.
Hotunan CT an sake gina su ta hanyar tsinkayar juzu'i na baya kuma an daidaita su don madaidaicin juzu'i daga 0 zuwa 80 cm-1.An yi amfani da software na Slice don nazarin bayanan 3D kuma an yi amfani da software na muXRD don nazarin bayanan XRD.
Epoxy-kafaffen Ryugu barbashi (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 da C0068) an sannu a hankali goge a kan saman zuwa matakin 0.5 µm (3M) lu'u-lu'u fim lapping a karkashin bushe yanayi, guje wa kayan shiga cikin lamba tare da surface a lokacin aikin goge.The goge saman kowane samfurin da aka fara bincikar da haske microscopy sa'an nan backscattered electrons don samun mineralogy da texture images (BSE) na samfurori da qualitatively NIPR abubuwa ta amfani da JEOL JSM-7100F SEM sanye take da wani makamashi dispersive spectrometer (AZtec).makamashi) hoto.Ga kowane samfurin, an bincika abubuwan da ke cikin manyan abubuwa da ƙananan abubuwa ta amfani da microanalyzer na binciken lantarki (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200).Yi nazarin phyllosilicate da carbonate barbashi a 5 nA, dabi'u na halitta da na roba a 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, da pyroxene a 30 nA.An ƙididdige matakan ƙididdiga daga taswirorin abubuwa da hotunan BSE ta amfani da software na ImageJ 1.53 tare da madaidaitan ƙofofin da aka saita ga kowane ma'adinai.
An yi nazarin isotope na oxygen a Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗen (Milton Keynes, UK) ta amfani da tsarin fluorination laser infrared.An kai samfuran Hayabusa2 zuwa Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗen 38 a cikin kwantena masu cike da nitrogen don canja wuri tsakanin wurare.
An yi lodin samfurin a cikin akwatin safar hannu na nitrogen tare da matakin oxygen da ke ƙasa da 0.1%.Don aikin nazari na Hayabusa2, an ƙirƙira sabon mariƙin Ni, wanda ya ƙunshi ramukan samfuri guda biyu kawai (diamita 2.5 mm, zurfin 5 mm), ɗaya don ƙwayoyin Hayabusa2 da ɗayan don daidaitaccen ciki na obsidian.Yayin bincike, samfurin rijiyar da ke ɗauke da kayan Hayabusa2 an rufe shi da taga BaF2 na ciki kamar kauri mm 1 da 3 mm a diamita don riƙe samfurin a lokacin aikin laser.An kiyaye kwararar BrF5 zuwa samfurin ta hanyar tashar haɗakar gas da aka yanke a cikin mariƙin samfurin Ni.Hakanan an sake fasalin ɗakin samfurin ta yadda za'a iya cire shi daga layin da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba sannan a buɗe a cikin akwatin safar hannu mai cike da nitrogen.An rufe ɗakin yanki guda biyu tare da hatimin matsawa na jan ƙarfe da kuma manne sarkar CeFIX 38 na gaggawar Sakin EVAC.Tagar BaF2 mai kauri 3 mm a saman ɗakin yana ba da damar kallon samfurin lokaci guda da dumama Laser.Bayan loda samfurin, sake manne ɗakin kuma a sake haɗawa zuwa layin da aka haɗe.Kafin yin nazari, an ɗora ɗakin samfurin a ƙarƙashin injin zafi zuwa kimanin 95 ° C na dare don cire duk wani danshi mai yaduwa.Bayan dumama da daddare, an bar ɗakin ya huce zuwa zafin jiki sannan kuma an wanke ɓangaren da aka fallasa ga yanayin yayin canja wurin samfurin tare da aliquots uku na BrF5 don cire danshi.Waɗannan hanyoyin suna tabbatar da cewa samfurin Hayabusa 2 bai fallasa zuwa yanayi ba kuma baya gurɓata shi da danshi daga ɓangaren layin da ke fitowa daga sararin samaniya yayin ɗaukar samfurin.
Ryugu C0014-4 da Orgueil (CI) samfurin barbashi an yi nazari a cikin wani gyara "daya" mode42, yayin da Y-82162 (CY) bincike da aka yi a kan tire guda tare da mahara samfurin rijiyoyin41.Saboda anhydrous abun da ke ciki, ba lallai ba ne don amfani da hanya guda don CY chondrites.An dumama samfuran ta amfani da Laser infrared CO2 na Photon Machines Inc.ikon 50 W (10.6 µm) wanda aka ɗora akan gantry XYZ a gaban BrF5.Tsarin bidiyo da aka gina a ciki yana lura da yanayin da ake ciki.Bayan fluorine, an goge O2 da aka 'yantar ta hanyar amfani da tarkon nitrogen na cryogenic guda biyu da kuma gado mai zafi na KBr don cire duk wani abin da ya wuce gona da iri.An yi nazarin abun da ke tattare da isotopic na iskar oxygen a kan Thermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer tare da babban ƙuduri na kusan 200.
A wasu lokuta, adadin gaseous O2 da aka saki yayin amsawar samfurin bai wuce 140 µg ba, wanda shine madaidaicin iyaka na amfani da na'urar bellow akan MAT 253 mass spectrometer.A cikin waɗannan lokuta, yi amfani da microvolumes don bincike.Bayan nazarin barbashi na Hayabusa2, ma'aunin ciki na obsidian ya kasance mai fluorinated kuma an ƙayyade abun da ke ciki na isotope oxygen.
Ions na guntun NF+ NF3+ suna tsoma baki tare da katako tare da taro 33 (16O17O).Don kawar da wannan matsala mai yuwuwa, yawancin samfurori ana sarrafa su ta amfani da hanyoyin rabuwa na cryogenic.Ana iya yin wannan a gaba kafin binciken MAT 253 ko a matsayin bincike na biyu ta hanyar mayar da iskar gas ɗin da aka yi nazari zuwa ga simintin kwayoyin halitta na musamman da sake wucewa bayan rabuwar cryogenic.Rabuwar Cryogenic ya haɗa da samar da iskar gas zuwa ma'aunin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a zazzabin ruwa na nitrogen sannan a watsar da shi a cikin simintin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko a zazzabi na -130 ° C.Gwaji mai zurfi ya nuna cewa NF+ ya kasance a kan simintin kwayoyin halitta na farko kuma babu wani yanki mai mahimmanci da ke faruwa ta amfani da wannan hanya.
Dangane da maimaita nazari na ƙa'idodin obsidian na ciki, cikakkiyar daidaiton tsarin a cikin yanayin bellow shine: ± 0.053‰ don δ17O, ± 0.095‰ don δ18O, ± 0.018‰ don Δ17O (2 sd).Ana ba da nazarin isotope na oxygen a cikin daidaitaccen bayanin martabar delta, inda aka ƙididdige delta18O kamar:
Hakanan yi amfani da rabon 17O/16O don δ17O.VSMOW shine ma'auni na duniya don Ma'aunin Ruwa na Teku na Vienna.Δ17O yana wakiltar karkacewa daga layin juzu'i na ƙasa, kuma tsarin lissafin shine: Δ17O = δ17O - 0.52 × δ18O.Duk bayanan da aka gabatar a Ƙarin Teburi 3 an daidaita su da tazara.
An fitar da sassan kusan 150 zuwa 200 nm kauri daga ɓangarorin Ryugu ta amfani da kayan aikin Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB a JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute.Lura cewa dukkanin sassan FIB an dawo dasu daga guntun abubuwan da ba a sarrafa su ba bayan an cire su daga tasoshin da aka cika da iskar gas na N2 don canja wurin abun ciki.Ba a auna waɗannan gutsuttsura ta hanyar SR-CT ba, amma an sarrafa su tare da ɗan ƙaramin haske ga yanayin duniya don gujewa yuwuwar lalacewa da gurɓatawa wanda zai iya shafar bakan carbon K-bakan.Bayan ƙaddamar da Layer na kariya na tungsten, an yanke yankin sha'awa (har zuwa 25 × 25 μm2) kuma an yanke shi tare da katako na Ga + ion a ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki na 30 kV, sannan a 5 kV da bincike na yanzu na 40 pA don rage girman lalacewa.Sa'an nan kuma an sanya sassan ultrathin akan ragamar tagulla mai girma (Kochi mesh) 39 ta amfani da micromanipulator sanye take da FIB.
Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) da C0068 (0.6483mg) pellets an rufe sau biyu a cikin tsantsar polyethylene zanen gado mai tsafta a cikin akwati mai cike da nitrogen mai tsantsa a kan SPring-8 ba tare da wani mu'amala da yanayin duniya ba.Samfurin shirye-shiryen JB-1 (dutsen tunani na yanayin ƙasa wanda Binciken Geological na Japan ya bayar) an gudanar da shi a Jami'ar Tokyo Metropolitan University.
Ana gudanar da INAA a Cibiyar Haɗin Radiation da Kimiyyar Nukiliya, Jami'ar Kyoto.Samfurin an haskaka sau biyu tare da zagayawa daban-daban da aka zaɓa bisa ga rabin rayuwar nuclide da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige kashi.Na farko, an zubar da samfurin a cikin bututun iska mai huhu don 30 seconds.Fluxes na thermal da sauri neutrons a cikin fig.3 sune 4.6 × 1012 da 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, bi da bi, don ƙayyade abubuwan da ke cikin Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V da Mn.Sinadarai irin su MgO (99.99% tsarki, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% tsarki, Soekawa Chemical), da Si metal (99.999% tsarki, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) suma an haskaka su don gyara halayen halayen nukiliya kamar (n, n).Hakanan an ba da samfurin tare da sodium chloride (99.99% tsafta; MANAC) don gyara canje-canje a cikin ruwan neutron.
Bayan iskar neutron, an maye gurbin polyethylene na waje da wata sabuwa, kuma an auna gamma radiation da samfurin ya fito da shi nan da nan da na'urar gano Ge.Samfurori iri ɗaya sun sake haskakawa na tsawon sa'o'i 4 a cikin bututun iska mai huhu.2 yana da zafi mai zafi da sauri na neutron 5.6 1012 da 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, bi da bi, don ƙayyade Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir da Au.Samfurori masu sarrafawa na Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, da Au an lalata su ta hanyar yin amfani da adadin da suka dace (daga 10 zuwa 50 μg) na daidaitattun mafita na sanann abubuwan da aka sani na waɗannan abubuwa a kan takarda guda biyu na tacewa, sannan kuma haskakawa na samfurori.An yi lissafin gamma ray a Cibiyar Haɗin Radiation da Kimiyyar Nukiliya, Jami'ar Kyoto da Cibiyar Bincike ta RI, Jami'ar Metropolitan Tokyo.Hanyoyin nazari da kayan tunani don ƙididdige ƙididdigewa na abubuwan INAA daidai suke da waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin aikinmu na baya.
An yi amfani da diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) don tattara nau'ikan samfuran Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) da C0087 (<1 mg) a NIPR. An yi amfani da diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) don tattara nau'ikan samfuran Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) da C0087 (<1 mg) a NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Rygu A002ги 7, 7029 (A0029) (<1 мг) в NIPR. An yi amfani da diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) don tattara samfuran Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), da C0087 (<1 mg) samfurori a NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衾尡使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衾尡 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) Rigaku SmartLab. X-ray diffraction alamu na samfurori Ryugu A0029 (<1 MG), A0037 (<1 MG) da C0087 (<1 MG) an samu a NIPR ta amfani da X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab).Dukkan samfuran an niƙa su cikin foda mai kyau a kan wafer siliki mara nauyi ta amfani da farantin gilashin sapphire sannan kuma a yada a ko'ina a kan wafern siliki ba tare da wani ruwa ba (ruwa ko barasa).Yanayin ma'auni sune kamar haka: Cu Kα X-ray radiation ana haifar dashi a bututun wutar lantarki na 40 kV da bututu na yanzu na 40 mA, iyakar tsaga tsayin tsayin 10 mm, kusurwar bambance-bambancen shine (1/6) °, saurin jujjuyawar cikin jirgin shine 20 rpm, kuma kewayon shine 2θ (biyu Bragg-1) yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i 8.An yi amfani da na'urorin gani na Bragg Brentano.Mai ganowa shine na'urar ganowa ta silicon semiconductor (D/teX Ultra 250).An cire X-ray na Cu Kβ ta amfani da tace Ni.Yin amfani da samfurori masu samuwa, ma'auni na Magnesian saponite na roba (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) da pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) an kwatanta su don gano kololuwa da amfani da bayanan foda daga Cibiyar Diffraff1 Diffra. 1-1662) da magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629).Hakanan an kwatanta bayanan diffraction daga Ryugu tare da bayanai akan hydroaltered carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, da Y 980115 CY (matakin zafi na III, 500-750 ° C).Kwatancen ya nuna kamanceceniya da Orgueil, amma ba tare da Y-791198 da Y 980115 ba.
NEXAFS spectra tare da carbon gefen K na sassan ultrathin na samfurori da aka yi daga FIB an auna su ta amfani da tashar STXM BL4U a cibiyar UVSOR synchrotron a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kwayoyin Halitta (Okazaki, Japan).Girman tabo na katako da aka mayar da hankali sosai tare da farantin yankin Fresnel kusan 50 nm.Matsayin makamashi shine 0.1 eV don kyakkyawan tsarin yanki na kusa (283.6-292.0 eV) da 0.5 eV (280.0-283.5 eV da 292.5-300.0 eV) don yankunan gaba da baya.an saita lokacin kowane pixel hoto zuwa 2 ms.Bayan fitarwa, ɗakin nazarin STXM ya cika da helium a matsa lamba na kimanin 20 mbar.Wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage raɗaɗin zafin jiki na kayan aikin gani na X-ray a cikin ɗaki da mariƙin samfurin, da kuma rage lalacewar samfur da/ko iskar oxygen.NEXAFS K-gefen carbon spectra an ƙirƙira su daga bayanan da aka tattara ta amfani da software na aXis2000 da software na sarrafa bayanai na STXM.Lura cewa ana amfani da yanayin canja wurin samfurin da akwatin safar hannu don guje wa samfurin oxidation da gurɓatawa.
Bayan nazarin STXM-NEXAFS, an yi nazarin abun da ke tattare da isotopic na hydrogen, carbon, da nitrogen na Ryugu FIB yanka ta amfani da hoton isotope tare da JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L.Babban katako mai mahimmanci na Cs + na kusan 2 pA don nazarin isotope na carbon da nitrogen da kusan 13 pA don nazarin isotope na hydrogen an rasterized akan wani yanki na kusan 24 × 24 µm2 zuwa 30 × 30 µm2 akan samfurin.Bayan prespray na minti 3 a wani ingantacciyar ƙaƙƙarfan katako na farko, kowane bincike ya fara ne bayan daidaita ƙarfin katako na biyu.Don nazarin isotopes na carbon da nitrogen, hotuna na 12C-, 13C-, 16O-, 12C14N- da 12C15N- an samu su a lokaci guda ta amfani da ganowa da yawa na lantarki guda bakwai tare da ƙudurin taro na kusan 9000, wanda ya isa ya raba duk mahaɗan isotopic masu dacewa.tsangwama (watau 12C1H akan 13C da 13C14N akan 12C15N).Don nazarin isotopes na hydrogen, an samo hotunan 1H-, 2D- da 12C tare da ƙuduri mai yawa na kusan 3000 tare da ganowa da yawa ta amfani da masu haɓaka lantarki guda uku.Kowane bincike ya ƙunshi hotuna 30 da aka bincika na yanki ɗaya, tare da hoto ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi pixels 256 × 256 don nazarin isotope carbon da nitrogen da 128 × 128 pixels don nazarin isotope hydrogen.Lokacin jinkiri shine 3000µs a kowane pixel don nazarin isotope na carbon da nitrogen da 5000 µs akan kowane pixel don nazarin isotope na hydrogen.Mun yi amfani da 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate a matsayin hydrogen, carbon da nitrogen isotope ma'auni don calibrate kayan aiki juzu'i45.
Don ƙayyade abun da ke tattare da siliki na isotopic na presolar graphite a cikin bayanin FIB C0068-25, mun yi amfani da masu tarawa na lantarki guda shida tare da ƙudurin taro na kusan 9000. Hotunan sun ƙunshi 256 × 256 pixels tare da lokacin jinkiri na 3000 µs kowace pixel.Mun ƙirƙira kayan aikin juzu'i ta amfani da wafers na siliki azaman hydrogen, carbon, da ma'aunin isotope na silicon.
An sarrafa hotunan Isotope ta amfani da software na hoto na NanoSIMS45 na NASA.An gyara bayanan don lokacin mutuƙar yawan wutar lantarki (44 ns) da tasirin isowa lokaci ɗaya.Daidaita sikanin hoto daban-daban don kowane hoto don gyara motsin hoto yayin siye.Hoton isotope na ƙarshe an ƙirƙira shi ta ƙara ions na biyu daga kowane hoto don kowane pixel scan.
Bayan nazarin STXM-NEXAFS da NanoSIMS, an yi nazarin sassan FIB guda ɗaya ta amfani da microscope na lantarki mai watsawa (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) a haɓakar ƙarfin lantarki na 200 kV a Kochi, JAMSTEC.An lura da microstructure ta amfani da TEM mai haske da babban kusurwa mai duba TEM a cikin filin duhu.An gano matakan ma'adinai ta hanyar rarrabuwar wutar lantarki da hoton band ɗin lattice, kuma EDS ne ya yi nazarin sinadarai tare da mai gano siliki 100 mm2 da software ta tashar JEOL Analysis 4.30.Don ƙididdige ƙididdigewa, an auna ƙimar ƙimar X-ray ga kowane kashi a cikin yanayin sikanin TEM tare da ƙayyadaddun lokacin sayan bayanai na 30 s, yanki na sikanin katako na ~ 100 × 100 nm2, da hasken wuta na 50 pA.Matsakaicin (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe a cikin silicates masu layi an ƙaddara ta amfani da ƙimar gwaji k, wanda aka gyara don kauri, wanda aka samo daga ma'auni na pyropagarnet na halitta.
Dukkan hotuna da nazarin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken suna samuwa akan JAXA Data Archiving and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2.Wannan labarin yana ba da bayanan asali.
Kitari, K. et al.Abubuwan da ke sama na asteroid 162173 Ryugu kamar yadda kayan aikin Hayabusa2 NIRS3 suka lura.Kimiyya 364, 272-275.
Kim, AJ Yamato-nau'in carbonaceous chondrites (CY): analogues na Ryugu asteroid surface?Geochemistry 79, 125531 (2019).
Pilorjet, S. et al.Nazari na farko na samfuran Ryugu an yi ta ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta MicroOmega.National Astron.6, 221-225 (2021).
Yada, T. et al.Binciken farko na samfurin Hyabusa2 da aka dawo daga nau'in asteroid Ryugu na nau'in C.National Astron.6, 214-220 (2021).