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Ziguquguquka kwaye zityebile kwizinto eziphilayo, ii-asteroids zohlobo lwe-C zisenokuba ngomnye wemithombo ephambili yamanzi eMhlabeni. Okwangoku, ii-chondrites ezithwele ikhabhoni zinika umbono ongcono wokwakheka kwazo kweekhemikhali, kodwa ulwazi malunga neemeteorites lugqwethekile: kuphela zezona ntlobo zihlala ixesha elide ezisindayo zingena emoyeni zize zisebenzisane nokusingqongileyo komhlaba. Apha sibonisa iziphumo zophando oluneenkcukacha lwe-volumetric kunye ne-microanalytical yesuntswana ephambili yeRyugu ethunyelwe eMhlabeni yiHayabusa-2 spacecraft. Ii-Ryugu particles zibonisa ukuhambelana okusondeleyo kokwakheka kwee-chondrites ze-CI (Iwuna-type) ezingenamaqhekeza kodwa eziguqulwe ngamanzi, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu njengesalathiso sokwakheka kwenkqubo yelanga. Le sampuli ibonisa ubudlelwane obuntsonkothileyo bendawo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo ze-aliphatic kunye ne-silicates ezifakwe layered kwaye ibonisa ubushushu obuphezulu obumalunga ne-30 °C ngexesha lokukhukuliseka kwamanzi. Sifumene ubuninzi be-deuterium kunye ne-diazonium obuhambelana nemvelaphi yangaphandle kwelanga. Ii-Ryugu particles zezona zinto zingaphandle ezingangcoliswanga nezingenakwahlulwa ezakha zafundwa kwaye zihambelana kakuhle nokwakheka kwenkqubo yelanga.
Ukususela ngoJuni 2018 ukuya kuNovemba 2019, iJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Hayabusa2 spacecraft yenze uphando olubanzi olukude lwe-asteroid Ryugu. Idatha evela kwi-Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) eHayabusa-2 ibonisa ukuba iRyugu isenokuba yenziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-thermally kunye/okanye i-shock-metamorphic carbonaceous chondrites. Eyona nto ifana kakhulu yi-CY chondrite (uhlobo lweYamato) 2. I-albedo ephantsi kaRyugu inokuchazwa kukubakho kwenani elikhulu lezinto ezityebileyo kwi-carbon, kunye nobukhulu bezinto ezincinci, i-porosity, kunye nemiphumo yemozulu yendawo. IHayabusa-2 spacecraft yenze iindawo ezimbini zokufika kunye nokuqokelelwa kweesampuli eRyuga. Ngexesha lokufika kokuqala ngomhla wama-21 kuFebruwari 2019, kwafunyanwa izinto zomphezulu, ezazigcinwe kwindawo A ye-capsule yokubuya, kwaye ngexesha lokufika kwesibini ngomhla we-11 kuJulayi 2019, izinto zaqokelelwa kufutshane ne-crater yokwenziwa eyenziwe yi-impactor encinci ephathekayo. Ezi sampuli zigcinwa kwiWard C. Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwee-particles ezingonakalisiyo kwiSigaba soku-1 kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo, ezingangcoliswanga nezicocekileyo ezizaliswe yi-nitrogen kwiindawo ezilawulwa yi-JAXA kubonise ukuba ii-particles zeRyugu zazifana kakhulu nee-chondrites ze-CI4 kwaye zibonise "amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuguquguquka"3. Ukuhlelwa okubonakala ngathi kuyaphikisana kweRyugu, okufana nee-CY okanye ii-CI chondrites, kunokusonjululwa kuphela ngokuchazwa okuneenkcukacha kwe-isotopic, elemental, kunye ne-mineralogical kwee-particles zeRyugu. Iziphumo ezivezwe apha zibonelela ngesiseko esiqinileyo sokumisela ukuba zeziphi kwezi nkcazo zimbini zokuqala malunga nokwakheka kwe-asteroid Ryugu okunokwenzeka kakhulu.
Iipellets ezisibhozo zeRyugu (malunga ne-60mg iyonke), ezine ezivela kwiChamber A kunye nezine ezivela kwiChamber C, zabelwa kwiSigaba sesi-2 ukulawula iqela leKochi. Injongo ephambili yolu phononongo kukucacisa uhlobo, imvelaphi kunye nembali yokuvela kweRyugu ye-asteroid, kunye nokubhala ukufana kunye nomahluko nezinye iisampulu ezaziwayo zangaphandle komhlaba ezifana nee-chondrites, ii-interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) kunye nee-comets ezibuyayo. Iisampulu ziqokelelwe yi-NASA's Stardust mission.
Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lweminerali lweenkozo ezintlanu zeRyugu (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 kunye neC0068) lubonise ukuba zenziwe ikakhulu ziiphyllosilicates ezintle neziqinileyo (~64–88 vol.%; Umfanekiso 1a, b, Umfanekiso ongezelelweyo 1). kunye netheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 1). Iiphyllosilicates eziqinileyo zenzeka njengee-pinnate aggregates (ukuya kuthi ga kwishumi lee-microns ngobukhulu) kwi-fine-grained, phyllosilicate-rich matrices (ngaphantsi kwe-microns ezimbalwa ngobukhulu). Ii-layered silicate particles zii-serpentine-saponite symbionts (Umfanekiso 1c). Imephu ye-(Si + Al)-Mg-Fe ikwabonisa ukuba i-bulk layered silicate matrix inomxube ophakathi phakathi kwe-serpentine kunye ne-saponite (Umfanekiso 2a, b). I-phyllosilicate matrix ineeminerali ze-carbonate (~2–21 vol.%), iiminerali ze-sulfide (~2.4–5.5 vol.%), kunye ne-magnetite (~3.6–6.8 vol.%). Elinye lamasuntswana ahlolwe kolu phononongo (C0009) liqulathe inani elincinci (~0.5 vol.%) le-anhydrous silicates (i-olivine kunye ne-pyroxene), elinokunceda ekuchongeni izinto ezisisiseko ezenze i-Ryugu stone5 eluhlaza. Le-anhydrous silicate ayifumaneki kwii-Ryugu pellets kwaye ichongiwe kakuhle kuphela kwi-C0009 pellet. Ii-Carbonates zikhona kwi-matrix njengeziqwenga (ngaphantsi kwamakhulu ambalwa ee-microns), uninzi lwazo yi-dolomite, kunye nezixa ezincinci ze-calcium carbonate kunye ne-brinell. I-Magnetite ivela njengee-particles ezizimeleyo, ii-framboids, ii-plaques, okanye ii-aggregates ezijikelezayo. Ii-Sulfides zimelwe kakhulu yi-pyrrhotite ngendlela yee-prisms/iiplates ezingaqhelekanga okanye ii-laths. I-matrix iqulathe inani elikhulu le-submicron pentlandite okanye xa idibene ne-pyrrhotite. Izigaba ezityebileyo ngekhabhoni (<10 µm ngobukhulu) zenzeka kuyo yonke indawo kwi-matrix etyebileyo nge-phyllosilicate. Izigaba ezityebileyo ngekhabhoni (<10 µm ngobukhulu) zenzeka kuyo yonke indawo kwi-matrix etyebileyo nge-phyllosilicate. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Izigaba ezityebileyo ngekhabhoni (<10 µm ngobukhulu) zenzeka kuyo yonke indawo kwi-matrix etyebileyo nge-phyllosilicate.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Izigaba ezityebileyo ngekhabhoni (ezingaphantsi kwe-10 µm ngobukhulu) ziphambili kwi-matrix etyebileyo nge-phyllosilicate.Ezinye iiminerali ezincedisayo ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 1. Uluhlu lweeminerali ezichongiweyo kwipateni ye-X-ray diffraction yomxube we-C0087 kunye ne-A0029 kunye ne-A0037 luhambelana kakhulu nolo luchongiweyo kwi-chondrite ye-CI (Orgueil), kodwa lwahluke kakhulu kwi-CY kunye ne-CM (uhlobo lweMighei) chondrites (Umfanekiso 1 kunye nedatha eyandisiweyo kunye noMfanekiso oNgezelelweyo 2). Umxholo opheleleyo wezinto zeengqolowa zeRyugu (A0098, C0068) uhambelana ne-chondrite 6 CI (idatha eyandisiweyo, uMfanekiso 2 kunye neTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 2). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-CM chondrites zinciphile kwizinto ezinokuguquguquka okuphakathi kunye nokuguquguqukayo okukhulu, ngakumbi i-Mn kunye ne-Zn, kwaye ziphezulu kwizinto ezichaseneyo7. Uxinzelelo lwezinye izinto luyahluka kakhulu, olunokuba luphawu lokungafani kwesampulu ngenxa yobukhulu obuncinci beesuntswana zomntu ngamnye kunye nokukhethwa kwesampulu okubangelwayo. Zonke iimpawu ze-petroli, ze-mineralological kunye neze-elemental zibonisa ukuba iinkozo ze-Ryugu zifana kakhulu nee-chondrites CI8,9,10. Into eyahlukileyo kakhulu kukungabikho kwe-ferrihydrite kunye ne-sulfate kwiinkozo ze-Ryugu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ezi zimbiwa kwi-CI chondrites zenziwe yi-terrestring weathering.
a, Umfanekiso we-Composite X-reyi we-Mg Kα (obomvu), i-Ca Kα (eluhlaza), i-Fe Kα (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), kunye ne-S Kα (etyheli) eyomileyo ecoliweyo C0068. Eli qhezu liqulathe ii-silicates ezineeleya (ezibomvu: ~88 vol%), ii-carbonates (i-dolomite; eluhlaza okukhanyayo: ~1.6 vol%), i-magnetite (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: ~5.3 vol%) kunye nee-sulfides (ezityheli: i-sulfide = ~2.5% vol. essay. b, umfanekiso wendawo ye-contour kwii-electron ezisasazekileyo kwi-a. Bru – i-mature; i-Dole – i-dolomite; i-FeS yi-iron sulfide; i-Mag – i-magnetite; ijusi – ilitye lesonka; i-Srp – i-serpentine. c, umfanekiso we-high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we-standard saponite-serpentine intergrowth ebonisa ii-serpentine kunye ne-saponite lattice bands ze-0.7 nm kunye ne-1.1 nm, ngokulandelanayo.
Ukwakheka kwe-matrix kunye ne-silicate eneengqimba (kwi-%) ye-Ryugu A0037 (izangqa ezibomvu eziqinileyo) kunye ne-C0068 (izangqa eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eziqinileyo) kuboniswe kwinkqubo ye-ternary ye-(Si+Al)-Mg-Fe. a, Iziphumo ze-Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) ezidwetshwe ngokuchasene ne-CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 eziboniswe ngombala ongwevu ukuze kuthelekiswe. b, Uhlalutyo lwe-Scanning TEM (STEM) kunye ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) oluboniswe ukuze kuthelekiswe ne-Orgueil9 kunye ne-Murchison46 meteorites kunye ne-hydrated IDP47. Ii-phyllosilicates ezicolekileyo nezineengqimba ezicolekileyo zihlalutyiwe, ziphepha amasuntswana amancinci e-iron sulfide. Imigca enamachaphaza ku-a kunye no-b ibonisa imigca yokunyibilika kwe-saponite kunye ne-serpentine. Ukwakheka kwe-iron-rich kwi-a kunokubangelwa ziinkozo ze-submicron iron sulfide ngaphakathi kweenkozo ze-silicate ezineengqimba, ezingenakukhutshwa yisisombululo sendawo sohlalutyo lwe-EPMA. Amanqaku edatha anomxholo ophezulu we-Si kune-saponite kwi-b anokubangelwa bubukho bezinto ezityebileyo ze-silicon ezi-nanosized amorphous kwiindawo eziphakathi komaleko we-phyllosilicate. Inani lohlalutyo: N=69 kwi-A0037, N=68 kwi-EPMA, N=68 kwi-C0068, N=19 kwi-A0037 kunye ne-N=27 kwi-C0068 kwi-STEM-EDS. c, imephu ye-isotope ye-trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 xa ithelekiswa namaxabiso e-chondrite CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) kunye nedatha yoncwadi (CM kunye ne-C2-ung)41,48,49. Sifumene idatha ye-Orgueil kunye ne-Y-82162 meteorites. I-CCAM ngumgca weeminerali ze-chondrite ze-carbonaceous ezingenanto, i-TFL ngumgca owahlula umhlaba. d, iimephu ze-Δ17O kunye ne-δ18O ze-Ryugu particle C0014-4, i-CI chondrite (i-Orgueil), kunye ne-CY chondrite (Y-82162) (olu phononongo). Δ17O_Ryugu: Ixabiso le-Δ17O C0014-1. Δ17O_Orgueil: Ixabiso eliphakathi le-Δ17O le-Orgueil. Δ17O_Y-82162: Ixabiso eliphakathi le-Δ17O le-Y-82162. Idatha ye-CI kunye ne-CY evela kuncwadi 41, 48, 49 nayo iboniswe ukuze kuthelekiswe.
Uhlalutyo lwe-isotope enkulu ye-oksijini lwenziwe kwisampulu ye-1.83 mg yezinto ezikhutshwe kwi-granular C0014 nge-laser fluorination (Iindlela). Ukuthelekisa, sisebenzise iikopi ezisixhenxe ze-Orgueil (CI) (ubunzima obupheleleyo = 8.96 mg) kunye neekopi ezisixhenxe ze-Y-82162 (CY) (ubunzima obupheleleyo = 5.11 mg) (Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 3).
Kumfanekiso 2d ubonisa ukwahlukana okucacileyo kwe-Δ17O kunye ne-δ18O phakathi kwamasuntswana aphakathi obunzima be-Orgueil kunye ne-Ryugu xa kuthelekiswa ne-Y-82162. I-Δ17O yesuntswana ye-Ryugu C0014-4 iphezulu kuneyesuntswana ye-Orgeil, nangona kukho ukudibana kwi-2 sd. Amasuntswana e-Ryugu anamaxabiso aphezulu e-Δ17O xa kuthelekiswa ne-Orgeil, enokubonakalisa ungcoliseko lomhlaba lwale yokugqibela ukusukela ekwindla yayo ngo-1864. Imozulu kwindawo engqongileyo yomhlaba11 ikhokelela ekufakweni kweoksijini yomoya, nto leyo esondeza uhlalutyo olupheleleyo kumgca wokuhlukaniswa komhlaba (TFL). Esi sigqibo sihambelana nedatha ye-mineralological (ekuthethwe ngayo ngaphambili) yokuba iinkozo ze-Ryugu azinazo ii-hydrate okanye ii-sulfates, ngelixa i-Orgeil inayo.
Ngokusekelwe kwidatha yeminerali engentla, ezi ziphumo zixhasa unxulumano phakathi kweenkozo zeRyugu kunye nee-chondrites ze-CI, kodwa zikhupha unxulumano lwee-CY chondrites. Inyani yokuba iinkozo zeRyugu azinxulunyaniswa nee-CY chondrites, ezibonisa iimpawu ezicacileyo ze-mineralogy yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, iyadida. Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-Ryugu ngokwe-orbital kubonakala ngathi kubonisa ukuba iye yaphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kwaye ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba yenziwe ngezinto ze-CY. Izizathu zalo mahluko ubonakalayo azikacaci. Uhlalutyo lwe-oxygen isotope yezinye ii-Ryugu particles luboniswe kwiphepha elihambayo 12. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zale seti yedatha eyongeziweyo nazo ziyahambelana nolwalamano phakathi kwee-Ryugu particles kunye nee-CI chondrites.
Sisebenzisa iindlela zohlalutyo oludibeneyo (Umzobo oNcedisayo 3), sihlolisise ukusasazwa kwendawo kwekhabhoni yendalo phezu kwendawo yonke yomphezulu weqhezu le-ion beam eligxile (FIB) C0068.25 (IiFigs. 3a–f). Isakhiwo esihle se-X-ray absorption spectra yekhabhoni (NEXAFS) kumda okufutshane kwicandelo C0068.25 ebonisa amaqela aliqela asebenzayo – aromatic okanye C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) kunye ne C( =O)O (288.8 eV) – isakhiwo se-graphene asikho kwi-291.7 eV (Umzobo 3a), oko kuthetha ukuba kukho umahluko ophantsi wobushushu. Incopho enamandla ye-CH (287.5 eV) yezinto eziphilayo ezingaphelelanga ze-C0068.25 yahlukile kwizinto eziphilayo ezinganyibilikiyo ze-chondrites ze-carbonaceous ezazifundwe ngaphambili kwaye ifana kakhulu ne-IDP14 kunye nee-comates particles ezifunyenwe yi-Stardust mission. Incopho enamandla ye-CH kwi-287.5 eV kunye nencopho ebuthathaka kakhulu ye-aromatic okanye i-C=C kwi-285.2 eV ibonisa ukuba iikhompawundi ze-organic zizityebi kwiikhompawundi ze-aliphatic (Umzobo 3a kunye noMfanekiso oNcedisayo 3a). Iindawo ezityebileyo kwiikhompawundi ze-aliphatic ze-organic zifumaneka kwiindawo ze-phyllosilicates ezi-coarse-grained, kunye neendawo ezinesakhiwo sekhabhoni esibi se-aromatic (okanye i-C=C) (Umzobo 3c, d). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-A0037,22 (Umzobo oNcedisayo 3) ibonise kancinci umxholo ophantsi weendawo ezityebileyo kwikhabhoni ze-aliphatic. I-mineralogy esisiseko yezi nkozo ityebile kwiikhabhoni, efana ne-chondrite CI 16, nto leyo ebonisa utshintsho olukhulu lwamanzi avela kuyo (Itheyibhile eNcedisayo 1). Iimeko ze-oxidizing ziya kukhuthaza ukuxinana okuphezulu kwamaqela asebenzayo e-carbonyl kunye ne-carboxyl kwiikhompawundi ze-organic ezinxulumene neekhabhoni. Ukusasazwa kwe-submicron kwezinto eziphilayo ezinezakhiwo zekhabhoni ze-aliphatic kunokwahluka kakhulu kukusasazwa kwee-silicates ezi-coarse-grained layered. Iimpawu zeekhompawundi ze-aliphatic organic ezinxulumene ne-phyllosilicate-OH zifunyenwe kwi-meteorite yeLake Tagish. Idatha ye-microanalytical edibeneyo ibonisa ukuba izinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo kwiikhompawundi ze-aliphatic zinokuba zixhaphake kakhulu kwii-asteroids zohlobo lwe-C kwaye zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nee-phyllosilicates. Esi sigqibo sihambelana neengxelo zangaphambili ze-aliphatic/aromatic CHs kwii-particles ze-Ryugu eziboniswe yi-MicroOmega, i-microscope ekufutshane ne-infrared hyperspectral. Umbuzo obalulekileyo nongasombululwanga kukuba ngaba iipropati ezizodwa zeekhompawundi ze-aliphatic carbon-rich organic ezinxulumene nee-phyllosilicates eziqondwe kolu phononongo zifumaneka kuphela kwi-asteroid Ryugu.
a, ii-spectra zekhabhoni ze-NEXAFS ezilungelelaniswe kwi-292 eV kwindawo etyebileyo ye-aromatic (C=C) (ebomvu), kwindawo etyebileyo ye-aliphatic (eluhlaza), nakwi-matrix (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Umgca ongwevu yi-Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum yokuthelekisa. au, iyunithi yokugweba. b, Umfanekiso we-spectral we-Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) we-carbon K-edge ebonisa ukuba eli candelo lilawulwa yi-carbon. c, i-RGB composite plot eneendawo ezityebileyo ze-aromatic (C=C) (ebomvu), iindawo ezityebileyo ze-aliphatic (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), kunye ne-matrix (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). d, izinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo kwiikhompawundi ze-aliphatic zigxile kwi-phyllosilicate ecoarse-grained, indawo ikhuliswe kwiibhokisi ezimhlophe ezinamachaphaza kwi-b kunye ne-c. e, ii-nanospheres ezinkulu (ng-1) kwindawo ekhuliswe kwiibhokisi ezimhlophe ezinamachaphaza kwi-b kunye ne-c. Kuba: i-pyrrhotite. Pn: i-nickel-chromite. f, Imifanekiso ye-Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), iHydrogen (1H), iCarbon (12C), kunye neNitrogen (12C14N), imifanekiso ye-elemental ye-element ye-12C/1H, kunye nemifanekiso ye-cross δD, δ13C, kunye ne-δ15N isotope – Icandelo le-PG-1: i-presolar graphite ene-extreme 13C enrichment (Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 4).
Izifundo ze-kinetic zokuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo kwi-Murchison meteorites zinokubonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokusasazwa okungafaniyo kwezinto eziphilayo ze-aliphatic ezityebileyo kwiinkozo zeRyugu. Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba iibhondi ze-aliphatic CH kwizinto eziphilayo zihlala zifikelela kubushushu obuphezulu obumalunga ne-30°C kumzali kunye/okanye utshintsho ngobudlelwane bexesha nobushushu (umz. iminyaka engama-200 kwi-100°C kunye ne-0°C iminyaka eyi-100 yezigidi). . Ukuba i-precursor ayifudunyezwanga kubushushu obuthile ixesha elingaphezulu kwexesha elithile, ukusasazwa kokuqala kwezinto eziphilayo ze-aliphatic ezityebileyo kwi-phyllosilicate kunokugcinwa. Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lwamanzi elitye lomthombo lunokwenza kube nzima ukutolikwa, njengoko i-A0037 etyebileyo kwi-carbonate ingabonakalisi naziphi na iindawo ze-aliphatic ezityebileyo kwi-carbon ezinxulumene ne-phyllosilicate. Olu tshintsho lobushushu oluphantsi luhambelana phantse nobukho be-cubic feldspar kwiinkozo zeRyugu (Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 1) 20.
Iqhekeza C0068.25 (ng-1; Imizobo 3a–c,e) iqulethe i-nanosphere enkulu ebonisa i-aromatic ephezulu (okanye i-C=C), i-aliphatic ephakathi, kunye ne-spectra ebuthathaka ye-C(=O)O kunye ne-C=O. . Utyikityo lwe-aliphatic carbon aluhambelani notyikityo lwe-bulk insoluble organics kunye ne-organic nanospheres ezinxulumene ne-chondrites (Umzobo 3a) 17,21. Uhlalutyo lwe-Raman kunye ne-infrared spectroscopic lwee-nanospheres kwiLake Tagish lubonise ukuba ziqulathe ii-aliphatic kunye ne-oxidized organic compounds kunye ne-disordered polycyclic aromatic organic compounds enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi22,23. Ngenxa yokuba i-matrix ejikelezileyo iqulethe ii-organics ezityebileyo kwii-aliphatic compounds, utyikityo lwe-aliphatic carbon kwi-ng-1 lunokuba yinto yokuhlaziya. Okunomdla kukuba, i-ng-1 iqulethe ii-silicates ezifakwe kwi-amorphous (Umzobo 3e), ubume obungekaxelwa kuyo nayiphi na i-extraterrestrial organics. Ii-silicates ezi-amorphous zinokuba ziinxalenye zendalo ze-ng-1 okanye zibangelwe kukuguquguquka kwee-silicates zamanzi/ezingenamanzi yi-ion kunye/okanye umqadi we-electron ngexesha lohlalutyo.
Imifanekiso ye-ion ye-NanoSIMS yecandelo le-C0068.25 (Umzobo 3f) ibonisa utshintsho olufanayo kwi-δ13C kunye ne-δ15N, ngaphandle kweenkozo ze-presolar ezine-13C enkulu yokutyebisa i-30,811‰ (PG-1 kumfanekiso we-δ13C kumzobo 3f) (Itheyibhile Eyongezelelweyo 4). Imifanekiso ye-grain yokuqala ye-X-ray kunye nemifanekiso ye-TEM enesisombululo esiphezulu ibonisa kuphela uxinzelelo lwekhabhoni kunye nomgama phakathi kwe-basal planes ye-0.3 nm, ehambelana ne-graphite. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amaxabiso e-δD (841 ± 394‰) kunye ne-δ15N (169 ± 95‰), atyebiswe kwi-aliphatic organic matter enxulumene ne-phyllosilicates erhabaxa, aphuma ephakame kancinci kunomndilili wengingqi yonke i-C (δD = 528 ± 139‰). ‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) kwi-C0068.25 (Itheyibhile Eyongezelelweyo 4). Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba izinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo kwi-phyllosilicates ezityebileyo zinokuba zezakudala kunezinto eziphilayo ezijikelezileyo, kuba ezi zamva nje zisenokuba zitshintshiselwe i-isotopic namanzi ajikelezileyo emzimbeni wokuqala. Ngaphandle koko, olu tshintsho lwe-isotopic lunokunxulunyaniswa nenkqubo yokuqala yokwakheka. Kutolikwa ukuba ii-silicates ezifakwe i-grained layered kwi-CI chondrites zenziwe ngenxa yotshintsho oluqhubekayo lweqela lokuqala le-silicate elifakwe i-coarse-grained. Izinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo kwi-Aliphatic zisenokuba zenziwe kwiimolekyuli zangaphambili kwi-protoplanetary disk okanye kwi-interstellar medium ngaphambi kokwenziwa kwenkqubo yelanga, zaza zatshintshwa kancinci ngexesha lotshintsho lwamanzi lomzimba womzali we-Ryugu (omkhulu). Ubungakanani (<1.0 km) beRyugu buncinci kakhulu ukuba bukwazi ukugcina ubushushu bangaphakathi ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuguqulwe amanzi ukuze kwenziwe iiminerali zamanzi25. Ubungakanani (<1.0 km) beRyugu buncinci kakhulu ukuba bukwazi ukugcina ubushushu bangaphakathi ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuguqulwe amanzi ukuze kwenziwe iiminerali zamanzi25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водного изменения с образованием водных. Ubungakanani (<1.0 km) I-Ryugu incinci kakhulu ukuba ingagcina ubushushu bangaphakathi obaneleyo ukuze amanzi atshintshe ukwenza iiminerali zamanzi25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с образованием водных минералов25. Ubungakanani beRyugu (<1.0 km) buncinci kakhulu ukuba bukwazi ukuxhasa ubushushu bangaphakathi ukuba butshintshe amanzi abe yiminerali yamanzi25.Ngoko ke, ii-Ryugu zangaphambili ezingamashumi eekhilomitha ngobukhulu zinokufuneka. Izinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo kwiikhompawundi ze-aliphatic zinokugcina ii-isotope ratios zazo zokuqala ngenxa yokunxulumana nee-phyllosilicates ezirhabaxa. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwe-isotopic heavy carriers aluqinisekanga ngenxa yokuxubana okuntsonkothileyo nokuthambileyo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwezi fractions ze-FIB. Ezi zinokuba zizinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo kwiikhompawundi ze-aliphatic kwi-Ryugu granules okanye kwi-phyllosilicates ezirhabaxa ezizijikelezileyo. Qaphela ukuba izinto eziphilayo phantse kuzo zonke ii-chondrites ze-carbonaceous (kuquka ii-chondrites ze-CI) zihlala zityebile kwi-D kunakwii-phyllosilicates, ngaphandle kwe-CM Paris 24, 26 meteorites.
Iiploti zevolumu ye-δD kunye ne-δ15N yezilayi ze-FIB ezifunyenwe kwi-A0002.23 kunye ne-A0002.26, A0037.22 kunye ne-A0037.23 kunye ne-C0068.23, C0068.25 kunye ne-C0068.26 izilayi ze-FIB (zizonke izilayi ze-FIB ezisixhenxe ezivela kwiinxalenye ezintathu ze-Ryugu) Uthelekiso lwe-NanoSIMS nezinye izinto zenkqubo yelanga luboniswe kumzobo 4 (Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 4)27,28. Utshintsho lwevolumu kwi-δD kunye ne-δ15N kwiiprofayili ze-A0002, A0037, kunye ne-C0068 ziyahambelana nezo zikwi-IDP, kodwa ziphezulu kune-CM kunye ne-CI chondrites (Umzobo 4). Qaphela ukuba uluhlu lwamaxabiso e-δD kwisampulu ye-Comet 29 (-240 ukuya kwi-1655‰) lukhulu kunolo lwe-Ryugu. Iivolumu ze-δD kunye ne-δ15N zeeprofayili zeRyukyu, ngokuqhelekileyo, zincinci kunomyinge wee-comets zosapho lweJupiter kunye nelifu le-Oort (Umzobo 4). Amaxabiso aphantsi e-δD e-CI chondrites anokubonisa impembelelo yongcoliseko lomhlaba kwezi sampuli. Ngenxa yokufana phakathi kweBells, iLake Tagish, kunye ne-IDP, ukungafani okukhulu kwixabiso le-δD kunye ne-δN kwi-Ryugu particles kunokubonakalisa utshintsho kwiimpawu zokuqala ze-isotopic zezinto eziphilayo kunye nezamanzi kwinkqubo yelanga yokuqala. Utshintsho olufanayo lwe-isotopic kwi-δD kunye ne-δN kwi-Ryugu kunye ne-IDP particles lubonisa ukuba zombini zinokuba zenziwe ngezinto ezivela kumthombo omnye. Kukholelwa ukuba ii-IDP zivela kwimithombo ye-comet 14. Ke ngoko, i-Ryugu inokuba nezinto ezifana ne-comet kunye/okanye ubuncinci inkqubo yelanga yangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunokuba nzima kunokuba sitsho apha ngenxa (1) yomxube wamanzi atyebileyo kwi-spherulitic kunye ne-D emzimbeni womzali 31 kunye (2) umlinganiselo we-D/H we-comet njengomsebenzi we-cometary activity 32. Nangona kunjalo, izizathu zokungafani okubonwayo kwee-isotopes ze-hydrogen kunye ne-nitrogen kwiisuntswana ze-Ryugu aziqondwa ngokupheleleyo, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yenani elincinci lohlalutyo olufumanekayo namhlanje. Iziphumo zeenkqubo ze-isotope ze-hydrogen kunye ne-nitrogen zisaphakamisa amathuba okuba i-Ryugu iqulethe uninzi lwezinto ezivela ngaphandle kweSolar System kwaye ngaloo ndlela inokubonisa ukufana okuthile nee-comets. Iprofayili ye-Ryugu ayibonisanga nxibelelwano lubonakalayo phakathi kwe-δ13C kunye ne-δ15N (Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 4).
Ulwakhiwo olupheleleyo lwe-H kunye ne-N isotopic lwee-Ryugu particles (izangqa ezibomvu: A0002, A0037; izangqa eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: C0068) luhambelana nobukhulu belanga 27, usapho lweJupiter (JFC27), kunye ne-Oort cloud comets (OCC27), IDP28, kunye ne-carbonaceous chondrules. Uthelekiso lwe-meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung). Ulwakhiwo lwe-isotopic lunikwe kwiTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 4. Imigca enamachaphaza yimilinganiselo ye-isotope yomhlaba ye-H kunye ne-N.
Ukuthuthwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo (umz. izinto eziphilayo kunye namanzi) ukuya eMhlabeni kusaqhubeka kuyingxaki26,27,33. Izinto eziphilayo ze-submicron ezinxulumene ne-coarse phyllosilicates kumasuntswana e-Ryugu achazwe kolu phononongo zinokuba ngumthombo obalulekileyo wezinto eziguquguqukayo. Izinto eziphilayo kwi-coarse-grained phyllosilicates zikhuselekile ngcono ekuwohlokeni16,34 nasekuboleni35 kunezinto eziphilayo kwi-fine-grained matrices. Ukwakheka kwe-isotopic enzima kwe-hydrogen kumasuntswana kuthetha ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba zibe ngumthombo kuphela wezinto eziguquguqukayo ezithwalwa eMhlabeni wokuqala. Zinokuxutywa nezinto ezine-hydrogen isotopic composition ekhaphukhaphu, njengoko bekucetywayo kutshanje kwingcamango yokuba kukho amanzi aqhutywa ngumoya elanga kwi-silicates.
Kolu phononongo, sibonisa ukuba iimeteorite ze-CI, nangona zibalulekile kwi-geochemical njengabameli bokwakheka kwenkqubo yelanga, ii-6,10 ziisampuli ezingcolileyo emhlabeni. Sikwabonelela ngobungqina obuthe ngqo bokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo ze-aliphatic kunye neeminerali ze-hydrous ezikufutshane kwaye sicebisa ukuba i-Ryugu inokuba nezinto ezingaphandle kwelanga37. Iziphumo zolu phononongo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukubaluleka kokuthathwa kwesampulu ngokuthe ngqo kwee-protoasteroids kunye nesidingo sokuthutha iisampuli ezibuyisiweyo phantsi kweemeko ezingasebenziyo ngokupheleleyo nezingenazintsholongwane. Ubungqina obuvezwe apha bubonisa ukuba ii-Ryugu particles ngokungathandabuzekiyo zezinye zezixhobo zenkqubo yelanga ezingangcoliswanga kakhulu ezikhoyo kuphando lwelabhoratri, kwaye uphando olongezelelweyo lwezi sampuli zixabisekileyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo luya kwandisa ukuqonda kwethu iinkqubo zokuqala zenkqubo yelanga. Ii-Ryugu particles zezona zimela zibalaseleyo zokwakheka kwenkqubo yelanga.
Ukuze sifumanise ulwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-microstructure kunye neempawu zeekhemikhali zeesampuli zesikali se-submicron, sisebenzise i-synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) kunye ne-SR X-ray diffraction (XRD)-CT, uhlalutyo lwe-FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM. Akukho kubola, ungcoliseko olubangelwa yimozulu yomhlaba, kwaye akukho monakalo ovela kumasuntswana amancinci okanye iisampuli ze-mechanical. Okwangoku, senze uhlalutyo lwe-volumetric olucwangcisiweyo sisebenzisa i-scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS, i-EPMA, i-XRD, uhlalutyo lwe-instrumental neutron activation (INAA), kunye nezixhobo ze-laser oxygen isotope fluorination. Iinkqubo zovavanyo ziboniswe kwi-Supplementary Figure 3 kwaye uvavanyo ngalunye luchazwe kula macandelo alandelayo.
Amasuntswana avela kwi-asteroid Ryugu afunyenwe kwi-Hayabusa-2 reentry module aze athunyelwa kwi-JAXA Control Center eSagamihara, eJapan, ngaphandle kokungcolisa umoya woMhlaba4. Emva kokuchazwa kokuqala nokungonakalisiyo kwindawo elawulwa yi-JAXA, sebenzisa izikhongozeli zokudlulisa ezivalekayo phakathi kwendawo kunye neengxowa zesampulu zesampulu (ikristale yesafire eyi-10 okanye eyi-15 mm ububanzi kunye nentsimbi engatyiwayo, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani besampulu) ukuze uphephe ukuphazamiseka kokusingqongileyo. okusingqongileyo. kunye/okanye ukungcola komhlaba (umz. umphunga wamanzi, ii-hydrocarbons, iigesi zomoya kunye namasuntswana amancinci) kunye nokungcola phakathi kweesampulu ngexesha lokulungiselela isampuli kunye nokuthutha phakathi kwamaziko kunye neeyunivesithi38. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuwohloka kunye nongcoliseko ngenxa yokusebenzisana nomoya-bume womhlaba (umphunga wamanzi kunye neoksijini), zonke iintlobo zokulungiselela iisampulu (kuquka ukutshiza nge-tantalum chisel, kusetyenziswa isarha yedayimani elungelelanisiweyo (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) kunye nokulungiselela i-epoxy yokufakelwa) zenziwe kwibhokisi yeglovebox phantsi kwe-N2 ecocekileyo neyomileyo (indawo yome: -80 ukuya kwi-60 °C, O2 ~50-100 ppm). Zonke izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo apha zicocwa ngokudibanisa amanzi acocekileyo kakhulu kunye ne-ethanol kusetyenziswa amaza e-ultrasonic ahlukeneyo.
Apha sifunda ngengqokelela ye-meteorite ye-National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) ye-Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y)-791198, CY: Y-82162 kunye ne-CY: Y 980115).
Ukudlulisela phakathi kwezixhobo zohlalutyo lwe-SR-XCT, i-NanoSIMS, i-STXM-NEXAFS kunye ne-TEM, sisebenzise isibambi sesampulu esincinci kakhulu esichazwe kwizifundo zangaphambili38.
Uhlalutyo lwe-SR-XCT lweesampuli zeRyugu lwenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-CT edibeneyo ye-BL20XU/SPring-8. Inkqubo ye-CT edibeneyo ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa: i-wide field of view kunye ne-low resolution (WL) mode ukuze kuthathwe isakhiwo sonke sesampuli, i-mxinwa field of view kunye ne-high resolution (NH) mode yokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo indawo yesampuli, umdla kunye nee-radiographs ukuze kufunyanwe ipateni yokudibanisa yomthamo wesampuli, kwaye kwenziwe i-XRD-CT ukuze kufunyanwe umzobo we-2D wezigaba zezimbiwa zeplane ethe tye kwisampuli. Qaphela ukuba zonke izilinganiso zinokwenziwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa inkqubo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ukususa isibambi sesampuli kwisiseko, okuvumela ukulinganiswa okuchanekileyo kwe-CT kunye ne-XRD-CT. Isixhobo sokubona i-X-ray se-WL mode (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) sixhotyiswe ngekhamera eyongezelelweyo ye-4608 × 4608 pixel metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) ene-scintillator equlathe i-10 lutetium aluminum garnet single crystal thickness µm (Lu3Al5O12:Ce) kunye nelensi yerelay. Ubungakanani be-pixel kwimo ye-WL bumalunga ne-0.848 µm. Ngoko ke, intsimi yokujonga (FOV) kwimo ye-WL imalunga ne-6 mm kwimo ye-offset CT. Isixhobo sokubona i-X-ray se-NH mode (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) sasixhotyiswe nge-gadolinium-aluminium-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator engama-20 µm ubukhulu, ikhamera ye-CMOS (C11440-22CU) enesisombululo see-pixels ezingama-2048 × 2048; Hamamatsu Photonics) kunye nelensi ye-×20. Ubungakanani be-pixel kwimodi ye-NH yi ~0.25 µm kwaye intsimi yokujonga yi ~0.5 mm. Isixhobo sokubona imo ye-XRD (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) sasixhotyiswe nge-scintillator equlathe isikrini somgubo se-P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) esinobukhulu be-50 µm, ikhamera ye-CMOS yesisombululo see-pixel ezingama-2304 × 2304 (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) kunye nelensi ye-relay. Isixhobo sokubona sinobukhulu be-pixel obusebenzayo obuyi-19.05 µm kunye nebala lokujonga eliyi-43.9 mm2. Ukwandisa i-FOV, sisebenzise inkqubo ye-CT echaseneyo kwimo ye-WL. Umfanekiso wokukhanya odluliselweyo wokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-CT uqulathe umfanekiso okwi-180° ukuya kwi-360° oboniswe ngokuthe tye ujikeleze i-axis yokujikeleza, kunye nomfanekiso okwi-0° ukuya kwi-180°.
Kwimo ye-XRD, umqadi we-X-ray ujoliswa yipleyiti yeFresnel zone. Kule mo, i-detector ibekwa kwi-110 mm ngasemva kwesampuli kwaye indawo yokuma kwe-beam iphambi kwe-detector. Imifanekiso ye-diffraction kwi-2θ isusela kwi-1.43° ukuya kwi-18.00° (i-grating pitch d = 16.6–1.32 Å) ifunyenwe nge-X-ray spot egxile ezantsi kwendawo yokujonga ye-detector. Isampuli ihamba ngokuthe nkqo ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo, kunye nokujika kwesiqingatha kwinyathelo ngalinye lokuskena ngokuthe nkqo. Ukuba amasuntswana eeminerali ayanelisa imeko yeBragg xa ejikeleziswa yi-180°, kunokwenzeka ukufumana i-diffraction yamasuntswana eeminerali kwiplani ethe tye. Imifanekiso ye-diffraction yadityaniswa yaba ngumfanekiso omnye kwinyathelo ngalinye lokuskena ngokuthe nkqo. Iimeko zovavanyo lwe-SR-XRD-CT ziphantse zifane nezo zovavanyo lwe-SR-XRD. Kwimo ye-XRD-CT, i-detector ibekwe kwi-69 mm ngasemva kwesampuli. Imifanekiso ye-diffraction kuluhlu lwe-2θ isusela kwi-1.2° ukuya kwi-17.68° (d = 19.73 ukuya kwi-1.35 Å), apho zombini i-X-ray beam kunye ne-beam limiter zihambelana nombindi webala lokujonga le-detector. Skena isampuli ngokuthe tye kwaye ujikelezise isampuli nge-180°. Imifanekiso ye-SR-XRD-CT yakhiwe ngokutsha ngamandla eeminerali aphezulu njengee-pixel values. Ngokuskena okuthe tye, isampuli idla ngokuskenwa ngamanyathelo angama-500–1000.
Kuzo zonke iimvavanyo, amandla e-X-ray ayemiselwe kwi-30 keV, kuba lo ngumda ophantsi wokungena kwe-X-ray kwiimeteorites ezinobubanzi obumalunga ne-6 mm. Inani lemifanekiso efunyenweyo kuzo zonke izilinganiso ze-CT ngexesha lokujikeleza kwe-180° yayiyi-1800 (3600 yenkqubo ye-offset CT), kwaye ixesha lokuvezwa kwemifanekiso yayiyi-100 ms yemo ye-WL, i-300 ms yemo ye-NH, i-500 ms ye-XRD, kunye ne-50 ms . ms ye-XRD-CT ms. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuskena isampuli limalunga nemizuzu eli-10 kwimo ye-WL, imizuzu eli-15 kwimo ye-NH, iiyure ezi-3 ze-XRD, kunye neeyure ezi-8 ze-SR-XRD-CT.
Imifanekiso ye-CT yakhiwe ngokutsha nge-convolutional back projection yaza yalungiswa ukuze kubekho i-linear attenuation coefficient ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-80 cm-1. Isoftware yeSlice yasetyenziswa ukuhlalutya idatha ye-3D kwaye isoftware ye-muXRD yasetyenziswa ukuhlalutya idatha ye-XRD.
Ii-Ryugu particles ezilungisiweyo nge-epoxy (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 kunye ne-C0068) zapholishwa kancinci kancinci phezu komhlaba ukuya kwinqanaba lefilimu yokulapha yedayimani eyi-0.5 µm (3M) phantsi kweemeko ezomileyo, zithintela ukuba izinto zingadibani nomphezulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokupholishwa. Umphezulu opholisiweyo wesampuli nganye wahlolwa kuqala nge-microscopy ekhanyayo waza emva koko wajongwa ngee-electron ezisasazekileyo ukuze kufunyanwe imifanekiso ye-mineralogy kunye ne-texture (BSE) yeesampuli kunye nezinto ze-NIPR ezisemgangathweni kusetyenziswa umfanekiso we-JEOL JSM-7100F SEM oxhotyiswe ngomfanekiso we-energy dispersive spectrometer (AZtec). energy). Kwisampuli nganye, umxholo wezinto ezinkulu nezincinci wahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200). Hlalutya ii-phyllosilicate kunye ne-carbonate particles kwi-5 nA, imigangatho yendalo kunye neyokwenziwa kwi-15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, kunye ne-pyroxene kwi-30 nA. Amanqanaba eModal abalwe kwiimephu zezinto kunye nemifanekiso yeBSE kusetyenziswa isoftware yeImageJ 1.53 kunye nemida efanelekileyo ebekwe ngokungacwangciswanga kwiminerali nganye.
Uhlalutyo lwe-oxygen isotope lwenziwe kwiYunivesithi evulekileyo (eMilton Keynes, e-UK) kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-infrared laser fluorination. Iisampuli zeHayabusa2 zaziswa kwiYunivesithi evulekileyo 38 kwizikhongozeli ezizaliswe yi-nitrogen ukuze zidluliselwe phakathi kwezixhobo.
Ukufakwa kwesampulu kwenziwe kwibhokisi yeglavu yenitrogen enenqanaba leoksijini elijongiweyo elingaphantsi kwe-0.1%. Kumsebenzi wohlalutyo lweHayabusa2, kwenziwe isibambi esitsha sesampulu yeNi, esinemingxuma emibini kuphela yesampulu (ububanzi obuyi-2.5 mm, ubunzulu obuyi-5 mm), esinye sesampulu yeHayabusa2 kunye nesinye semigangatho yangaphakathi ye-obsidian. Ngexesha lohlalutyo, iqula lesampulu eliqulethe izinto zeHayabusa2 ligqunywe ngefestile yangaphakathi yeBaF2 malunga ne-1 mm ubukhulu kunye ne-3 mm ububanzi ukuze ibambe isampuli ngexesha lokusabela kwelaser. Ukuhamba kweBrF5 kwisampulu kugcinwe ngumjelo wokuxuba igesi osikiweyo kwisibambi sesampulu yeNi. Igumbi lesampulu nalo lalungiswa kwakhona ukuze lisuswe kumgca we-vacuum fluorination kwaye emva koko livulwe kwibhokisi yeglavu egcwele initrogen. Igumbi elinamaqhekeza amabini livalwe ngesitywina soxinzelelo olune-copper gasketed kunye ne-EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38 chain clamp. Ifestile yeBaF2 enobukhulu obuyi-3 mm phezulu kwigumbi ivumela ukujongwa ngaxeshanye kwesampulu kunye nokufudumeza ngelaser. Emva kokulayisha isampuli, phinda ubambe igumbi uze uqhagamshelane kwakhona nomgca we-fluorinated. Ngaphambi kohlalutyo, igumbi lesampuli lalifudunyezwa phantsi kwe-vacuum ukuya kuma-95°C ubusuku bonke ukuze kususwe naluphi na umswakama ofunxwayo. Emva kokufudumeza ubusuku bonke, igumbi lalivunyelwa ukuba liphole ukuya kubushushu begumbi kwaye emva koko inxalenye eyayivezwe emoyeni ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwesampuli yahlanjululwa ngee-aliquots ezintathu ze-BrF5 ukususa umswakama. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba isampuli yeHayabusa 2 ayivezwa emoyeni kwaye ayingcoliswanga ngumswakama ovela kwinxalenye yomgca we-fluorinated ophuma emoyeni ngexesha lokulayisha isampuli.
Iisampulu zeentwana zeRyugu C0014-4 kunye ne-Orgueil (CI) zihlalutywe ngendlela "eyodwa" eguquliweyo42, ngelixa uhlalutyo lwe-Y-82162 (CY) lwenziwe kwitreyi enye enezisele ezininzi zesampulu41. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo okungenamanzi, akufuneki kusetyenziswe indlela enye kwi-CY chondrites. Iisampulu zifudunyezwe kusetyenziswa amandla e-Photon Machines Inc. infrared CO2 laser. angama-50 W (10.6 µm) afakwe kwi-XYZ gantry phambi kwe-BrF5. Inkqubo yevidiyo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ijonga indlela yokusabela. Emva kwe-fluorination, i-O2 ekhululweyo yacocwa kusetyenziswa imigibe emibini ye-cryogenic nitrogen kunye nebhedi efudumeleyo ye-KBr ukususa nayiphi na i-fluorine engaphezulu. Ukwakheka kwe-isotopic ye-oxygen ecocekileyo kwahlalutywa kwi-Thermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel mass spectrometer enesisombululo sobunzima esimalunga nama-200.
Kwezinye iimeko, ubungakanani be-O2 yegesi ekhutshwe ngexesha lokusabela kwesampuli bebungaphantsi kwe-140 µg, eli lixabiso eliqikelelweyo lokusebenzisa isixhobo se-bellows kwi-MAT 253 mass spectrometer. Kwezi meko, sebenzisa ii-microvolumes ukuhlalutya. Emva kokuhlalutya ii-particles zeHayabusa2, umgangatho wangaphakathi we-obsidian wafakwa i-fluorinated kwaye ukwakheka kwayo kwe-oxygen isotope kwamiselwa.
Ii-ion ze-NF+ NF3+ fragment ziphazamisana nomqadi onobunzima obuyi-33 (16O17O). Ukuphelisa le ngxaki inokwenzeka, uninzi lweesampuli lucutshungulwa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zokwahlulwa kwe-cryogenic. Oku kungenziwa kwicala elingaphambili ngaphambi kohlalutyo lwe-MAT 253 okanye njengohlalutyo lwesibini ngokubuyisela igesi ehlaziyiweyo kwisihluzo se-molecular esikhethekileyo kwaye siyidlulise kwakhona emva kokwahlulwa kwe-cryogenic. Ukwahlulwa kwe-cryogenic kubandakanya ukubonelela ngegesi kwisihluzo se-molecular kubushushu be-nitrogen engamanzi uze uyikhuphe kwisihluzo se-molecular esiphambili kubushushu obuyi--130°C. Uvavanyo olubanzi lubonise ukuba i-NF+ ihlala kwisihluzo se-molecular sokuqala kwaye akukho kuqhekeka okubalulekileyo okwenzekayo kusetyenziswa le ndlela.
Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo oluphindaphindwayo lwemigangatho yethu yangaphakathi ye-obsidian, ukuchaneka ngokubanzi kwenkqubo kwimo ye-bellows yile: ±0.053‰ kwi-δ17O, ±0.095‰ kwi-δ18O, ±0.018‰ kwi-Δ17O (2 sd). Uhlalutyo lwe-oxygen isotope lunikwe kwi-standard delta notation, apho i-delta18O ibalwa ngolu hlobo:
Sebenzisa kwakhona umlinganiselo we-17O/16O we-δ17O. I-VSMOW ngumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-Vienna Mean Sea Water Standard. I-Δ17O imele ukuphambuka kumgca wokuqhekezwa komhlaba, kwaye ifomula yokubala yile: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O. Yonke idatha eboniswe kwiTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 3 ilungisiwe.
Amacandelo amalunga ne-150 ukuya kwi-200 nm ubukhulu akhutshwe kwiinxalenye zeRyugu kusetyenziswa isixhobo seHitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB eJAMSTEC, eKochi Core Sampling Institute. Qaphela ukuba onke amacandelo e-FIB afunyenwe kwiinxalenye ezingasetyenzwanga zeenxalenye ezingasetyenzwanga emva kokususwa kwiinqanawa ezizaliswe yigesi ze-N2 ukuze zidluliselwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo. La macandelo awalinganiswanga yi-SR-CT, kodwa asetyenzwa ngokuvezwa okuncinci emoyeni womhlaba ukuze kuthintelwe umonakalo onokubakho kunye nongcoliseko olunokuchaphazela i-carbon K-edge spectrum. Emva kokufakwa komaleko okhuselayo we-tungsten, ummandla onomdla (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25 × 25 μm2) wanqunyulwa waza wancitshiswa nge-Ga+ ion beam kwi-voltage ekhawulezayo ye-30 kV, emva koko kwi-5 kV kunye ne-probe current ye-40 pA ukunciphisa umonakalo womphezulu. Amacandelo amancinci kakhulu emva koko abekwa kwi-mesh yobhedu eyandisiweyo (i-mesh yeKochi) 39 kusetyenziswa i-micromanipulator exhotyiswe nge-FIB.
Iipellets zeRyugu A0098 (1.6303mg) kunye neC0068 (0.6483mg) zitywinwe kabini kwiishiti zepolyethylene ezicocekileyo nezicocekileyo kwibhokisi yeglavu ecocekileyo egcwele initrogen kwi-SPring-8 ngaphandle kokudibana nomoya womhlaba. Ukulungiswa kwesampulu ye-JB-1 (ilitye elibhekisa kwijoloji elikhutshwe yiGeological Survey yaseJapan) kwenziwe kwiYunivesithi yaseTokyo Metropolitan.
I-INAA ibanjelwe kwi-Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, kwiYunivesithi yaseKyoto. Iisampulu zafakwa imitha kabini ngemijikelo eyahlukeneyo yemitha ekhethwe ngokwesiqingatha sobomi be-nuclide esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa izinto. Okokuqala, isampulu yafakwa imitha kwityhubhu yemitha ye-pneumatic imizuzwana engama-30. Iifluxes ze-thermal kunye ne-fast neutrons kumfanekiso wesi-3 ziyi-4.6 × 1012 kunye ne-9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, ngokulandelelana, ukuze kuchongwe umxholo we-Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V kunye ne-Mn. Iikhemikhali ezifana ne-MgO (99.99% purity, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% purity, Soekawa Chemical), kunye ne-Si metal (99.999% purity, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) nazo zafakwa imitha ukuze kulungiswe ukuphazamisana kweempendulo zenyukliya ezifana ne-(n, n). Isampulu ikwafakwe i-sodium chloride (99.99% purity; MANAC) ukulungisa utshintsho kwi-neutron flux.
Emva kokukhanyiswa kwe-neutron, iphepha le-polyethylene yangaphandle latshintshwa ngelinye elitsha, kwaye i-gamma radiation ekhutshwe yisampuli kwaye ireferensi yalinganiswa ngoko nangoko nge-Ge detector. Ezi sampuli zifanayo zakhanyiswa kwakhona iiyure ezi-4 kwityhubhu yokukhanyiswa kwe-pneumatic. I-2 ine-thermal and fast neutron fluxes ye-5.6 1012 kunye ne-1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, ngokulandelelana, ukuze kuchongwe i-Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir kunye ne-Au. Iisampuli zolawulo ze-Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, kunye ne-Au zakhanyiswa ngokusebenzisa ubungakanani obufanelekileyo (ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-50 μg) yezisombululo ezisemgangathweni zamanqanaba aziwayo ezi zinto kwiziqwenga ezimbini zephepha lokucoca, kulandele ukukhanyiswa kweesampuli. Ukubalwa kwe-gamma ray kwenziwe kwi-Institute of Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Sciences, kwiYunivesithi yaseKyoto nakwi-RI Research Center, kwiYunivesithi yaseTokyo Metropolitan. Iinkqubo zokuhlalutya kunye nezixhobo zokubhekisa ekumiselweni kobungakanani bezinto ze-INAA ziyafana nezo zichazwe kumsebenzi wethu wangaphambili.
I-X-ray diffractometer (iRigaku SmartLab) isetyenzisiwe ukuqokelela iipateni ze-diffraction zeesampuli zeRyugu i-A0029 (<1 mg), i-A0037 (≪1 mg) kunye ne-C0087 (<1 mg) kwi-NIPR. I-X-ray diffractometer (iRigaku SmartLab) isetyenzisiwe ukuqokelela iipateni ze-diffraction zeesampuli zeRyugu i-A0029 (<1 mg), i-A0037 (≪1 mg) kunye ne-C0087 (<1 mg) kwi-NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) . I-NIPR. I-X-ray diffractometer (iRigaku SmartLab) isetyenzisiwe ukuqokelela iipateni ze-diffraction zeesampuli zeRyugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), kunye ne-C0087 (<1 mg) kwi-NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案。使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍射图案。 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) kunye C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием рентгеновгенгей рентгеного в NIPR с использованием рентгеновгенов ренгенгей Iipateni ze-X-ray diffraction zeesampuli zeRyugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) kunye neC0087 (<1 mg) zifunyenwe kwi-NIPR kusetyenziswa i-X-ray diffractometer (iRigaku SmartLab).Zonke iisampulu zicoliwe zaba ngumgubo ocolekileyo kwi-wafer ye-silicon engakhanyisiyo kusetyenziswa ipleyiti yeglasi ye-sapphire zaza zasasazwa ngokulinganayo kwi-wafer ye-silicon engakhanyisiyo ngaphandle kolwelo (amanzi okanye utywala). Iimeko zokulinganisa zezi zilandelayo: I-Cu Kα X-ray radiation iveliswa kwi-voltage yetyhubhu ye-40 kV kunye nomsinga wetyhubhu we-40 mA, ubude obulinganiselweyo be-slit yi-10 mm, i-angle ye-divergence yi-(1/6)°, isantya sokujikeleza ngaphakathi yi-20 rpm, kwaye uluhlu yi-2θ (i-angle ye-Bragg ephindwe kabini) yi-3-100° kwaye kuthatha malunga neeyure ezingama-28 ukuhlalutya. Kusetyenziswe ii-optics ze-Bragg Brentano. I-detector yi-one-dimensional silicon semiconductor detector (D/teX Ultra 250). Ii-X-ray ze-Cu Kβ zisusiwe kusetyenziswa isihluzi se-Ni. Ngokusebenzisa iisampulu ezikhoyo, imilinganiselo ye-synthetic magnesian saponite (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), i-serpentine (i-leaf serpentine, iMiyazu, iNikka) kunye ne-pyrrhotite (i-monoclinic 4C, iChihua, iMexico Watts) ithelekiswe ukuze kuchongwe iincopho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwedatha ye-diffraction yefayile yepowder evela kwiZiko leHlabathi leDatha yeDiffraction, i-dolomite (PDF 01-071-1662) kunye ne-magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629). Idatha ye-diffraction evela kwi-Ryugu ithelekiswe nedatha kwi-hydroaltered carbonaceous chondrites, i-Orgueil CI, i-Y-791198 CM2.4, kunye ne-Y 980115 CY (isigaba sokufudumeza III, 500–750°C). Uthelekiso lubonise ukufana ne-Orgueil, kodwa kungekhona ne-Y-791198 kunye ne-Y 980115.
Iispectra ze-NEXAFS ezine-carbon edge K ze-ultrathin sections zeesampuli ezenziwe kwi-FIB zilinganiswe kusetyenziswa itshaneli ye-STXM BL4U kwi-UVSOR synchrotron facility kwi-Institute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, eJapan). Ubungakanani bebala le-beam egxile kwi-optically ene-Fresnel zone plate malunga ne-50 nm. Inyathelo lamandla yi-0.1 eV kwisakhiwo esincinci sendawo ekufutshane nomda (283.6–292.0 eV) kunye ne-0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV kunye ne-292.5–300.0 eV) kwimimandla engaphambili nangasemva. ixesha le-pixel nganye yomfanekiso limiselwe kwi-2 ms. Emva kokuphuma, igumbi lohlalutyo le-STXM lazaliswa yi-helium kuxinzelelo olumalunga ne-20 mbar. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa ukushukuma kobushushu kwezixhobo ze-X-ray optics kwigumbi nakwindawo yokubamba isampuli, kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wesampuli kunye/okanye i-oxidation. Ii-spectra zekhabhoni ze-NEXAFS K-edge zenziwe ngedatha eqokelelweyo kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-aXis2000 kunye nesoftware yokucubungula idatha ye-STXM. Qaphela ukuba ikheyisi yokudlulisa isampuli kunye nebhokisi yeglove zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela i-oxidation yesampuli kunye nongcoliseko.
Emva kohlalutyo lwe-STXM-NEXAFS, ukwakheka kwe-isotopic ye-hydrogen, i-carbon, kunye ne-nitrogen yezilayi ze-Ryugu FIB kuhlalutywe kusetyenziswa i-isotope imaging nge-JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L. I-Cs+ beam egxile kwi-2 pA yohlalutyo lwe-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen isotope kunye ne-13 pA yohlalutyo lwe-hydrogen isotope i-rasterized kwindawo emalunga ne-24 × 24 µm2 ukuya kwi-30 × 30 µm2 kwisampuli. Emva kwe-prespray yemizuzu emi-3 kwi-primary beam current enamandla, uhlalutyo ngalunye luqalwe emva kokuzinziswa kobunzulu be-secondary beam. Uhlalutyo lwe-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen isotopes, imifanekiso ye-12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– kunye ne-12C15N– ifunyenwe ngaxeshanye kusetyenziswa i-electron multiplier multiplex detection ezisixhenxe ezinesisombululo sobunzima esimalunga ne-9000, esaneleyo ukwahlula zonke ii-isotopic compounds ezifanelekileyo. ukuphazamiseka (oko kukuthi i-12C1H kwi-13C kunye ne-13C14N kwi-12C15N). Uhlalutyo lwee-isotopes ze-hydrogen, imifanekiso ye-1H-, 2D- kunye ne-12C- ifunyenwe ngesisombululo sobunzima esimalunga ne-3000 kunye nokufunyanwa okuninzi kusetyenziswa iziphindaphindi ezintathu ze-electron. Uhlalutyo ngalunye luqulathe imifanekiso engama-30 eskeniweyo yendawo enye, kunye nomfanekiso omnye oquka ii-pixels ezingama-256 × 256 zohlalutyo lwe-isotope ye-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen kunye nee-pixels eziyi-128 × 128 zohlalutyo lwe-isotope ye-hydrogen. Ixesha lokulibaziseka yi-3000 µs nge-pixel nganye yohlalutyo lwe-isotope ye-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen kunye ne-5000 µs nge-pixel nganye yohlalutyo lwe-isotope ye-hydrogen. Sisebenzise i-1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate njengemigangatho ye-isotope ye-hydrogen, i-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen ukulinganisa ukuhlukaniswa kobunzima bezixhobo45.
Ukuze sifumanise ukwakheka kwe-silicon isotopic ye-presolar graphite kwiprofayili ye-FIB C0068-25, sisebenzise iziphindaphindi zee-electron ezintandathu ezinesisombululo sobunzima esimalunga ne-9000. Imifanekiso iqulethe ii-pixels ezingama-256 × 256 kunye nexesha lokulibaziseka le-3000 µs nge-pixel nganye. Silinganise isixhobo sokwahlulahlula ubunzima sisebenzisa ii-silicon wafers njengemigangatho ye-hydrogen, i-carbon, kunye ne-silicon isotope.
Imifanekiso ye-Isotope icutshungulwe kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-NASA ye-NanoSIMS45 imaging. Idatha ilungisiwe ngenxa ye-electron multiplier dead time (44 ns) kunye ne-quasi-time arrival effects. Ulungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo lwe-scan kumfanekiso ngamnye ukuze kulungiswe ukushukuma komfanekiso ngexesha lokufunyanwa. Umfanekiso wokugqibela we-isotope wenziwa ngokongeza ii-ions zesibini kumfanekiso ngamnye kwi-pixel nganye ye-scan.
Emva kohlalutyo lwe-STXM-NEXAFS kunye ne-NanoSIMS, la macandelo e-FIB afanayo ahlolwe kusetyenziswa i-transmission electron microscope (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) kwi-voltage ekhawulezayo ye-200 kV eKochi, eJAMSTEC. I-microstructure yabonwa kusetyenziswa i-bright-field TEM kunye ne-high-angle scanning TEM kwintsimi emnyama. Amanqanaba eeminerali achongiwe nge-spot electron diffraction kunye ne-lattice band imaging, kwaye uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali lwenziwe yi-EDS nge-100 mm2 silicon drift detector kunye ne-JEOL Analysis Station 4.30 software. Uhlalutyo lobungakanani, i-characteristic X-ray intensity yento nganye ilinganiswe kwi-TEM scanning mode enexesha elimiselweyo lokufumana idatha ye-30 s, indawo yokuskena ye-beam ye-~100 × 100 nm2, kunye nomsinga we-beam we-50 pA. Umlinganiselo (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe kwi-layered silicates umiselwe kusetyenziswa i-experimental coefficient k, elungisiweyo ngobukhulu, efunyenwe kwi-standard ye-pyropagarnet yendalo.
Zonke imifanekiso kunye nohlalutyo olusetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo lufumaneka kwi-JAXA Data Archiving and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2. Eli nqaku libonelela ngedatha yokuqala.
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