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Volatile thiab nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem, C-hom asteroids tej zaum yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov dej hauv ntiaj teb.Tam sim no, carbon-bearing chondrites muab lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog meteorites yog distorted: tsuas yog cov feem ntau ruaj hom ciaj sia nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab ces interacting nrog lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig.Ntawm no peb nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxaws thiab microanalytical ntawm thawj Ryugu particle xa mus rau lub ntiaj teb los ntawm Hayabusa-2 spacecraft.Ryugu hais qhia qhov sib tw ze rau hauv kev sib xyaw rau cov tshuaj tsis sib haum tab sis hloov pauv dej CI (Iwuna-type) chondrites, uas tau siv dav los ua qhov taw qhia ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub hnub ci.Cov qauv no qhia tau hais tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nplua nuj aliphatic organics thiab txheej silicates thiab qhia qhov kub siab tshaj plaws ntawm ib ncig ntawm 30 ° C thaum dej yaig.Peb pom muaj ntau ntawm deuterium thiab diazonium zoo ib yam nrog lub hauv paus chiv keeb extrasolar.Ryugu hais yog cov khoom uas tsis muaj paug thiab sib cais tsis sib haum xeeb uas tau kawm thiab zoo tshaj plaws haum rau tag nrho cov hnub ci system.
Txij thaum Lub Rau Hli 2018 txog Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2019, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Nyij Pooj Tebchaws Nyij Pooj (JAXA) Hayabusa2 lub dav hlau tau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb dav dav ntawm lub hnub qub Ryugu.Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Zej Zog Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) ntawm Hayabusa-2 qhia tias Ryugu tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv zoo li thermally thiab / lossis shock-metamorphic carbonaceous chondrites.Qhov sib tw ze tshaj plaws yog CY chondrite (Yamato hom) 2. Ryugu's low albedo tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau ntau, nrog rau qhov loj me, qhov porosity, thiab spatial weathering los.Lub Hayabusa-2 spacecraft ua ob qhov kev tsaws thiab cov qauv sau ntawm Ryuga.Thaum thawj zaug tsaws thaum Lub Ob Hlis 21, 2019, cov khoom siv saum npoo tau txais, uas tau muab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw A ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav rov qab los, thiab thaum lub sij hawm tsaws thib ob thaum Lub Xya Hli 11, 2019, cov khoom tau muab khaws cia ze ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob me me.Cov qauv no tau muab khaws cia rau hauv Ward C. Thawj qhov tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom nyob rau theem 1 hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj paug thiab ntshiab nitrogen-filled chambers ntawm JAXA-tswj cov chaw qhia tias Ryugu hais feem ntau zoo ib yam li CI4 chondrites thiab nthuav tawm "ntau yam sib txawv" 3.Qhov seemingly contradictory classification ntawm Ryugu, zoo ib yam li CY los yog CI chondrites, tsuas yog yuav daws tau los ntawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws isotopic, elemental, thiab mineralogical characterization ntawm Ryugu hais.Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm ntawm no muab lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab qhov twg ntawm ob qhov kev piav qhia ua ntej rau tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub hnub qub Ryugu feem ntau yuav.
Yim Ryugu pellets (kwv yees li 60mg tag nrho), plaub ntawm Chamber A thiab plaub los ntawm Chamber C, raug xa mus rau Theem 2 los tswj pab pawg Kochi.Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov xwm txheej, keeb kwm thiab kev hloov pauv keeb kwm ntawm lub hnub qub Ryugu, thiab sau cov ntawv zoo sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv nrog lwm cov qauv paub txawv txawv xws li chondrites, interplanetary plua plav particles (IDPs) thiab rov qab comets.Cov qauv sau los ntawm NASA's Stardust lub hom phiaj.
Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws mineralogical tsom xam ntawm tsib Ryugu nplej (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 thiab C0068) tau pom tias lawv yog tsim los ntawm nplua- thiab ntxhib-grained phyllosilicates (~ 64-88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b., Supplementary Fig).thiab ntxiv rooj 1).Coarse-grained phyllosilicates tshwm sim raws li pinnate aggregates (txog kaum ntawm microns loj) hauv cov nplua-grained, phyllosilicate-nplua nuj matrices (tsawg dua li ob peb microns loj).Layered silicate hais yog serpentine-saponite symbionts (Fig. 1c).Daim ntawv qhia (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe kuj qhia tau tias cov txheej txheej silicate matrix muaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm serpentine thiab saponite (Fig. 2a, b).Lub phyllosilicate matrix muaj carbonate minerals (~ 2-21 vol.%), sulfide minerals (~ 2.4-5.5 vol.%), thiab magnetite (~ 3.6-6.8 vol.%).Ib qho ntawm cov khoom kuaj hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no (C0009) muaj ib qho me me (~ 0.5 vol.%) ntawm anhydrous silicates (olivine thiab pyroxene), uas tuaj yeem pab txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv uas tsim cov pob zeb Ryugu 5.Cov anhydrous silicate no tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv Ryugu pellets thiab tsuas yog pom zoo hauv C0009 pellet.Carbonates tam sim no nyob rau hauv matrix raws li fragments (tsawg tshaj li ob peb puas microns), feem ntau dolomite, nrog me me ntawm calcium carbonate thiab brinell.Magnetite tshwm sim raws li cov khoom sib cais, framboids, plaques, lossis spherical aggregates.Sulfides feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm pyrrhotite nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm irregular hexagonal prisms / daim hlau los yog laths.Lub matrix muaj ntau ntawm submicron pentlandite los yog ua ke nrog pyrrhotite. Carbon-nplua nuj theem (<10 µm loj) tshwm sim ubiquitously nyob rau hauv lub phyllosilicate-nplua nuj matrix. Carbon-nplua nuj theem (<10 µm loj) tshwm sim ubiquitously nyob rau hauv lub phyllosilicate-nplua nuj matrix. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Carbon-nplua nuj theem (<10 µm loj) tshwm sim ubiquitously nyob rau hauv lub phyllosilicate-nplua nuj matrix.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Carbon-nplua nuj theem (<10 µm nyob rau hauv loj) predominate nyob rau hauv lub phyllosilicate-nplua nuj matrix.Lwm cov ntxhia ntxiv tau pom nyob rau hauv Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 1. Cov npe ntawm cov zaub mov tau txiav txim siab los ntawm X-ray diffraction qauv ntawm C0087 thiab A0029 thiab A0037 sib tov yog zoo ib yam nrog cov kev txiav txim siab hauv CI (Orgueil) chondrite, tab sis txawv heev ntawm CY thiab CM (Mighei hom) cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav thiab Figure 2.Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm Ryugu nplej (A0098, C0068) kuj zoo ib yam nrog chondrite 6 CI (cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav, Fig. 2 thiab Supplementary Table 2).Nyob rau hauv sib piv, CM chondrites depleted nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab volatile ntsiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Mn thiab Zn, thiab siab dua nyob rau hauv refractory ntsiab7.Cov concentrations ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus sib txawv heev, uas tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm heterogeneity ntawm tus qauv vim yog qhov me me ntawm tus kheej hais thiab qhov ua rau kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo.Txhua yam petrological, mineralogical thiab elemental yam ntxwv qhia tias Ryugu nplej zoo ib yam li chondrites CI8,9,10.Ib qho tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb yog qhov tsis muaj ferrihydrite thiab sulfate hauv Ryugu nplej, qhia tias cov zaub mov hauv CI chondrites tau tsim los ntawm huab cua hauv av.
a, Composite X-ray duab ntawm Mg Kα (liab), Ca Kα (ntsuab), Fe Kα (xiav), thiab S Kα (daj) qhuav polished seem C0068.Cov feem muaj cov txheej silicates (liab: ~ 88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; lub teeb ntsuab: ~ 1.6 vol%), magnetite (xiav: ~ 5.3 vol%) thiab sulfides (daj: sulfide = ~ 2.5% vol. b, duab ntawm cheeb tsam contour nyob rau hauv backscattered .Sulphide electrons; ; Mag - magnetite; kua txiv - soapstone; Srp - serpentine. c, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) duab ntawm ib tug raug saponite-serpentine intergrowth qhia serpentine thiab saponite lattice bands ntawm 0.7 nm thiab 1.1 nm, ntsig txog.
Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm matrix thiab txheej silicate (ntawm %) ntawm Ryugu A0037 (khoom liab lub voj voog) thiab C0068 (khoom xiav lub voj voog) hais yog qhia nyob rau hauv (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe ternary system.a, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) cov txiaj ntsig tau npaj tawm tsam CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 qhia hauv grey rau kev sib piv.b, Scanning TEM (STEM) thiab lub zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) tsom xam qhia rau kev sib piv nrog Orgueil9 thiab Murchison46 meteorites thiab hydrated IDP47.Fine-grained thiab coarse-grained phyllosilicates tau txheeb xyuas, zam cov me me ntawm cov hlau sulfide.Cov kab dotted hauv a thiab b qhia cov kab tawg ntawm saponite thiab serpentine.Cov hlau nplua nuj nyob hauv ib qho tuaj yeem yog vim yog submicron hlau sulfide nplej nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheej silicate nplej, uas tsis tuaj yeem raug cais tawm los ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm EPMA.Cov ntaub ntawv cov ntsiab lus nrog Si cov ntsiab lus siab dua li saponite hauv b tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm qhov muaj nanosized amorphous silicon-nplua nuj cov khoom nyob rau hauv interstices ntawm phyllosilicate txheej.Tus naj npawb ntawm kev txheeb xyuas: N = 69 rau A0037, N = 68 rau EPMA, N = 68 rau C0068, N = 19 rau A0037 thiab N = 27 rau C0068 rau STEM-EDS.c, isotope daim ntawv qhia ntawm trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 piv nrog chondrite qhov tseem ceeb CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) thiab cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv (CM thiab C2-ung) 41,48,49.Peb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv rau Orgueil thiab Y-82162 meteorites.CCAM yog ib txoj kab ntawm anhydrous carbonaceous chondrite minerals, TFL yog ib thaj av faib kab.d, Δ17O thiab δ18O maps ntawm Ryugu particle C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), thiab CY chondrite (Y-82162) (qhov kev tshawb fawb no).Δ17O_Ryugu: Tus nqi ntawm Δ17O C0014-1.Δ17O_Orgueil: Nruab nrab Δ17O tus nqi rau Orgueil.Δ17O_Y-82162: Nruab Nrab Δ17O tus nqi rau Y-82162.CI thiab CY cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv 41, 48, 49 kuj tau qhia rau kev sib piv.
Mass isotope tsom xam ntawm oxygen tau ua nyob rau ntawm 1.83 mg qauv ntawm cov khoom muab rho tawm los ntawm granular C0014 los ntawm laser fluorination (Txoj kev).Rau kev sib piv, peb tau khiav xya daim ntawv ntawm Orgueil (CI) (tag nrho pawg = 8.96 mg) thiab xya daim ntawv ntawm Y-82162 (CY) (tag nrho pawg = 5.11 mg) (Table 3).
Ntawm daim duab.2d qhia pom kev sib cais meej ntawm Δ17O thiab δ18O ntawm qhov hnyav nruab nrab ntawm Orgueil thiab Ryugu piv rau Y-82162.Lub Δ17O ntawm Ryugu C0014-4 particle yog siab dua li ntawm Orgeil particle, txawm tias qhov sib tshooj ntawm 2 sd.Ryugu hais muaj ntau dua Δ17O qhov tseem ceeb piv rau Orgeil, uas tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam cov av av av av txij li thaum nws lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1864. Huab cua nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig terrestrial11 yuav tsum tau ua rau muaj kev koom ua ke ntawm atmospheric oxygen, nqa tag nrho cov kev soj ntsuam los ze zog mus rau lub terrestrial fractionation (TFL).Qhov kev txiav txim siab no yog ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv mineralogical (sib tham ua ntej) tias Ryugu nplej tsis muaj hydrates lossis sulfates, thaum Orgeil ua.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv mineralogical saum toj no, cov txiaj ntsig no txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Ryugu nplej thiab CI chondrites, tab sis txiav txim tawm lub koom haum ntawm CY chondrites.Qhov tseeb tias Ryugu nplej tsis cuam tshuam nrog CY chondrites, uas qhia meej meej ntawm lub cev qhuav dej mineralogy, yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg.Orbital kev soj ntsuam ntawm Ryugu tshwm sim qhia tau hais tias nws tau dhau lub cev qhuav dej thiab yog li ntawd yuav muaj cov khoom siv CY.Cov laj thawj ntawm qhov sib txawv no tseem tsis meej.Kev tsom xam oxygen isotope ntawm lwm cov khoom Ryugu yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv ua ke 12. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv no kuj zoo ib yam nrog kev koom tes ntawm Ryugu hais thiab CI chondrites.
Siv cov tswv yim sib koom ua ke ntawm microanalysis (Ntxiv daim duab 3), peb tau tshuaj xyuas qhov spatial faib ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide tag nrho ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov tsom ion beam fraction (FIB) C0068.25 (Figs. 3a–f).Fine structure X-ray absorption spectra of carbon (NEXAFS) at the near edge in section C0068.25 qhia ntau pab pawg ua haujlwm – aromatic los yog C = C (285.2 eV), C = O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) thiab C ( = O) O (288.8 gene grapheV) 3a), uas txhais tau hais tias qhov qis qis ntawm thermal variation.Lub zog CH ncov (287.5 eV) ntawm cov organic ib nrab ntawm C0068.25 txawv ntawm cov organic insoluble ntawm yav dhau los kawm carbonaceous chondrites thiab zoo ib yam li IDP14 thiab cometary hais tau los ntawm Stardust lub hom phiaj.Ib qho muaj zog CH ncov ntawm 287.5 eV thiab tsis muaj zog heev los yog C = C ncov ntawm 285.2 eV qhia tias cov organic tebchaw yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv aliphatic compounds (Fig. 3a thiab Supplementary Fig. 3a).Cov cheeb tsam nplua nuj nyob rau hauv aliphatic organic tebchaw yog nyob rau hauv coarse-grained phyllosilicates, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis zoo aromatic (los yog C = C) carbon qauv (Fig. 3c, d).Nyob rau hauv sib piv, A0037,22 (Ntxiv daim duab. 3) ib feem qhia ib tug qis cov ntsiab lus ntawm aliphatic carbon-nplua nuj cheeb tsam.Lub hauv paus mineralogy ntawm cov nplej yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv carbonates, zoo ib yam li chondrite CI 16, tawm tswv yim ntau alternation ntawm cov dej (Table 1).Oxidizing tej yam kev mob yuav nyiam ntau dua ntawm carbonyl thiab carboxyl functional pawg nyob rau hauv cov organic tebchaw txuam nrog carbonates.Lub submicron faib ntawm cov organic nrog aliphatic carbon qauv tuaj yeem sib txawv heev los ntawm kev faib cov coarse-grained txheej silicates.Cov lus qhia ntawm aliphatic organic tebchaw txuam nrog phyllosilicate-OH tau pom nyob rau hauv Tagish Lake meteorite.Cov ntaub ntawv sib koom ua ke ntawm microanalytical qhia tau hais tias cov organic teeb meem nplua nuj nyob rau hauv aliphatic tebchaw tej zaum yuav dav nyob rau hauv C-hom asteroids thiab ze ze nrog phyllosilicates.Qhov kev txiav txim siab no zoo ib yam nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm dhau los ntawm aliphatic / aromatic CHs hauv Ryugu hais qhia los ntawm MicroOmega, ze-infrared hyperspectral microscope.Ib lo lus nug tseem ceeb thiab tsis daws teeb meem yog seb cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm aliphatic carbon-nplua nuj organic tebchaw cuam tshuam nrog coarse-grained phyllosilicates pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tsuas yog pom ntawm lub hnub qub Ryugu.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra normalized rau 292 eV nyob rau hauv lub aromatic (C = C) nplua nuj cheeb tsam (liab), nyob rau hauv lub aliphatic nplua nuj cheeb tsam (ntsuab), thiab nyob rau hauv lub matrix (xiav).Cov kab grey yog Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum rau kev sib piv.aw, arbitration unit.b, Scanning kis tau tus mob X-ray microscopy (STXM) spectral duab ntawm ib tug carbon K-ntug qhia tias seem yog dominated los ntawm carbon.c, RGB composite plot nrog aromatic (C = C) nplua nuj cheeb tsam (liab), aliphatic nplua nuj cheeb tsam (ntsuab), thiab matrix (xiav).d, organics nplua nuj nyob rau hauv aliphatic tebchaw yog concentrated nyob rau hauv coarse-grained phyllosilicate, cheeb tsam yog loj los ntawm cov dawb dotted thawv nyob rau hauv b thiab c.e, loj nanospheres (ng-1) nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam loj ntawm lub thawv dawb dotted hauv b thiab c.Rau: pyrrhotite.Pn: npib tsib xee-chromite.f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), thiab Nitrogen (12C14N) elemental dluab, 12C/1H element ratio duab, thiab hla δD, δ13C, thiab δ15N isotope dluab - Tshooj PG-1: presolar 13C graphite nrog huab cua.
Kinetic kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov organic teeb meem degradation nyob rau hauv Murchison meteorites tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog kev faib tawm ntawm aliphatic organic teeb meem nplua nuj hauv Ryugu nplej.Txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias aliphatic CH bonds nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem mus txog qhov kub siab tshaj ntawm 30 ° C ntawm niam txiv thiab / los yog hloov nrog lub sij hawm-kub kev sib raug zoo (xws li 200 xyoo ntawm 100 ° C thiab 0 ° C 100 lab xyoo)..Yog hais tias lub precursor tsis rhuab nyob rau hauv ib tug muab kub rau ntau tshaj ib lub sij hawm, tus thawj faib ntawm aliphatic organics nplua nuj nyob rau hauv phyllosilicate tej zaum yuav khaws cia.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov hloov pauv dej hauv pob zeb tuaj yeem ua rau qhov kev txhais lus no nyuaj, vim tias carbonate-nplua nuj A0037 tsis pom muaj cov pa roj carbon-nplua nuj aliphatic cheeb tsam cuam tshuam nrog phyllosilicates.Qhov ntsuas kub tsis tshua muaj qhov sib txawv no sib haum mus rau qhov muaj qhov cubic feldspar hauv Ryugu nplej (Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 1) 20.
Fraction C0068.25 (ng-1; Fig. 3a–c,e) muaj cov nanosphere loj uas qhia tau tias muaj ntxhiab tsw heev (los yog C = C), nruab nrab aliphatic, thiab tsis muaj zog spectra ntawm C(=O) O thiab C = O..Kev kos npe ntawm aliphatic carbon tsis zoo li kos npe ntawm bulk insoluble organics thiab organic nanospheres txuam nrog chondrites (Fig. 3a) 17,21.Raman thiab infrared spectroscopic tsom xam ntawm nanospheres nyob rau hauv Lake Tagish qhia tias lawv muaj aliphatic thiab oxidized organic tebchaw thiab disordered polycyclic aromatic organic tebchaw nrog ib tug complex qauv22,23.Vim hais tias nyob ib puag ncig matrix muaj cov organics nplua nuj nyob rau hauv aliphatic tebchaw, kos npe ntawm aliphatic carbon nyob rau hauv ng-1 tej zaum yuav yog ib tug analytical artifact.Interestingly, ng-1 muaj embedded amorphous silicates (Fig. 3e), ib qho kev ntxhib los mos uas tseem tsis tau tshaj tawm rau cov organic extraterrestrials.Amorphous silicates tej zaum yuav yog cov khoom ntuj tsim ntawm ng-1 los yog tshwm sim los ntawm amorphization ntawm aqueous / anhydrous silicates los ntawm ion thiab / los yog electron beam thaum tsom xam.
NanoSIMS ion cov duab ntawm C0068.25 ntu (Fig. 3f) qhia cov kev hloov pauv tsis sib xws hauv δ13C thiab δ15N, tshwj tsis yog rau cov nplej presolar nrog 13C enrichment loj ntawm 30,811‰ (PG-1 hauv δ13C duab hauv daim duab 3f) (Supplementary Table).X-ray elementary grain dluab thiab high-resolution TEM cov duab qhia tsuas yog cov pa roj carbon concentration thiab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub basal dav hlau ntawm 0.3 nm, uas sib haum mus rau graphite.Nws yog noteworthy tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm δD (841 ± 394‰) thiab δ15N (169 ± 95‰), enriched nyob rau hauv aliphatic organic teeb meem txuam nrog coarse-grained phyllosilicates, tig tawm me ntsis siab tshaj qhov nruab nrab rau tag nrho cheeb tsam C (δ D = 139).‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) hauv C0068.25 (Table 4).Qhov kev soj ntsuam no qhia tau hais tias cov aliphatic-nplua nuj organics nyob rau hauv coarse-grained phyllosilicates tej zaum yuav ntau primitive tshaj cov organics nyob ib ncig ntawm, vim hais tias tom kawg yuav tau undergone isotopic pauv nrog cov dej nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cev thawj.Xwb, cov kev hloov isotopic no kuj tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim thawj zaug.Nws tau txhais hais tias cov nplua-grained txheej silicates nyob rau hauv CI chondrites tau tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv tas li ntawm thawj coarse-grained anhydrous silicate pawg.Aliphatic-nplua nuj organic teeb meem yuav tau tsim los ntawm precursor molecules nyob rau hauv lub protoplanetary disk los yog interstellar nruab nrab ua ntej tsim ntawm lub hnub ci system, thiab tom qab ntawd tau hloov me ntsis thaum lub sij hawm dej hloov ntawm lub Ryugu (loj) niam txiv lub cev. Qhov loj me (<1.0 km) ntawm Ryugu yog qhov me me dhau los ua kom muaj cua sov sab hauv rau cov dej hloov pauv los tsim cov dej ntxhia dej25. Qhov loj me (<1.0 km) ntawm Ryugu yog qhov me me dhau los ua kom muaj cua sov txaus rau cov dej hloov pauv los tsim cov dej ntxhia dej25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водяного ных минералов25. Qhov loj me (<1.0 km) Ryugu me dhau los ua kom muaj cua sov sab hauv kom txaus rau kev hloov dej los ua cov dej ntxhia25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水矿物25. Anразмерразмериюгу (<1,0 вишком маля таля таля таля ималя изорениениениениениениениениениениениениениениеразовалов25 Cov. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm Ryugu (<1.0 km) yog qhov me me dhau los txhawb cov cua sov sab hauv los hloov dej los tsim cov dej ntxhia dej25.Yog li ntawd, Ryugu predecessors kaum kilometers loj yuav tsum tau.Organic teeb meem nplua nuj nyob rau hauv aliphatic tebchaw yuav khaws lawv cov qub isotope piv vim koom nrog coarse-grained phyllosilicates.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom hnyav isotopic tseem tsis paub meej vim yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam khoom hauv cov FIB feem.Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov organic uas nplua nuj nyob hauv aliphatic tebchaw hauv Ryugu granules lossis ntxhib phyllosilicates nyob ib puag ncig lawv.Nco ntsoov tias cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov carbonaceous chondrites (xws li CI chondrites) zoo li yuav nplua nuj nyob rau hauv D dua nyob rau hauv phyllosilicates, tshwj tsis yog CM Paris 24, 26 meteorites.
Plots ntawm ntim δD thiab δ15N ntawm FIB slices tau rau A0002.23 thiab A0002.26, A0037.22 thiab A0037.23 thiab C0068.23, C0068.25 thiab C0068.26 FIB slices (tag nrho ntawm xya ntawm cov khoom ntawm FIBMS solars ntawm peb cov khoom sib piv) system yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab.4 (Cov Lus Qhia Ntxiv 4) 27,28.Volume hloov pauv hauv δD thiab δ15N hauv A0002, A0037, thiab C0068 profiles zoo ib yam nrog cov hauv IDP, tab sis siab dua hauv CM thiab CI chondrites (Fig. 4).Nco ntsoov tias qhov ntau ntawm δD qhov tseem ceeb rau Comet 29 qauv (-240 txog 1655‰) yog loj dua li ntawm Ryugu.Cov ntim δD thiab δ15N ntawm Ryukyu profiles yog, raws li txoj cai, me dua qhov nruab nrab rau cov comets ntawm Jupiter tsev neeg thiab Oort huab (Fig. 4).Qhov qis dua δD qhov tseem ceeb ntawm CI chondrites tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib kis hauv av hauv cov qauv no.Muab qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Tswb, Lake Tagish, thiab IDP, qhov loj heterogeneity hauv δD thiab δN qhov tseem ceeb hauv Ryugu hais tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv hauv thawj isotopic kos npe ntawm cov organic thiab aqueous compositions nyob rau hauv lub hnub qub thaum ntxov.Qhov zoo sib xws isotopic hloov hauv δD thiab δN hauv Ryugu thiab IDP hais tias ob leeg tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm tib qhov chaw.Nws ntseeg tau tias IDPs tuaj ntawm qhov chaw cometary 14 .Yog li ntawd, Ryugu tej zaum yuav muaj cov khoom zoo li lub hnub qub thiab / lossis tsawg kawg ntawm lub hnub ci sab nrauv.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yuav nyuaj dua li peb hais ntawm no vim yog (1) qhov sib xyaw ntawm spherulitic thiab D-nplua nuj dej ntawm niam txiv lub cev 31 thiab (2) lub comet's D / H piv raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cometary 32 .Txawm li cas los xij, yog vim li cas rau qhov pom ntawm heterogeneity ntawm hydrogen thiab nitrogen isotopes hauv Ryugu hais tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho, ib feem yog vim muaj tsawg tsawg ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam niaj hnub no.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm hydrogen thiab nitrogen isotope systems tseem nce qhov ua tau tias Ryugu muaj feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv sab nraud ntawm Lub Hnub Ci thiab yog li yuav qhia qee qhov zoo sib xws rau cov comets.Lub Ryugu profile tsis pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm δ13C thiab δ15N (Cov Lus Ntxiv 4).
Tag nrho H thiab N isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Ryugu hais (liab lub voj voog: A0002, A0037; lub voj voog xiav: C0068) cuam tshuam nrog hnub ci magnitude 27, Jupiter txhais tau tias tsev neeg (JFC27), thiab Oort huab comets (OCC27), IDP28, thiab carbonaceous chondrules.Kev sib piv ntawm meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung).Cov isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg yog muab nyob rau hauv Supplementary Table 4. Cov kab dotted yog cov terrestrial isotope qhov tseem ceeb rau H thiab N.
Kev thauj cov volatiles (xws li cov organic teeb meem thiab dej) mus rau lub ntiaj teb tseem muaj kev txhawj xeeb26,27,33.Submicron organic teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog ntxhib phyllosilicates hauv Ryugu hais pom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tej zaum yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm volatiles.Organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv coarse-grained phyllosilicates yog zoo dua tiv thaiv los ntawm degradation16,34 thiab decay35 tshaj organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv nplua-grained matrices.Qhov hnyav dua isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hydrogen hauv cov khoom txhais tau hais tias lawv tsis zoo li tsuas yog qhov chaw ntawm volatiles nqa mus rau lub ntiaj teb thaum ntxov.Lawv tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov sib zog hydrogen isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg, raws li tau hais tsis ntev los no hauv qhov kev xav ntawm lub hnub ci cua-tsav dej hauv silicates.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb qhia tau hais tias CI meteorites, txawm lawv geochemical tseem ceeb raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub hnub ci system, 6,10 yog terrestrial contaminated kuaj.Peb kuj muab pov thawj ncaj qha rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov nplua nuj aliphatic organic teeb meem thiab cov khoom siv hydrous nyob sib ze thiab qhia tias Ryugu yuav muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv37.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia meej meej txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj mus kuaj ncaj qha ntawm protoasteroids thiab xav tau thauj cov qauv xa rov qab nyob rau hauv tag nrho inert thiab tsis muaj menyuam.Cov pov thawj uas tau nthuav tawm ntawm no qhia tau hais tias Ryugu hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hnub ci uas tsis muaj kab mob feem ntau muaj rau kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj, thiab kev kawm ntxiv ntawm cov qauv zoo nkauj no yuav ua rau peb nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem hnub ci thaum ntxov.Ryugu hais yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub hnub ci system.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem microstructure thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov qauv ntsuas submicron, peb siv synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) thiab SR X-ray diffraction (XRD)-CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM tsom xam.Tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, muaj kuab paug vim lub ntiaj teb huab cua, thiab tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov khoom zoo lossis cov qauv siv tshuab.Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm no, peb tau ua qhov kev ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas siv hluav taws xob ntsuas hluav taws xob (SEM)-EDS, EPMA, XRD, ntsuas ntsuas hluav taws xob ua kom muaj zog (INAA), thiab cov khoom siv laser oxygen isotope fluorination.Cov txheej txheem ntsuam xyuas tau qhia hauv Daim Duab 3 Ntxiv thiab txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau piav qhia hauv ntu nram qab no.
Cov khoom los ntawm lub hnub qub Ryugu tau rov qab los ntawm Hayabusa-2 reentry module thiab xa mus rau JAXA Control Center hauv Sagamihara, Nyiv, tsis muaj kuab paug rau lub ntiaj teb huab cua4.Tom qab thawj zaug thiab tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub chaw tswj hwm JAXA, siv cov thawv ntim khoom sib txuas sib txuas thiab cov hnab ntim cov qauv (10 lossis 15 hli txoj kab uas hla sapphire siv lead ua thiab stainless hlau, nyob ntawm tus qauv loj) kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig.ib puag ncig.y thiab/lossis cov khoom paug hauv av (xws li dej vapor, hydrocarbons, atmospheric gases thiab fine particles) thiab cross-contaminants ntawm cov qauv thaum lub sij hawm ua qauv thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab38.Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab kev ua qias tuaj vim muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lub ntiaj teb huab cua (dej vapor thiab oxygen), txhua hom kev npaj ua qauv (xws li chipping nrog tantalum chisel, siv lub pob zeb diamond hlau sib npaug (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) thiab txiav epoxy) kev npaj rau kev teeb tsa) tau nqa tawm hauv glovebox hauv qab huv huv N2 ° 0-20 ~ 0.0 ~ 0.Tag nrho cov khoom siv ntawm no yog ntxuav nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov dej ntshiab thiab ethanol siv ultrasonic nthwv dej ntawm ntau zaus.
Ntawm no peb kawm txog National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) meteorite sau los ntawm Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y)-791198, CY: Y-82162 thiab CY: Y 980115).
Rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov twj paj nruag rau SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS thiab TEM tsom xam, peb tau siv lub universal ultrathin tus qauv tuav tau piav qhia hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los38.
SR-XCT tsom xam ntawm Ryugu cov qauv tau ua tiav siv BL20XU / SPring-8 kev sib xyaw CT system.Kev sib koom ua ke CT system muaj ntau hom kev ntsuas: qhov dav ntawm kev pom thiab tsis tshua muaj kev daws teeb meem (WL) hom kom ntes tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov qauv, nqaim ntawm qhov pom thiab siab daws teeb meem (NH) hom rau kev ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv cheeb tsam.kev txaus siab thiab cov duab hluav taws xob kom tau txais cov qauv diffraction ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov qauv, thiab ua XRD-CT kom tau txais daim duab 2D ntawm cov kab rov tav dav hlau ntxhia theem hauv cov qauv.Nco ntsoov tias txhua qhov kev ntsuas tuaj yeem ua tau yam tsis tas siv cov txheej txheem tsim los tshem tawm cov qauv coj los ntawm lub hauv paus, tso cai rau kev ntsuas CT thiab XRD-CT kom raug.Lub WL hom X-ray ntes (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) tau nruab nrog ib qho ntxiv 4608 × 4608 pixel hlau-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) lub koob yees duab (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) nrog lub scintillator uas muaj 10 lutetium aluminium µ garnet (12 relay 3 al.Lub pixel loj hauv WL hom yog li 0.848 µm.Yog li, thaj chaw saib (FOV) hauv WL hom yog kwv yees li 6 hli hauv offset CT hom.NH hom X-ray ntes (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) tau nruab nrog 20 µm tuab gadolinium-aluminium-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator, lub koob yees duab CMOS (C11440-22CU) nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm 2048 × 2048 pixels;Hamamatsu Photonics) thiab lub lens × 20.Lub pixel loj hauv NH hom yog ~ 0.25 µm thiab qhov kev pom yog ~ 0.5 hli.Lub ntes rau XRD hom (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) tau nruab nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas muaj 50 µm tuab P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) hmoov tshuaj ntsuam, 2304 × 2304 pixel daws teeb meem CMOS lub koob yees duab (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics.)Tus ntes muaj qhov zoo pixel loj ntawm 19.05 µm thiab thaj tsam ntawm 43.9 mm2.Txhawm rau nce FOV, peb siv cov txheej txheem CT offset hauv WL hom.Cov duab xaim hluav taws xob rau CT rov tsim kho muaj cov duab nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 180 ° txog 360 ° cuam tshuam kab rov tav nyob ib ncig ntawm axis ntawm kev sib hloov, thiab cov duab nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 0 ° txog 180 °.
Hauv XRD hom, X-ray beam yog tsom los ntawm Fresnel cheeb tsam phaj.Nyob rau hauv hom no, tus ntes tau muab tso rau 110 hli tom qab tus qauv thiab cov nqaj nres yog 3 hli ua ntej ntawm lub ntes.Diffraction dluab nyob rau hauv 2θ ntau ntawm 1.43 ° mus rau 18.00 ° (grating pitch d = 16.6-1.32 Å) tau txais nrog X-ray chaw tsom rau hauv qab ntawm lub ntsuas ntsuas qhov pom.Cov qauv txav vertically ntawm ib ntus, nrog ib nrab tig rau txhua kauj ruam ntsug.Yog hais tias cov ntxhia hais txaus siab rau Bragg tus mob thaum tig los ntawm 180 °, nws muaj peev xwm tau txais qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov dav hlau kab rov tav.Cov duab diffraction tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib daim duab rau txhua kauj ruam ntsug scan.Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas SR-XRD-CT yuav luag zoo ib yam li cov kev xeem SR-XRD.Nyob rau hauv XRD-CT hom, lub detector yog positioned 69 mm qab tus qauv.Diffraction dluab nyob rau hauv lub 2θ ntau yam ntawm 1.2 ° mus rau 17.68 ° (d = 19.73 txog 1.35 Å), qhov twg ob lub X-ray beam thiab lub beam limiter yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm lub detector lub teb ntawm saib.Luam theej duab cov qauv kab rov tav thiab tig tus qauv 180 °.Cov duab SR-XRD-CT tau rov tsim kho nrog cov pob zeb hauv av siab tshaj plaws raws li qhov txiaj ntsig pixel.Nrog kab rov tav scanning, tus qauv yog feem ntau scanned nyob rau hauv 500-1000 kauj ruam.
Rau txhua qhov kev sim, X-ray lub zog tau kho ntawm 30 keV, vim qhov no yog qhov qis qis ntawm X-ray nkag mus rau hauv meteorites nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 6 hli.Tus naj npawb ntawm cov duab tau txais rau tag nrho cov kev ntsuas CT thaum lub sij hawm 180 ° kev sib hloov yog 1800 (3600 rau offset CT program), thiab lub sij hawm raug rau cov duab yog 100 ms rau WL hom, 300 ms rau NH hom, 500 ms rau XRD, thiab 50 ms.ms rau XRD-CT ms.Cov qauv kuaj lub sij hawm yog li 10 feeb hauv WL hom, 15 feeb hauv NH hom, 3 teev rau XRD, thiab 8 teev rau SR-XRD-CT.
CT cov duab tau rov tsim kho dua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm rov qab thiab ua kom zoo rau cov kab hluav taws xob attenuation coefficient ntawm 0 txog 80 cm-1.Slice software tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv 3D thiab muXRD software tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv XRD.
Epoxy-fixed Ryugu hais (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 thiab C0068) tau maj mam polished rau ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qib ntawm 0.5 µm (3M) pob zeb diamond lapping zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv qhuav tej yam kev mob, zam cov khoom los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog nto thaum lub sij hawm polishing txheej txheem.Lub polished nto ntawm txhua tus qauv yog thawj zaug kuaj los ntawm lub teeb microscopy thiab tom qab ntawd rov qab cov electrons kom tau txais cov duab ntxhia thiab kev ntxhib los mos (BSE) ntawm cov qauv thiab cov khoom zoo NIPR siv JEOL JSM-7100F SEM nruab nrog lub zog dispersive spectrometer (AZtec).zog) picture.Rau txhua tus qauv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus me tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm kev sojntsuam electron microanalyzer (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200).Txheeb xyuas cov phyllosilicate thiab carbonate particles ntawm 5 nA, cov qauv ntuj tsim thiab hluavtaws ntawm 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, thiab pyroxene ntawm 30 nA.Cov qib Modal tau suav los ntawm cov duab qhia chaw thiab BSE cov duab siv ImageJ 1.53 software nrog rau cov pib tsim nyog tau teem rau txhua qhov ntxhia.
Oxygen isotope tsom xam tau ua nyob rau hauv Open University (Milton Keynes, UK) siv ib qho infrared laser fluorination system.Hayabusa2 cov qauv raug xa mus rau Open University 38 hauv cov thawv ntim nitrogen rau kev hloov ntawm cov chaw.
Kev thauj khoom coj mus kuaj tau ua nyob rau hauv lub thawv hnab looj tes nitrogen nrog ntsuas cov pa oxygen qis dua 0.1%.Rau Hayabusa2 analytical ua hauj lwm, ib tug tshiab Ni qauv tuav yog fabricated, muaj tsuas yog ob lub qhov (inch 2.5 mm, tob 5 mm), ib tug rau Hayabusa2 hais thiab lwm yam rau obsidian sab hauv tus qauv.Thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam, cov qauv zoo uas muaj cov khoom siv Hayabusa2 tau them nrog lub qhov rais sab hauv BaF2 kwv yees li 1 hli tuab thiab 3 hli inch los tuav cov qauv thaum lub sij hawm laser.Lub BrF5 ntws mus rau tus qauv yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov roj sib xyaw channel txiav rau hauv cov qauv Ni.Cov qauv chamber kuj tau kho dua tshiab kom nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev fluorination thiab tom qab ntawd qhib rau hauv lub hnab looj tes uas muaj nitrogen.Ob chav chamber tau muab khi nrog tooj liab gasketed compression foob thiab EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38 saw clamp.Lub qhov rais 3 hli tuab BaF2 nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub chamber tso cai rau kev soj ntsuam ib txhij ntawm cov qauv thiab laser cua sov.Tom qab thauj cov qauv, clamp lub chamber dua thiab rov txuas rau cov kab fluorinated.Ua ntej kev soj ntsuam, cov qauv chav tau muab tso rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev kom txog li 95 ° C thaum hmo ntuj kom tshem tawm cov dej noo adsorbed.Tom qab cua sov thaum hmo ntuj, lub chamber tau tso cai kom txias rau hauv chav sov thiab tom qab ntawd qhov chaw raug rau cov huab cua thaum lub sij hawm coj mus kuaj tau purged nrog peb aliquots ntawm BrF5 kom tshem tawm noo noo.Cov txheej txheem no xyuas kom meej tias Hayabusa 2 tus qauv tsis raug rau cov huab cua thiab tsis muaj paug los ntawm cov dej noo los ntawm ib feem ntawm cov kab fluorinated uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm thauj khoom.
Ryugu C0014-4 thiab Orgueil (CI) cov qauv piv txwv tau txheeb xyuas hauv qhov hloov pauv "ib zaug" hom 42, thaum Y-82162 (CY) kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua rau ntawm ib lub tais nrog ntau cov qauv zoo41.Vim lawv cov anhydrous muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau siv ib txoj kev rau CY chondrites.Cov qauv tau ua kom sov siv Photon Machine Inc. infrared CO2 laser.Lub zog ntawm 50 W (10.6 µm) mounted ntawm XYZ gantry nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm BrF5.Lub built-in video system saib xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.Tom qab fluorination, lub liberated O2 tau txhuam los ntawm ob lub cryogenic nitrogen ntxiab thiab lub txaj sov ntawm KBr kom tshem tawm cov fluorine ntau dhau.Cov isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm purified oxygen tau soj ntsuam ntawm Thermo Fisher MAT 253 dual-channel huab hwm coj spectrometer nrog ib qho kev daws teeb meem loj txog 200.
Qee zaum, cov pa roj O2 tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov qauv yog tsawg dua 140 µg, uas yog kwv yees txwv ntawm kev siv lub tshuab nqus tsev twj ntawm MAT 253 huab hwm coj spectrometer.Hauv cov xwm txheej no, siv microvolumes rau kev txheeb xyuas.Tom qab tshuaj xyuas Hayabusa2 hais, obsidian sab hauv tus qauv yog fluorinated thiab nws cov pa isotope muaj pes tsawg leeg tau txiav txim siab.
Ions ntawm NF + NF3 + fragment cuam tshuam nrog lub nqaj nrog huab hwm coj 33 (16O17O).Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov teeb meem no, feem ntau cov qauv raug ua tiav siv cov txheej txheem sib cais cryogenic.Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia pem hauv ntej ua ntej MAT 253 kev tshuaj xyuas los yog kev soj ntsuam thib ob los ntawm kev xa cov roj uas tau txheeb xyuas rov qab mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb molecular sieve thiab rov ua dua tom qab kev sib cais cryogenic.Kev sib cais Cryogenic suav nrog kev muab cov pa roj rau cov khoom siv molecular ntawm cov kua nitrogen kub thiab tom qab ntawd tso tawm mus rau hauv thawj molecular sieve ntawm qhov kub ntawm -130 ° C.Kev sim dav dav tau pom tias NF + tseem nyob ntawm thawj molecular sieve thiab tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam loj tshwm sim siv txoj kev no.
Raws li kev soj ntsuam rov qab ntawm peb cov qauv hauv obsidian, qhov tseeb tag nrho ntawm cov kab ke hauv bellows hom yog: ± 0.053‰ rau δ17O, ± 0.095‰ rau δ18O, ± 0.018‰ rau Δ17O (2 sd).Oxygen isotope tsom xam yog muab nyob rau hauv tus qauv delta notation, qhov twg delta18O yog xam raws li:
Kuj siv 17O / 16O piv rau δ17O.VSMOW yog tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb rau Vienna Mean Sea Water Standard.Δ17O sawv cev rau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb fractionation kab, thiab cov qauv kev suav yog: Δ17O = δ17O - 0.52 × δ18O.Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas tau nthuav tawm hauv Table 3 ntxiv tau raug kho qhov sib txawv.
Tshooj kwv yees li 150 txog 200 nm tuab tau muab rho tawm los ntawm Ryugu hais siv Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB ntsuas ntawm JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute.Nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov FIB seem tau rov qab los ntawm cov khoom tsis tau ua tiav ntawm cov khoom tsis tau ua tiav tom qab raug tshem tawm los ntawm N2 cov hlab ntsha uas muaj roj rau kev hloov pauv.Cov fragments no tsis tau ntsuas los ntawm SR-CT, tab sis tau ua tiav nrog tsawg heev rau lub ntiaj teb huab cua kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab kev sib kis uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov pa roj carbon K-ntug spectrum.Tom qab tso cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv tungsten, thaj tsam ntawm kev txaus siab (txog 25 × 25 μm2) raug txiav thiab thinned nrog Ga + ion beam ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm 30 kV, tom qab ntawd ntawm 5 kV thiab sojntsuam tam sim no ntawm 40 pA kom txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov chaw.Cov ntu ultrathin tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov loj me me (Kochi mesh) 39 siv lub micromanipulator nruab nrog FIB.
Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) thiab C0068 (0.6483mg) pellets raug kaw ob zaug hauv cov nplooj ntawv ntshiab siab purity polyethylene hauv ib lub hnab looj ntsej muag ntshiab nitrogen ntim rau ntawm SPring-8 yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lub ntiaj teb huab cua.Kev npaj ua piv txwv rau JB-1 (ib lub pob zeb siv geological uas tau muab los ntawm Geological Survey ntawm Nyiv) tau ua tiav ntawm Tokyo Metropolitan University.
INAA muaj nyob rau ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm rau Kev Sib Txuas Hluav Taws Xob thiab Nuclear Sciences, Kyoto University.Cov qauv tau irradiated ob zaug nrog sib txawv irradiation cycles xaiv raws li ib nrab-lub neej ntawm cov nuclide siv rau cov khoom quantitation.Ua ntej, tus qauv raug irradiated hauv pneumatic irradiation raj rau 30 vib nas this.Fluxes ntawm thermal thiab ceev neutrons hauv daim duab.3 yog 4.6 × 1012 thiab 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, raws li kev txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V thiab Mn.Cov tshuaj xws li MgO (99.99% purity, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% purity, Soekawa Chemical), thiab Si hlau (99.999% purity, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) kuj tau irradiated los kho rau cuam tshuam cov tshuaj nuclear xws li (n, n).Cov qauv no kuj tau irradiated nrog sodium chloride (99.99% purity; MANAC) los kho cov kev hloov pauv hauv neutron flux.
Tom qab neutron irradiation, daim ntawv polyethylene sab nrauv tau hloov nrog ib qho tshiab, thiab cov hluav taws xob gamma tawm los ntawm cov qauv thiab siv tau ntsuas tam sim nrog Ge detector.Cov qauv tib yam tau rov irradiated rau 4 teev nyob rau hauv lub pneumatic irradiation raj.2 muaj thermal thiab ceev neutron fluxes ntawm 5.6 1012 thiab 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, ntsig txog, rau kev txiav txim Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir thiab Au.Tswj cov qauv ntawm Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, thiab Au tau irradiated los ntawm kev siv cov nqi tsim nyog (los ntawm 10 mus rau 50 μg) ntawm cov qauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov ntsiab lus paub txog cov ntsiab lus mus rau ob daim ntawv lim, ua raws li cov qauv irradiation.Cov gamma ray suav tau ua nyob rau ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Kev Sib Txuas Hluav Taws Xob thiab Nuclear Sciences, Kyoto University thiab RI Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University.Cov txheej txheem tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv rau kev txiav txim siab ntau ntawm INAA cov ntsiab lus yog tib yam li tau piav qhia hauv peb txoj haujlwm dhau los.
X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) tau siv los sau cov qauv diffraction ntawm Ryugu cov qauv A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) thiab C0087 (<1 mg) ntawm NIPR. X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) tau siv los sau cov qauv diffraction ntawm Ryugu cov qauv A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) thiab C0087 (<1 mg) ntawm NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Ryugu A0029 (7 мм 10г) (<1 мг) rau NIPR. X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab) tau siv los sau cov qauv diffraction ntawm Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), thiab C0087 (<1 mg) cov qauv hauv NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍塰。使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 的衍塰。 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с овнекмоль зовани метра (Rigaku SmartLab). X-ray diffraction qauv ntawm cov qauv Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) thiab C0087 (<1 mg) tau txais ntawm NIPR siv lub X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku SmartLab).Tag nrho cov qauv tau muab tso rau hauv cov hmoov zoo ntawm silicon non-reflective wafer siv lub iav sapphire thiab tom qab ntawd kis tusyees ntawm silicon uas tsis yog-reflective wafer yam tsis muaj kua (dej lossis cawv).Kev ntsuas cov xwm txheej yog raws li nram no: Cu Kα X-ray hluav taws xob yog tsim los ntawm lub raj hluav taws xob ntawm 40 kV thiab lub raj tam sim no ntawm 40 mA, qhov txwv qhov ntev yog 10 hli, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub kaum sab xis yog (1/6) °, lub dav hlau sib hloov ceev yog 20 rpm, thiab qhov ntau yog 2 θ 10 ° rau 8 teev.Bragg Brentano optics tau siv.Tus ntes yog ib qho ntawm ib sab silicon semiconductor ntes (D / teX Ultra 250).X-rays ntawm Cu Kβ raug tshem tawm siv Ni lim.Siv cov qauv uas muaj, kev ntsuas ntawm cov hluavtaws magnesian saponite (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (nplooj serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) thiab pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) tau muab piv los txheeb xyuas qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv hmoov cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm International P10 doliffra cov ntaub ntawv 0. -1662) thiab magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629).Diffraction cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Ryugu kuj tau muab piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hydroaltered carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, thiab Y 980115 CY (heating theem III, 500–750 ° C).Qhov kev sib piv tau pom zoo sib xws nrog Orgueil, tab sis tsis yog Y-791198 thiab Y 980115.
NEXAFS spectra nrog carbon edge K ntawm ultrathin seem ntawm cov qauv ua los ntawm FIB tau ntsuas siv STXM BL4U channel ntawm UVSOR synchrotron chaw ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Nyiv).Qhov chaw loj ntawm lub nqaj optically tsom nrog Fresnel cheeb tsam phaj yog kwv yees li 50 nm.Lub zog kauj ruam yog 0.1 eV rau cov qauv zoo ntawm thaj tsam ze ntawm ntug (283.6–292.0 eV) thiab 0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV thiab 292.5–300.0 eV) rau thaj tsam pem hauv ntej thiab nraub qaum.lub sijhawm rau txhua daim duab pixel tau teem rau 2 ms.Tom qab khiav tawm, STXM analytical chamber tau ntim nrog helium ntawm qhov siab ntawm li 20 mbar.Qhov no yuav pab txo qis thermal drift ntawm X-ray optics khoom nyob rau hauv lub chamber thiab cov qauv tuav, nrog rau txo cov qauv kev puas tsuaj thiab / los yog oxidation.NEXAFS K-edge carbon spectra tau tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib dhos siv aXis2000 software thiab cov tswv cuab STXM cov ntaub ntawv ua software.Nco ntsoov tias cov qauv hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab hnab looj tes yog siv los tiv thaiv cov qauv oxidation thiab kev sib kis.
Tom qab STXM-NEXAFS tsom xam, cov isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hydrogen, carbon, thiab nitrogen ntawm Ryugu FIB slices tau soj ntsuam siv isotope imaging nrog ib tug JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L.Ib qho kev tsom xam Cs + thawj kab ntawm kwv yees li 2 pA rau carbon thiab nitrogen isotope tsom xam thiab txog 13 pA rau hydrogen isotope tsom xam yog rasterized tshaj thaj tsam ntawm 24 × 24 µm2 rau 30 × 30 µm2 ntawm cov qauv.Tom qab 3-feeb prespray ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob tam sim no, txhua qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tau pib tom qab stabilization ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob theem nrab.Rau kev tsom xam ntawm carbon thiab nitrogen isotopes, dluab ntawm 12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– thiab 12C15N– tau ib txhij tau siv xya electron multiplier multiplex nrhiav tau nrog ib tug loj daws teeb meem ntawm kwv yees li 9000, uas yog txaus los cais tag nrho cov isotopic compounds.cuam ​​tshuam (piv txwv li 12C1H ntawm 13C thiab 13C14N ntawm 12C15N).Rau kev tsom xam ntawm hydrogen isotopes, 1H-, 2D- thiab 12C- cov duab tau txais nrog qhov kev daws teeb meem loj ntawm kwv yees li 3000 nrog ntau qhov kev tshawb pom siv peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob.Txhua qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam muaj 30 cov duab scanned ntawm tib cheeb tsam, nrog rau ib daim duab uas muaj 256 × 256 pixels rau carbon thiab nitrogen isotope tsom xam thiab 128 × 128 pixels rau hydrogen isotope tsom xam.Lub sij hawm ncua yog 3000 µs ib pixel rau carbon thiab nitrogen isotope tsom xam thiab 5000 µs ib pixel rau hydrogen isotope tsom xam.Peb tau siv 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate raws li hydrogen, carbon thiab nitrogen isotope cov qauv los ntsuas ntsuas qhov ntsuas huab cua fractionation45.
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov silicon isotopic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm presolar graphite nyob rau hauv FIB C0068-25 profile, peb siv rau 6 electron multipliers nrog loj daws teeb meem ntawm 9000. Cov duab muaj 256 × 256 pixels nrog lub sijhawm ncua ntawm 3000 µs ib pixel.Peb calibrated ib tug loj fractionation ntsuas siv silicon wafers li hydrogen, carbon, thiab silicon isotope qauv.
Cov duab Isotope tau ua tiav siv NASA's NanoSIMS45 imaging software.Cov ntaub ntawv raug kho rau electron multiplier tuag lub sij hawm (44 ns) thiab quasi-simultaneous tuaj txog.Sib txawv scan alignment rau txhua daim duab los kho cov duab drift thaum tau txais.Daim duab isotope kawg yog tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv cov ions thib ob los ntawm txhua daim duab rau txhua qhov scan pixel.
Tom qab STXM-NEXAFS thiab NanoSIMS tsom xam, tib FIB ntu tau tshuaj xyuas siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob xa hluav taws xob (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm 200 kV ntawm Kochi, JAMSTEC.Lub microstructure tau pom tias siv lub teeb ci TEM thiab lub kaum sab xis scanning TEM hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.Mineral theem tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm qhov chaw electron diffraction thiab lattice band imaging, thiab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau ua los ntawm EDS nrog 100 mm2 silicon drift detector thiab JEOL Analysis Station 4.30 software.Rau kev txheeb xyuas ntau, tus yam ntxwv X-ray siv rau txhua lub ntsiab lus tau ntsuas hauv TEM scanning hom nrog lub sijhawm ruaj khov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais ntawm 30 s, beam scanning cheeb tsam ntawm ~ 100 × 100 nm2, thiab beam tam sim no ntawm 50 pA.Qhov piv (Si + Al)-Mg-Fe hauv cov txheej silicates tau txiav txim siab siv qhov kev sim coefficient k, kho rau tuab, tau los ntawm tus qauv ntawm ntuj pyropagarnet.
Tag nrho cov duab thiab kev txheeb xyuas siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no muaj nyob rau ntawm JAXA Data Archiving and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2.Kab lus no muab cov ntaub ntawv qub.
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