Amapayipi angahlukaniswa ngamapayipi ensimbi kanye namapayipi angewona awensimbi. Amapayipi ensimbi ahlukaniswa futhi abe izinhlobo ze-ferrous kanye nezinhlobo ezingezona ezensimbi. Izinsimbi ze-ferrous zakhiwe kakhulu ngensimbi, kuyilapho izinsimbi ezingezona ezensimbi zakhiwe ngensimbi. Amapayipi ensimbi ye-carbon, amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali, amapayipi e-chrome molybdenum kanye namapayipi ensimbi ahlanganisiwe wonke angamapayipi ensimbi ensimbi anensimbi njengengxenye eyinhloko. Amapayipi e-nickel ne-nickel alloy, kanye namapayipi ethusi, angamapayipi angewona awensimbi. Amapayipi epulasitiki, amapayipi ekhonkrithi, amapayipi ahlanganiswe ngepulasitiki, amapayipi ahlanganiswe ngengilazi, amapayipi ahlanganiswe ngekhonkrithi kanye namanye amapayipi akhethekile angasetshenziswa ngezinjongo ezikhethekile abizwa ngokuthi amapayipi angewona awensimbi. Amapayipi ensimbi e-ferrous yiwona amapayipi asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yamandla; amapayipi ensimbi ye-carbon asetshenziswa kakhulu. Izindinganiso ze-ASTM kanye ne-ASME zilawula amapayipi ahlukahlukene kanye nezinto zokufaka amapayipi ezisetshenziswa embonini yenqubo.
Insimbi yekhabhoni yinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini, ebanga ngaphezu kwama-90% womkhiqizo wensimbi iyonke. Ngokusekelwe kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, izinsimbi zekhabhoni zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu:
Ezinsimbini ezihlanganisiwe, kusetshenziswa izilinganiso ezahlukene zezinto ezihlanganisiwe ukuze kufezwe izimfanelo ezifiselekayo (ezithuthukisiwe) njengokushiselwa, ukuguquguquka, ukusebenza kahle, amandla, ukuqina kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, njll. Ezinye zezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni kanye nezindima zazo yilezi ezilandelayo:
Insimbi engagqwali iyinsimbi ye-alloy enokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okungu-10.5% (ubuncane). Insimbi engagqwali ibonisa ukumelana nokugqwala okungavamile ngenxa yokwakheka kwengqimba encane kakhulu ye-Cr2O3 ebusweni. Le ngqimba yaziwa nangokuthi ungqimba olungasebenzi. Ukwandisa inani le-chromium kuzothuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto. Ngaphezu kwe-chromium, i-nickel ne-molybdenum kuyangezwa ukuze kunikezwe izakhiwo ezifiselekayo (noma ezithuthukisiwe). Insimbi engagqwali iqukethe namanani ahlukahlukene e-carbon, i-silicon ne-manganese. Insimbi engagqwali ihlukaniswa kabanzi ngokuthi:
Ngaphezu kwalawa magredi angenhla, amanye amagredi athuthukile (noma amagredi akhethekile) ensimbi engagqwali asetshenziswa embonini yile:
Izinsimbi zamathuluzi zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni (0.5% kuya ku-1.5%). Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni kunikeza ubulukhuni namandla aphezulu. Le nsimbi isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni amathuluzi nezikhunta. Izinsimbi zamathuluzi ziqukethe amanani ahlukahlukene e-tungsten, i-cobalt, i-molybdenum, ne-vanadium ukwandisa ukushisa kwensimbi kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kanye nokuqina kwayo. Lokhu kwenza insimbi yamathuluzi ibe yindawo ekahle kakhulu yamathuluzi okusika nokubhoboza.
Lawa mapayipi asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezinqubo. Izimpawu ze-ASTM kanye ne-ASME zamapayipi zibukeka zihlukile, kodwa amazinga ezinto ayafana. Isib:
Ukwakheka kwezinto kanye nezakhiwo kumakhodi e-ASME kanye ne-ASTM kuyafana ngaphandle kwegama. Amandla okudonsa e-ASTM A 106 Gr A angama-330 Mpa, i-ASTM A 106 Gr B angama-415 Mpa, kanti i-ASTM A 106 Gr C angama-485 Mpa. Ipayipi lensimbi yekhabhoni elisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-ASTM A 106 Gr B. Kukhona enye indlela esikhundleni se-ASTM A 106 Gr A 330 Mpa, i-ASTM A 53 (i-Hot Dip Galvanized noma i-Line Pipe), okuyipayipi lensimbi yekhabhoni elisetshenziswa kabanzi lepayipi. Ipayipi le-ASTM A 53 litholakala ngamagremu amabili:
Ipayipi le-ASTM A 53 lihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu – Uhlobo E (ERW – Okuhlanganisiwe Okuphikiswayo), Uhlobo F (Isithando Somlilo kanye Nokuhlanganisiwe Okuhlanganisiwe), Uhlobo S (Okungenamthungo). Kuhlobo E, zombili i-ASTM A 53 Gr A kanye ne-ASTM A 53 Gr B ziyatholakala. Kuhlobo F, i-ASTM A 53 Gr A kuphela etholakalayo, kanti kuhlobo S, i-ASTM A 53 Gr A kanye ne-ASTM A 53 Gr B nazo ziyatholakala. Amandla okunamathela epayipi le-ASTM A 53 Gr A afana ne-ASTM A 106 Gr A ku-330 Mpa. Amandla okunamathela epayipi le-ASTM A 53 Gr B afana ne-ASTM A 106 Gr B ku-415 Mpa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amapayipi e-carbon steel grade asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yenqubo.
Amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yokucubungula abizwa ngokuthi ama-austenitic stainless steels. Isici esibalulekile sensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ukuthi ayinamandla kazibuthe noma ayinamandla e-paramagnetic. Izimpawu ezintathu ezibalulekile zensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic yilezi:
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-18 kule ncazelo, lapho u-304 L esetshenziswa kakhulu. Isigaba esidumile yi-316 L ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala okuphezulu. I-ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) yamapayipi angu-8 amayintshi noma ngaphansi ububanzi. I-“L” kanye nezinga libonisa ukuthi inokuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni, okuthuthukisa ukushibilika kwesigaba samapayipi.
Le ncazelo isebenza kumapayipi ahlanganisiwe anobubanzi obukhulu. Amashejuli okufaka amapayipi ahlanganiswe kule ncazelo yiShejuli 5S kanye neShejuli 10.
Ukushibilika Kwezinsimbi Ezingagqwali Zase-Austenitic – Izinsimbi ezingqwali zase-Austenitic zinokukhula okuphezulu kokushisa kunezinsimbi ezingqwali zase-ferritic noma zase-martensitic. Ngenxa ye-coefficient ephezulu yokwanda kokushisa kanye nokuqhuba okuphansi kokushisa kwensimbi engagqwali yase-austenitic, ukuguqulwa noma ukugoba kungenzeka ngesikhathi sokushibilika. Insimbi engagqwali yase-Austenitic ithambekele ekuqineni nasekuqhekekeni koketshezi. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa okufanele lapho kukhethwa izinto zokugcwalisa kanye nezinqubo zokushibilika. Ukushibilika kwe-arc okucwiliswe emanzini (i-SAW) akunconywa lapho kudingeka ukushibilika kwensimbi engagqwali yase-austenitic ngokugcwele noma okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-ferrite. Ithebula (Isithasiselo-1) liyisiqondiso sokukhetha ucingo noma i-electrode efanele yokugcwalisa ngokusekelwe ezintweni eziyisisekelo (zezinsimbi ezingqwali zase-austenitic).
Amapayipi e-Chromium molybdenum afanelekela imigqa yesevisi yokushisa okuphezulu ngoba amandla okunamathela kwamapayipi e-chrome molybdenum awashintshi ngesikhathi sokushisa okuphezulu. Leli payipi lisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla, kuma-heat exchanger, nokunye okunjalo. Leli payipi liyi-ASTM A 335 ngamanani amaningana:
Amapayipi ensimbi asetshenziswa ekucimeni umlilo, ekukhipheni amanzi, ekuthuthweni kwamanzi angcolile, ekufakeni amanzi angcolile (ngaphansi komsebenzi onzima) - ekufakeni amapayipi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezinye izinsizakalo. Amazinga amapayipi ensimbi angaphansi yile:
Amapayipi ensimbi athambile asetshenziswa emapayipini angaphansi komhlaba ezinsizeni zomlilo. Amapayipi e-Dürr aqinile ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-silicon. Lawa mapayipi asetshenziselwa insizakalo ye-asidi yezentengiselwano, njengoba izinga libonisa ukumelana ne-asidi yezentengiselwano, kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi okukhipha imfucuza ye-asidi.
UNirmal Surendran Menon wathola iziqu zeBachelor of Mechanical Engineering e-Anna University, eTamil Nadu, eNdiya ngo-2005 kanye neMaster of Science in Project Management eNational University of Singapore ngo-2010. Usembonini kawoyela/igesi/i-petrochemical. Njengamanje usebenza njengonjiniyela wensimu kuphrojekthi yokwenziwa koketshezi lwe-LNG eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLouisiana. Njengengxenye yokwenziwa kwephrojekthi, izintshisekelo zakhe zifaka phakathi ukuhlanzwa kwesistimu yamapayipi kanye nokuvimbela ukulahleka kwezikhungo zokwenziwa koketshezi lwe-LNG.
U-Ashish uneziqu ze-bachelor kwezobunjiniyela futhi uneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ehilelekile kakhulu kwezobunjiniyela, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi/ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, iziqu/ukuqapha kwabaphakeli, ukuthengwa kwempahla, ukuhlela izinsiza zokuhlola, ukushisela, ukukhiqiza, ukwakha kanye nokunikeza izinkontileka ezingaphansi.
Imisebenzi kawoyela negesi ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezikude kude nendlunkulu yenkampani. Manje, kungenzeka ukuqapha ukusebenza kwephampu, ukuhlela nokuhlaziya idatha yokuzamazama komhlaba, nokulandelela abasebenzi emhlabeni wonke cishe noma kuphi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abasebenzi basehhovisi noma abakho, i-inthanethi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlobene zivumela ukugeleza nokulawula kolwazi oluqondiswe ngezindlela eziningi kunanini ngaphambili.
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