Mapaipi anogona kukamurwa kuita mapaipi esimbi uye asiri esimbi. Mapaipi esimbi anopatsanurwawo kuita mhando dzesimbi nedzisina simbi. Simbi dzesimbi dzinonyanya kuumbwa nesimbi, nepo simbi dzisina simbi hadzina simbi. Mapaipi esimbi yecarbon, mapaipi esimbi isina ngura, mapaipi echrome molybdenum uye mapaipi esimbi yakakandwa ese mapaipi esimbi ane simbi ine simbi sechinhu chikuru. Mapaipi eNickel neNickel alloy, pamwe nemapaipi emhangura, mapaipi asina simbi. Mapaipi epurasitiki, mapaipi ekongiri, mapaipi epurasitiki, mapaipi egirazi, mapaipi ane kongiri uye mamwe mapaipi akakosha anogona kushandiswa kune zvinangwa zvakakosha anonzi mapaipi asina simbi. Mapaipi esimbi esimbi eferrous ndiwo mapaipi anonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yesimba; mapaipi esimbi yecarbon anoshandiswa zvakanyanya. ASTM neASME zviyero zvinotonga mapaipi akasiyana-siyana nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa muindasitiri yekugadzira.
Simbi yekabhoni ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri, ichikonzera zvinopfuura 90% yesimbi yese inogadzirwa. Zvichibva pahuwandu hwekabhoni, simbi dzekabhoni dzakakamurwazve kuita mapoka matatu:
Musimbi dzakasanganiswa, huwandu hwakasiyana hwezvinhu zvinosanganiswa zvinoshandiswa kuwana hunhu hunodiwa (hwakagadziridzwa) hwakadai sekugona kuchinjika, kugona kuchinjika, kugona kuchinjika, simba, kuomarara uye kuramba ngura, nezvimwewo. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukubatanidza uye mabasa azvo ndeizvi:
Simbi isina ngura isimbi yemhando ye alloy ine chromium ye10.5% (zvishoma). Simbi isina ngura inoratidza kuramba kusingawanzoitiki nekuda kwekuumbwa kwechikamu chakatetepa cheCr2O3 pamusoro. Chikamu ichi chinozivikanwawo sechikamu che passive. Kuwedzera huwandu hwechromium kuchawedzera kuramba kusingagadzirisike kwezvinhu. Pamusoro pechromium, nickel ne molybdenum zvinowedzerwa kuti zvipe hunhu hunodiwa (kana kuti hwakavandudzwa). Simbi isina ngura inewo huwandu hwakasiyana hwekabhoni, silicon ne manganese. Simbi isina ngura inoiswawo muzvikamu se:
Pamusoro pemagiredhi ari pamusoro apa, mamwe magiredhi epamusoro (kana magiredhi chaiwo) esimbi dzisina ngura dzinoshandiswawo muindasitiri ndeaya:
Simbi dzezvishandiso dzine kabhoni yakawanda (0.5% kusvika 1.5%). Kabhoni yakawanda inopa kuomarara uye simba rakawanda. Simbi iyi inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira maturusi nemaforoma. Simbi dzezvishandiso dzine huwandu hwakasiyana hwe tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, uye vanadium kuwedzera kupisa kwesimbi uye kuramba kupfeka pamwe nekugara kwenguva refu. Izvi zvinoita kuti simbi yezvishandiso ive yakanaka pakucheka nekuboora maturusi.
Mapaipi aya anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yekugadzira zvinhu. ASTM neASME mazita emapaipi anotaridzika zvakasiyana, asi mamakisi ezvinhu akafanana. Semuenzaniso:
Kuumbwa kwezvinhu uye hunhu hwemakodhi eASME neASTM zvakafanana kunze kwezita. Simba rekudhonza reASTM A 106 Gr A i330 Mpa, ASTM A 106 Gr B i415 Mpa, uye ASTM A 106 Gr C i485 Mpa. Pombi yesimbi yekabhoni inonyanya kushandiswa iASTM A 106 Gr B. Pane imwe nzira yeASTM A 106 Gr A 330 Mpa, ASTM A 53 (Hot Dip Galvanized kana Line Pipe), iyo inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mupombi yesimbi yekabhoni yepombi. Pombi yeASTM A 53 inowanikwa mumagiredhi maviri:
ASTM A 53 Pipe yakakamurwa kuita mhando nhatu - Type E (ERW - Resistance Welded), Type F (Furnace and Butt Welded), Type S (Seamless). MuType E, ese ari maviri ASTM A 53 Gr A neASTM A 53 Gr B anowanikwa. MuType F, ASTM A 53 Gr A chete ndiyo inowanikwa, nepo muType S, ASTM A 53 Gr A neASTM A 53 Gr B zviripowo. Simba rekudhonza reASTM A 53 Gr A pipe rakafanana neASTM A 106 Gr A pa330 Mpa. Simba rekudhonza reASTM A 53 Gr B pipe rakafanana neASTM A 106 Gr B pa415 Mpa. Izvi zvinofukidza mapaipi emhando yesimbi yekabhoni anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yekugadzira.
Mapaipi esimbi isingasvibi anonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yekugadzira anonzi austenitic stainless steels. Hunhu hwakakosha hwe austenitic stainless steel ndeyekuti haina magineti kana kuti paramagnetic. Zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha zve austenitic stainless steels ndeizvi:
Kune magiredhi gumi nemasere mune izvi, ayo 304 L ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Chikamu chakakurumbira i316 L nekuda kwekudzivirira kwayo ngura zvakanyanya.ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) yemapombi ane dhayamita 8 inches kana pasi. "L" pamwe chete negiredhi zvinoratidza kuti ine kabhoni shoma, izvo zvinovandudza kuchinjika kwegiredhi repombi.
Tsanangudzo iyi inoshanda kumapombi akasungirirwa ane dhayamita hombe. Zvirongwa zvemapaipi zvinosanganisirwa mutsanangudzo iyi ndeizvi: Schedule 5S neSchedule 10.
Kuwirirana kweAustenitic Stainless Steels – Simbi dzisingatsvi dzeAustenitic dzine kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwekupisa kupfuura simbi dzisingatsvi dzeferritic kana martensitic. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwakanyanya kwekupisa uye kuderera kwekupisa kwesimbi isingatsvi yeaustenitic, kushanduka kana kupwanyika kunogona kuitika panguva yekuwelda. Simbi isingatsvi yeAustenitic inowanzo kusimba uye kupwanyika kwemvura. Saka, kungwarira kwakakodzera kunofanira kutorwa pakusarudza zvinhu zvekuzadza uye maitiro ekuwelda. Kuwelda kwearc yakanyudzwa pasi (SAW) hakukurudzirwi kana kuwelda kwesimbi isingatsvi yeaustenitic yakazara kana ferrite yakaderera. Tafura (Appendix-1) igwara rekusarudza waya yekuzadza yakakodzera kana electrode zvichibva pane zvinhu zvepasi (zvesimbi dzisingatsvi dzeaustenitic).
Machubhu eChromium molybdenum akakodzera mitsetse yekushandira tembiricha yepamusoro nekuti simba rekudhonza remachubhu echrome molybdenum harichinji kana tembiricha yakakwira. Chubhu iyi inoshandiswa muma power plants, heat exchangers, nezvimwewo. Chubhu iyi iASTM A 335 mumhando dzakasiyana siyana:
Mapaipi esimbi anoshandiswa pakudzimisa moto, kubvisa mvura, tsvina, pombi dzemvura dzinorema (dziri pasi pevhu) - pombi dzemvura dzinoshandiswa pasi pevhu nedzimwe nzvimbo. Mapombi esimbi anoshandiswa ndeaya:
Mapaipi esimbi anoshandiswa mumapaipi epasi pevhu pabasa rekudzimisa moto. Mapaipi esimbi akaomarara nekuda kwekuvapo kwesilicon. Mapaipi aya anoshandiswa pabasa reasidhi yekutengeserana, sezvo chiyero chinoratidza kusabatwa neasidhi yekutengeserana, uye pakurapa mvura inoburitsa tsvina yeasidhi.
Nirmal Surendran Menon akawana Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering kubva kuAnna University, Tamil Nadu, India muna 2005 uye Master of Science muProject Management kubva kuNational University of Singapore muna 2010. Ari muindasitiri yemafuta/gasi/petrochemical. Pari zvino ari kushanda seinjiniya wemunda papurojekiti yeLNG liquefaction kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweLouisiana. Sechikamu chekuita chirongwa ichi, zvaanofarira zvinosanganisira kuchenesa masisitimu epombi uye kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo dzeLNG liquefaction.
Ashish ane dhigirii reBachelor muinjiniya uye ane makore anopfuura makumi maviri ekubatanidzwa zvakanyanya muinjiniya, kuvimbisa mhando/kudzora mhando, hunyanzvi hwemutengesi/kutarisa, kutenga, kuronga zviwanikwa zvekuongorora, kusanganisa, kugadzira, kuvaka uye kuita makambani madiki.
Mashandiro emafuta negesi anowanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo dziri kure kure nemahofisi makuru emakambani. Iye zvino, zvinokwanisika kutarisa mashandiro epombi, kuronga nekuongorora data rekudengenyeka kwenyika, uye kutevera vashandi pasi rese kubva chero kupi. Kunyangwe vashandi vari muhofisi kana kuti vasiri, Indaneti nemapurogiramu akafanana anogonesa kuyerera kukuru kweruzivo nekutonga kupfuura kare.
Nyorera kuOILMAN Nhasi, tsamba inotumirwa kaviri pavhiki mubhokisi rako retsamba ine zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezvenhau dzebhizinesi remafuta negasi, zviitiko zvazvino uye ruzivo rweindasitiri.