Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā paipu i nā paipu metala a me nā paipu metala ʻole. Hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia nā paipu metala i nā ʻano ferrous a me nā ʻano non-ferrous. Hana nui ʻia nā metala Ferrous i ka hao, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā metala non-ferrous i ka hao. ʻO nā paipu kila kalapona, nā paipu kila kila, nā paipu chrome molybdenum a me nā paipu hao i hoʻolei ʻia he mau paipu metala ferrous me ka hao ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana nui. ʻO nā paipu nickel a me nickel alloy, a me nā paipu keleawe, he mau paipu non-ferrous. ʻO nā paipu plastik, nā paipu sima, nā paipu i uhi ʻia i ka plastik, nā paipu i uhi ʻia i ke aniani, nā paipu i uhi ʻia i ka sima a me nā paipu kūikawā ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā kumu kūikawā i kapa ʻia he mau paipu non-metala. ʻO nā paipu metala Ferrous nā paipu i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana ikehu; hoʻohana nui ʻia nā paipu kila kalapona. Hoʻomalu nā kūlana ASTM a me ASME i nā ʻano paipu like ʻole a me nā mea paipu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana hana.
ʻO ke kila kalapona ke kila i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka ʻoihana, e helu ana ma mua o 90% o ka hana kila holoʻokoʻa. Ma muli o ka nui o ke kalapona, ua māhele hou ʻia nā kila kalapona i ʻekolu mau māhele:
I loko o nā kila i hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻokō i nā waiwai i makemake ʻia (i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia) e like me ka weldability, ductility, machinability, ikaika, hardenability a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion, a pēlā aku. ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia a me kā lākou mau kuleana penei:
He kila kila me ka nui o ka chromium he 10.5% (ka palena iki) ke kila kila. Hōʻike ke kila kila i ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi i ka pala ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi papa Cr2O3 lahilahi loa ma luna o ka ʻili. Ua kapa ʻia kēia papa ʻo ka papa passive. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka chromium e hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku i ke kūpaʻa pala o ka mea. Ma waho aʻe o ka chromium, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka nickel a me ka molybdenum e hāʻawi i nā waiwai i makemake ʻia (a i ʻole i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia). Loaʻa i ke kila kila nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kalapona, silicon a me ka manganese. Ua hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia ke kila kila e like me:
Ma waho aʻe o nā māka i luna, ʻo kekahi mau kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe (a i ʻole nā ​​māka kūikawā) i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana:
He kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ke kalapona o nā kila mea hana (0.5% a 1.5%). ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kalapona e hāʻawi i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia kila e hana i nā mea hana a me nā ʻōmole. Loaʻa i nā kila mea hana nā ʻano like ʻole o ka tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, a me vanadium e hoʻonui i ka wela o ka metala a me ke kūpaʻa a me ke kūpaʻa. ʻO kēia ka mea e kūpono ai ke kila mea hana no ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka wili ʻana i nā mea hana.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau paipu i ka ʻoihana hana. ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o nā hōʻailona ASTM a me ASME no nā paipu, akā like nā māka mea. E.g.
Ua like ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea a me nā waiwai ma nā code ASME a me ASTM koe wale nō ka inoa. ʻO ka ikaika tensile o ASTM A 106 Gr A he 330 Mpa, ʻo ASTM A 106 Gr B he 415 Mpa, a ʻo ASTM A 106 Gr C he 485 Mpa. ʻO ka paipu kila kalapona i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo ASTM A 106 Gr B. Aia kekahi ʻē aʻe i ASTM A 106 Gr A 330 Mpa, ASTM A 53 (Hot Dip Galvanized a i ʻole Line Pipe), he papa hoʻi i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka paipu kila kalapona no ka paipu. Loaʻa ka paipu ASTM A 53 i ʻelua mau papa:
Ua māhele ʻia ka Paipu ASTM A 53 i ʻekolu ʻano - ʻAno E (ERW - Resistance Welded), ʻAno F (Furnace and Butt Welded), ʻAno S (Seamless). Ma ke ʻAno E, loaʻa nā ASTM A 53 Gr A a me ASTM A 53 Gr B. Ma ke ʻAno F, loaʻa wale nō ka ASTM A 53 Gr A, ʻoiai ma ke ʻAno S, loaʻa pū kekahi ASTM A 53 Gr A a me ASTM A 53 Gr B. Ua like ka ikaika tensile o ka paipu ASTM A 53 Gr A me ASTM A 106 Gr A ma 330 Mpa. Ua like ka ikaika tensile o ka paipu ASTM A 53 Gr B me ASTM A 106 Gr B ma 415 Mpa. Uhi kēia i nā paipu kila kalapona i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka ʻoihana hana.
ʻO nā paipu kila kila i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana hana ʻana ua kapa ʻia he mau kila kila austenitic. ʻO ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o ke kila kila austenitic ʻo ia ka mea ʻaʻole magnetic a paramagnetic paha. ʻEkolu mau kikoʻī koʻikoʻi no nā kila kila austenitic:
Aia he 18 mau māka ma kēia kikoʻī, ʻo 304 L ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻO kahi māhele kaulana ʻo 316 L ma muli o kona kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka pala. ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) no nā paipu 8 ʻīniha a emi mai paha ke anawaena. ʻO ka "L" me ka māka e hōʻike ana he haʻahaʻa kona ʻike kalapona, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia o ka māka paipu.
Pili kēia kikoʻī i nā paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke anawaena nui. ʻO nā papa hana paipu i uhi ʻia ma kēia kikoʻī ʻo ia ka Papa Kuhikuhi 5S a me ka Papa Kuhikuhi 10.
ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia o nā kila kila Austenitic - ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wela o nā kila kila Austenitic ma mua o nā kila kila ferritic a martensitic paha. Ma muli o ke koina kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wela a me ka conductivity wela haʻahaʻa o ke kila kila austenitic, hiki ke hana ʻia ka deformation a i ʻole warpage i ka wā o ka hoʻopili ʻana. He maʻalahi ke kila kila Austenitic i ka solidification a me ka liquefaction cracking. No laila, pono e mālama pono i ke koho ʻana i nā mea hoʻopihapiha a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻopili. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka arc submerged (SAW) i ka wā e pono ai nā hoʻopili kila kila austenitic piha a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mea ferrite haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka papa (Appendix-1) he alakaʻi no ke koho ʻana i ka uea hoʻopihapiha kūpono a i ʻole ka electrode e pili ana i ka mea kumu (no nā kila kila austenitic).
He kūpono ka paipu chromium molybdenum no nā laina lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe no ka mea ʻaʻole i loli ka ikaika tensile o ka paipu chrome molybdenum i ka wā wela kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka paipu i nā mea kanu mana, nā mea hoʻololi wela, a me nā mea like. ʻO ASTM A 335 ka paipu ma kekahi mau papa:
Hoʻohana ʻia nā paipu hao hao no ke kinai ahi, ka hoʻokahe wai, ka wai ʻino, ka hana kaumaha (ma lalo o ka hana kaumaha) - ka plumbing ma lalo o ka honua a me nā lawelawe ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā ʻano o nā paipu hao hao:
Hoʻohana ʻia nā paipu hao ductile i nā paipu lepo no nā lawelawe ahi. He paʻakikī nā paipu Dürr ma muli o ke alo o ka silicon. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau paipu no ka lawelawe waikawa kalepa, no ka mea, hōʻike ka papa i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka waikawa kalepa, a no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā ʻōpala waikawa.
Ua loaʻa iā Nirmal Surendran Menon ke kēkelē laepua ma ke ʻenekinia mīkini mai ke Kulanui ʻo Anna, Tamil Nadu, India i ka makahiki 2005 a me ke kēkelē laeoʻo ma ka hoʻokele papahana mai ke Kulanui ʻĀina o Singapore i ka makahiki 2010. Aia ʻo ia ma ka ʻoihana aila/kinoea/petrochemical. Ke hana nei ʻo ia i kēia manawa ma ke ʻano he ʻenekinia kahua ma kahi papahana hoʻoheheʻe LNG ma ke komohana hema o Louisiana. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka papahana, ʻo kāna mau makemake ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana paipu a me ka pale ʻana i ka pohō no nā hale hoʻoheheʻe LNG.
Loaʻa iā Ashish ke kēkelē laepua ma ke ʻenekinia a he ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau makahiki o ka hana nui ʻana i ka ʻenekinia, ka hōʻoia maikaʻi/kaohi maikaʻi, ka hōʻoia/nānā ʻana i nā mea hoʻolako, ke kūʻai ʻana, ka hoʻolālā kumuwaiwai nānā, ka wili ʻana, ka hana ʻana, ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻaelike.
Aia pinepine nā hana aila a me ke kinoea ma nā wahi mamao aku mai ke keʻena nui o ka ʻoihana. I kēia manawa, hiki ke nānā i ka hana pamu, hoʻonohonoho a kālailai i ka ʻikepili seismic, a hahai i nā limahana a puni ka honua mai nā wahi āpau. Inā paha ma ke keʻena a ma kahi ʻē paha nā limahana, hiki i ka Pūnaewele a me nā noi pili ke kahe ʻike multidirectional nui aʻe a me ka kaohi ma mua o ka wā ma mua.
E kākau inoa iā OILMAN I kēia lā, he nūhou ʻelua pule i hāʻawi ʻia i kāu pahu leka me nā mea āpau e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike e pili ana i nā nūhou ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea, nā hanana o kēia manawa a me ka ʻike ʻoihana.