Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā paipa ki ngā paipa whakarewa me ngā paipa kore-whakarewa. Ka wehea anō ngā paipa whakarewa ki ngā momo rino me ngā momo kore-whakarewa. Ko ngā konganuku rino he mea hanga nui ki te rino, engari kāore ngā konganuku kore-whakarewa i te rino. Ko ngā paipa rino waro, ngā paipa rino kore waikura, ngā paipa chrome molybdenum me ngā paipa rino maka he paipa rino katoa me te rino hei wāhanga matua. Ko ngā paipa nikara me te nikara koranu, me ngā paipa parahi, he paipa kore-whakarewa. Ko ngā paipa kirihou, ngā paipa raima, ngā paipa kua whakakikoruatia ki te kirihou, ngā paipa kua whakakikoruatia ki te karāhe, ngā paipa kua whakakikoruatia ki te raima me ētahi atu paipa motuhake ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā kaupapa motuhake ka kiia he paipa kore-whakarewa. Ko ngā paipa rino rino ngā paipa e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga pūngao; he whānui te whakamahinga o ngā paipa rino waro. Ko ngā paerewa ASTM me ASME e whakahaere ana i ngā momo paipa me ngā rauemi paipa e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga tukatuka.
Ko te maitai waro te maitai e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i te ahumahi, e 90% neke atu i te katoa o te hanga maitai. I runga i te nui o te waro, ka wehea anō ngā maitai waro ki ngā wāhanga e toru:
I roto i ngā maitai whakarewa, ka whakamahia ngā ōwehenga rerekē o ngā huānga whakarewa hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana (kua whakapaitia) pērā i te āheinga whakarewa, te ngāwari, te āheinga miihini, te kaha, te āheinga whakapakeke me te ātete ki te waikura, me ētahi atu. Ko ētahi o ngā huānga whakarewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana me ō rātou mahi koia ēnei:
He maitai koranu te maitai kore waikura, he 10.5% te nui o te chromium (iti rawa). He tino ātete te maitai kore waikura ki te waikura nā te hanganga o tētahi paparanga Cr2O3 angiangi rawa i runga i te mata. E mōhiotia ana hoki tēnei paparanga ko te paparanga kore mahi. Mā te whakanui ake i te nui o te chromium ka whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o te rauemi. Haunga te chromium, ka tāpirihia te nickel me te molybdenum hei hoatu i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana (e pai ake rānei). Kei roto hoki i te maitai kore waikura ngā nui rerekē o te waro, te silicon me te manganese. Ka whakarōpūtia anō te maitai kore waikura hei:
Haunga ngā tohu o runga ake nei, ko ētahi o ngā maitai kowiri tira taumata matatau (tohu motuhake rānei) e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga ko:
He nui te ihirangi waro o ngā maitai taputapu (0.5% ki te 1.5%). Mā te nui o te ihirangi waro ka nui ake te pakeke me te kaha. Ko te nuinga o tēnei maitai ka whakamahia hei hanga taputapu me ngā pokepoke. He rerekē ngā rahinga o te tungsten, te cobalt, te molybdenum, me te vanadium kei roto i ngā maitai taputapu hei whakanui ake i te ātete wera me te ātete kakahu o te konganuku, tae atu ki te roa. Nā tēnei ka pai te maitai taputapu mō te tapahi me te keri taputapu.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ēnei paipa i roto i te umanga tukatuka. He rerekē te āhua o ngā tohu ASTM me ASME mō ngā paipa, engari he rite tonu ngā tohu rauemi. Hei tauira:
He ōrite te hanganga rauemi me ngā āhuatanga o ngā waehere ASME me ASTM engari ko te ingoa anake. Ko te kaha kume o ASTM A 106 Gr A he 330 Mpa, ko ASTM A 106 Gr B he 415 Mpa, ā, ko ASTM A 106 Gr C he 485 Mpa. Ko te paipa maitai waro e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ASTM A 106 Gr B. He rerekē anō ki te ASTM A 106 Gr A 330 Mpa, ASTM A 53 (Hot Dip Galvanized, Line Pipe rānei), he momo paipa maitai waro e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā paipa. E rua ngā momo o te paipa ASTM A 53:
E toru ngā momo o te Paipa ASTM A 53 – Momo E (ERW – Ātete Whakapiri), Momo F (Umu me te Whakapiri), Momo S (Tuitui Kore). I roto i te Momo E, e wātea ana te ASTM A 53 Gr A me te ASTM A 53 Gr B. I roto i te Momo F, ko te ASTM A 53 Gr A anake e wātea ana, i te Momo S, ko te ASTM A 53 Gr A me te ASTM A 53 Gr B hoki e wātea ana. He rite te kaha kume o te paipa ASTM A 53 Gr A ki te ASTM A 106 Gr A i te 330 Mpa. He rite te kaha kume o te paipa ASTM A 53 Gr B ki te ASTM A 106 Gr B i te 415 Mpa. E kapi ana tēnei i ngā paipa maitai waro e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga tukatuka.
Ko ngā paipa kowiri tira e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i te umanga tukatuka e kiia ana he kowiri tira austenitic. Ko te āhuatanga matua o te kowiri tira austenitic ko tōna kore-aukume, ko tōna para-aukume rānei. E toru ngā whakatakotoranga nui mō ngā kowiri tira austenitic:
Tekau mā waru ngā tohu o tēnei whakatakotoranga, ā, ko te 304 L te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ko te 316 L tētahi o ngā momo rongonui nā te mea he nui tōna ātete ki te waikura. ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) mō ngā paipa 8 inihi te whānui, iti iho rānei. Ko te "L" me te tohu e tohu ana he iti te ihirangi waro, e whakapai ake ana i te āheinga whakarewa o te tohu paipa.
E pā ana tēnei whakatakotoranga ki ngā paipa whakarewa whānui. Ko ngā rārangi paipa e hipokina ana i roto i tēnei whakatakotoranga ko te Rārangi 5S me te Rārangi 10.
Te Āheinga Whakarewa o ngā Rino Kowiri tira Austenitic – He nui ake te whānui o te wera o ngā rino kowiri tira Austenitic i ngā rino kowiri tira ferritic, martensitic rānei. Nā te nui o te tauwehenga wera me te iti o te kawe wera o te rino kowiri tira austenitic, ka puta te whakarerekētanga, te piko rānei i te wā e whakarewa ana. He ngāwari te rino kowiri tira austenitic ki te totoka me te pakaru wai. Nō reira, me tino tupato i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā rauemi whakakī me ngā tukanga whakarewa. Kāore i te tūtohutia te whakarewa pewa ruku (SAW) ina hiahiatia he whakarewa rino kowiri tira austenitic katoa, he whakarewa iti rānei te ihirangi ferrite. Ko te ripanga (Tāpiritanga-1) he aratohu mō te whiriwhiri i te waea whakakī, i te hiko rānei e tika ana i runga i te rauemi turanga (mō ngā rino kowiri tira austenitic).
He pai ngā ngongo chromium molybdenum mō ngā raina ratonga pāmahana teitei nā te mea ka noho tonu te kaha kume o ngā ngongo chrome molybdenum i ngā pāmahana teitei. Ka kitea te whakamahinga o te ngongo i roto i ngā tipu hiko, ngā whakawhiti wera, me ērā atu mea. He ASTM A 335 te ngongo i roto i ētahi taumata:
Ka whakamahia ngā paipa rino maka mō te tinei ahi, te whakaheke wai, te paru, te mahi taumaha (i raro i te mahi taumaha) – te mahi paipa i raro i te whenua me ētahi atu ratonga. Ko ngā momo paipa rino maka ko:
E whakamahia ana ngā paipa rino ngāwari ki ngā paipa o raro whenua mō ngā ratonga ahi. He mārō ngā paipa Dürr nā te mea kei roto te silicon. E whakamahia ana ēnei paipa mō ngā ratonga waikawa arumoni, nā te mea e whakaatu ana te karaehe i te ātete ki te waikawa arumoni, me te maimoatanga wai e tuku ana i ngā para waikawa.
I whiwhi a Nirmal Surendran Menon i te Tohu Paetahi Hangarau Mīhini mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Anna, Tamil Nadu, Īnia i te tau 2005, me te Tohu Paerua Pūtaiao i te Whakahaere Kaupapa mai i Te Whare Wānanga o te Motu o Hingaiapore i te tau 2010. Kei roto ia i te umanga hinu/hau/matū matū. Kei te mahi ia i tēnei wā hei miihini mara i tētahi kaupapa wairewa LNG i te tonga-mā-uru o Louisiana. Hei wāhanga o te whakahaere kaupapa, ko āna hiahia ko te horoi i te pūnaha paipa me te aukati i te ngaronga mō ngā whakaurunga wairewa LNG.
He tohu paetahi tā Ashish i roto i te hangarau, ā, neke atu i te 20 tau tana whai wāhi nui ki te hangarau, te whakaū kounga/whakahaere kounga, te tohu/aroturuki kaiwhakarato, te hokohoko, te whakamahere rauemi tirotiro, te whakarewa, te hanga, te hanga me te mahi kirimana iti.
He maha ngā wā kei ngā wāhi tawhiti ngā mahi hinu me te hau, tawhiti atu i te tari matua o te kamupene. Ināianei, ka taea te aroturuki i te mahi papu, te whakarite me te tātari i ngā raraunga rū whenua, me te whai i ngā kaimahi huri noa i te ao mai i ngā wāhi katoa. Ahakoa kei te tari, kei tawhiti rānei ngā kaimahi, mā te Ipurangi me ngā tono e pā ana ka taea te rere me te whakahaere i ngā mōhiohio maha-aronga nui atu i mua.
Ohauru ki a OILMAN Today, he pānui e rua-wiki ka tukuna ki tō pouakaroto me ngā mea katoa e hiahia ana koe ki te mōhio mō ngā purongo pakihi hinu me te hau, ngā kaupapa o nāianei me ngā mōhiohio ahumahi.