Imiyoboro ishobora kugabanywamo imiyoboro y'icyuma n'imiyoboro itari iy'icyuma. Imiyoboro y'icyuma igabanywamo ubwoko bwa fer n'imiyoboro idakoresha fer. Ibyuma bya fer bigizwe ahanini n'icyuma, mu gihe ibyuma bidakoresha fer bidakoresha icyuma. Imiyoboro y'icyuma ya karuboni, imiyoboro y'icyuma kitagira umugese, imiyoboro ya chrome molybdenum n'imiyoboro y'icyuma gishongeshejwe byose ni imiyoboro y'icyuma ifite fer hamwe n'icyuma nk'igice cy'ingenzi. Imiyoboro ya nikeli na aloyi ya nikeli, hamwe n'imiyoboro y'umuringa, ni imiyoboro idakoresha fer. Imiyoboro ya pulasitiki, imiyoboro ya sima, imiyoboro ya pulasitiki, imiyoboro y'ibirahuri, imiyoboro ya sima n'indi miyoboro yihariye ishobora gukoreshwa mu mirimo yihariye yitwa imiyoboro idakoresha ibyuma. Imiyoboro y'icyuma ya fer ni yo ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda z'ingufu; imiyoboro y'icyuma ya karuboni ikoreshwa cyane. Amahame ya ASTM na ASME agenga imiyoboro itandukanye n'ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro bikoreshwa mu nganda zikora.
Ibyuma bya karuboni ni byo byuma bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, bingana na 90% by'umusaruro wose w'ibyuma. Hashingiwe ku gipimo cya karuboni, ibyuma bya karuboni bigabanyijemo ibice bitatu:
Mu byuma byakozwe mu buryo bwa alloy, ibipimo bitandukanye by'ibintu bikozwe mu buryo bwa alloy bikoreshwa kugira ngo hagerwe ku miterere yifuza (inoze) nko kuba byoroshye gusudira, guhindagurika, ubushobozi bwo gukora, gukomera, gukomera no kurwanya ingese, nibindi. Bimwe mu bintu bikoreshwa cyane mu gukora alloy n'inshingano zabyo ni ibi bikurikira:
Icyuma kidafunze ni icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gifite chromium ingana na 10.5% (nibura). Icyuma kidafunze kirangwa no kudapfuka neza bitewe no kuba hari urwego ruto cyane rwa Cr2O3 ku buso. Uru rwego ruzwi kandi nka passive layer. Kongera ingano ya chromium bizatuma ibintu birushaho kudapfuka neza. Uretse chromium, nickel na molybdenum byongerwamo kugira ngo bitange imiterere yifuza (cyangwa inoze). Icyuma kidafunze gifite kandi ingano zitandukanye za karuboni, silikoni na manganese. Icyuma kidafunze kivugwa muri ubu buryo:
Uretse ibipimo byavuzwe haruguru, bimwe mu byuma bitagira umugese byo mu rwego rwo hejuru (cyangwa iby'urwego rwihariye) bikoreshwa mu nganda ni ibi bikurikira:
Ibyuma by'ibikoresho bifite karuboni nyinshi (0.5% kugeza 1.5%). Ibyuma byinshi bya karuboni bitanga ubukana n'imbaraga byinshi. Iki cyuma gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibikoresho n'ibumba. Ibyuma by'ibikoresho birimo ingano zitandukanye za tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, na vanadium kugira ngo byongere ubushyuhe bw'icyuma no kudashira ndetse no kuramba. Ibi bituma icyuma cy'ibikoresho kiba cyiza mu bikoresho byo gukata no gucukura.
Iyi miyoboro ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zikora. Imiterere ya ASTM na ASME ku miyoboro isa n'itandukanye, ariko urwego rw'ibikoresho ni rumwe. Urugero:
Imiterere n'imiterere y'ibikoresho biri kuri kode za ASME na ASTM birasa uretse izina. Ingufu zo gukurura za ASTM A 106 Gr A ni 330 Mpa, ASTM A 106 Gr B ni 415 Mpa, naho ASTM A 106 Gr C ni 485 Mpa. Umuyoboro w'icyuma cya karuboni ukoreshwa cyane ni ASTM A 106 Gr B. Hari ubundi buryo busimbura ASTM A 106 Gr A 330 Mpa, ASTM A 53 (Umuyoboro wa Galerini Ushyushye cyangwa Umuyoboro w'Umurongo), ari nawo mu miyoboro y'icyuma cya karuboni ikoreshwa cyane ku muyoboro. Umuyoboro wa ASTM A 53 uboneka mu byiciro bibiri:
Umuyoboro wa ASTM A 53 ugabanyijemo ubwoko butatu - Ubwoko E (ERW - Udasinze), Ubwoko F (Ifuru n'Ifuru), Ubwoko S (Idasesuye). Mu bwoko bwa E, ASTM A 53 Gr A na ASTM A 53 Gr B byombi birahari. Mu bwoko bwa F, ASTM A 53 Gr A ni yo yonyine ihari, mu gihe mu bwoko bwa S, ASTM A 53 Gr A na ASTM A 53 Gr B nabyo birahari. Ingufu zo gukurura umuyoboro wa ASTM A 53 Gr A zisa na ASTM A 106 Gr A kuri 330 Mpa. Ingufu zo gukurura umuyoboro wa ASTM A 53 Gr B zisa na ASTM A 106 Gr B kuri 415 Mpa. Ibi bikubiyemo imiyoboro y'icyuma cya karuboni ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zikora.
Imiyoboro y'icyuma kidapfa ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zitunganya ibikoresho yitwa ibyuma bidapfa ipfa bya austenitic. Ikintu cy'ingenzi kiranga icyuma kidapfa ipfa cya austenitic ni uko kidapfa i ...
Hari ibyiciro 18 muri ibi bipimo, muri byo 304 L niyo ikoreshwa cyane. Icyiciro gikunzwe cyane ni 316 L kubera ko gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese nyinshi. ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) ku miyoboro ifite umurambararo wa santimetero 20 cyangwa munsi yayo. "L" hamwe n'ibyiciro bigaragaza ko ifite karuboni nkeya, ibyo bikaba byongera ubushobozi bwo gusudira ku bipimo by'imiyoboro.
Ibi bisobanuro bireba imiyoboro minini ishongeshejwe. Gahunda z'imiyoboro zivugwa muri ibi bisobanuro ni Gahunda ya 5S na Gahunda ya 10.
Ubushuhe bw'ibyuma bitagira umushongi bya Austenitic – Ibyuma bitagira umushongi bya Austenitic bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi kurusha ibyuma bitagira umushongi bya ferritic cyangwa martensitic. Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushyuhe buke bw'ibyuma bitagira umushongi bya austenitic, guhinduka cyangwa guhindagurika bishobora kubaho mu gihe cyo gusudira. Ibyuma bitagira umushongi bya Austenitic bishobora gukomera no kwangirika kw'amazi. Kubwibyo, hagomba kwitonderwa cyane mu gihe cyo guhitamo ibikoresho byuzuza n'uburyo bwo gusudira. Gusudira arc yo munsi y'amazi (SAW) ntibyemewe iyo hakenewe gusudira ibyuma bitagira umushongi bya austenitic cyangwa ferrite nke. Imbonerahamwe (Umugereka-1) ni ubuyobozi bwo guhitamo insinga cyangwa electrode ikwiye ishingiye ku bikoresho by'ibanze (ku byuma bitagira umushongi bya austenitic).
Umuyoboro wa chromium molybdenum ukwiriye imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi kuko imbaraga zo gukurura umuyoboro wa chrome molybdenum zidahinduka mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Umuyoboro ukoreshwa mu nganda z'amashanyarazi, mu byuma bihindura ubushyuhe, n'ibindi nk'ibyo. Umuyoboro ni ASTM A 335 mu byiciro bitandukanye:
Imiyoboro y'icyuma gishongeshejwe ikoreshwa mu kuzimya umuriro, gusohora amazi, imyanda, imirimo iremereye (ikoreshwa cyane) - imiyoboro yo munsi y'ubutaka n'izindi serivisi. Ingero z'imiyoboro y'icyuma gishongeshejwe ni izi:
Imiyoboro y'icyuma ikoreshwa mu miyoboro yo munsi y'ubutaka mu bikorwa byo kuzimya inkongi. Imiyoboro ya Dürr irakomeye bitewe n'uko hari silikoni. Iyi miyoboro ikoreshwa mu bikorwa byo kuzimya aside, kuko urwego rugaragaza ko idashobora kwangizwa na aside yo mu bucuruzi, no mu gutunganya amazi asohora imyanda ya aside.
Nirmal Surendran Menon yabonye impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu by’ubukanishi muri Kaminuza ya Anna, Tamil Nadu, mu Buhinde mu 2005 n’icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu by’imishinga muri Kaminuza y’igihugu ya Singapuru mu 2010. Ari mu nganda za peteroli/gaze/peteroli. Ubu akora nk’umuhanga mu by’ubuhinzi mu mushinga wo gukwirakwiza amazi ya LNG mu majyepfo y’uburengerazuba bwa Louisiana. Mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa uyu mushinga, ibyo ashishikajwe na byo birimo gusukura imiyoboro y’amazi no gukumira igihombo cy’ibikoresho bya LNG.
Ashish afite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu by’ubwubatsi kandi amaze imyaka irenga 20 akora cyane mu by’ubwubatsi, kugenzura ubuziranenge/igenzura ry’ubuziranenge, impamyabushobozi/igenzura ry’abatanga serivisi, gutanga amasoko, igenamigambi ry’umutungo w’ubugenzuzi, gusudira, gukora, kubaka no gutanga amasoko make.
Ibikorwa bya peteroli na gazi akenshi biba biri ahantu kure kure y’icyicaro gikuru cy’ikigo. Ubu, birashoboka gukurikirana imikorere ya pompe, gutegura no gusesengura amakuru yerekeye imitingito, no gukurikirana abakozi hirya no hino ku isi aho ari ho hose. Abakozi baba bari mu biro cyangwa batari mu biro, interineti n’ibindi bijyana na byo bituma amakuru agenda neza kandi akagenzurwa kurusha mbere hose.
Iyandikishe kuri OILMAN Today, ikaramu y'amakuru isohoka kabiri mu cyumweru igera kuri imeri yawe irimo byose ukeneye kumenya ku makuru y'ubucuruzi bwa peteroli na gazi, ibibera muri iki gihe ndetse n'amakuru y'inganda.