Mapaipi amatha kugawidwa m'mapaipi achitsulo ndi mapaipi osakhala achitsulo. Mapaipi achitsulo amagawidwanso m'mitundu ya ferrous ndi nonferrous. Zitsulo zachitsulo zimapangidwa makamaka ndi chitsulo, pomwe zitsulo zosakhala zachitsulo sizipangidwa ndi chitsulo. Mapaipi achitsulo cha carbon, mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, mapaipi a chrome molybdenum ndi mapaipi achitsulo choponyedwa onse ndi mapaipi achitsulo achitsulo okhala ndi chitsulo chachikulu. Mapaipi a nickel ndi nickel alloy, komanso mapaipi amkuwa, ndi mapaipi osakhala achitsulo. Mapaipi apulasitiki, mapaipi a konkriti, mapaipi apulasitiki, mapaipi agalasi, mapaipi okhala ndi konkriti ndi mapaipi ena apadera omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zapadera amatchedwa mapaipi osakhala achitsulo. Mapaipi achitsulo achitsulo ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga mphamvu; mapaipi achitsulo cha carbon amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Miyezo ya ASTM ndi ASME imayang'anira mapaipi osiyanasiyana ndi zida zopopera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga zinthu.
Chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, chomwe chimapanga zoposa 90% ya chitsulo chonse chomwe chimapanga. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa kaboni, chitsulo cha kaboni chimagawidwanso m'magulu atatu:
Mu zitsulo zophatikizidwa, magawo osiyanasiyana a zinthu zophatikiza amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akwaniritse zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa (zokonzedwa) monga kusinthasintha, kusinthasintha, kusinthasintha, mphamvu, kuuma komanso kukana dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero. Zina mwa zinthu zophatikiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ntchito zawo ndi izi:
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi alloy chokhala ndi chromium ya 10.5% (yocheperako). Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhala ndi kukana dzimbiri kwakukulu chifukwa cha kupangika kwa gawo lochepa kwambiri la Cr2O3 pamwamba. Gawoli limadziwikanso kuti gawo lopanda mphamvu. Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa chromium kudzawonjezera kukana dzimbiri kwa zinthuzo. Kuphatikiza pa chromium, nickel ndi molybdenum zimawonjezedwa kuti zipereke mawonekedwe omwe amafunidwa (kapena okonzedwa). Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chilinso ndi kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa kaboni, silicon ndi manganese. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimagawidwanso m'magulu awa:
Kuwonjezera pa magiredi omwe ali pamwambapa, zitsulo zina zosapanga dzimbiri zapamwamba (kapena magiredi apadera) zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mumakampani ndi izi:
Zitsulo za zida zimakhala ndi mpweya wambiri (0.5% mpaka 1.5%). Mpweya wambiri umapereka kuuma ndi mphamvu zambiri. Chitsulochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida ndi nkhungu. Zitsulo za zida zimakhala ndi tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, ndi vanadium zosiyanasiyana kuti ziwonjezere kutentha ndi kukana kuwonongeka kwa chitsulo komanso kulimba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chitsulo cha zida chikhale choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito podula ndi kuboola zida.
Mapaipi awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga zinthu. Ma ASTM ndi ASME a mapaipi amawoneka osiyana, koma ma grade a zinthu ndi ofanana. Mwachitsanzo:
Kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi makhalidwe a ma code a ASME ndi ASTM ndi ofanana kupatula dzina. Mphamvu yokoka ya ASTM A 106 Gr A ndi 330 Mpa, ASTM A 106 Gr B ndi 415 Mpa, ndipo ASTM A 106 Gr C ndi 485 Mpa. Chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ASTM A 106 Gr B. Pali njira ina m'malo mwa ASTM A 106 Gr A 330 Mpa, ASTM A 53 (Hot Dip Galvanized kapena Line Pipe), yomwe imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni cha chitoliro. Chitoliro cha ASTM A 53 chimapezeka m'magawo awiri:
Chitoliro cha ASTM A 53 chimagawidwa m'mitundu itatu - Mtundu E (ERW - Woponderezedwa Wosasinthika), Mtundu F (Wotenthedwa ndi Butt), Mtundu S (Wopanda Msoko). Mu Mtundu E, zonse ziwiri ASTM A 53 Gr A ndi ASTM A 53 Gr B zimapezeka. Mu Mtundu F, ASTM A 53 Gr A yokha ndi yomwe ilipo, pomwe mu Mtundu S, ASTM A 53 Gr A ndi ASTM A 53 Gr B zimapezekanso. Mphamvu yokoka ya chitoliro cha ASTM A 53 Gr A ndi yofanana ndi ASTM A 106 Gr A pa 330 Mpa. Mphamvu yokoka ya chitoliro cha ASTM A 53 Gr B ndi yofanana ndi ASTM A 106 Gr B pa 415 Mpa. Izi zikuphatikizapo mapaipi achitsulo cha kaboni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga zinthu.
Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opangira zinthu amatchedwa austenitic stainless steels. Khalidwe lofunika la austenitic stainless steel ndilakuti si la maginito kapena paramagnetic. Mafotokozedwe atatu ofunikira a austenitic stainless steels ndi awa:
Pali magiredi 18 mu izi, ndipo 304 L ndiye omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Gulu lodziwika bwino ndi 316 L chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri kwambiri. ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) ya mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi 8 kapena kuchepera. "L" pamodzi ndi giredi imasonyeza kuti ili ndi mpweya wochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti giredi ya mapaipi ikhale yogwirizana.
Ndondomeko iyi imagwira ntchito pa mapaipi akuluakulu olumikizidwa ndi mainchesi awiri. Ndondomeko za mapaipi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ndondomekoyi ndi Ndandanda 5S ndi Ndandanda 10.
Kutha Kulumikizana kwa Zitsulo Zosapanga Dzimbiri za Austenitic – Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Austenitic zimakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kuposa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za ferritic kapena martensitic. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kutentha komanso kutentha kochepa kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic, kusintha kapena kupotoka kumatha kuchitika panthawi yolumikiza. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic chimakhala cholimba komanso chosweka. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kusamala posankha zida zodzaza ndi njira zolumikizira. Kulowetsa arc (SAW) m'madzi sikuvomerezeka pamene kufunikira kulowetsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic kapena ferrite content low. Gome (Appendix-1) ndi chitsogozo chosankha waya kapena electrode yoyenera yodzaza kutengera zinthu zoyambira (za zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic).
Machubu a Chromium molybdenum ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito machubu otentha kwambiri chifukwa mphamvu yokoka ya machubu a chrome molybdenum siisintha kutentha kwambiri. Chubuchi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi, zosinthira kutentha, ndi zina zotero. Chubuchi ndi ASTM A 335 m'magawo angapo:
Mapaipi achitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozimitsa moto, kukhetsa madzi, zimbudzi, ntchito zolemera (zogwira ntchito zolemera) - mapaipi apansi panthaka ndi ntchito zina. Mitundu ya mapaipi achitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi iyi:
Mapaipi achitsulo opangidwa ndi ductile amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapaipi apansi panthaka pozimitsa moto. Mapaipi a Dürr ndi olimba chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa silicon. Mapaipi awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozimitsa asidi, chifukwa mtundu wake umasonyeza kukana asidi wogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso pochiza madzi omwe amatulutsa zinyalala za asidi.
Nirmal Surendran Menon adalandira digiri ya Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering kuchokera ku Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India mu 2005 ndi Master of Science mu Project Management kuchokera ku National University of Singapore mu 2010. Ali mumakampani opanga mafuta/gasi/mafuta. Pakadali pano akugwira ntchito ngati mainjiniya pa projekiti yothira madzi a LNG kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Louisiana. Monga gawo la ntchito yomanga pulojekitiyi, zomwe amakonda zimaphatikizapo kuyeretsa mapaipi ndi kupewa kutayika kwa malo othira madzi a LNG.
Ashish ali ndi digiri ya bachelor mu uinjiniya ndipo wakhala akugwira ntchito yochuluka kwa zaka zoposa 20 mu uinjiniya, kutsimikizira khalidwe/kuwongolera khalidwe, kuyenerera kwa ogulitsa/kuyang'anira, kugula, kukonzekera zinthu zowunikira, kuwotcherera, kupanga, kumanga ndi kupereka ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale.
Ntchito za mafuta ndi gasi nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'malo akutali kutali ndi likulu la kampani. Tsopano, n'zotheka kuyang'anira momwe mapampu amagwirira ntchito, kukonza ndi kusanthula deta ya zivomerezi, ndikutsatira antchito padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera kulikonse. Kaya antchito ali muofesi kapena kutali, intaneti ndi mapulogalamu ena ofanana zimathandiza kuti chidziwitso chiziyenda bwino komanso chizilamulire m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuposa kale lonse.
Lembetsani ku OILMAN Lero, nkhani yomwe imatumizidwa kawiri pa sabata ku imelo yanu yokhala ndi zonse zomwe mukufunikira kudziwa zokhudza nkhani zamabizinesi amafuta ndi gasi, zochitika zaposachedwa komanso zambiri zamakampani.