Ana iya raba bututu zuwa bututun ƙarfe da bututun da ba na ƙarfe ba. Ana ƙara raba bututun ƙarfe zuwa nau'ikan ƙarfe da waɗanda ba na ƙarfe ba. Karfe mai ƙarfe galibi yana ƙunshe da ƙarfe, yayin da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe ba ya ƙunshe da ƙarfe. Bututun ƙarfe na carbon, bututun bakin ƙarfe, bututun chrome molybdenum da bututun ƙarfe mai siminti duk bututun ƙarfe ne masu ƙarfe waɗanda ƙarfe ne babban sashi. Bututun ƙarfe na nickel da nickel, da kuma bututun jan ƙarfe, bututu ne marasa ƙarfe. Bututun filastik, bututun siminti, bututun filastik, bututun gilashi, bututun siminti da sauran bututu na musamman waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don dalilai na musamman ana kiransu bututun da ba na ƙarfe ba. Bututun ƙarfe mai ƙarfe sune bututun da aka fi amfani da su a masana'antar makamashi; ana amfani da bututun ƙarfe mai yawa. Ka'idojin ASTM da ASME suna jagorantar nau'ikan bututu da kayan bututu da ake amfani da su a masana'antar sarrafawa.
Karfe mai amfani da carbon shine ƙarfe da aka fi amfani da shi a masana'antu, wanda ya kai fiye da kashi 90% na jimillar samar da ƙarfe. Dangane da yawan sinadarin carbon, an ƙara raba ƙarfe mai amfani da carbon zuwa rukuni uku:
A cikin ƙarfe masu ƙarfe, ana amfani da rabo daban-daban na abubuwan ƙarfe don cimma halayen da ake so (wanda aka inganta) kamar su iya aiki da ƙarfi, juriya ga lalacewa, ƙarfin injin, ƙarfi, taurarewa da juriya ga tsatsa, da sauransu. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan ƙarfe da aka fi amfani da su da kuma ayyukansu sune kamar haka:
Bakin ƙarfe ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfe mai nauyin chromium 10.5% (mafi ƙarancin). Bakin ƙarfe yana nuna juriyar tsatsa saboda samuwar wani siririn Layer na Cr2O3 a saman. Wannan Layer kuma ana kiransa da Layer mai wucewa. Ƙara yawan chromium zai ƙara inganta juriyar tsatsa na kayan. Baya ga chromium, ana ƙara nickel da molybdenum don samar da kaddarorin da ake so (ko ingantattu). Bakin ƙarfe kuma yana ɗauke da adadin carbon, silicon da manganese iri-iri. An ƙara rarraba bakin ƙarfe kamar haka:
Baya ga maki da ke sama, wasu ƙarfe masu ƙarfi (ko maki na musamman) waɗanda ake amfani da su a masana'antar sune:
Karfe masu kayan aiki suna da yawan sinadarin carbon (0.5% zuwa 1.5%). Babban sinadarin carbon yana samar da tauri da ƙarfi. Ana amfani da wannan ƙarfe musamman don yin kayan aiki da ƙira. Karfe masu kayan aiki suna ɗauke da nau'ikan tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, da vanadium don ƙara ƙarfin zafi da juriyar sawa na ƙarfe da kuma dorewarsa. Wannan ya sa ƙarfe masu kayan aiki ya dace da kayan aikin yankewa da haƙa.
Ana amfani da waɗannan bututun sosai a masana'antar sarrafawa. Tsarin ASTM da ASME na bututun suna kama da juna, amma ma'aunin kayan iri ɗaya ne. Misali:
Tsarin kayan da ke cikin lambobin ASME da ASTM iri ɗaya ne banda sunan. Ƙarfin juriya na ASTM A 106 Gr A shine 330 Mpa, ASTM A 106 Gr B shine 415 Mpa, kuma ASTM A 106 Gr C shine 485 Mpa. Bututun ƙarfe na carbon da aka fi amfani da shi shine ASTM A 106 Gr B. Akwai madadin ASTM A 106 Gr A 330 Mpa, ASTM A 53 (White Dip Galvanized ko Line Pipe), wanda kuma shine matakin da ake amfani da shi sosai a cikin bututun ƙarfe na carbon don bututu. Bututun ASTM A 53 yana samuwa a matakai biyu:
An raba bututun ASTM A 53 zuwa nau'i uku - Nau'in E (ERW - Resistance Welded), Nau'in F (Walded Furnace da Butt Welded), Nau'in S (Mai Sumul). A cikin nau'in E, duka ASTM A 53 Gr A da ASTM A 53 Gr B suna samuwa. A cikin nau'in F, ASTM A 53 Gr A kawai ake samu, yayin da a cikin nau'in S, ASTM A 53 Gr A da ASTM A 53 Gr B suma suna samuwa. Ƙarfin taurin bututun ASTM A 53 Gr A yayi kama da ASTM A 106 Gr A a 330 Mpa. Ƙarfin taurin bututun ASTM A 53 Gr B yayi kama da ASTM A 106 Gr B a 415 Mpa. Wannan ya shafi bututun ƙarfe masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a masana'antar sarrafawa.
Bututun bakin karfe da aka fi amfani da su a masana'antar sarrafawa ana kiransu da bakin karfe na austenitic. Muhimmin halayyar bakin karfe na austenitic shine cewa ba shi da maganadisu ko paramagnetic. Muhimman bayanai guda uku ga bakin karfe na austenitic sune:
Akwai maki 18 a cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun bayanai, wanda 304 L shine mafi yawan amfani. Shahararren nau'in shine 316 L saboda juriyar tsatsa mai yawa. ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) don bututun da diamitansu ya kai inci 8 ko ƙasa da haka. "L" tare da ƙimar yana nuna cewa yana da ƙarancin sinadarin carbon, wanda ke inganta haɓakar haɓakar bututun.
Wannan ƙayyadadden bayani ya shafi manyan bututun da aka haɗa da diamita. Jadawalin bututun da aka rufe a cikin wannan ƙayyadadden bayani sune Jadawalin 5S da Jadawalin 10.
Karfe Mai Haɗawa da Bakin Austenitic – Karfe Mai Haɗawa da Bakin Austenitic yana da faɗaɗa zafi fiye da ƙarfe ferritic ko martensitic. Saboda yawan faɗaɗa zafi da ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi na bakin austenitic, nakasa ko warpage na iya faruwa yayin walda. Karfe Mai Haɗawa da Bakin Austenitic yana da saurin tauri da fashewar ruwa. Saboda haka, dole ne a yi taka tsantsan lokacin zaɓar kayan cikawa da hanyoyin walda. Ba a ba da shawarar walda mai haɗawa da aka nutse (SAW) ba lokacin da ake buƙatar walda mai haɗawa da ƙarfe mai cikakken austenitic ko ƙarancin abun ciki na ferrite. Teburin (Shafi na 1) jagora ne don zaɓar wayar cikawa ko lantarki mai dacewa bisa ga kayan tushe (don ƙarfe mai haɗawa da bakin Austenitic).
Bututun Chromium molybdenum ya dace da layukan sabis na zafin jiki mai yawa saboda ƙarfin juriya na bututun chrome molybdenum ba ya canzawa a lokacin zafi mai yawa. Bututun yana samun aikace-aikace a cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki, masu musayar zafi, da makamantansu. Bututun shine ASTM A 335 a matakai da yawa:
Ana amfani da bututun ƙarfe na siminti don kashe gobara, magudanar ruwa, najasa, manyan ayyuka (a ƙarƙashin manyan ayyuka) - bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa da sauran ayyuka. Ma'aunin bututun ƙarfe na siminti sune:
Ana amfani da bututun ƙarfe na Ductile a cikin bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa don ayyukan kashe gobara. Bututun Ductile suna da tauri saboda kasancewar silicon. Ana amfani da waɗannan bututun don aikin acid na kasuwanci, saboda matakin yana nuna juriya ga acid na kasuwanci, da kuma maganin ruwa wanda ke fitar da sharar acid.
Nirmal Surendran Menon ya sami digirin farko a fannin Injiniyan Injiniya daga Jami'ar Anna, Tamil Nadu, Indiya a shekarar 2005 da kuma digirin Master of Science a fannin Gudanar da Ayyuka daga Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Singapore a shekarar 2010. Yana cikin masana'antar mai/gas/petrochemicals. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin injiniyan filin a wani aikin samar da ruwa na LNG a kudu maso yammacin Louisiana. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da ayyukan, abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da tsaftace tsarin bututu da kuma hana asara ga wuraren samar da ruwa na LNG.
Ashish yana da digirin farko a fannin injiniya kuma yana da sama da shekaru 20 na shiga cikin aikin injiniya, tabbatar da inganci/sarrafa inganci, cancantar masu samar da kayayyaki/sa ido, saye, tsara albarkatun duba, walda, ƙera kayayyaki, gini da kuma kwangilar aiki.
Sau da yawa ayyukan mai da iskar gas suna nan a wurare masu nisa daga hedikwatar kamfanoni. Yanzu, yana yiwuwa a sa ido kan aikin famfo, tsara da kuma nazarin bayanan girgizar ƙasa, da kuma bin diddigin ma'aikata a duk faɗin duniya daga ko'ina. Ko ma'aikata suna ofis ko a waje, Intanet da sauran aikace-aikacen da suka shafi suna ba da damar kwararar bayanai da sarrafawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban fiye da da.
Yi rijista zuwa OILMAN Today, wata wasiƙar labarai ta mako-mako da ake isarwa zuwa akwatin saƙonku tare da duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da labaran kasuwanci na mai da iskar gas, abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu da kuma bayanan masana'antu.