Umbono ka-Anish Kapoor ngomfanekiso oqingqiweyo weCloud Gate eMillennium Park yaseChicago kukuba ufana ne-mercury engamanzi, ubonakalisa isixeko esijikelezileyo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ukufezekisa olu daba lulula ngumsebenzi wothando.
“Into endandifuna ukuyenza eMillennium Park yayikukwenza into eza kungena kwi-skyline yaseChicago…ukuze abantu babone amafu edada kuyo kwaye ezo zakhiwo zinde kakhulu zibonakala kumsebenzi. Emva koko, Ngenxa yesimo sayo emnyango, umthathi-nxaxheba, abaphulaphuli, baya kukwazi ukungena kweli gumbi linzulu kakhulu, ngendlela efanayo nembonakalo yomntu njengoko ingaphandle lomsebenzi lenza kwimbonakalo yezinto ezingqongileyo zesixeko.” – umzobi waseBritane odumileyo kwihlabathi liphela u-Anish Kapoor, umzobi weCloud Gate
Ukujonga umphezulu ozolileyo walo mfanekiso mkhulu wentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kunzima ukuqikelela ukuba ingakanani isinyithi kunye nesibindi esingaphantsi komphezulu wawo. I-Cloud Gate ifihla amabali abenzi besinyithi abangaphezu kwe-100, abasiki, abawelda, abachebi beentsimbi, iinjineli, iingcali, abasebenzi bentsimbi, abafaki, kunye nabaphathi—yonke iminyaka emihlanu.
Uninzi lwabo belusebenza ixesha elongezelelekileyo, besenza umsebenzi wokusebenzela ezinzulwini zobusuku, bekhempisha kwindawo yokusebenza, kwaye besebenza nzima kumaqondo obushushu angama-110-degree benxibe iisuti zeTyvek® ezipheleleyo kunye nee-respirators zesiqingatha semaski. Abanye basebenza kwiindawo ezichasene nomxhuzulane, bexhonywe kwiibhanti zezihlalo ngelixa bephethe izixhobo kwaye besebenza kwiindawo ezityibilikayo. Yonke into ihamba kancinci (kwaye ingaphaya) ukuze kwenzeke okungenakwenzeka.
Ukuqinisa ingcamango yomzobi u-Anish Kapoor yamafu ahambahambayo angena kwi-sculpture yentsimbi engagqwaliyo enobude obuziitoni ezili-110, ubude obuziimitha ezingama-66, ubude obuziimitha ezingama-33 yayingumsebenzi wenkampani yomenzi iPerformance Structures Inc. (PSI), e-Oakland, CA, kunye ne-MTH, eVilla Park, IL. Kwisikhumbuzo sayo seminyaka eli-120, i-MTH yenye yezona nkampani zindala zoyilo lwezakhiwo zesinyithi neglasi kwindawo yaseChicago.
Iimfuneko zokufezekisa le projekthi ziya kusebenzisa ubuchule bokwenza izinto zobugcisa, ubuchule, izakhono zobugcisa kunye nolwazi lokuvelisa lwazo zombini ezi nkampani. Bazenzela ngokwezifiso kwaye bade bakhe nezixhobo zeprojekthi.
Eminye yemingeni yale projekthi ivela kwimo yayo egobileyo ngendlela engaqhelekanga – ichaphaza okanye iqhosha elijijekileyo – kwaye eminye isuka kubukhulu bayo obupheleleyo. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yakhiwe ziinkampani ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezikude ngamawaka eekhilomitha, nto leyo edala iingxaki ngezothutho kunye neendlela zokusebenza. Iinkqubo ezininzi ekufuneka zenziwe ebaleni kunzima ukuzenza kwindawo yevenkile, ingasathethwa ke ngebala. Ubunzima obuninzi buvela kuba nje isakhiwo esinjalo asikaze senziwe ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, akukho salathisi, akukho plani, akukho maphu.
U-Ethan Silva we-PSI unamava amaninzi ekwakheni iigobolondo, ekuqaleni kwiinqanawa kwaye kamva kwezinye iiprojekthi zobugcisa, ufanelekele imisebenzi yokwakha iigobolondo ezikhethekileyo. U-Anish Kapoor ucele abafundi abaphumelele kwifiziksi kunye nobugcisa ukuba banike imodeli encinci.
“Ngoko ke ndenze isampulu yeemitha ezi-2 x 3, isiqwenga esigobileyo esigudileyo, waza wathi, ‘Owu, ukwenzile, nguwe wedwa okwenzileyo,’ kuba ebesoloko ekhangela i-Find someone ukuba ikwenze,” utshilo uSilva.
Isicwangciso sokuqala yayikukuba i-PSI yenze ngokupheleleyo kwaye yakhe umfanekiso oqingqiweyo, ize emva koko ithumele yonke into emazantsi oLwandlekazi iPasifiki, idlule kwiPanama Canal, emantla ecaleni koLwandlekazi iAtlantiki, kwaye ihambe ecaleni koLwandlekazi iSt. Lawrence ukuya kwizibuko elikwiLake Michigan, ngokutsho kuka-Edward Uhlir, umlawuli ophetheyo weMillennium Park Inc. Ngokwengxelo, inkqubo yokuhambisa eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iya kuyithutha iye eMillennium Park. Imida yexesha kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwanyanzela ukuba ezi zicwangciso zitshintshe. Ke ngoko, iiphaneli ezigobileyo kwafuneka zilungele ukuthuthwa kwaye zithuthwe ziye eChicago, apho i-MTH yayiza kudibanisa isakhiwo esingaphantsi kunye nesakhiwo esingaphezulu, kwaye idibanise iiphaneli kwisakhiwo esingaphezulu.
Ukugqibezela nokupolisha ii-weld ze-Cloud Gate ukuze zibukeke zingenamthungo yayiyenye yezona zinto zinzima kumsebenzi wokufakela nokuhlanganisa intsimi. Inkqubo enamanyathelo ali-12 iphela nge-rouge ekhanyayo efana ne-polish yabagcini bezinto zokuhombisa.
“Ngoko ke sisebenze kuloo projekthi kangangeminyaka emithathu, sisenza ezi nxalenye,” utshilo uSilva. “Ngumsebenzi onzima. Ixesha elininzi lichithwa sicinga indlela yokuwenza nokusebenza ngeenkcukacha; uyazi, siwugqibelelisa nje. Indlela esisebenzisa ngayo itekhnoloji yekhompyutha kunye nokusebenza ngesinyithi okuqhelekileyo kukudibanisa ubuchwepheshe bokubumba kunye nobuchwepheshe beenqwelo moya.”
Kunzima ukwenza into enkulu nenzima kangaka ngokuchanekileyo, utshilo. Iipleyiti ezinkulu zazinomlinganiselo weenyawo ezi-7 ububanzi kunye neenyawo ezi-11 ubude kwaye zinobunzima obuziikhilogram ezili-1,500.
“Ukwenza wonke umsebenzi we-CAD nokwenza imizobo yevenkile yomsebenzi ngokwenene ngumsebenzi omkhulu ngokwawo,” utshilo uSilva. “Sisebenzisa itekhnoloji yekhompyutha ukulinganisa iipleyiti kunye nokuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo imo yazo kunye nokugoba kwazo ukuze zihambelane ngokuchanekileyo.
“Senze imodeli yekhompyutha saza sayahlulahlula,” utshilo uSilva. “Ndisebenzise amava am ngokwakhiwa kwegobolondo, kwaye bendineengcinga ezithile malunga nendlela yokwahlulahlula iimilo ukuze imithungo isebenze ukuze sifumane iziphumo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu.”
Ezinye iipleyiti zisikwere, ezinye zimile okwepayi. Okukhona zisondela kwinguquko ende, kokukhona zimile okwepayi, kwaye kokukhona inguquko yeradial inkulu. Phezulu, zithe tyaba kwaye zikhulu.
USilva uthi iPlasma inqumla intsimbi engagqwaliyo eyi-316L enobukhulu obuyi-1/4 ukuya kwi-3/8 intshi, eqinileyo ngokwayo. “Umngeni wokwenene kukufumana iislabhu ezinkulu zibe ngqindilili echanekileyo. Oku kwenziwa ngokwenza nokwakha isakhelo senkqubo yembambo yeslabhu nganye ngokuchanekileyo. Ngale ndlela sinokuchaza ngokuchanekileyo imo yeslabhu nganye.”
Ezi bhodi ziqengqeleka kwiirola ze-3D ezenzelwe yiPSI kwaye zenziwe ngokukodwa ukuze ziqengqeleke ezi bhodi (jonga uMfanekiso 1).”Zifana kakhulu neerola zaseBritane. Siziqengqeleka sisebenzisa indlela efana nendlela ezenziwa ngayo iifender,” utshilo uSilva. Goba iphaneli nganye ngokuyihambisa ngasemva nangaphambili kwiirola, ulungelelanise uxinzelelo kwiirola de iiphaneli zibe ngaphakathi kwe-0.01 intshi yobukhulu obufunekayo. Ukuchaneka okuphezulu okufunekayo kwenza kube nzima ukwenza amaphepha kakuhle, utshilo.
Emva koko umthungi uthungela i-flux cored kwisakhiwo senkqubo yembambo yangaphakathi. “Ngokoluvo lwam, i-flux cored yindlela entle yokwenza ii-structural welds ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo,” ucacisa uSilva. “Ikunika ii-welds ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezigxile kakhulu kwimveliso kwaye zibukeka zintle.”
Yonke imiphezulu yeebhodi igutyungelwa ngesandla kwaye igutyungelwe ngomatshini ukuze inqunyulwe ukuya kutsho kwi-intshi enye ngokuchanekileyo ukuze zonke zivumelane (jonga uMfanekiso 2). Jonga ubungakanani ngesixhobo sokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokuskena nge-laser. Okokugqibela, ipleyiti iyapholishwa ide igqitywe njengesipili kwaye igqunywe ngefilimu yokukhusela.
Malunga nesinye kwisithathu seephaneli, kunye nesiseko kunye nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi, zafakwa kwindibano yovavanyo ngaphambi kokuba iiphaneli zithunyelwe zivela eAuckland (jonga uMfanekiso 3 kunye no-4). Ndacwangcisa inkqubo yokuvala imiphetho kwaye ndenza ukuwelda komthungo kwiibhodi ezincinci ukuze ndizidibanise. "Ngoko xa sayidibanisa eChicago, sasazi ukuba iza kufaneleka," utshilo uSilva.
Ubushushu, ixesha kunye nokungcangcazela kwelori kunokubangela ukuba iphepha eligoqiweyo likhululeke. I-ribbed grating ayenzelwanga nje kuphela ukwandisa ukuqina kwebhodi, kodwa nokugcina imo yebhodi ngexesha lokuthuthwa.
Ngoko ke, xa ipleyiti iqiniswa ngaphakathi, iyanyangwa ngobushushu kwaye ipholiswe ukuze kuncitshiswe uxinzelelo lwezinto eziphathekayo. Ukuthintela ngakumbi umonakalo ohambayo, kwenziwa ii-cradles zepleyiti nganye, ezithi emva koko zilayishwe kwizikhongozeli, malunga nezine ngexesha.
Emva koko izikhongozeli zafakwa kwiimveliso ezigqityiweyo, malunga nezine ngexesha, zaze zathunyelwa eChicago kunye namaqela e-PSI ukuze afakwe ngamaqela e-MTH. Omnye ngumntu wezothutho oququzelela uthutho, kwaye omnye ngumphathi kwicandelo lobugcisa. Usebenza nabasebenzi be-MTH imihla ngemihla kwaye unceda ekuphuhliseni ubuchwepheshe obutsha njengoko kufuneka. "Ewe wayeyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo," utshilo uSilva.
ULyle Hill, umongameli we-MTH, uthe i-MTH Industries ekuqaleni yayinikwe umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo uphantsi komhlaba kwaye ufake isakhiwo esingaphezulu, emva koko badibanise amaphepha kuwo baze banike ukusantiwa nokupholishwa kokugqibela, ngenxa yesikhokelo sobuchwephesha se-PSI. Ukugqitywa komfanekiso oqingqiweyo kuthetha ulungelelwaniso phakathi kobugcisa kunye nokusebenza; ithiyori kunye nenyani; ixesha elifunekayo kunye nexesha elicwangcisiweyo.
ULou Cerny, usekela mongameli wobunjineli kunye nomphathi weprojekthi kwi-MTH, uthe into emnomdla kuyo ngale projekthi kukuba yahlukile. “Ngokokwazi kwethu, kukho izinto ezenzekayo kule projekthi zingazange zenziwe ngaphambili, okanye ezingazange ziqwalaselwe ngaphambili,” utshilo uCerny.
Kodwa ukusebenza kumsebenzi oqalayo kufuna ubuchule obuguquguqukayo kwindawo yokusebenza ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemingeni engalindelekanga kwaye kuphendulwe imibuzo evelayo njengoko umsebenzi uqhubeka:
Uzifaka njani iiphaneli zentsimbi engagqwaliyo eziyi-128 ezinobukhulu bemoto kwisakhiwo esisisigxina ngelixa uziphethe ngeeglavu zabantwana? Uzitshixa njani iimbotyi ezinkulu ezimile okwe-arc ngaphandle kokuthembela kuzo? Ungangena njani kwi-weld ngaphandle kokukwazi ukutshixa ngaphakathi? Ungayifumana njani isiphelo esifanelekileyo sesibuko kwii-welds zentsimbi engagqwali kwindawo yasendle? Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umbane uyayibetha?
UCerny uthe uphawu lokuqala lokuba le projekthi inzima kakhulu yayikukuqala kokwakhiwa nokufakelwa kwezixhobo ezixabisa iikhilogram ezingama-30,000. Isakhiwo sentsimbi esixhasa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo.
Nangona intsimbi yokwakha etyebileyo nge-zinc eyabonelelwa yi-PSI ukuhlanganisa isiseko sesakhiwo yayilula ukuyenza, indawo yesakhiwo yayikwisiqingatha ngaphezulu kwerestyu kwaye isiqingatha ngaphezulu kwendawo yokupaka iimoto, nganye ikwindawo ephakamileyo eyahlukileyo.
“Ngoko ke isakhiwo esingaphantsi sinobuqhophololo kwaye siqhekekile,” utshilo uCerny. “Apho sibeka khona uninzi lwentsimbi, kuquka nasekuqaleni komsebenzi wepleyiti, kwafuneka sifumane i-crane ukuze iqhubele emngxunyeni oziimitha ezi-5.”
UCerny uthe basebenzise inkqubo yokuncamathelisa ephucukileyo, kuquka inkqubo yokulayisha kwangaphambili yoomatshini, efana nohlobo lwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwimigodi yamalahle, kunye nezinye ii-ankile zeekhemikhali. Nje ukuba isakhiwo esingaphantsi kwesakhiwo sentsimbi sinamathele kwikhonkrithi, kuyimfuneko ukwakha isakhiwo esingaphezulu apho iqokobhe liza kuncamathiselwa khona.
“Saqala ukufaka inkqubo ye-truss sisebenzisa ii-O-rings ezimbini ezinkulu ezenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezingama-304—enye ikwicala elingasentla lesakhiwo kwaye enye ikwicala elingasezantsi,” utshilo uCerny (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Iirings zibanjwe kunye zii-criss-crossing tube trusses. I-subframe ye-ring-core yakhiwe ngamacandelo kwaye ibotshelelwe kwindawo ethile kusetyenziswa i-GMAW kunye ne-bar weld kunye ne-welded stiffeners.
“Ngoko ke kukho isakhiwo esikhulu esingazange sibonwe mntu; senzelwe ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kuphela,” utshilo uCerny.
Nangona kwenziwe imizamo emikhulu yokuyila, ukwenza, ukwenza kunye nokufaka zonke izinto ezifunekayo kwiprojekthi yase-Auckland, lo mfanekiso awukaze ubekho ngaphambili kwaye ukuqhekeza iindlela ezintsha kuhlala kuza neebhurrs kunye nemikrwelo. Ngokufanayo, ukudibanisa ingcamango yokuvelisa yenkampani enye kunye neyenye akulula njengokudlulisa induku. Ukongeza, umgama ophakathi kweendawo ubangele ukulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba imveliso ethile kwindawo iqondakale.
“Nangona iinkqubo zokuhlanganisa nokuwelda zazicwangcisiwe kwangaphambili e-Oakland, imeko yendawo yayifuna ubuchule bokuziqhelanisa nayo kubo bonke,” utshilo uSilva. “Kwaye abasebenzi bombutho balungile kakhulu.”
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala, inkqubo yemihla ngemihla ye-MTH yayikukumisela ukuba umsebenzi wosuku wawubandakanya ntoni kunye nendlela engcono yokwenza ezinye zezinto zokwakha i-subframe, kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo, “ii-shock absorbers,” iingalo, ii-pegs, kunye nee-pin. Izinti ze-pogo zazifuneka ukwenza inkqubo ye-siding yexeshana, utshilo u-Er.
"Yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuyila nokuvelisa ngokukhawuleza ukuze izinto ziqhubeke nokuhamba kwaye zifike kwindawo ngokukhawuleza. Sichitha ixesha elininzi sihlela izinto esinazo, siyila ngokutsha kwaye siyila kwakhona kwezinye iimeko, size emva koko senze iindawo ezifunekayo."
“Ngokwenyani, siza kuba nezinto ezili-10 ngoLwesibini ekufuneka sizizise kwindawo ngoLwesithathu,” utshilo uHill. “Kukho ixesha elininzi lokusebenza kunye nomsebenzi omninzi wevenkile owenziwayo ezinzulwini zobusuku.”
“Malunga nama-75 ekhulwini eenxalenye zebhodi ezixhonyiweyo zenziwe okanye zatshintshwa entsimini,” utshilo uCerny. “Izihlandlo ezimbalwa, besizenzela usuku olusebenza iiyure ezingama-24. Bendiya kuba sevenkileni kude kube yintsimbi yesi-2, eyesi-3 kusasa, ndize ndiye ekhaya ndiyokuhlamba, ndithathe ngo-5:30 kusasa, ndize ndibe manzi.”
Inkqubo yokumiswa okwethutyana i-MTH yokudibanisa indlu iqulathe izipringi, ii-struts kunye neentambo. Zonke iindawo ezidibeneyo phakathi kweepleyiti zidityaniswe kunye okwethutyana. "Ngoko ke lonke ulwakhiwo luqhagamshelwe ngoomatshini, luxhonywe ngaphakathi, kunye nee-trusses ezingama-304," utshilo uCerny.
Baqala ngedome esezantsi kwesithixo se-omhalus – “inkaba yeqhosha lesisu”. Idome yaxhonywa kwiitrusses kusetyenziswa inkqubo yenkxaso yentwasahlobo yokuxhoma enamachaphaza amane yexeshana equka ii-hangers, iintambo kunye nezipringi. UCerny uthe intwasahlobo inika “ukunika nokwamkela” njengoko kongezwa amabhodi amaninzi. Izipringi emva koko zilungiswa ngokusekelwe kubunzima obongezwe yipleyiti nganye ukunceda ukulinganisela umfanekiso wonke.
Ibhodi nganye kwezili-168 inenkqubo yayo yokuxhasa i-suspension spring enamachaphaza amane, ngoko ke ixhaswa nganye nganye xa ikwindawo yayo. “Ingcinga ayikokugxininisa kakhulu nakweyiphi na i-joints kuba ezo joints zidityaniswa ukuze kufezekiswe umsantsa we-0/0,” utshilo uCerny. “Ukuba ibhodi ibetha ibhodi engaphantsi kwayo, inokubangela ukugoba kunye nezinye iingxaki.”
Njengobungqina bokuchaneka komsebenzi wePSI, indibano ilungile kakhulu kwaye ayinazikhewu zininzi. “I-PSI yenze umsebenzi omhle kakhulu wokwenza iiphaneli,” utshilo uCerny. “Ndibanika lonke udumo kuba ekugqibeleni, ziyalingana. Ukufakwa kwayo kuhle kakhulu, nto leyo ilungileyo kum. Sithetha nje, ubukhulu be-intshi. Ipleyiti ibekwe phezu kwayo Kukho umphetho ovaliweyo kunye.”
“Xa begqiba ukuhlanganisa, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba kwenziwe,” utshilo uSilva, kungekuphela nje ngokuba imithungo iqinile, kodwa kuba iindawo ezidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo, kunye neepleyiti zesipili ezicociweyo kakhulu, ziye zasebenza ukuze zibonakalise indawo ezikuyo. Kodwa imithungo yempundu iyabonakala, i-mercury engamanzi ayinamithungo. Ukongeza, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kusafuneka udityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ukuze ugcine ulungelelwano lwawo kwizizukulwana ezizayo, utshilo uSilva.
Ukugqitywa kweCloud Gate kwafuneka kumiswe ngexesha lokuvulwa kwepaki enkulu ekwindla ka-2004, ngoko ke i-omhalus yayiyi-GTAW ephilayo, kwaye oko kwaqhubeka iinyanga ezimbalwa.
“Ungabona amabala amancinci amdaka, angama-TIG solder joints ajikeleze isakhiwo sonke,” utshilo uCerny. “Siqale ukwakha kwakhona iitente ngoJanuwari.”
“Umngeni olandelayo omkhulu wokuvelisa kule projekthi yayikukushisela umthungo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukuchaneka kwemilo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kokushisela,” utshilo uSilva.
UCerny uthe ukuwelda ngeplasma kunika amandla nokuqina okufunekayo kunye nomngcipheko omncinci kwishidi. Umxube we-98% argon/2% helium usebenza ngcono ekunciphiseni ukungcola kunye nokuphucula ukudibana.
Abathungi basebenzisa iindlela zokuthungela i-keyhole plasma besebenzisa imithombo yamandla yeThermal Arc® kunye neendibano ezikhethekileyo zetrektara kunye neetotshi eziphuhliswe zaza zasetyenziswa yiPSI.