Masomphenya a Anish Kapoor pa chifaniziro cha Cloud Gate ku Millennium Park ku Chicago ndi akuti chimafanana ndi mercury yamadzimadzi, chomwe chikuwonetsa bwino mzinda wozungulira. Kukwaniritsa izi ndi ntchito yachikondi.
"Chomwe ndimafuna kuchita ku Millennium Park chinali kupanga chinthu chomwe chingagwirizane ndi skyline ya Chicago ... kuti anthu awone mitambo ikuyandama mmenemo ndi nyumba zazitali kwambiri zomwe zimawonekera mu ntchitoyo. Kenako, Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake pakhomo, wochita nawo, omvera, adzatha kulowa mchipinda chozama kwambirichi, mwanjira yomwe imachita chimodzimodzi ndi kuwunikira kwa munthu monga momwe kunja kwa ntchitoyo kumachitira ndi kuwunikira kwa zinthu zozungulira mzinda." - wojambula wotchuka padziko lonse wa ku Britain Anish Kapoor, wojambula zithunzi wa Cloud Gate
Poyang'ana pamwamba pa bata la chifaniziro chachikulu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ichi, n'zovuta kuganiza kuti chitsulo ndi kulimba mtima kuli bwanji pansi pake. Cloud Gate imabisa nkhani za opanga zitsulo oposa 100, odulira, osonkha, odulira zitsulo, mainjiniya, akatswiri, ogwira ntchito zachitsulo, okhazikitsa, ndi oyang'anira—onse kwa zaka zisanu.
Ambiri ankagwira ntchito yowonjezereka, kugwira ntchito yogwirira ntchito pakati pa usiku, kumanga msasa pamalopo, ndi kugwira ntchito molimbika kutentha kwa madigiri 110 atavala zovala zonse za Tyvek® ndi zopumira za theka la chigoba. Ena amagwira ntchito molimba mtima, akulendewera ndi malamba achitetezo pamene akugwira zida ndikugwira ntchito pamalo otsetsereka. Chilichonse chimayenda pang'ono (ndipo chapitirira) kuti zinthu zosatheka zitheke.
Kulimbikitsa lingaliro la wosema Anish Kapoor la mitambo yoyandama m'chifaniziro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha matani 110, chautali wa mapazi 66, chautali wa mapazi 33 chinali ntchito ya kampani yopanga Performance Structures Inc. (PSI), Oakland, CA, ndi MTH, Villa Park, IL. Pa chikondwerero chake cha zaka 120, MTH ndi imodzi mwa makontrakitala akale kwambiri opanga mapulani a zitsulo ndi galasi m'dera la Chicago.
Zofunikira kuti ntchitoyi ichitike zidzadalira luso la makampani onse awiri, luso lawo, luso lawo pa ntchito zamakina, ndi luso lawo pakupanga zinthu. Iwo amapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso kupanga zida za polojekitiyi.
Mavuto ena a pulojekitiyi amachokera ku mawonekedwe ake ozungulira modabwitsa - kadontho kapena m'mimba mwake wopindika - ndipo ena ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu. Zibolibolizo zinamangidwa ndi makampani awiri osiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana pamtunda wa makilomita masauzande ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa mavuto ndi mayendedwe ndi machitidwe antchito. Njira zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa m'munda zimakhala zovuta kuchita m'sitolo, osatinso m'munda. Mavuto ambiri amabuka chifukwa chakuti nyumba yotereyi sinapangidwepo kale. Chifukwa chake, palibe cholozera, palibe pulani, kapena mapu a msewu.
Ethan Silva wa ku PSI ali ndi luso lalikulu pakupanga zipolopolo, poyamba pa zombo ndipo pambuyo pake pa ntchito zina zaluso, ali ndi ziyeneretso pa ntchito zapadera zomanga zipolopolo. Anish Kapoor anapempha omaliza maphunziro a sayansi ndi zaluso kuti apereke chitsanzo chaching'ono.
“Ndiye ndinapanga chitsanzo cha mamita awiri ndi atatu, chidutswa chosalala bwino chopindika, ndipo anati, ‘O, ndiwe wekha amene wachita,’ chifukwa wakhala akuyang’ana kwa zaka ziwiri kuti apeze munthu woti achite,” anatero Silva.
Dongosolo loyambirira linali lakuti PSI ipange ndikumanga chifanizirocho mokwanira, kenako n’kutumiza chidutswa chonsecho kum’mwera kwa Nyanja ya Pacific, kudzera mu Panama Canal, kumpoto m’mbali mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic, ndi m’mbali mwa nyanja ya St. Lawrence kupita ku doko la Nyanja ya Michigan, malinga ndi Edward Uhlir, mkulu wa Millennium Park Inc. Malinga ndi mawuwo, makina onyamulira zinthu apadera adzachinyamula kupita ku Millennium Park. Kuchepa kwa nthawi ndi magwiridwe antchito zinapangitsa kuti mapulaniwa asinthe. Chifukwa chake, mapanelo opindika anayenera kukonzedwa kuti anyamulidwe ndi kunyamulidwa kupita ku Chicago, komwe MTH idzasonkhanitsa malo ogwirira ntchito ndi malo ogwirira ntchito, ndikulumikiza mapanelo ndi malo ogwirira ntchito.
Kumaliza ndi kupukuta zolumikizira za Cloud Gate kuti ziwoneke bwino chinali chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri pa ntchito yokhazikitsa ndi kusonkhanitsa. Njira ya masitepe 12 imatha ndi utoto wowala wofanana ndi utoto wa wokongoletsa miyala yamtengo wapatali.
“Chifukwa chake tinagwira ntchito pa ntchitoyi kwa zaka pafupifupi zitatu, kupanga magawo awa,” adatero Silva. “Ndi ntchito yovuta. Nthawi yambiri imakhala yogwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza momwe tingachitire ndikukonza tsatanetsatane; mukudziwa, kungoikonza. Momwe timagwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo wa makompyuta ndi ntchito zakale zachitsulo ndi kuphatikiza ukadaulo waukadaulo wa ndege.”
N'zovuta kupanga chinthu chachikulu komanso cholemera chonchi molondola, iye anatero. Mbale zazikulu kwambiri zinali ndi mulifupi wa mapazi 7 ndi kutalika kwa mapazi 11 ndipo zinkalemera mapaundi 1,500.
"Kuchita ntchito yonse ya CAD ndikupanga zojambula zenizeni za shopu ya ntchitoyi ndi ntchito yaikulu yokha," akutero Silva. "Timagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa makompyuta poyesa ma plate ndikuwunika molondola mawonekedwe awo ndi kupindika kwawo kuti agwirizane bwino.
“Tinapanga ma computer modeling kenako tinagawa,” anatero Silva. “Ndinagwiritsa ntchito zomwe ndinakumana nazo pakupanga zipolopolo, ndipo ndinali ndi malingaliro amomwe ndingagawire mawonekedwe kuti tipeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri.”
Ma mbale ena ndi ozungulira, ena ndi ooneka ngati pie. Akayandikira kwambiri kusintha kwakukulu, amakhala ooneka ngati pie, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kwa radial kumakhala kwakukulu. Pamwamba, amakhala osalala komanso akuluakulu.
Plasma imadula chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha mainchesi 1/4 mpaka 3/8, chomwe chili cholimba chokha, akutero Silva. "Vuto lenileni ndikupeza ma slabs akuluakulu kuti afike pokhota mokwanira. Izi zimachitika popanga ndi kupanga chimango cha nthiti za slab iliyonse molondola kwambiri. Mwanjira imeneyi titha kufotokoza bwino mawonekedwe a slab iliyonse."
Mabolodi amakulungidwa pa ma rollers a 3D omwe PSI adapanga ndikupanga makamaka kuti azikulungidwa pa mabolodi awa (onani Chithunzi 1).”Ndi mtundu wa msuwani wa ma rollers aku Britain. Timawakulungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofanana ndi momwe ma fender amapangira,” adatero Silva. Pindani gulu lililonse polisuntha kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo pa ma rollers, ndikukonza kupanikizika kwa ma rollers mpaka ma rollers ali mkati mwa mainchesi 0.01 kuchokera kukula komwe mukufuna. Kulondola kwakukulu komwe kumafunika kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupanga mapepala bwino, adatero.
Kenako wowotcherera amalumikiza flux cored ku kapangidwe ka mkati mwa nthiti. "M'malingaliro mwanga, flux cored ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira ma weld opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri," akutero Silva. "Imakupatsirani ma weld apamwamba kwambiri omwe amaganizira kwambiri kupanga ndipo amawoneka bwino kwambiri."
Malo onse a matabwa amapukutidwa ndi manja ndipo amapukutidwa ndi makina kuti adule bwino kwambiri kuti agwirizane bwino (onani Chithunzi 2). Yang'anani kukula kwake pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera molondola komanso zojambulira pogwiritsa ntchito laser. Pomaliza, mbaleyo imapukutidwa bwino mpaka pagalasi ndipo imakutidwa ndi filimu yoteteza.
Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mapanelo, pamodzi ndi maziko ndi kapangidwe ka mkati, adayikidwa mu msonkhano woyeserera mapanelo asanatumizidwe kuchokera ku Auckland (onani Zithunzi 3 ndi 4). Ndinakonza njira yolumikizira m'mbali ndipo ndinapanga kuwotcherera msoko pa matabwa ang'onoang'ono kuti ndiwalumikize pamodzi. "Chifukwa chake titakonza ku Chicago, tidadziwa kuti ikugwirizana," adatero Silva.
Kutentha, nthawi ndi kugwedezeka kwa galimoto zingayambitse kuti pepala lopindidwa limasulidwe. Chophimba cha ribbed sichimangopangidwa kuti chiwonjezere kuuma kwa bolodi, komanso kuti chisunge mawonekedwe a bolodi panthawi yonyamula.
Chifukwa chake, ndi ukonde wolimbitsa mkati, mbaleyo imatenthedwa ndi kuzizira kuti ichepetse kupsinjika kwa zinthu. Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka panjira, makanda amapangidwa pa mbale iliyonse, yomwe kenako imayikidwa m'zidebe, pafupifupi zinayi panthawi imodzi.
Kenako makontenawo ankayikidwa m'zinthu zomalizidwa pang'ono, pafupifupi zinayi panthawi imodzi, ndipo anatumizidwa ku Chicago ndi ogwira ntchito ku PSI kuti akaikidwe ndi ogwira ntchito ku MTH. Mmodzi ndi munthu woyendetsa zinthu yemwe amayang'anira mayendedwe, ndipo winayo ndi woyang'anira gawo laukadaulo. Amagwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito ku MTH tsiku lililonse ndipo amathandiza kupanga ukadaulo watsopano ngati pakufunika. "Ndithudi anali gawo lofunika kwambiri pa ntchitoyi," adatero Silva.
Lyle Hill, purezidenti wa MTH, anati poyamba MTH Industries inali ndi ntchito yokhazikitsa chifaniziro cha ethereal pansi ndikuyika superstructure, kenako kulumikiza mapepala ake ndikupereka sandpaper yomaliza ndi kupukuta, mothandizidwa ndi malangizo aukadaulo a PSI. Kumaliza chifanizirocho kumatanthauza kulinganiza pakati pa zaluso ndi zothandiza; chiphunzitso ndi zenizeni; nthawi yofunikira ndi nthawi yokonzedweratu.
Lou Cerny, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa uinjiniya ndi manejala wa polojekiti ku MTH, anati chomwe chimamusangalatsa pa ntchitoyi ndi kusiyana kwake. "Malinga ndi momwe tikudziwira, pali zinthu zomwe zikuchitika pa ntchitoyi zomwe sizinachitikepo kale, kapena zomwe sizinaganizidwepo kale," adatero Cerny.
Koma kugwira ntchito yoyamba kumafuna luso losinthasintha pamalopo kuti muthane ndi mavuto osayembekezereka ndikuyankha mafunso omwe amabuka pamene ntchito ikupita patsogolo:
Kodi mungagwirizanitse bwanji mapanelo 128 achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri a galimoto ku superstructure yokhazikika pamene mukuwagwiritsa ntchito ndi magolovesi a ana? Kodi mungalumikize bwanji nyemba yayikulu yooneka ngati arc popanda kudalira? Kodi mungalowe bwanji mu weld popanda kutha kulumikiza kuchokera mkati? Kodi mungakwaniritse bwanji galasi loyenera la welds zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri m'munda? Kodi chingachitike ndi chiyani ngati mphezi ikugunda?
Chizindikiro choyamba chakuti ntchitoyi idzakhala yovuta kwambiri, Cerny anati, chinali pamene ntchito yomanga ndi kukhazikitsa zida zolemera mapaundi 30,000 inayamba. Kapangidwe kachitsulo komwe kamathandizira chosemacho.
Ngakhale kuti chitsulo chopangidwa ndi zinki chopangidwa ndi PSI chopangira maziko a nyumbayo chinali chosavuta kupanga, malo opangidwawo anali pakati pa lesitilanti ndi theka pamwamba pa malo oimika magalimoto, chilichonse chili pamtunda wosiyana.
"Chifukwa chake nyumbayo ndi yosweka komanso yolimba," adatero Cerny. "Kumene tinayika chitsulo chambirichi, kuphatikizapo kumayambiriro kwa ntchito ya mbale, tinayenera kuyika crane kuti ilowe mu dzenje la mamita 5."
Cerny anati adagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira zitsulo yodziwika bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizapo njira yojambulira zitsulo zoyambira, yofanana ndi mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu migodi ya malasha, ndi zina zolumikizira zitsulo. Kapangidwe kachitsulo kakakhazikika mu konkriti, ndikofunikira kumanga kapangidwe kamene chipolopolocho chidzalumikizidwa.
“Tinayamba kukhazikitsa makina odulira pogwiritsa ntchito mphete ziwiri zazikulu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri 304—imodzi kumpoto kwa nyumbayo ndi ina kum'mwera,” akutero Cerny (onani Chithunzi 3). Mphetezo zimagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi ndi machubu odulira odulira. Chipinda chaching'ono cha ring-core chimamangidwa m'magawo ndipo chimamangidwa pamalo ake pogwiritsa ntchito GMAW ndi bar weld ndi zomatira zolukidwa.
"Chifukwa chake pali nyumba yaikulu kwambiri yomwe palibe amene adaiwonapo; ndi yongopangira mafelemu okha," adatero Cerny.
Ngakhale kuti pakhala kuyesetsa kwambiri kupanga, kupanga, kupanga, ndikuyika zinthu zonse zofunika pa ntchito ya Auckland, chifanizirochi sichinachitikepo ndipo njira zatsopano nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi mikwingwirima ndi mabala. Mofananamo, kuphatikiza lingaliro la kampani imodzi yopanga ndi ina sikophweka monga kungopereka ndodo. Kuphatikiza apo, mtunda weniweni pakati pa malo unapangitsa kuti kutumiza kuchedwe, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti kupanga zinthu zina pamalopo kukhale komveka.
"Ngakhale kuti njira zomangira ndi kuwotcherera zidakonzedwa pasadakhale ku Oakland, momwe malowo alili zimafunikira luso lotha kusintha zinthu," adatero Silva. "Ndipo ogwira ntchito m'bungwe la ogwira ntchito ndi abwino kwambiri."
M'miyezi ingapo yoyambirira, ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya MTH inali kudziwa zomwe ntchito ya tsikulo inali komanso momwe angapangire bwino zina mwa zida zomangira chimango chaching'ono, komanso zida zina, "zotengera zododometsa," manja, zikhomo, ndi mapini. Ndodo za pogo zinkafunika kuti zipange dongosolo la siding la kanthawi, anatero Er.
"Ndi njira yopitilira yopangira ndi kupanga zinthu mwachangu kuti zinthu ziyende bwino ndikuzifikitsa pamalopo mwachangu. Timakhala nthawi yambiri tikusanthula zomwe tili nazo, kupanganso ndikusintha nthawi zina, kenako kupanga zida zofunika."
"Kwenikweni, tidzakhala ndi zinthu 10 Lachiwiri zomwe tidzayenera kupereka pamalopo Lachitatu," adatero Hill. "Pali nthawi yowonjezera yambiri komanso ntchito zambiri m'sitolo zomwe zimachitika pakati pausiku."
"Pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya zinthu zoyimitsidwa pa bolodi zimapangidwa kapena kusinthidwa m'munda," adatero Cerny. "Nthawi zingapo, tinkapanga tsiku la maola 24. Ndinkakhala m'sitolo mpaka 2, 3 koloko m'mawa, ndipo ndimapita kunyumba kukasamba, kunyamula nthawi ya 5:30 koloko m'mawa, koma ndikadali kunyowa."
Dongosolo la MTH loyimitsa kwakanthawi lopangira nyumbayo limapangidwa ndi masika, zingwe, ndi zingwe. Zolumikizira zonse pakati pa mbale zimalumikizidwa pamodzi kwakanthawi. "Chifukwa chake nyumba yonseyo imalumikizidwa ndi makina, yopachikidwa mkati, ndi ma trus 304," adatero Cerny.
Amayamba ndi dome yomwe ili pansi pa chifaniziro cha omhalus - "mchombo wa m'mimba". Dome iyi inapachikidwa pa ma trusses pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothandizira kasupe woyimitsidwa wa mfundo zinayi wokhala ndi ma hangers, zingwe ndi masipeyala. Cerny adati kasupeyu amapereka "kupatsa ndi kutenga" pamene matabwa ambiri akuwonjezedwa. Masipeyala amakonzedwanso kutengera kulemera komwe kumawonjezedwa ndi mbale iliyonse kuti zithandizire kulinganiza chifaniziro chonse.
Bolodi lililonse mwa 168 lili ndi makina ake othandizira kasupe wopachikika wa mfundo zinayi kotero limathandizidwa palokha likakhala pamalo ake. "Lingaliro ndilakuti tisamagogomeze kwambiri malo aliwonse olumikizirana chifukwa malo olumikiziranawo amaikidwa pamodzi kuti apeze mpata wa 0/0," adatero Cerny. "Ngati bolodi ligunda bolodi pansi pake, lingayambitse kugwedezeka ndi mavuto ena."
Monga umboni wa kulondola kwa ntchito ya PSI, kuyika kwake kuli bwino kwambiri popanda mipata yambiri. "PSI yachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri popanga mapanelo," akutero Cerny. "Ndimawayamikira onse chifukwa pamapeto pake, amakwanira bwino. Kuyika kwake ndi kwabwino kwambiri, zomwe ndi zabwino kwa ine. Tikulankhula, pafupifupi inchi imodzi. Mbale imayikidwa. Pali m'mphepete wotsekedwa pamodzi."
“Akamaliza kusonkhanitsa, anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti zatha,” adatero Silva, osati chifukwa chakuti mipiringidzo ndi yolimba, komanso chifukwa chakuti zigawo zonse zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa, ndi mbale zopukutidwa bwino kwambiri, zayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito posonyeza malo ozungulira. Koma mipiringidzo ya m'mbuyo ikuwoneka, mercury yamadzimadzi ilibe mipiringidzo. Kuphatikiza apo, chifanizirocho chiyenera kulumikizidwa mokwanira kuti chikhalebe ndi mawonekedwe ake a mibadwo yamtsogolo, adatero Silva.
Kumaliza ntchito ya Cloud Gate kunayimitsidwa panthawi yotsegulira pakiyi mu nthawi yophukira ya 2004, kotero omhalus inali GTAW yamoyo, ndipo izi zinapitirira kwa miyezi ingapo.
"Mutha kuwona madontho ang'onoang'ono a bulauni, omwe ndi malo olumikizirana a TIG mozungulira nyumba yonse," adatero Cerny. "Tinayamba kumanganso mahema mu Januwale."
"Vuto lalikulu lotsatira pakupanga pulojekitiyi linali kulumikiza msoko popanda kutaya kulondola kwa mawonekedwe chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuluka kwa ma waya," adatero Silva.
Kuwotcherera kwa plasma kumapereka mphamvu ndi kuuma kofunikira popanda chiopsezo chachikulu pa pepalalo, Cerny adatero. Chosakaniza cha 98% argon/2% helium chimagwira ntchito bwino pochepetsa kuipitsidwa ndikuwongolera kusakanikirana.
Ogwiritsa ntchito ma welding amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowotcherera ma keyhole plasma pogwiritsa ntchito magwero amagetsi a Thermal Arc® komanso ma trekitala apadera ndi ma torch omwe adapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi PSI.