Icyerekezo cya Anish Kapoor ku ishusho ya Cloud Gate iri muri Pariki ya Millennium muri Chicago ni uko isa na mercure y'amazi, igaragaza neza umujyi uyikikije. Kugira ngo ugere kuri ubu buryo ni umurimo w'urukundo.
“Icyo nifuzaga gukora muri Millennium Park kwari ugukora ikintu cyashoboraga kwinjira mu kirere cya Chicago…kugira ngo abantu babone ibicu birebiremo n’inyubako ndende cyane zigaragara mu gikorwa. Hanyuma, Kubera imiterere yacyo mu muryango, abitabiriye, abazaba bitabiriye, bazashobora kwinjira muri iki cyumba kinini cyane, mu buryo nk’uko gikora ku ishusho y’umuntu nk’uko inyuma y’igikorwa gikora ku ishusho y’ibintu bikikije umujyi.” – umuhanzi w’Umwongereza uzwi ku isi Anish Kapoor, umuhanga mu gushushanya Cloud Gate
Urebye ubuso butuje bw'iki gishushanyo mbonera cy'icyuma kitagira umugese, biragoye kwiyumvisha ingano y'icyuma n'ubutwari biri munsi yacyo. Cloud Gate ihisha inkuru z'abakora ibyuma barenga 100, abakata, abasudira, abakata, injeniyeri, abatekinisiye, abakora ibyuma, abashyiraho ibikoresho, n'abayobozi—mu myaka itanu yose.
Benshi bakoraga amasaha y'ikirenga, bakoraga akazi ko mu iduka mu gicuku, bakambika aho bakorera, kandi bagakora akazi gakomeye mu bushyuhe bwa dogere 110 bambaye imyenda ya Tyvek® yuzuye n'udupfukamunwa duto. Bamwe bakora mu myanya irwanya imbaraga z'isi, bamanitse ku mukandara w'intebe mu gihe bafite ibikoresho kandi bakora ahantu hanyerera. Byose birushaho gukora (ndetse n'ibirenze ibyo) kugira ngo ibidashoboka bishoboke.
Kongera imbaraga igitekerezo cy’umushushanyi Anish Kapoor cy’ibicu bireremba mu gishushanyo cy’icyuma kitagira umugese gifite uburebure bwa toni 110, metero 66, metero 33, cyari igikorwa cy’ikigo cy’uruganda Performance Structures Inc. (PSI), Oakland, CA, na MTH, Villa Park, IL. Ku isabukuru y’imyaka 120, MTH ni umwe mu bahanga mu by’ubwubatsi ba kera cyane mu gace ka Chicago.
Ibisabwa kugira ngo umushinga ushyirwe mu bikorwa bizafasha mu gushyira mu bikorwa ubuhanzi, ubuhanga, ubuhanga mu by'ubukanishi n'ubumenyi mu by'inganda by'ibigo byombi. Bakora ibikoresho byabugenewe ndetse banabikora.
Zimwe mu mbogamizi z'uyu mushinga zikomoka ku miterere yawo idasanzwe - akadomo cyangwa inda ihindukiye - ndetse n'izindi zikomoka ku bunini bwayo. Ibishushanyo byubatswe n'amasosiyete abiri atandukanye ahantu hatandukanye mu birometero ibihumbi bitandukanye, bigatera ibibazo mu gutwara abantu n'uburyo bwo gukora. Ibikorwa byinshi bigomba gukorwa mu murima biragoye gukora mu iduka, cyane cyane mu murima. Ingorane nyinshi zivuka kubera ko inyubako nk'iyo itigeze ikorwa mbere. Rero, nta referensi, nta gishushanyo mbonera, nta nzira y'umuhanda.
Ethan Silva wo muri PSI afite ubunararibonye bwinshi mu kubaka amasasu, yabanje mu bwato ndetse nyuma no mu yindi mishinga y'ubuhanzi, yujuje ibisabwa mu mirimo yihariye yo kubaka amasasu. Anish Kapoor yasabye abanyeshuri barangije fiziki n'ubuhanzi gutanga icyitegererezo gito.
Silva yagize ati: “Rero nakoze icyitegererezo cya metero 2 x 3, igice cyoroshye cyane gifite ibara ry’umukara, maze aravuga ati ‘Oh, ni wowe wabikoze, ni wowe wenyine wabikoze,’ kuko yari amaze imyaka ibiri ashaka umuntu wo kubikora.”
Gahunda y’ibanze yari uko PSI yakora neza kandi ikubaka icyo gishushanyo, hanyuma igatwara igice cyose mu majyepfo y’inyanja ya Pasifika, ikagica mu muyoboro wa Panama, mu majyaruguru y’inyanja ya Atalantika, no ku muhanda wa St. Lawrence Seaway kugera ku cyambu cyo ku kiyaga cya Michigan, nk’uko bivugwa na Edward Uhlir, umuyobozi mukuru wa Millennium Park Inc. Nk’uko itangazo ribivuga, sisitemu yihariye yo gutwara ibintu izagitwara muri Millennium Park. Imipaka y’igihe n’imikorere byatumye iyi gahunda ihinduka. Kubwibyo, ibishushanyo mbonera byagombaga gutegurwa kugira ngo bikoreshwe kandi bigatwarwa n’amakamyo i Chicago, aho MTH yateranyirizaga inyubako n’inyubako, kandi igahuza ibishushanyo mbonera n’inyubako.
Kurangiza no gusiga irangi ry’irembo rya Cloud Gate kugira ngo ribe rimeze neza byari kimwe mu bintu bigoye cyane mu mirimo yo gushyiraho no guteranya imirima. Inzira y’intambwe 12 irangirana n’irangi ry’umukara risa n’iry’umucuruzi w’imitako.
Silva yagize ati: “Rero twakoranye kuri uwo mushinga mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu, dukora ibi bice.” Ni akazi katoroshye. Igihe kinini cy’uwo mushinga gikoreshwa mu gushaka uburyo bwo kubikora no gusesengura utuntu duto; urabizi, kuwunoza gusa. Uburyo dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa n’ubukorikori bwa kera bw’ibyuma ni uguhuza ikoranabuhanga ryo gucura no gukora indege.”
Yagize ati: “Biragoye gukora ikintu kinini kandi kiremereye mu buryo bunonosoye. Amasahani manini cyane yari afite ubugari bwa metero 1.8 n’uburebure bwa metero 1.8 kandi apima ibiro 1.500.”
Silva agira ati: “Gukora akazi kose ka CAD no gukora ibishushanyo nyabyo by’iduka ry’akazi mu by’ukuri ni umushinga ukomeye ubwawo.” Dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa kugira ngo dupime amasahani no gusuzuma neza imiterere n’ubugari bwabyo kugira ngo bihuze neza.
Silva yagize ati: “Twakoze ibishushanyo mbonera bya mudasobwa hanyuma tubigabanyamo ibice.” Nakoresheje ubunararibonye bwanjye mu kubaka ibikonoshwa, kandi nari mfite ibitekerezo ku buryo bwo kugabanya imiterere kugira ngo imigozi ikore neza kugira ngo tubone umusaruro mwiza.”
Amasahani amwe afite impande enye, andi afite ishusho nk'iya payi. Uko yegeranye n'impinduka nini, ni ko aba afite ishusho nk'iya payi, kandi ni ko impinduka nini y'imirasire iba nini. Hejuru, aba arambuye kandi manini.
Plasma igabanya icyuma kitagira umugese cya santimetero 316 ubugari bwa santimetero 1/4 kugeza 3/8, gifite imbaraga zihagije ubwacyo, nk'uko Silva abivuga. “Ikibazo nyacyo ni ukugira ngo ibyuma binini bigere ku murongo ukwiye. Ibi bikorwa binyuze mu gukora no gukora urufatiro rw'imbavu kuri buri bumba neza cyane. Muri ubu buryo dushobora gusobanura neza imiterere ya buri bumba.”
Utubati dupfunyitse ku tubati twa 3D PSI yashushanyije kandi igakora by’umwihariko kugira ngo tupfunyike utubati (reba Ishusho ya 1).”Ni nk’aho ari ubwoko bw’utubati twa 3D tw’Abongereza. Tudupfunyitse dukoresheje uburyo busa n’uko utubati dukorwa,” Silva yagize ati. Hindura buri gice ugihindura inyuma no inyuma ku tubati, uhindure umuvuduko w’utubati kugeza igihe utubati turi hagati ya santimetero 0.01 n’ingano wifuza. Ubuhanga bukenewe butuma bigorana gukora impapuro neza, nk’uko yabivuze.
Hanyuma umusudi ashyiramo flux cord ijyanye n'imiterere y'imbavu z'imbere. Silva arasobanura ati: "Mu bitekerezo byanjye, flux cored ni uburyo bwiza bwo gukora structural welds mu byuma bitarangwamo ifu." Biguha flux nziza cyane, byibanda cyane ku musaruro kandi bisa neza."
Ubuso bwose bw'imbaho ​​bukoreshwa n'intoki kandi bugacukurwa n'imashini kugira ngo bugabanywe neza kugeza ku rugero rw'igipimo cy'inyongera cya santimetero 1.5 kugira ngo byose bihure neza (reba Ishusho ya 2). Genzura ingano ukoresheje igikoresho cyo gupima neza no gupima hakoreshejwe laser. Amaherezo, isahani irangirika kugeza ku nduriramuco kandi igatwikirwa na firime irinda.
Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'ibipande, hamwe n'ishingiro n'imiterere y'imbere, byashyizwe mu nteko y'igerageza mbere yuko ibipande byoherezwa biva Auckland (reba Ishusho ya 3 na 4). Nateguye uburyo bwo gusudira impande no gukora ubudozi ku mbaho ​​nto kugira ngo mbifatanye. "Rero ubwo twabihuzaga i Chicago, twari tuzi ko bigiye kumera neza," Silva yagize ati.
Ubushyuhe, igihe n'ihindagurika ry'imodoka bishobora gutuma urupapuro ruzungurutse rurekura. Urusobe rw'imigozi ntirugenewe gusa kongera ubukana bw'urubaho, ahubwo runagamije kugumana imiterere y'urubaho mu gihe cyo gutwara.
Bityo, iyo mashini yo gushimangira imbere ikoresheje urushundura, isahani irashyuha kandi ikonjeshwa kugira ngo igabanye ubukana bw'ibikoresho. Kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika mu nzira, hakorwa uduce twa buri sahani, hanyuma tugashyirwa mu bikoresho, bine icyarimwe.
Hanyuma amakontena yashyirwaga mu bikoresho byarangiye neza, bigera kuri bine icyarimwe, hanyuma yoherezwa i Chicago hamwe n'abakozi ba PSI kugira ngo bashyirwemo hamwe n'abakozi ba MTH. Umwe ni umukozi ushinzwe ubwikorezi uhuza ubwikorezi, undi ni umuyobozi mu rwego rwa tekiniki. Akorana n'abakozi ba MTH buri munsi kandi agafasha guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishya uko bikenewe. “Birumvikana ko yari igice cy'ingenzi cyane muri iki gikorwa,” Silva yagize ati.
Lyle Hill, perezida wa MTH, yavuze ko MTH Industries yabanje guhabwa inshingano zo gufata neza igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibishushanyo mbonera ku butaka no gushyiraho inyubako nini, hanyuma ikabisudiraho impapuro no kubisiga no kubikora neza, binyuze mu buyobozi bwa tekiniki bwa PSI. Kurangiza igishushanyo mbonera bivuze uburinganire hagati y’ubuhanzi n’imikorere; inyigisho n’ukuri; igihe gisabwa n’igihe giteganyijwe.
Lou Cerny, visi perezida ushinzwe ubwubatsi n'umukozi ushinzwe imishinga muri MTH, yavuze ko ikimushishikaje kuri uyu mushinga ari umwihariko wawo. “Nk’uko tubizi, hari ibintu bibera kuri uyu mushinga byigeze bikorwa mbere, cyangwa bitigeze bitekerezwaho mbere,” Cerny yagize ati.
Ariko gukora akazi ka mbere gasanzwe bisaba ubuhanga bworoshye mu kazi kugira ngo uhangane n'ibibazo bitunguranye kandi usubize ibibazo bivuka uko akazi kagenda gatera imbere:
Ni gute washyira amapaneri 128 y'icyuma kitagira umugozi ku gisenge gihoraho mugihe ukoresha uturindantoki tw'abana? Ni gute wasudira igishyimbo kinini gifite ishusho y'uruziga utishingikirijeho? Ni gute wakwinjira mu gikoresho kitagira umugozi utabasha gusudira imbere? Ni gute wagera ku iherezo ryiza ry'indorerwamo ku byuma bitagira umugozi mu murima? Ni iki kizaba niramuka inkuba ikubise?
Cerny yavuze ko ikimenyetso cya mbere cy'uko uyu mushinga uzaba utoroshye cyane ari igihe imirimo yo kubaka no gushyiraho ibikoresho bya kilometero 30.000 yatangiraga. Inyubako y'icyuma ishyigikira icyo gishushanyo.
Nubwo icyuma gikungahaye kuri zinc cyatanzwe na PSI kugira ngo giteranye igice cy’inyubako cyari cyoroshye gukora, aho inyubako yari iri hari igice cya kabiri hejuru y’aho resitora iri n’igice hejuru y’aho imodoka zihagarara, buri kimwe kiri ku burebure butandukanye.
Cerny yagize ati: “Rero inyubako yayo irimo gushonga kandi iracitse.” Aho twashyize ibi byuma byinshi, harimo no mu ntangiriro y’akazi ka plaque, byabaye ngombwa ko icyuma gitwara crane mu mwobo wa metero 1.5.”
Cerny yavuze ko bakoresheje uburyo buhanitse cyane bwo gufunga, harimo uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho mbere y’uko bishyirwa mu bubiko bw’amakara, nk’ubwoko bw’ibintu bikoreshwa mu bucukuzi bw’amakara, hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho bya shimi. Iyo icyuma gishyirwa mu byuma gishyizwe muri sima, ni ngombwa kubaka urwego runini ruzashyirwamo igikonoshwa.
Cerny (reba Ishusho ya 3) agira ati: “Twatangiye gushyiraho sisitemu y’imigozi dukoresheje impeta ebyiri nini za O-steel 304 zakozwe mu cyuma kitagira umugese—imwe iri ku mpera y’amajyaruguru y’inyubako n’indi iri ku mpera y’amajyepfo.” Impeta zifatanye hamwe n’imigozi ihuza imiyoboro. Impeta y’impeta yubatswe mu bice kandi ihambirwa mu mwanya wayo hakoreshejwe GMAW na bar weld na weld stiffeners.
Cerny yagize ati: “Rero hari inyubako nini cyane itigeze ibonwa n’umuntu; ni iyo gusa igenewe inyubako.”
Nubwo hakozwe ibishoboka byose mu gushushanya, gukora, gukora no gushyiramo ibintu byose bikenewe mu mushinga wa Auckland, iki gishushanyo ntabwo kidasanzwe kandi guca inzira nshya buri gihe bizana n'udusimba n'imigeri. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhuza igitekerezo cy'inganda z'ikigo kimwe n'iz'ikindi si ibintu byoroshye nko kunyura ku ntoki. Byongeye kandi, intera iri hagati y'aho hantu yateje gutinda kohereza, byatumye bimwe mu bikorwa byo gukora ahantu hakorerwaga ibintu birushaho kuba byiza.
Silva yagize ati: “Nubwo ibikorwa byo guteranya no gusudira byari byarateguwe mbere muri Oakland, imiterere nyayo y’aho byasabaga ubuhanga bwo guhindura imiterere y’aho.” Kandi abakozi b’ishyirahamwe ry’abakozi ni beza cyane.”
Mu mezi make ya mbere, gahunda ya buri munsi ya MTH yari ukumenya icyo akazi k'umunsi kagombaga gukora n'uburyo bwiza bwo gukora bimwe mu bice byo gushyiraho igice cy'inyuma, hamwe n'imigozi, "ibifata umuyaga," amaboko, udukingirizo, n'udukingirizo. Inkoni za pogo zagombaga gukora sisitemu y'agateganyo yo ku ruhande, nk'uko Er yabitangaje.
“Ni igikorwa gikomeje cyo gushushanya no gukora ibintu vuba kugira ngo ibintu bikomeze kugenda neza kandi bigere aho biherereye vuba. Dumara igihe kinini dusesengura ibyo dufite, duhindura imiterere yabyo kandi tuvugurura imiterere yabyo mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, hanyuma tugakora ibice bikenewe.”
“Mu by’ukuri, tuzagira ibintu 10 kuwa kabiri tugomba kuzana ku wa gatatu,” Hill yagize ati. “Hari amasaha menshi y’inyongera n’akazi kenshi ko mu iduka gakorwa mu gicuku.”
Cerny yagize ati: “Hafi 75 ku ijana by'ibice by'imizigo y'ibaruwa biba byarakozwe cyangwa byahinduwe mu murima.” Inshuro nke, twakoraga amasaha 24 ku munsi. Nabaga ndi mu iduka kugeza saa mbiri, saa tatu za mu gitondo, ngataha kwiyuhagira, nkatora saa kumi n'imwe n'igice za mu gitondo, ariko ngakomeza kuvoma.”
Cerny yagize ati: “Uburyo bwo guhagarika by’agateganyo MTH bwo guteranya inzu bugizwe n’amasoko, imigozi n’insinga. Impande zose hagati y’amasahani zifatanye by’agateganyo.” Bityo, imiterere yose ifatanye mu buryo bwa mashini, ihagaze imbere, hamwe n’imigozi 304.”
Bahera ku gisenge kiri mu nsi y'igishushanyo cya omhalus - "agace k'inyuma". Igisenge cyamanitswe ku migozi hakoreshejwe uburyo bw'agateganyo bwo gushyigikira impera zometseho zifite impande enye zigizwe n'udupira two kumanika, insinga n'amasoko. Cerny yavuze ko isoko itanga "gutanga no gufata" uko izindi mbaho ​​zongerwaho. Hanyuma amasoko aravugururwa hashingiwe ku buremere bwiyongereyeho buri sahani kugira ngo bifashe kuringaniza ishusho yose.
Buri kibaho muri 168 gifite sisitemu yacyo yo gushyigikira impera zo guhagarara zifite amanota ane, bityo gishyigikirwa ukwacyo iyo kiri aho kiri. “Igitekerezo ni ukudashyira imbere cyane ingingo iyo ari yo yose kuko izo ngingo zishyirwa hamwe kugira ngo habeho icyuho cya 0/0,” Cerny yagize ati. “Iyo ikibaho kigeze munsi yacyo, gishobora gutera gucika intege n'ibindi bibazo.”
Mu rwego rwo kugaragaza ukuri kw'akazi ka PSI, guteranya ni byiza cyane nta cyuho kinini kirimo. Cerny agira ati: “PSI yakoze akazi gakomeye ko gukora amapine.” Ndabaha icyubahiro cyose kuko amaherezo, birahuye neza. Uburyo bwo kuyiteranya ni bwiza cyane, kandi ni byiza kuri njye. Turavuga, mu by'ukuri ni santimetero igihumbi. Isahani ishyizwe kuri Hari impande zifunze hamwe.”
Silva yagize ati: “Iyo barangije guteranya, abantu benshi batekereza ko byarangiye gusa, ahubwo ko ibice byateranijwe neza, hamwe n’amasahani y’indorerwamo akozwe neza cyane, byagiye bigaragara mu bidukikije. Ariko imigozi y’ibibuno iragaragara, mercure y’amazi nta migozi igira. Byongeye kandi, icyo gishushanyo cyagombaga gusukwa neza kugira ngo gikomeze kuba cyiza ku bisekuruza bizaza, nk’uko Silva yabitangaje.
Irangira rya Cloud Gate ryabaye ngombwa ko rihagarara ubwo iyi pariki yafungurwaga mu gihe cy'impeshyi ya 2004, bityo omhalus yari GTAW ikora, kandi ibyo byamaze amezi make.
Cerny yagize ati: “Ushobora kubona utudomo duto tw’umukara, turimo uduce twa TIG solder dukikije inyubako yose.” Twatangiye kongera kubaka amahema muri Mutarama.”
Silva yagize ati: “Ikibazo gikurikiraho gikomeye mu nganda muri uyu mushinga cyari ugusudira umushono nta gutakaza imiterere myiza bitewe no guhindagurika kwa poroteyine yo gusudira.”
Cerny yavuze ko gusudira plasma bitanga imbaraga n'ubukana bikenewe, nta ngaruka mbi nyinshi ku rupapuro. Uruvange rwa 98% rwa argon / 2% rwa helium rukora neza mu kugabanya umwanda no kongera ubwiyongere bw'uruvange.
Abasudira bakoresha tekiniki zo gusudira plasma hakoreshejwe amasoko y'amashanyarazi ya Thermal Arc® hamwe n'ibikoresho byihariye bya traktori n'amatara byakozwe kandi bigakoreshwa na PSI.