Umbono ka-Anish Kapoor ngomfanekiso oqingqiweyo weCloud Gate eMillennium Park yaseChicago kukuba ufana ne-mercury engamanzi, ubonakalisa kakuhle isixeko esijikelezileyo. Ukufezekisa olu hlobo lomsebenzi ngumsebenzi wothando.
“Into endandifuna ukuyenza ngeMillennium Park yayikukufaka iChicago skyline… ukuze abantu babone amafu edada kuyo kwaye ezi zakhiwo zinde kakhulu zibonakala kumsebenzi. , umthathi-nxaxheba, umbukeli uya kukwazi ukungena kweli gumbi linzulu kakhulu, elisebenza ngendlela ethile ngokuzibonakalisa ngendlela efanayo nendlela ukubonakala komsebenzi okusebenza ngayo ekubonakaliseni isixeko esijikelezileyo,” lo mzobi odumileyo waseBritane. Anish Kapoor, umzobi weCloud Gate
Ukujonga umphezulu ozolileyo walo mfanekiso mkhulu wentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kunzima ukuqikelela ukuba ingakanani isinyithi kunye nesibindi esifihliweyo phantsi komphezulu wawo. I-Cloud Gate ifihla amabali abenzi besinyithi abangaphezu kwe-100, abasiki, abawelda, abachebi beentsimbi, iinjineli, iingcali, abalungisi beentsimbi, abalungisi beentsimbi kunye nabaphathi - kwiminyaka engaphezu kwemi-5 yokwenziwa.
Abaninzi basebenze iiyure ezinde, basebenza kwiindawo zokusebenzela ezinzulwini zobusuku, bagxumeke iintente kwindawo yokwakha kwaye basebenza nzima kumaqondo obushushu angama-110-degree benxibe iisuti zeTyvek® ezipheleleyo kunye neemaski ezisisiqingatha. Abanye basebenza ngokuchasene nomxhuzulane, bexhoma kwiibhanti, bephethe izixhobo, kwaye besebenza kwiindawo ezityibilikayo. Yonke into ihamba kancinci (kwaye ingaphaya) ukuze kwenzeke okungenakwenzeka.
Ingcamango ka-Anish Kapoor, umzobi wekhonkrithi, yelifu elihambayo eliya kwi-sculpture yentsimbi engagqwaliyo enobude obuziitoni ezili-110, ubude obuziimitha ezingama-66, ubude obuziimitha ezingama-33, yayingumsebenzi wePerformance Structures Inc., inkampani yokuvelisa. (PSI), e-Oakland, eCalifornia, kunye ne-MTH, eVilla. Park, e-Illinois. Kwisikhumbuzo sayo seminyaka eli-120, i-MTH yenye yezona nkampani zindala zokwakha intsimbi neglasi kwindawo yaseChicago.
Iimfuneko zokuphunyezwa kwale projekthi ziya kuxhomekeka ekusebenzeni kobugcisa, ubuchule, izakhono zoomatshini kunye nolwazi lokuvelisa lwazo zombini ezi nkampani. Zizixhobo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kwaye zakhiwe ngokwezixhobo zeprojekthi.
Ezinye zeengxaki zale projekthi zivela kwimilo yayo egobileyo ngendlela engaqhelekanga – inkaba enamachaphaza okanye ejonge phantsi – kwaye ezinye zivela kubukhulu bayo obupheleleyo. Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yakhiwa ziinkampani ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezikude ngamawaka eekhilomitha, nto leyo edala iingxaki ngezothutho kunye neendlela zokusebenza. Iinkqubo ezininzi ekufuneka zenziwe ebaleni kunzima ukuzenza evenkileni, ingasathethwa ke ngebala. Ubunzima obukhulu buvela kuba nje isakhiwo esinjalo asikaze senziwe ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, akukho khonkco, akukho sicwangciso, akukho maphu.
U-Ethan Silva we-PSI unamava amaninzi ekwakheni iinqanawa, kuqala ngeenqanawa aze kamva kwezinye iiprojekthi zobugcisa, kwaye ufanelekile ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo yokwakha iinqanawa. U-Anish Kapoor ucele abafundi abaphumelele kwifiziksi kunye nobugcisa ukuba banike imodeli encinci.
“Ngoko ke ndenze isampuli ye-2 x 3 yeemitha, isiqwenga esigobileyo nesigudileyo, waza wathi, ‘Owu, nguwe wedwa owenze loo nto,’ kuba ebekhangela iminyaka emibini. Fumana umntu oza kwenza loo nto,” utshilo uSilva.
Isicwangciso sokuqala yayikukuba i-PSI yenze kwaye yakhe umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ngokupheleleyo ize emva koko ithumele yonke into emazantsi oLwandlekazi iPanama ngePanama Canal kwaye emantla ecaleni koLwandlekazi iAtlantic kunye neSt. Lawrence Seaway ukuya kwizibuko elikwiLake Michigan. U-Edward Ulir, i-CEO yeMillennium Park Inc. Ngokwengxelo, inkqubo yokuhambisa eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iya kumsa eMillennium Park. Imida yexesha kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwanyanzela ukuba ezi zicwangciso zitshintshe. Ngoko ke, iiphaneli ezigobileyo kwafuneka ziqinisekiswe ukuze zithuthwe kwaye zithuthwe ngelori ukuya eChicago, apho i-MTH yadibanisa isakhiwo esingaphantsi kunye nesakhiwo esingaphezulu, kwaye yadibanisa iiphaneli kwisakhiwo esingaphezulu.
Ukugqibezela nokupolisha ii-welds ze-Cloud Gate ukuze zibonakale zingenamthungo yayiyenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu ekufakeni nasekuhlanganiseni kwindawo. Inkqubo enamanyathelo ali-12 igqitywa ngokufaka i-blush ekhanyayo, efana ne-polish yobucwebe.
“Ngokusisiseko, sisebenze kule projekthi kangangeminyaka emithathu sisenza ezi nxalenye,” utshilo uSilva. “Lo ngumsebenzi onzima. Kuthatha ixesha elininzi ukufumanisa indlela yokwenza nokuhlalutya iinkcukacha; uyazi, ukuze nje sifezekise. Indlela esisebenzisa ngayo iteknoloji yekhompyutha kunye nokusebenza ngesinyithi okudala kukudibanisa iteknoloji yokubumba kunye neyomoya.”
Uthe kunzima ukwenza into enkulu nenzima kangaka ngocoselelo oluphezulu. Iislab ezinkulu zazinobubanzi obuziimitha ezi-7 kunye nobude obuziimitha ezili-11 kwaye zinobunzima obuziikhilogram ezili-1,500.
“Ukwenza wonke umsebenzi we-CAD nokwenza imizobo yevenkile yomsebenzi yiprojekthi enkulu ngokwayo,” utshilo uSilva. “Sisebenzisa itekhnoloji yekhompyutha ukulinganisa iipleyiti kunye nokuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo imo yazo kunye nokugoba kwazo ukuze zihambelane ngokuchanekileyo.
“Senze ukulinganisa ikhompyutha saza sahlulahlula,” utshilo uSilva. “Ndisebenzise amava am ekwakheni iigobolondo kwaye bendineengcinga ezithile malunga nendlela yokwahlulahlula iimilo ukuze imigca yomthungo isebenze ukuze sikwazi ukufumana iziphumo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu.”
Ezinye iipleyiti zisikwere, ezinye zimile okwepayi. Okukhona zisondela ekutshintsheni okubukhali, kokukhona zimile okwepayi kwaye kokukhona i-radius yotshintsho lwe-radial inkulu. Kwinxalenye ephezulu zithe tyaba kwaye zikhulu.
USilva uthi iplasma inqumla intsimbi engagqwaliyo eyi-316L enobukhulu obuyi-1/4 ukuya kwi-3/8 intshi, nto leyo enamandla ngokwayo. “Umngeni wokwenene kukunika iislabhu ezinkulu ugobile oluchanekileyo. Oku kwenziwa ngokuyila ngokuchanekileyo nangokuyila isakhelo senkqubo yembambo kwislabhu nganye. Ngale ndlela, sinokuyichonga ngokuchanekileyo imilo yeslabhu nganye.”
Ezi bhodi ziqengqeleka kwiirola ze-3D ezenziwe yi-PSI kwaye zazenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuqengqeleka kwezi bhodi (jonga umfanekiso 1). “Zifana nomzala weerola zaseBritane. Siziqengqeleka sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo namaphiko,” utshilo uSilva. Goba iphaneli nganye ngokuyihambisa ngasemva nangaphambili kwiirola, ulungisa uxinzelelo kwiirola de iiphaneli zibe ngaphakathi kwe-0.01″ yobukhulu obufunekayo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuchaneka okuphezulu okufunekayo kwenza kube nzima ukwenza amaphepha kakuhle.
Emva koko umthungi uthungela ucingo olune-flux-core kwisakhiwo senkqubo yangaphakathi eneembambo. “Ngokoluvo lwam, ucingo olune-flux-core yindlela entle kakhulu yokwenza ii-stainless steel structural welds,” ucacisa uSilva. “Oku kukunika ii-welds ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezigxile ekuvelisweni nasekubukekeni okuhle.”
Zonke iindawo zebhodi zigaywa ngesandla kwaye zigaywe kumatshini ukuze zinqunyulwe zibe yi-intshi enye ukuze zilingane (jonga umfanekiso 2). Qinisekisa ubukhulu ngesixhobo sokulinganisa esichanekileyo kunye nesixhobo sokuskena nge-laser. Ekugqibeleni, ipleyiti ipholishwa ide igqitywe kwisibuko kwaye igqunywe ngefilimu yokukhusela.
Malunga nesinye kwisithathu seephaneli, kunye nesiseko kunye nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi, zahlanganiswa kwindibano yovavanyo ngaphambi kokuba iiphaneli zithunyelwe zivela eAuckland (jonga imifanekiso 3 kunye no-4). Ndaceba inkqubo yokubeka iiplanga kwaye ndathungela iibhodi ezincinci ezininzi ukuze ndizidibanise. “Ngoko xa sasizihlanganisa eChicago, sasisazi ukuba ziya kufaneleka,” utshilo uSilva.
Ubushushu, ixesha kunye nokungcangcazela kwetroli kunokubangela ukuba iphepha eligoqiweyo likhululeke. I-ribbed grating ayilungiselelwe nje kuphela ukwandisa ukuqina kwebhodi, kodwa nokugcina imo yebhodi ngexesha lokuthuthwa.
Ngoko ke, xa i-reinforcement mesh ingaphakathi, ipleyiti iyanyangwa ngobushushu kwaye ipholiswe ukuze kuncitshiswe uxinzelelo lwezinto eziphathekayo. Ukuthintela ngakumbi umonakalo ohambayo, kwenziwa ii-cradles zesitya ngasinye kwaye emva koko zilayishwa kwizikhongozeli, malunga nezine ngexesha.
Emva koko izikhongozeli zazaliswa ngeemveliso ezingekagqitywa ngokupheleleyo, malunga nezine ngexesha, zaza zathunyelwa eChicago kunye namaqela e-PSI ukuze afakwe ngamaqela e-MTH. Omnye wabo yingcali yezothutho eququzelela uthutho, kwaye omnye ungumphathi kwicandelo lobugcisa. Usebenza imihla ngemihla nabasebenzi be-MTH kwaye unceda ekuphuhliseni ubuchwepheshe obutsha njengoko kufuneka. “Ewe, wayeyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenkqubo,” utshilo uSilva.
ULyle Hill, uMongameli we-MTH, uthe i-MTH Industries ekuqaleni yayinikwe umsebenzi wokuqinisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo emhlabeni nokufaka isakhiwo esingaphezulu, emva koko badibanise amashiti kuwo baze benze ukusantinga nokupolisha kokugqibela, ngenxa ye-PSI Technical Management. Umfanekiso ubonisa ulungelelwano phakathi kobugcisa kunye nokusebenza, ithiyori kunye nenyani, ixesha elifunekayo kunye nexesha elicwangcisiweyo.
ULou Czerny, usekela mongameli wobunjineli kunye nomphathi weprojekthi kwi-MTH, uthe unomdla wokwazi ukuba le projekthi yahlukile. “Ngokolwazi lwethu, kukho izinto ezenzekayo kule projekthi ithile ezingazange zenziwe ngaphambili okanye ezingazange ziqwalaselwe ngaphambili,” utshilo uCerny.
Kodwa ukusebenza kumsebenzi wokuqala wohlobo lwawo kufuna ubuchule obuguquguqukayo kwindawo yokusebenza ukuze kujongwane neengxaki ezingalindelekanga kwaye kuphendulwe imibuzo evelayo endleleni:
Ungazincamathisela njani iiphaneli zentsimbi engagqwaliyo eziyi-128 ezinobukhulu bemoto kwisakhiwo esihlala sihleli ngelixa unxibe iiglavu zabantwana? Ungayifaka njani imbotyi enkulu efana ne-arc ngaphandle kokuthembela kuyo? Ndingangena njani kwi-weld ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuyifaka ngaphakathi? Ungayifumana njani isiphelo esigqibeleleyo sesibuko see-weld zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ebaleni? Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umbane umbetha?
UCzerny uthe uphawu lokuqala lokuba le iya kuba yiprojekthi enzima kakhulu yayikukuqala kokwakhiwa nokufakelwa kwezixhobo ezixabisa iikhilogram ezingama-30,000. Isakhiwo sentsimbi esixhasa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo.
Nangona intsimbi yesakhiwo esinezinki ephezulu ebonelelwe yiPSI ukuhlanganisa isiseko sesakhiwo esingaphantsi yayilula kakhulu ukuyenza, iqonga lesakhiwo esingaphantsi lalibekwe kwisiqingatha ngaphezulu kwendawo yokutyela kwaye isiqingatha ngaphezulu kwendawo yokupaka iimoto, nganye ikwindawo ephakamileyo eyahlukileyo.
“Ngoko ke isiseko singathi siqhekekile kwaye siyagungqa,” utshilo uCzerny. “Apho sibeka khona uninzi lwentsimbi, kuquka nasekuqaleni kweslab ngokwayo, kwafuneka sinyanzele i-crane ukuba ingene emngxunyeni oziimitha ezi-5.”
UCzerny uthe basebenzise inkqubo yokuncamathelisa enobuchule kakhulu, kuquka inkqubo yokucinezela ngoomatshini efana naleyo isetyenziswa kwimigodi yamalahle kunye nezinye ii-ankile zeekhemikhali. Nje ukuba isiseko sesakhiwo sentsimbi sinamathele kwikhonkrithi, kufuneka kwakhiwe isakhiwo esingaphezulu apho iqokobhe liza kuncamatheliswa khona.
“Saqala ukufaka inkqubo ye-truss sisebenzisa ii-o-rings ezimbini ezinkulu ezenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezingama-304—enye ikwisiphelo esisemantla sesakhiwo kwaye enye ikwisiphelo esisemazantsi,” utshilo uCzerny (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Iirings zibotshelelwe ngee-tubular trusses ezidibanayo. I-subframe ye-ring core ihlukaniswe kwaye ibotshelelwe endaweni yayo kusetyenziswa i-GMAW, i-rod welding kunye ne-welded stiffeners.
“Ngoko ke kukho isakhiwo esikhulu esingaphezulu kwesakhiwo esingazange sibonwe mntu; senzelwe nje isakhelo solwakhiwo,” utshilo uCzerny.
Nangona kwenziwe imizamo emihle yokuyila, ubunjineli, ukuvelisa nokufaka zonke izinto ezifunekayo kwiprojekthi yase-Auckland, lo mfanekiso awukaze ubonwe ngaphambili kwaye iindlela ezintsha zihlala zihamba neengxolo kunye nemikrwelo. Ngokufanayo, ukufanisa ingcamango yokuvelisa yenkampani enye nenye akulula njengokudlulisa induku. Ukongeza, umgama ophakathi kweendawo ubangele ukulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa, okwenza kube nengqiqo ukuvelisa kwindawo.
“Nangona iinkqubo zokuhlanganisa nokuwelda zazicwangcisiwe eAuckland kwangethuba, imeko yendawo yayifuna ukuba wonke umntu abe nobuchule,” utshilo uSilva. “Kwaye abasebenzi bombutho balungile kakhulu.”
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala, inkqubo yemihla ngemihla ye-MTH yayikukufumanisa ukuba umsebenzi wosuku wawubandakanya ntoni kunye nendlela yokwenza ngcono ezinye zezixhobo zokuhlanganisa iifreyimu ezingaphantsi, kunye nezinye ii-struts, "ii-shocks", iingalo, ii-pin, kunye nee-pin. U-Er uthe iintonga ze-pogo zazifuneka ukwenza inkqubo yesikhashana ye-siding.
"Yinkqubo eqhubekayo yoyilo kunye nemveliso eqhubekayo ukuze izinto ziqhubeke kwaye zifike ngokukhawuleza ebaleni. Sichitha ixesha elininzi sihlela izinto esinazo, kwezinye iimeko sihlengahlengisa kwaye siyila ngokutsha, size emva koko sivelise iindawo esizifunayo."
“NgoLwesibini siza kuba nezinto ezilishumi ekufuneka sizise kule ndawo ngoLwesithathu,” utshilo uHill. “Sinomsebenzi omninzi wexesha elongezelelweyo kunye nomsebenzi omninzi evenkileni owenziwe ezinzulwini zobusuku.”
“Malunga nama-75 ekhulwini eenxalenye ze-sideboard suspension zenziwa okanye zatshintshwa entsimini,” utshilo uCzerny. “Izihlandlo ezimbalwa sasizihlawulela imini yonke iiyure ezingama-24. Ndandisevenkileni de kwaba yintsimbi yesi-2, eyesi-3 kusasa ndaza ndaya ekhaya ukuya kuhlamba, ndazithatha ngo-5:30 ndaza ndamanzi.”
Inkqubo yokumiswa okwethutyana yeMTN yokudibanisa isiqu senqanawa inezipringi, ii-struts kunye neentambo. Zonke iindawo ezidityanisiweyo phakathi kweepleyiti zibotshelelwe kunye okwethutyana. “Ngoko ke lonke ulwakhiwo luqhagamshelwe ngoomatshini, luxhonywe ngaphakathi kwii-trusses ezingama-304,” utshilo uCzerny.
Ziqala kwidome esezantsi komfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-omgala – “inkaba yenkaba”. Idome yaxhonywa kwiitrusses kusetyenziswa inkqubo yenkxaso yentwasahlobo yokumiswa enamachaphaza amane yexeshana, equka ii-hangers, iintambo kunye nezipringi. UCzerny uthe intwasahlobo inika “ukutsiba” njengoko kongezwa amabhodi amaninzi. Izipringi emva koko zilungiswa ngokusekelwe kubunzima obongezwe yipleyiti nganye ukuze ilinganise umfanekiso wonke.
Ibhodi nganye kwezili-168 inenkqubo yayo yokuxhasa ukumiswa kwentwasahlobo enamachaphaza amane ngoko ke ixhaswa nganye nganye endaweni yayo. “Ingcinga kukungavavanyi kakhulu naziphi na iijoyinti kuba ezo joyinti zidityaniswa ukuze kufezekiswe umsantsa we-0/0,” utshilo uCerny. “Ukuba ibhodi ibetha ibhodi engaphantsi kwayo inokukhokelela ekugobeni nakwezinye iingxaki.”
Njengobungqina bokuchaneka kwePSI, ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kuhle kakhulu ngaphandle kokudlala kakhulu. “I-PSI yenze umsebenzi omhle kakhulu wokwenza iiphaneli,” utshilo uCzerny. “Ndiyabancoma kuba, ekugqibeleni, iyafanelana ngokwenene. Izixhobo zilungile kakhulu, nto leyo kum imangalisayo. Sithetha ngokoqobo malunga neesentimitha eziliwaka. Ipleyiti edibeneyo inomphetho ovaliweyo.”
“Xa begqiba ukuhlanganisa, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba kwenziwe,” utshilo uSilva, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba imithungo iqinile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iindawo ezidityanisiweyo ngokupheleleyo kunye neepleyiti ezikhazimlisiweyo zesipili ziyadlala indima ukuze zibonakalise okumngqongileyo. Kodwa imithungo yeempundu iyabonakala, i-mercury engamanzi ayinamithungo. Ukongeza, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kwafuneka udityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ukuze kugcinwe ulungelelwaniso lwawo kwizizukulwana ezizayo, utshilo uSilva.
Ukugqitywa kweSango leLifu kwafuneka kulibaziseke ngexesha lokuvulwa kwepaki enkulu ekwindla ka-2004, ngoko ke i-omhalus yaba yi-GTAW ephilayo, kwaye oku kwaqhubeka kangangeenyanga eziliqela.
“Ungabona amabala amancinci amdaka kuyo yonke indawo, amalunga nee-TIG solder joints,” utshilo uCzerny. “Siqale ukulungisa iitente ngoJanuwari.”
“Umngeni olandelayo omkhulu wemveliso kule projekthi yayikukuthungela umthungo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukuchaneka kwemilo ngenxa yokuncipha kokuthungela,” utshilo uSilva.
Ngokutsho kukaCzerny, ukuwelda ngeplasma kunika amandla afunekayo kunye nokuqina kunye nomngcipheko omncinci kwishidi. Umxube we-98% argon kunye ne-2% helium yeyona nto ilungileyo ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko kunye nokuphucula ukudibana.
Abathungi basebenzisa iindlela zokuthungela i-plasma ye-keyhole besebenzisa imithombo yamandla yeThermal Arc® kunye neendibano ezikhethekileyo zetrektara kunye neetotshi eziyilwe kwaye zisetyenziswa yiPSI.