Urakoze gusura Kamere.com.Verisiyo ya mushakisha ukoresha ifite inkunga ya CSS igarukira.Kuburambe bwiza, turagusaba ko ukoresha mushakisha ivuguruye (cyangwa ugahagarika uburyo bwo guhuza uburyo muri Internet Explorer).Hagati aho, kugirango tumenye gukomeza gushyigikirwa, tuzatanga urubuga rudafite imiterere na JavaScript.
Ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane bitagira umuyonga hamwe nuburyo bwakorewe birwanya kwangirika mubihe bidukikije bitewe na passivation igizwe na oxyde ya chromium.Kwangirika no gutwarwa nicyuma bisanzwe bifitanye isano no gusenya ibyo bice, ariko gake cyane kurwego rwa microscopique, bitewe ninkomoko yubuso bwa inhomogeneity.Muri iki gikorwa, imiterere ya nanoscale yubutaka bwa heterogeneité yagaragajwe na microscopi ya spekitroscopique hamwe nisesengura rya chemometrike bitunguranye byiganje kubora no kwangirika kwa cerium ikonje yahinduwe super super duplex idafite ibyuma 2507 (SDSS) mugihe cyimyitwarire ishyushye.kurundi ruhande.Nubwo microscopi ya X-ray yerekanaga igereranya risa na Cr2O3 karemano, SDSS ikonje ikonje yerekanaga ibisubizo bibi bya passiwasi bitewe no gukwirakwiza kwa nanoisland ikungahaye kuri Fe3 + kurwego rwa Fe / Cr oxyde.Ubu bumenyi kurwego rwa atome butanga gusobanukirwa byimbitse kwangirika kwicyuma kandi biteganijwe ko bizafasha kurwanya ruswa yibyuma bisa cyane.
Kuva havumburwa ibyuma bitagira umwanda, birwanya ruswa ya ferrochromium yatewe na chromium, ikora oxyde ikomeye / oxyhydroxide yerekana imyitwarire ishimishije mubidukikije byinshi.Ugereranije nicyuma gisanzwe (austenitike na ferritic) ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ibyuma bya super duplex bitagira umuyonga (SDSS) bifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa bifite imiterere yubukorikori1,2,3.Kongera imbaraga za mashini zituma ibishushanyo byoroheje kandi byoroshye.Ibinyuranye na byo, ubukungu bwa SDSS bufite imbaraga nyinshi zo kurwanya imyobo no kwangirika, bigatuma ubuzima bumara igihe kinini kandi bukoreshwa cyane mu kurwanya umwanda, ibikoresho bya shimi, hamwe n’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze mu mahanga4.Nyamara, intera ntoya yubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe hamwe nubushobozi buke bubangamira ishyirwa mubikorwa ryayo.Kubwibyo, SDSS yarahinduwe kugirango itezimbere imitungo yavuzwe haruguru.Kurugero, Guhindura Ce no kwiyongera kwa N 6, 7, 8 byatangijwe muri 2507 SDSS (Ce-2507).Ubushuhe bukwiye bwa 0.08 wt.% Ubutaka budasanzwe (Ce) bugira ingaruka nziza kumiterere ya DSS, kuko butezimbere ingano nimbaraga zimbibi.Kwambara no kwangirika, imbaraga zingana nimbaraga zitanga umusaruro, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo gukora nabyo byatejwe imbere9.Umubare munini wa azote urashobora gusimbuza nikel ihenze, bigatuma SDSS ihenze cyane10.
Vuba aha, SDSS yahinduwe muburyo bwubushyuhe butandukanye (ubushyuhe buke, ubukonje nubushyuhe) kugirango igere kumikorere myiza ya mashini 6.7,8.Nyamara, uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ruswa ya SDSS biterwa no kuba hari firime yoroheje ya okiside hejuru, ikaba iterwa nimpamvu nyinshi, nko kuba hari ibyiciro byinshi bifite imbibi zinyuranye, imvura idakenewe hamwe nuburyo butandukanye.microstructure y'imbere idahwitse yibice bitandukanye bya austenitis na ferritic byahinduwe 7.Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi bwimiterere ya microdomain yama firime nkurwego rwimiterere ya elegitoronike ningirakamaro cyane mugusobanukirwa kwangirika kwa SDSS kandi bisaba tekinike yubushakashatsi.Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwunvikana hejuru nka Auger electron spectroscopy11 na X-ray fotoelectron spectroscopy12,13,14,15 kimwe na sisitemu ikomeye ya X-ray ifoto ya elegitoronike itandukanya, ariko akenshi ikananirwa gutandukana, imiterere yimiti yibintu bimwe mubice bitandukanye mumwanya kuri nanoscale.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi buherutse gukorwa bwahujije okiside ya chromium n’imyitwarire igaragara yo kwangirika kwibyuma 17 bya austenitike, ibyuma 18 bya martensitike, na SDSS 19, 20. Nyamara, ubu bushakashatsi bwibanze ahanini ku ngaruka ziterwa na Cr heterogeneité (urugero, Cr3 + okiside ya leta) ku kurwanya ruswa.Gutandukana kuruhande muri okiside yibintu bishobora guterwa nibintu bitandukanye bifite ibice bimwe, nka okiside ya fer.Izi nteruro ziragwa ubushuhe butunganijwe butunganijwe buto bwegeranye cyane, ariko butandukanye mubigize hamwe na okiside ya leta 16,21.Kubwibyo, guhishura isenywa rya firime ya oxyde hanyuma kuyitobora bisaba gusobanukirwa nuburinganire bwimiterere ya microscopique.Nubwo ibyo bisabwa, isuzumabumenyi ryinshi nka oxydeire itandukanijwe, cyane cyane icyuma ku gipimo cya nano / atome, iracyabura kandi akamaro kayo mukurwanya ruswa ntigikurikiranwa.Kugeza vuba aha, imiterere yimiti yibintu bitandukanye, nka Fe na Ca, yasobanuwe muburyo bw'icyuma hifashishijwe microscopi yoroheje ya X-ray ifoto ya elegitoronike (X-PEEM) mubikoresho bya radiyo ya nanoscale.X-PEEM ifatanije nubuhanga bworoshye bwa X-ray yo kwinjiza spekitroscopi (XAS), X-PEEM ituma igipimo cya XAS gipima ahantu hanini kandi hagaragara, gitanga amakuru yimiti yerekeye ibice bigize imiterere n’imiterere y’imiti hamwe n’imiterere y’imiterere kugeza kuri nanometero 23.Iyerekwa rya spekitroscopique yerekana aho yatangiriye munsi ya microscope yoroshya ubushakashatsi bwimiti yaho kandi irashobora kwerekana muburyo butandukanye impinduka za chimique zitarakorewe ubushakashatsi murwego rwa Fe.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwaguye ibyiza bya PEEM mugutahura itandukaniro ryimiti kuri nanoscale kandi ryerekana uburyo bwimbitse bwa atome-urwego rwo gusesengura uburyo bwo gusobanukirwa imyitwarire ya ruswa ya Ce-2507.Ikoresha K-isobanura cluster ya chimometrike24 gushushanya ikarita yimiti yisi yose (heterogeneité) yibintu birimo, hamwe na leta yimiti yerekanwe mubibare.Bitandukanye na ruswa isanzwe iterwa no gusenyuka kwa chromium oxyde, ubu passiyasi mbi hamwe no kutangirika kwangirika biterwa na nanoisland ikungahaye kuri Fe3 + hafi ya Fe / Cr oxyde, ishobora kuba igitero cya oxyde ikingira.Ikora firime ahantu kandi igatera ruswa.
Imyitwarire ibora ya SDSS 2507 yahinduwe yasuzumwe bwa mbere hakoreshejwe ibipimo by'amashanyarazi.Ku mutini.Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana umurongo wa Nyquist na Bode kuburugero rwatoranijwe muri acide (pH = 1) ibisubizo byamazi ya FeCl3 mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Byahiswemo electrolyte ikora nka agent ikomeye ya okiside, iranga impengamiro ya firime ya passivation yo gucika.Nubwo ibikoresho bitigeze bihura nubushyuhe bwicyumba gihamye, iri sesengura ryatanze ubushishozi kubintu bishobora kunanirwa hamwe na nyuma ya ruswa.Umuzunguruko uhwanye (Igishusho 1d) wakoreshejwe kugirango uhuze amashanyarazi ya electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), kandi ibisubizo bihuye bikwiranye nimbonerahamwe ya 1. Uruziga rutuzuye rwuzuye rwagaragaye mugihe cyo kugerageza igisubizo cyavuwe hamwe nicyitegererezo gishyushye, mugihe kimwe cya kabiri cyizengurutswe cyari gikonje (Ishusho 1b).Mubice bya EIS, radiyo yumuzingi irashobora gufatwa nkurwanya polarisiyasi (Rp) 25,26.Rp yumuti wavuwe SDSS mu mbonerahamwe ya 1 ni nka 135 kΩ cm-2, icyakora kubushyuhe bukonje kandi bukonje SDSS dushobora kubona agaciro kari hasi ya 34.7 na 2,1 kΩ cm - 2.Iri gabanuka rikomeye muri Rp ryerekana ingaruka mbi zo guhindura plastike kuri passivation no kurwanya ruswa, nkuko bigaragara muri raporo zabanjirije 27, 28, 29, 30.
a Nyquist, b, c Bode impedance nigishushanyo cyicyiciro, hamwe nicyitegererezo cyumuzunguruko uhwanye na d, aho RS arwanya electrolyte, Rp ni polarisiyasi ya polarisiyasi, naho QCPE nikintu gihoraho cya oxyde ikoreshwa mugushushanya ubushobozi butari bwiza (n).Ibipimo bya EIS byakozwe nta bushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu.
Itondekanya rya mbere ryerekanwe mubishushanyo bya Bode naho plateau ndende yerekana electrolyte irwanya RS26.Mugihe inshuro zigabanuka, impedance iriyongera kandi inguni itari nziza iboneka, byerekana ubushobozi bwiganje.Inguni yicyiciro iriyongera, igumana agaciro kayo ntarengwa mugari ugereranije, hanyuma igabanuka (Ishusho 1c).Nyamara, muri ibyo bihe uko ari bitatu, agaciro ntarengwa karacyari munsi ya 90 °, byerekana imyitwarire idahwitse ya capacitif kubera gutatanya ubushobozi.Rero, QCPE icyiciro cya buri gihe (CPE) ikoreshwa muguserukira gukwirakwiza ubushobozi bwimikorere ikomoka kubutaka bubi cyangwa inomomogeneité, cyane cyane mubijyanye nubunini bwa atome, geometrike ivunaguye, amashanyarazi ya elegitoronike, ubushobozi butari bumwe, hamwe nubuso bushingiye kubikwirakwizwa ryubu.Electrode geometrie 31,32.CPE inzitizi:
aho j numubare wibitekerezo kandi ω ni inshuro zingana.QCPE numuyoboro wigenga uhoraho ugereranije nigikorwa gifunguye cya electrolyte.n numubare utagira urugero usobanura gutandukana kumyitwarire myiza ya capacitif ya capacitor, nukuvuga ko hafi ya n ari 1, CPE yegereye ni ubushobozi bwuzuye, kandi niba n yegereye zeru, ni ukurwanya.Gutandukana gato kwa n, hafi ya 1, byerekana imyitwarire idahwitse yimyitwarire yubuso nyuma yikizamini cya polarisiyasi.QCPE yubukonje bwa SDSS irarenze cyane ibicuruzwa bisa, bivuze ko ubwiza bwubuso butari bumwe.
Bihuye nibintu byinshi birwanya ruswa yibyuma bitagira umwanda, ibintu byinshi biri hejuru ya Cr muri SDSS mubisanzwe bivamo kwangirika kwangirika kwa SDSS bitewe nuko hari firime ya oxyde ikingira hejuru 17.Iyi firime ishimishije mubisanzwe ikungahaye kuri Cr3 + oxyde na / cyangwa hydroxide, cyane cyane ihuza Fe2 +, Fe3 + oxyde na / cyangwa (oxy) hydroxide 33.Nuburyo bumwe buringaniye, passivating oxyde layer, kandi nta byangiritse bigaragara hejuru, nkuko bigaragazwa namashusho ya microscopique, 6,7 imyitwarire yo kwangirika ya SDSS ishyushye kandi ikonje ikonje rero birasaba rero ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kubyerekeranye na microstructure ya deforme nuburyo buranga ibyuma.
Microstructure yibyuma bidafite ibyuma byahinduwe byakorewe iperereza ku bwinshi hakoreshejwe imbere na synchrotron ifite ingufu nyinshi X-imirasire (Ishusho yinyongera 1, 2).Isesengura rirambuye ritangwa mu makuru yinyongera.Nubwo ahanini bihuye nubwoko bwicyiciro cyingenzi, itandukaniro ryibice byigice cyibice biboneka, biri kurutonde rwinyongera 1. Itandukaniro rishobora guhuzwa nuduce duto twa fonomogeneous fonctionnement hejuru, hamwe nuduce twa volumetric fonctionnement ikorerwa mubwimbitse butandukanye.gutahura na X-ray itandukanya.(XRD) hamwe nimbaraga zitandukanye zamafoto yibyabaye.Umubare munini cyane wa austenite mubukonje buzengurutse, bigenwa na XRD biva muri laboratoire, byerekana passivasi nziza hanyuma bikarwanya ruswa neza35, mugihe ibisubizo nyabyo kandi bibarurishamibare byerekana inzira zinyuranye mubyiciro.Byongeye kandi, kurwanya ruswa kwangirika kandi biterwa nurwego rwo gutunganya ingano, kugabanuka kw ingano, kwiyongera kwa microdeformations hamwe nubucucike bwa dislokisiyo bibaho mugihe cyo kuvura imiti 36,37,38.Ingero zakozwe zishyushye zigaragaza imiterere yimbuto nyinshi, yerekana ingano nini ya micron, mugihe impeta yoroshye yagaragaye mubigero bikonje bikonje (Ishusho yinyongera.gushiraho no kongera imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa.Ubucucike buri hejuru busanzwe bujyanye no kurwanya umwobo wo hasi, ibyo bikaba bihuza neza nu gupima amashanyarazi.
Impinduka mumiterere ya chimique ya microdomain yibintu byibanze byizwe kuri gahunda ukoresheje X-PEEM.Nubwo ibintu byinshi bivangavanze, Cr, Fe, Ni na Ce39 byatoranijwe hano, kubera ko Cr ari ikintu cyingenzi cyo gukora firime ya passivation, Fe nikintu nyamukuru mubyuma, kandi Ni yongerera passivasi kandi ikaringaniza imiterere ya ferrite-austenitis hamwe nintego yo guhindura Ce.Muguhindura ingufu z'imirasire ya synchrotron, RAS yashizwe hejuru kuva hejuru hamwe nibintu nyamukuru biranga Cr (inkombe L2.3), Fe (inkombe L2.3), Ni (inkombe L2.3) na Ce (inkombe M4.5).gushyuha no gukonjesha Ce-2507 SDSS.Isesengura ryamakuru ryakozwe ryakozwe mugushyiramo ingufu za kalibrasi hamwe namakuru yatangajwe (urugero XAS 40, 41 kuri Fe L2, impande 3).
Ku mutini.Igishushanyo cya 2 cyerekana X-PEEM amashusho yubushyuhe bukora (Igishusho 2a) hamwe no gukonjesha (Ishusho 2d) Ce-2507 SDSS hamwe na XAS ijyanye na Cr na Fe L2,3 ahantu hagaragara kugiti cye.L2,3 inkombe ya XAS ikora iperereza kuri 3d idafite abantu nyuma yo gufotora electron kuri ecran ya spin-orbit igabanya urwego 2p3 / 2 (L3 edge) na 2p1 / 2 (L2 edge).Amakuru ajyanye na valence leta ya Cr yabonetse muri XAS kuruhande rwa L2,3 mumashusho 2b, e.Gereranya n'abacamanza.42,43 yerekanye ko impinga enye zagaragaye hafi yinkombe ya L3, yitwa A (578.3 eV), B (579.5 eV), C (580.4 eV) na D (582.2 eV), byerekana octahedral Cr3 +, ihuye na ion ya Cr2O3.Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ubushakashatsi bwemeranya nuburyo bwo kubara bwerekanwe mubice b na e, byabonetse kubarwa bwinshi bwumurima wa kristu kuri interineti ya Cr L2.3 ukoresheje umurima wa kristu ya 2.0 eV44.Ubuso bwombi bwa SDSS bushyushye kandi bukonje bukonje hamwe na layer ya Cr2O3.
ishusho ya X-PEEM ishusho yubushyuhe bwa SDSS yahinduwe nubushyuhe bwa b Cr L2.3 na c Fe L2.3, d X-PEEM ishusho yubushyuhe ya SDSS ikonje ikonje ihuye na e Cr L2.3 na f Fe L2 .3 kuruhande (f).Ikirangantego cya XAS cyateguwe ahantu hatandukanye hagaragara ku mashusho yubushyuhe (a, d), imirongo yerekana utudomo twa orange muri (b) na (e) igereranya XAS igereranwa ya Cr3 + ifite agaciro kangana na 2.0 eV.Kumashusho ya X-PEEM, koresha palette yumuriro kugirango utezimbere amashusho asomeka, aho amabara kuva mubururu kugeza kumutuku aringaniye nuburemere bwo kwinjiza X-ray (kuva hasi kugeza hejuru).
Hatitawe ku bidukikije byimiti yibintu byuma, imiterere yimiti yongeyeho ibintu bya Ni na Ce bivanga kubintu byombi ntabwo byahindutse.Igishushanyo cy'inyongera.Igishushanyo 5-9 cyerekana amashusho X-PEEM hamwe na XAS yerekanwe kuri Ni na Ce kumwanya utandukanye hejuru yubushyuhe bukora kandi bukonje.Ni XAS yerekana okiside ya Ni2 + hejuru yubuso bwose bwapimwe bwubushyuhe bukorwa kandi bukonje bukonje (Ikiganiro cyinyongera).Twabibutsa ko, kubijyanye nubushakashatsi bwakozwe bushyushye, ikimenyetso cya XAS cya Ce nticyagaragaye, mugihe kubijyanye nicyitegererezo cyakonje, hagaragaye urwego rwa Ce3 +.Kwihweza ibibanza bya Ce mubitegererezo bikonje byerekanaga ko Ce igaragara cyane muburyo bwimvura.
Muri SDSS yahinduwe cyane, nta mpinduka zubatswe zaho muri XAS ku nkombe ya Fe L2,3 (Ishusho 2c).Nyamara, Fe matrix ya micro-mukarere ihindura imiterere yimiti kumirongo irindwi yatoranijwe kubushake bwa SDSS ikonje, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2f.Byongeye kandi, kugirango tubone igitekerezo nyacyo cyimpinduka zabaye muri leta ya Fe ahantu hatoranijwe ku gishushanyo cya 2f, hakozwe ubushakashatsi bw’ubutaka bwaho (Ishusho ya 3 n’inyongera ya 10) aho hatoranijwe uturere duto tuzengurutse.XAS yerekanwe ya Fe L2,3 ya sisitemu ya α-Fe2O3 na oxyde ya Fe2 + octahedral yagereranijwe nimibare myinshi yo kubara umurima ukoresheje imirima ya kristu ya 1.0 (Fe2 +) na 1.0 (Fe3 +) 44. Twibutse ko α-Fe2O3 na γ-Fe2O3 bifite ibice bitandukanye byaho 45,46, Fe3O4 ifite ibice byombi bya Fe2 + & Fe3 +, 47, na FeO45 nkibisanzwe bihuza Fe2 + oxyde (3d6). Twibutse ko α-Fe2O3 na γ-Fe2O3 bifite ibice bitandukanye byaho 45,46, Fe3O4 ifite ihuriro ryombi rya Fe2 + & Fe3 +, 47, na FeO45 nkibisanzwe bihuza Fe2 + oxyde (3d6).Menya ko α-Fe2O3 na γ-Fe2O3 bifite ibice bitandukanye byaho 45,46, Fe3O4 ikomatanya Fe2 + na Fe3 +, 47 na FeO45 muburyo bwa oxyde ihwanye na Fe2 + (3d6).Menya ko α-Fe2O3 na γ-Fe2O3 bifite ibice bitandukanye byaho 45,46, Fe3O4 ifite ihuriro rya Fe2 + na Fe3 +, 47 na FeO45 ikora nkibisanzwe byemewe na Fe2 + oxyde (3d6).Fe3 + ion zose muri α-Fe2O3 zifite gusa Oh imyanya, mugihe γ-Fe2O3 ubusanzwe ihagarariwe na Fe3 + t2g [Fe3 + 5 / 3V1 / 3] urugero O4 spinel ifite imyanya mungero imyanya.Kubwibyo, Fe3 + ion muri γ-Fe2O3 zifite imyanya yombi Td na Oh.Nkuko byavuzwe mu mpapuro zabanjirije iyi, 45 nubwo igipimo cyimbaraga zombi ziratandukanye, igipimo cyimbaraga zabo eg / t2g ni ≈1, mugihe muriki gihe igipimo cyimbaraga zagaragaye urugero / t2g ni nka 1. Ibi ukuyemo ko bishoboka ko mubihe byubu Fe3 + ihari.Urebye ikibazo cya Fe3O4 hamwe na Fe2 + na Fe3 +, ikintu cya mbere kizwiho kuba gifite intege nke (zikomeye) L3 ya Fe ya Fe yerekana leta ntoya (nini) idatuwe na t2g.Ibi bireba Fe2 + (Fe3 +), byerekana ko ikintu cya mbere cyiyongera cyerekana kwiyongera mubirimo Fe2 + 47.Ibisubizo byerekana ko kubana kwa Fe2 + na γ-Fe2O3, α-Fe2O3 na / cyangwa Fe3O4 byiganje hejuru yubukonje buzengurutse ibice.
Ifoto nini yerekana amashusho yerekana amashusho yerekana amashusho ya XAS (a, c) na (b, d) yambuka inkombe ya Fe L2,3 ahantu hatandukanye mu turere twatoranijwe 2 na E mubishushanyo.2d.
Ibyatanzwe mubushakashatsi byabonetse (Igicapo 4a hamwe ninyongera Igicapo 11) birategurwa kandi ugereranije namakuru yatanzwe kubintu 40, 41, 48. Ubwoko butatu butandukanye bwakorewe ubushakashatsi bwakorewe Fe L-edge XAS (XAS- 1, XAS-2 na XAS-3: Ishusho 4a).By'umwihariko, spekiteri 2-a (isobanurwa nka XAS-1) ku gishushanyo cya 3b ikurikirwa na spekiteri 2-b (yanditseho XAS-2) yagaragaye ahantu hose hamenyekanye, mu gihe ibintu nka E-3 byagaragaye ku ishusho ya 3d (byanditseho XAS-3) byagaragaye ahantu runaka.Nkuko bisanzwe, ibipimo bine byakoreshejwe kugirango hamenyekane imiterere ya valence ihari murugero rwigwaho: (1) ibiranga ibintu L3 na L2, (2) imyanya yingufu ziranga L3 na L2, (3) itandukaniro ryingufu L3-L2., (4) Ikigereranyo cya L2 / L3.Ukurikije uko bigaragara (Ishusho 4a), ibice bitatu byose bigize Fe, aribyo Fe0, Fe2 +, na Fe3 +, biboneka hejuru ya SDSS irimo kwigwa.Ikigereranyo cyimbaraga zabazwe L2 / L3 nazo zerekanaga ko hariho ibice bitatu byose.
Ikigereranyo cya XAS cyerekanwe na Fe hamwe namakuru atatu yubushakashatsi butandukanye (imirongo ihamye XAS-1, XAS-2 na XAS-3 ihuye na 2-a, 2-b na E-3 ku gishushanyo cya 2 nicya 3) Kugereranya, Octahedrons Fe2 +, Fe3 + hamwe na kristu yumurima wa 1.0 eV na 1.5 eV, bikurikiranye, amakuru yubushakashatsi yapimwe na bd (XAS-1, X) ifishi XAS-3 yerekanwe hamwe na Fe3O4 (ivanze na Fe) na Fe2O3 (Fe3 nziza).
Gukomatanya umurongo bikwiranye (LCF) mubipimo bitatu 40, 41, 48 byakoreshejwe mukugereranya ibice bya okiside ya fer.LCF yashyizwe mubikorwa bitatu byatoranijwe Fe L-edge XAS yerekana itandukaniro ryinshi, aribyo XAS-1, XAS-2 na XAS-3, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4b - d.Kubikoresho bya LCF, 10% Fe0 yazirikanwe mubibazo byose bitewe nuko twabonye agace gato mumibare yose, kandi nanone bitewe nuko ibyuma byuma aribintu byingenzi bigize ibyuma. Mubyukuri, ubujyakuzimu bwa X-PEEM kuri Fe (~ 6 nm) 49 nini kuruta ubunini bwagereranijwe bwa oxydeire (gato> 4 nm), butuma hamenyekana ibimenyetso biva muri materique y'icyuma (Fe0) munsi ya passivation. Mubyukuri, ubujyakuzimu bwa X-PEEM kuri Fe (~ 6 nm) 49 nini kuruta ubunini bwagereranijwe bwa oxydeire (gato> 4 nm), butuma hamenyekana ibimenyetso biva muri materique y'icyuma (Fe0) munsi ya passivation. Действительно, Кнаная глубина X-PEEM для Fe (~ 6 нм) 49 больше, чем предполагаемая толщина слоя окисления (немного> 4 нм), что позволяет обнаружить у от железной матрицы (Fe0) Mubyukuri, probe X-PEEM ubujyakuzimu bwa Fe (~ 6 nm) 49 iruta ubwinshi bwafashwe nkuburinganire bwurwego rwa okiside (gato> 4 nm), bigatuma bishoboka kumenya ibimenyetso biva muri materique yicyuma (Fe0) munsi ya passivation.事实上 ， X-PEEM 对 Fe （~ 6 nm） 49 的 检测 深度 大于 估计 的 氧化 4 4 4> 4 nm） ， 允许 检测 来自 钝化 层 0 0 铁 基 体 0 Fe0） 的 信号。事实上 ， X-PEEM 对 Fe （~ 6 nm） 49 的 检测 深度 大于 的 氧化 层 4 4 4> 4 nm） 允许 检测 来自 钝化 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 信号 信号 信号 信号Фактически, глубина обнаружения Fe (~ 6 нм) 49 с помощу X-PEEM больше, чем предполагаемая толщина оксидного слоя (немного> 4 нм), что позволяет обаружы по. Mubyukuri, ubujyakuzimu bwo gutahura Fe (~ 6 nm) 49 na X-PEEM burenze ubunini bwateganijwe bwurwego rwa oxyde (gato> 4 nm), butuma hamenyekana ibimenyetso biva muri matrise y'icyuma (Fe0) munsi ya passivation. .Ihuriro ritandukanye rya Fe2 + na Fe3 + ryakozwe kugirango haboneke igisubizo cyiza gishoboka kumibare yubushakashatsi yagaragaye.Ku mutini.4b yerekana XAS-1 ya spekiteri yo guhuza Fe2 + na Fe3 +, aho ibipimo bya Fe2 + na Fe3 + byari bisa na 45%, byerekana leta ivanze na okiside ya Fe.Mugihe kuri XAS-2 igaragara, ijanisha rya Fe2 + na Fe3 + rihinduka ~ 30% na 60%.Fe2 + iri munsi ya Fe3 +.Ikigereranyo cya Fe2 + na Fe3, kingana na 1: 2, bivuze ko Fe3O4 ishobora gukorwa ku kigereranyo kimwe hagati ya Fe ion.Mubyongeyeho, kuri XAS-3 ya ecran, ijanisha rya Fe2 + na Fe3 + rihinduka ~ 10% na 80%, ibyo bikaba byerekana ihinduka ryinshi rya Fe2 + kuri Fe3 +.Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, Fe3 + irashobora kuva kuri α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3 cyangwa Fe3O4.Kugirango usobanukirwe ninkomoko ya Fe3 +, XAS-3 ya spekiteri yateguwe hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye bya Fe3 + mubishusho 4e, byerekana guhuza nibipimo byombi mugihe urebye impinga ya B.Nyamara, ubukana bwimpinga yigitugu (A: kuva Fe2 +) hamwe na B / A ubukana bwerekana ko spekiteri ya XAS-3 iri hafi, ariko ntabwo ihuye numurongo wa γ-Fe2O3.Ugereranije ninshi γ-Fe2O3, impinga ya Fe 2p XAS ya SDSS ifite ubukana buke buke (Ishusho 4e), byerekana ubukana bwinshi bwa Fe2 +.Nubwo ibice bya XAS-3 bisa nkibya γ-Fe2O3, aho Fe3 + ihari kuri Oh na Td, kumenyekanisha leta zitandukanye za valence no guhuza gusa kuruhande rwa L2,3 cyangwa igipimo cya L2 / L3 gikomeje kuba ubushakashatsi bukomeje.kuganira bitewe nuburemere bwibintu bitandukanye bigira ingaruka kumurongo wanyuma41.
Usibye itandukaniro ryerekana imiterere yimiterere yuturere twatoranijwe dushimishijwe haruguru, isuzumabumenyi ryimiti yisi yose yibintu byingenzi Cr na Fe byanasuzumwe no gushyira ibyiciro byose bya XAS byabonetse hejuru yicyitegererezo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa K-bisobanura.Umwirondoro wa Cr L ugizwe nuburyo bubiri bwagabanijwe muburyo bwiza bushyushye kandi bukonje bukonje bwerekanwe mubishushanyo.5. Biragaragara ko nta mpinduka zubatswe zaho zifatwa nkizisa, kubera ko centroide ebyiri za XAS Cr yerekanwe.Izi shusho zerekana ayo matsinda yombi zirasa nkaho zihuye na Cr2O342, bivuze ko ibice bya Cr2O3 bigereranijwe neza kuri SDSS.
Cr L K-bisobanura inkombe yakarere ka cluster, na b ni XAS centroide ihuye.Ibisubizo bya K-bisobanura X-PEEM kugereranya SDSS ikonje: c Cr L2.3 akarere ka K-bisobanura cluster na d bihuye na XAS centroide.
Kugirango ugaragaze amakarita akomeye ya FeL, amakarita ane na atanu yatunganijwe neza hamwe na centroide ijyanye nayo (imyirondoro yerekana) yakoreshejwe kubushakashatsi bukora kandi bukonje bukonje.Kubwibyo, ijanisha (%) rya Fe2 + na Fe3 + rirashobora kuboneka muguhuza LCF yerekanwe kumashusho.4.Pseudoelectrode ishobora kuba Epseudo nkigikorwa cya Fe0 yakoreshejwe muguhishurira mikorobe ya inhomogeneitike ya firime ya oxyde yo hejuru.Epseudo igereranijwe hafi namategeko yo kuvanga,
aho \ (\ rm {E} _ {\ rm {Fe} / \ rm {Fe} ^ {2 + (3 +)}} \) bingana \ (\ rm {Fe} + 2e ^ - \ kugeza \ rm {Fe} ^ {2 + (3 +)} \), 0.440 na 0.036 V.Uturere dufite ubushobozi buke bufite ibintu byinshi murwego rwa Fe3 +.Ikwirakwizwa rishobora gukwirakwizwa mubyitegererezo byahinduwe bifite imiterere itandukanye hamwe nimpinduka ntarengwa ya 0.119 V (Ishusho 6a, b).Uku gukwirakwiza gushobora kuba gufitanye isano rya bugufi n'ubutaka (Ishusho 6a).Nta zindi mpinduka zishingiye ku myanya yimbere imbere ya laminari yagaragaye (Ishusho 6b).Ibinyuranye na byo, kugirango uhuze okiside idasa nibintu bitandukanye bya Fe2 + na Fe3 + muri SDSS ikonje, umuntu arashobora kwitegereza imiterere idahwitse ya pseudopotential (Ishusho 6c, d).Fex + oxyde na / cyangwa (oxy) hydroxide nibintu nyamukuru bigize ingese mubyuma kandi byinjira muri ogisijeni namazi50.Muri iki gihe, ibirwa bikungahaye kuri Fe3 + bifatwa nkaho byakwirakwijwe kandi birashobora gufatwa nkibice byangiritse.Muri icyo gihe, icyiciro cya gradient mumwanya ushobora kuba, aho kuba agaciro ntarengwa k'ibishoboka, birashobora gukoreshwa nk'ikimenyetso cyo kwerekana aho ibikorwa byangirika.Uku gukwirakwiza kutaringaniye kwa Fe2 + na Fe3 + hejuru yubukonje bukonje bwa SDSS burashobora guhindura chimie yaho kandi bigatanga ubuso bufatika bugaragara mugihe cya firime ya okiside yamenetse hamwe na ruswa ishobora kwangirika, bigatuma materique yicyuma ikomeza kwangirika, bikaviramo gutandukana.imitungo no kugabanya kurinda ibintu bya passivating layer.
K-bisobanura cluster hamwe na XAS centroide ihuye mukarere ka Fe L2.3 agace ka X-PEEM ac ashyushye kandi df ya SDSS ikonje.a, d K-bisobanura ibibanza bya cluster byuzuyeho amashusho ya X-PEEM.Ibiharuro byabazwe pseudoelectrode (Epseudo) ivugwa hamwe na K-bisobanura umugambi.Umucyo w'ishusho X-PEEM, nk'ibara riri ku gishushanyo cya 2 ugereranije n'uburemere bwa X-ray.
Ugereranije Cr ariko imiterere itandukanye ya Fe itera kwangirika kwa firime ya okiside itandukanye hamwe no kwangirika mubikorwa bishyushye kandi bikonje Ce-2507.Uyu mutungo wubukonje Ce-2507 wize neza.Kubyerekeranye no gushiraho okiside na hydroxide ya Fe mu kirere kidukikije muri uyu murimo hafi utabogamye, ibisubizo ni ibi bikurikira:
Ibisubizo byavuzwe haruguru bibaho mubihe bikurikira bishingiye ku isesengura rya X-PEEM.Igitugu gito gihuye na Fe0 gifitanye isano nicyuma cyuma.Igisubizo cyibyuma bya Fe hamwe nibidukikije bivamo gushiraho Fe (OH) 2 (kugereranya (5)), byongera ibimenyetso bya Fe2 + muri Fe L-edge XAS.Kumara igihe kinini mu kirere bishobora kuvamo gukora oxyde ya Fe3O4 na / cyangwa Fe2O3 nyuma ya Fe (OH) 252,53.Uburyo bubiri butajegajega bwa Fe, Fe3O4 na Fe2O3, burashobora kandi gushingwa murwego rwo gukingira Cr3 + rukungahaye, muri rwo Fe3O4 ikunda imiterere imwe kandi ifatanye.Kubaho kw ibisubizo byombi bivanze na okiside ivanze (XAS-1 specran).Ikirangantego cya XAS-2 gihuye cyane na Fe3O4.Mugihe indorerezi ya XAS-3 ahantu henshi yerekanaga ihinduka ryuzuye kuri γ-Fe2O3.Kubera ko ubujyakuzimu bwa X-imirasire idafunguye bugera kuri 50 nm, ikimenyetso kiva murwego rwo hasi gitera ubukana bwinshi bwa A mpinga.
Ikirangantego cya XPA cyerekana ko igice cya Fe muri firime ya oxyde gifite imiterere igizwe na Cr oxide layer.Bitandukanye nibimenyetso bya passivisation kubera inomomogeneité ya Cr2O3 mugihe cya ruswa, nubwo igice kimwe cya Cr2O3 muriki gikorwa, irwanya ruswa nke iragaragara muriki kibazo, cyane cyane kubigereranyo bikonje.Imyitwarire yagaragaye irashobora kumvikana nkuburyo butandukanye bwimiterere ya okiside yimiti murwego rwo hejuru (Fe), bigira ingaruka kumikorere.Bitewe na stoichiometrie imwe yo murwego rwo hejuru (oxyde de fer) hamwe na hepfo (chromium oxyde) 52,53 imikoranire myiza (adhesion) hagati yabo iganisha ku gutwara gahoro gahoro ion cyangwa ogisijeni ion muri latike, ari nako bituma kwiyongera kwangirika kwangirika.Kubwibyo, igipimo gihoraho cya stoichiometric, ni ukuvuga leta imwe ya okiside ya Fe, nibyiza guhita uhinduka stoichiometric.Ubushyuhe bwahinduwe na SDSS ifite ubuso bumwe, urwego rukingira, kandi rukarwanya ruswa.Mugihe kubijyanye na SDSS ikonje, kuba hari ibirwa bya Fe3 + -bikungahaye munsi yuburinzi birinda ubusugire bwubuso kandi bigatera kwangirika kwa galvanike hamwe na substrate yegeranye, bigatuma kugabanuka gukabije kwa Rp (Imbonerahamwe 1).Ikirangantego cya EIS hamwe no kurwanya ruswa iragabanuka.Birashobora kugaragara ko gukwirakwiza kwizinga rya Fe3 + bikungahaye kubera guhindagurika kwa plastike bigira ingaruka cyane cyane kubirwanya ruswa, bikaba ari intambwe muri iki gikorwa.Rero, ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana amashusho ya microscopique ya sprosroscopique yerekana kugabanuka kwangirika kwangirika kwicyitegererezo cya SDSS cyakozwe nuburyo bwo guhindura plastike.
Byongeye kandi, nubwo isi idasanzwe ivanze mubyuma bibiri byerekana imikorere myiza, imikoranire yiki kintu cyongewe hamwe na materique yicyuma kugiti cye ukurikije imyitwarire ya ruswa ukurikije microscopi ya spekitroscopique iracyoroshye.Kugaragara kw'ibimenyetso bya Ce (binyuze kuri XAS M-edge) bigaragara ahantu hamwe gusa mugihe cyo gukonja gukonje, ariko bikabura mugihe cyo guhindura ubushyuhe bwa SDSS, byerekana imvura yaho ya Ce muri matrike yicyuma, aho guhuza ibitsina.Nubwo bidatezimbere cyane imiterere yubukanishi bwa SDSS6,7, kuba hariho ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka bigabanya ubunini bwibisobanuro kandi bikekwa ko bibuza gucukura mukarere ka mbere54.
Mu gusoza, iki gikorwa kigaragaza ingaruka zuburinganire bwubutaka kuri ruswa ya 2507 SDSS yahinduwe na cerium mukugereranya ibigize imiti yibigize nanoscale.Turasubiza ikibazo kuki ibyuma bidafite ingese byangirika no munsi ya oxyde ikingira mukugereranya microstructure, chimie yubutaka, hamwe no gutunganya ibimenyetso dukoresheje K-bisobanura guhuriza hamwe.Bimaze kugaragara ko ibirwa bikungahaye kuri Fe3 +, harimo na octahedral hamwe na tetrahedral ihuza ibintu byose biranga Fe2 + / Fe3 + ivanze, nisoko yo kwangirika no kwangirika kwa firime ya SDSS ikonje.Nanoisland yiganjemo Fe3 + iganisha ku kurwanya ruswa nabi kabone niyo haba hari stoichiometric Cr2O3 ihagije.Usibye gutera imbere muburyo bwo kumenya ingaruka za nanoscale ya chimique itandukanye ya ruswa, imirimo ikomeje iteganijwe gutera imbaraga mubikorwa byubwubatsi kugirango irusheho kwangirika kwangirika kwibyuma bitagira umwanda mugihe cyo gukora ibyuma.
Gutegura ingobyi ya Ce-2507 SDSS yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibice bivanze birimo Fe-Ce master alloy bifunze hamwe nigitereko cyicyuma cyashongeshejwe mu itanura ry’ibiro 150 byinjira mu ziko kugira ngo bitange ibyuma bishongeshejwe hanyuma bisukwa mu ifu.Ibipimo bya chimique byapimwe (wt%) byashyizwe kumurongo winyongera 2. Ingots zabanje gushyirwa mubice.Hanyuma yometse kuri 1050 ° C muminota 60 kugirango ibone ibyuma muburyo bwumuti ukomeye, hanyuma bizimya mumazi kugeza ubushyuhe bwicyumba.Ingero zize zakozweho ubushakashatsi burambuye ukoresheje TEM na DOE kugirango bige ibyiciro, ingano yintete na morphologie.Ibisobanuro birambuye kubyerekeye ingero nibikorwa byakozwe murashobora kubisanga mubindi bisobanuro6,7.
Ingero za silindrike (φ10 mm × 15 mm) zo gukanda zishyushye zatunganijwe kuburyo umurongo wa silinderi wabangikanye nicyerekezo cyo guhindura umurongo.Kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru byakorewe ku bushyuhe butandukanye buri hagati ya 1000-1150 ° C hifashishijwe imashini itanga amashanyarazi ya Gleeble-3800 ku gipimo gihoraho kiri hagati ya 0.01-10 s-1.Mbere yo guhindura ibintu, ingero zashyutswe ku gipimo cya 10 ° C s-1 mu minota 2 ku bushyuhe bwatoranijwe kugirango ikureho ubushyuhe.Nyuma yo kugera ku bushyuhe bwubushyuhe, icyitegererezo cyahinduwe ku giciro nyacyo cya 0.7.Nyuma yo guhindura ibintu, ibyitegererezo byahise bizimya amazi kugirango bibungabunge imiterere.Ikigereranyo cyakomanze noneho gicibwa ugereranije nicyerekezo cyo guhunika.Kuri ubu bushakashatsi bwihariye, twahisemo icyitegererezo gifite ubushyuhe bwa 1050 ° C, 10 s-1 kuko microhardness yagaragaye yari hejuru kurenza izindi ngero7.
Ingero nini (80 × 10 × 17 mm3) zicyitegererezo cya Ce-2507 zakoreshejwe mumashanyarazi ya LG-300 ibyiciro bitatu bya asinchronous bibiri-byimashini ifite imiterere myiza yubukanishi mubindi byiciro byose byo guhindura6.Igipimo cyingutu no kugabanya umubyimba kuri buri nzira ni 0.2 m · s-1 na 5%.
Autolab PGSTAT128N yumuriro wamashanyarazi yakoreshejwe mugupima amashanyarazi ya SDSS nyuma yo gukonja kugeza kugabanuka 90% mubyimbye (1.0 ihwanye nukuri kwukuri) na nyuma yo gukanda kuri 1050 ° C kuri 10 s-1 kugeza kuri 0.7.Ikibanza gikoreramo gifite selile-electrode eshatu hamwe na electrode yuzuye ya calomel nka electrode yerekana, electrode ya grafite, hamwe nicyitegererezo cya SDSS nka electrode ikora.Ingero zaciwe muri silindiri zifite umurambararo wa mm 11.3, ku mpande z'umugozi w’umuringa.Ingero zahise zishyirwaho na epoxy, hasigara ahantu hafunguye hafite cm 1 nka electrode ikora (uruhande rwo hasi rwicyitegererezo).Witondere mugihe cyo gukiza epoxy hanyuma umusenyi hanyuma ugasiga kugirango wirinde gucika.Ubuso bwakoreshwaga bwari hasi kandi busizwe hamwe na diyama isize ihagarikwa ifite ubunini bwa 1 mm, yogejwe namazi yatoboye na Ethanol, hanyuma yumishwa mukirere gikonje.Mbere yo gupima amashanyarazi, ingero zasizwe zimaze iminsi zitagaragara mu kirere kugirango zikore firime isanzwe.Igisubizo cyamazi cya FeCl3 (6.0 wt%), gihamye kuri pH = 1.0 ± 0.01 hamwe na HCl ukurikije ibyifuzo bya ASTM, gikoreshwa mukwihutisha kwangirika kwibyuma bitagira umwanda55 kuko byangirika imbere ya ion ya chloride ifite imbaraga zikomeye za okiside hamwe nubuziranenge bwa pH Ibidukikije G48 na A923.Shira icyitegererezo mubisubizo byikizamini kumasaha 1 kugirango ugere hafi ihagaze mbere yo gukora ibipimo byose.Kubisubizo-bikomeye, bishyushye, hamwe nubukonje bwakonje, ibipimo byinzitizi byakorewe mumashanyarazi (OPC) ya 0.39, 0.33, na 0.25 V, muburyo bwa radiyo kuva kuri 1 105 kugeza 0.1 Hz hamwe na amplitude ya mV 5.Ibizamini bya shimi byose byasubiwemo byibuze inshuro 3 mubihe bimwe kugirango amakuru yororoke.
Ku bipimo bya HE-SXRD, hapimwe ibyuma byerekana urukiramende rwa duplex bipima 1 × 1 × 1.5 mm3 kugira ngo hamenyekane icyiciro cy'ibiti bigize Brockhouse ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane muri CLS, muri Kanada 56.Ikusanyamakuru ryakorewe muri Debye-Scherrer geometrie cyangwa ihererekanyabubasha rya geometrie ku bushyuhe bwicyumba.Uburebure bwa X-ray yahinduwe na kalibatori ya LaB6 ni 0.212561 Å, ihwanye na keV 58, ikaba isumba cyane iya Cu Kα (8 keV) isanzwe ikoreshwa nka laboratoire ya X-ray.Icyitegererezo cyari giherereye kuri mm 740 uvuye kuri detector.Ingano yo gutahura ya buri sample ni 0.2 × 0.3 × 1.5 mm3, igenwa nubunini bwibiti hamwe nubunini bwikitegererezo.Amakuru yose yakusanyijwe hifashishijwe icyuma cya Perkin Elmer, icyuma gipima X-ray, 200 µm pigiseli, 40 × 40 cm2 ukoresheje igihe cyo kwerekana 0.3 s na frame 120.
Ibipimo bya X-PEEM bya sisitemu ebyiri zatoranijwe byakorewe kuri sitasiyo ya nyuma ya Beamline MAXPEEM PEEM muri laboratoire ya MAX IV (Lund, Suwede).Ingero zateguwe muburyo bumwe bwo gupima amashanyarazi.Ingero zateguwe zabitswe mu kirere iminsi myinshi hanyuma zimanikwa mu cyumba cya ultrahigh vacuum mbere yo gushyirwaho na fotone ya synchrotron.Ingufu zumurongo wumurongo wamashanyarazi zabonetse mugupima umusaruro wa ion mukarere gashimishije kuva N 1 s kugeza 1 \ (\ pi _g ^ \ ast \) hafi ya hv = 401 eV muri N2 hamwe ningufu za fotone kuri E3 / 2, 57. Ikigereranyo cyegereye cyatanze ΔE (ubugari bwumurongo wikigereranyo) kingana na 0.3 eV murwego rwapimwe. Kubwibyo rero, ingufu za beamline zagereranijwe kuba E / ∆E = 700 eV / 0.3 eV> 2000 na flux ≈1012 ph / s ukoresheje monochromator ya SX-700 yahinduwe hamwe na Si 1200-umurongo wa mm - 1 ushushanya kuri Fe 2p L2,3, Cr 2p L2,3, Ni 2p L2,3, na Ce M4,5. Kubwibyo rero, ingufu za beamline zagereranijwe ko ari E / ∆E = 700 eV / 0.3 eV> 2000 na flux ≈1012 ph / s ukoresheje monochromator ya SX-700 yahinduwe na Si 1200-umurongo wa mm - 1 ufata Fe 2p L2.3, Cr 2p L2.3, Ni 2p L2.3, na Ce M4.5. Таким p L2,3, кромка Ni 2p L2,3 и кромка Ce M4,5. Niyo mpamvu, ingufu z'umuyoboro wa beam zagereranijwe nka E / ∆E = 700 eV / 0.3 eV> 2000 na flux ≈1012 f / s ukoresheje monochromator ya SX-700 yahinduwe hamwe na Si grating y'imirongo 1200 / mm kuri Fe edge 2p L2, 3, Cr edge 2p L2.3, Ni edge 2p L2.3, na Ce edge M4.5.因此 ， 光束 线 能量 分辨率 估计 为 E / ΔE = 700 eV / 0.3 eV> 2000 和 通量 ≈1012 ph / s ， 通过 使用 带有 Si 1200 线 mm-1 光栅.Rero, mugihe ukoresheje SX-700 yahinduwe monochromator ifite umurongo wa 1200 1200.3, Cr edge 2p L2.3, Ni edge 2p L2.3 na Ce edge M4.5.Sikana ingufu za fotone muri 0.2 eV intambwe.Kuri buri mbaraga, amashusho ya PEEM yafashwe amajwi akoresheje TVIPS F-216 fibre ihujwe na disiketi ya CMOS ifite bine 2 x 2, itanga imyanzuro ya pigiseli 1024 × 1024 mumwanya wa 20 µm.Igihe cyo kwerekana amashusho cyari 0.2 s, ugereranije amakadiri 16.Ingufu zamashusho yifoto yatoranijwe muburyo bwo gutanga ibimenyetso bya kabiri bya elegitoroniki.Ibipimo byose byakorwaga mugihe gisanzwe hifashishijwe urumuri rwa fotone.Andi makuru yerekeye ibipimo murashobora kubisanga mubushakashatsi bwabanje.Nyuma yo kwiga umusaruro wose wa elegitoronike (TEY) uburyo bwo kumenya no kuyikoresha muri X-PEEM49, ubujyakuzimu bwikigereranyo bwubu buryo bugereranywa na 4-5 nm kuri signal ya Cr na 6 nm kuri Fe.Ubujyakuzimu bwa Cr bwegereye cyane ubunini bwa firime ya oxyde (~ 4 nm) 60,61 mugihe ubujyakuzimu bwa Fe ari bunini kuruta ubunini.XRD yakusanyirijwe kumpera ya Fe L ni uruvange rwa XRD ya okiside ya fer na Fe0 kuva matrix.Mugihe cyambere, ubukana bwa electron zasohotse zituruka muburyo bwose bushoboka bwa electron zitanga TEY.Nyamara, ikimenyetso cyicyuma gisukuye gisaba ingufu za kinetic nyinshi kugirango electron zinyure murwego rwa oxyde hejuru kandi zegeranijwe nuwasesenguye.Kuri iki kibazo, ibimenyetso bya Fe0 biterwa ahanini na electroni ya LVV Auger, kimwe na electroni ya kabiri yoherejwe nabo.Mubyongeyeho, ubukana bwa TEY bwatanzwe na electroni zangirika mugihe cyo guhunga electron, bikarushaho kugabanya ibisubizo bya Fe0 mukarita ya XAS.
Kwinjiza ubucukuzi bwamakuru muri cube yamakuru (X-PEEM data) nintambwe yingenzi mugukuramo amakuru afatika (imiti ya chimique cyangwa physique) muburyo butandukanye.K-bisobanura guhuriza hamwe bikoreshwa cyane mubice byinshi, harimo iyerekwa ryimashini, gutunganya amashusho, kumenyekanisha imiterere idakurikiranwa, ubwenge bwubukorikori, hamwe nisesengura ryihariye.Kurugero, K-bisobanura gukusanya byakoze neza muguhuza hyperspectral ishusho yamakuru.Ihame, kubintu byinshi biranga amakuru, K-bisobanura algorithm irashobora kubateranya byoroshye bitewe namakuru ajyanye nibiranga (imiterere ya fotone).K-bisobanura guhuriza hamwe ni algorithm itera kugabanya amakuru mumatsinda ya K adahuzagurika (cluster), aho buri pigiseli iba ihuriro ryihariye bitewe no gukwirakwiza ahantu hatandukanye na chimique muburyo bwa microstructural ibyuma.K-bisobanura algorithm ikubiyemo ibyiciro bibiri: murwego rwa mbere, K centroide irabaze, naho murwego rwa kabiri, buri ngingo ihabwa cluster hamwe na centroide ituranye.Hagati yububasha bwa cluster isobanurwa nkibisobanuro byerekana imibare yamakuru (XAS spektr) kuri iyo cluster.Hariho intera zitandukanye zo gusobanura centroide ituranye nkintera ya Euclidea.Kubyinjiza ishusho ya px, y (aho x na y aribisubizo muri pigiseli), CK ni centre yububasha bwa cluster;iyi shusho irashobora noneho kugabanywa (ikusanyirijwe) mumatsinda ya K ukoresheje K-uburyo63.Intambwe zanyuma za K-bisobanura guhuza algorithm ni:
Intambwe 2. Kubara abanyamuryango ba pigiseli zose ukurikije centroid iriho.Kurugero, ibarwa uhereye kuri Euclidean intera d hagati yikigo na buri pigiseli:
Intambwe ya 3 Shyira buri pigiseli kuri centroid ikwegereye.Noneho ubaze imyanya ya K centroid kuburyo bukurikira:
Intambwe 4. Subiramo inzira (ibigereranyo (7) na (8)) kugeza centroide ihuye.Ibisubizo byanyuma byuzuzanya bifitanye isano cyane no guhitamo ibyiza bya centroide.Kuri PEEM yamakuru yububiko bwamashusho yicyuma, mubisanzwe X (x × y × λ) ni cube yamakuru ya array array ya 3D, mugihe x na y axe yerekana amakuru ajyanye (pigiseli ya pigiseli) naho λ axis ihuye na foton.ingufu zerekana amashusho.K.cluster).Byakoreshejwe mukwiga ikwirakwizwa ryahantu, impinduka zaho zaho, imyitwarire ya okiside, hamwe nimiterere yimiti.Kurugero, K-bisobanura guhuza algorithm yakoreshejwe kuri Fe L-edge na Cr L-edge mukarere gashyushye kandi gakonje X-PEEM.Imibare itandukanye ya K cluster (uturere twa microstructure) yageragejwe kugirango ibone cluster nziza na centroide.Iyo iyo mibare yerekanwe, pigiseli yoherejwe kuri cluster centroide ihuye.Buri bara ryamabara rihuye hagati ya cluster, yerekana gahunda yimiterere yimiti cyangwa ibintu bifatika.Centroide yakuweho ni umurongo uhuza ibintu byiza.
Amakuru ashyigikira ibisubizo byubu bushakashatsi arahari bisabwe byumwanditsi WC bireba.
Sieurin, H. & Sandström, R. Gukomera kuvunika kwa duplex gusudira ibyuma bitagira ibyuma. Sieurin, H. & Sandström, R. Gukomera kuvunika kwa duplex gusudira ibyuma bitagira ibyuma. Sieurin, H. & Sandström, R. Вязкость разрушения сварнойуплексной нержавеющей стали. Sieurin, H. & Sandström, R. Gukomera kuvunika kwa duplex gusudira duplex idafite ibyuma. Sieurin, H. & Sandström, R. 焊接 双相 不锈钢 的 断裂 韧性。 Sieurin, H. & Sandstrom, R. 焊接 双相 不锈钢 的 断裂 韧性。 Sieurin, H. & Sandström, R. Вязкость разрушения сварныхуплексных нержавеющих сталей. Sieurin, H. & Sandström, R. Gukomera kuvunika kwa duplex gusudira duplex idafite ibyuma.Ubwongereza.Igice.ubwoya.73, 377–390 (2006).
Adams, FV, Olubambi, PA, Potgieter, JH & Van Der Merwe, J. Kurwanya ruswa ya duplex idafite ibyuma muri acide kama yatoranijwe hamwe na acide organic / chloride ibidukikije. Adams, FV, Olubambi, PA, Potgieter, JH & Van Der Merwe, J. Kurwanya ruswa ya duplex idafite ibyuma muri acide kama yatoranijwe hamwe na acide organic / chloride ibidukikije.Adams, FW, Olubambi, PA, Potgieter, J. Kh.na Van Der Merwe, J. Kurwanya ruswa ya duplex idafite ibyuma mu bidukikije hamwe na acide organic na acide organic / chloride. Adams, FV, Olubambi, PA, Potgieter, JH & Van Der Merwe, J. 双相 不锈钢 在 选定 的 有机酸 和 / 氯化物 环境 中 的 耐 腐蚀性。 Adams, FV, Olubambi, PA, Potgieter, JH & Van Der Merwe, J. steel ibyuma bidafite ingese 在 特定 的 organic 酸 和 organic 酸 / ibidukikije bya chlorine 的 耐 过 性 性。Adams, FW, Olubambi, PA, Potgieter, J. Kh.na Van Der Merwe, J. Kurwanya ruswa ya duplex idafite ibyuma ahantu hatoranijwe acide organic na acide organic / chloride.kubungabunga.Uburyo bwibikoresho 57, 107–117 (2010).
Barrera, S. n'abandi.Imyitwarire ya ruswa-oxyde ya Fe-Al-Mn-C duplex alloys.Ibikoresho 12, 2572 (2019).
Levkov, L., Shurygin, D., Dub, V., Kosyrev, K. & Balikoev, A. Igisekuru gishya cy’ibyuma bya super duplex yo gukoresha ibikoresho bya gaze n’amavuta. Levkov, L., Shurygin, D., Dub, V., Kosyrev, K. & Balikoev, A. Igisekuru gishya cy’ibyuma bya super duplex yo gukoresha ibikoresho bya gaze n’amavuta.Levkov L., Shurygin D., Dub V., Kosyrev K., Balikoev A. Igisekuru gishya cya super duplex ibyuma bikoresha peteroli na gaze.Levkov L., Shurygin D., Dub V., Kosyrev K., Balikoev A. Igisekuru gishya cya super duplex ibyuma bya gaze nibikoresho bya peteroli.Webinar E3S 121, 04007 (2019).
Kingklang, S. & Uthaisangsuk, V. Iperereza ryimyitwarire ishyushye ya duplex idafite ibyuma 2507. Ibyuma. Kingklang, S. & Uthaisangsuk, V. Iperereza ryimyitwarire ishyushye ya duplex idafite ibyuma 2507. Ibyuma. Kingklang, S. & Uthaisangsuk, V. Исследование поведения горячей деццицийплексной нержавеющей стали марки 2507. Metall. Kingklang, S. & Uthaisangsuk, V. Ubushakashatsi bwimyitwarire ishyushye yubwoko 2507 Duplex Stainless Steel.Icyuma. Kingklang, S. & Uthaisangsuk, V. 双相 不锈钢 2507 级 热 变形 行为 的 研究。 Kingklang, S. & Uthaisangsuk, V. 2507 级 热 变形 行为 的 研究。Kingklang, S. na Utaisansuk, V. Iperereza ryimyitwarire ishyushye yo mu bwoko bwa 2507 Duplex Stainless Steel.Icyuma.alma mater.inzira.48, 95-108 (2017).
Zhou, T. n'abandi.Ingaruka yubukonje bugenzurwa kuri microstructure hamwe nubukanishi bwa cerium yahinduwe super-duplex SAF 2507 ibyuma bitagira umwanda.alma mater.siyanse.Ubwongereza.A 766, 138352 (2019).
Zhou, T. n'abandi.Imiterere nubukanishi biterwa no guhindura ubushyuhe bwa cerium yahinduwe super-duplex SAF 2507 ibyuma bitagira umwanda.J. Alma mater.ikigega cyo kubikamo.ikoranabuhanga.9, 8379–8390 (2020).
Zheng, Z. Zheng, Z.Zheng Z., Wang S., Long J., Wang J. na Zheng K. Ingaruka yibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka ku myitwarire yicyuma cya austenitis munsi yubushyuhe bukabije. Zheng, Z., Wang, S., Long, J., Wang, J. & Zheng, K. 稀土元素 对 奥氏体 钢 高温 氧化 行为 的 影响。 Zheng, Z., Wang, S., Long, J., Wang, J. & Zheng, K.Zheng Z., Wang S., Long J., Wang J. na Zheng K. Ingaruka yibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka ku myitwarire yicyuma cya austenitike kuri okiside yubushyuhe bwinshi.koros.siyanse.164, 108359 (2020).
Li, Y., Yang, G., Jiang, Z., Chen, C. & Sun, S. Ingaruka za Ce kuri microstructure hamwe nimiterere ya 27Cr-3.8Mo-2Ni super-ferritic ibyuma bidafite ingese. Li, Y., Yang, G., Jiang, Z., Chen, C. & Sun, S. Ingaruka za Ce kuri microstructure hamwe nimiterere ya 27Cr-3.8Mo-2Ni super-ferritic ibyuma bidafite ingese.Li Y., Yang G., Jiang Z., Chen K. na Sun S. Ingaruka za Se kuri microstructure hamwe nimiterere yibyuma bitagira umuyonga 27Cr-3,8Mo-2Ni. Li, Y., Yang, G., Jiang, Z., Chen, C. & Sun, S. Ce 对 27Cr-3.8Mo-2Ni 超 铁 素 体 不锈钢 的 显微 组织 和 性能 的 影响。。 Li, Y., Yang, G., Jiang, Z. Li, Y., Yang, G., Jiang, Z. Li, Y., Yang, G., Jiang, Z., Chen, C. & Sun, S. Ingaruka ya Ce kuri microstructure hamwe nimiterere yibyuma bitagira umuyonga 27Cr-3,8Mo-2Ni.Ikimenyetso.Amashanyarazi 47, 67–76 (2020).