Ukuwelda intsimbi engagqwaliyo kufuna ukukhethwa kwegesi yokukhusela ukugcina ulwakhiwo lwayo lwesinyithi kunye neempawu zomzimba kunye nezoomatshini ezinxulumene noko. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zegesi yokukhusela intsimbi engagqwaliyo ziquka i-argon, i-helium, ioksijini, i-carbon dioxide, i-nitrogen, kunye ne-hydrogen (jonga uMfanekiso 1). Ezi gesi zidityaniswe ngokwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ukuze zihambelane neemfuno zeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa, iintlobo zentambo, ii-alloys zesiseko, iprofayili yeentsimbi ezifunekayo kunye nesantya sokuhamba.
Ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kobushushu bentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nohlobo "olubandayo" lwe-short-circuit transfer gas arc welding (GMAW), le nkqubo ifuna igesi "exutywe kathathu" equlathe i-helium engama-85% ukuya kuma-90% (He), ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10% Argon (Ar) kunye ne-2% ukuya kwi-5% Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Umxube oqhelekileyo we-triblend uqulethe i-90% He, i-7-1/2% Ar, kunye ne-2-1/2% CO2. Amandla aphezulu e-ionization ye-helium akhuthaza i-arcing emva kwe-short circuit; kunye ne-thermal conductivity yayo ephezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwe-He kwandisa ukugeleza kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo. Inxalenye ye-Ar ye-Trimix ibonelela ngokukhusela ngokubanzi i-weld puddle, ngelixa i-CO2 isebenza njengenxalenye esabelayo ukuzinzisa i-arc (jonga uMfanekiso 2 malunga nendlela iigesi zokukhusela ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela ngayo iprofayili ye-weld bead).
Eminye imixube ye-ternary ingasebenzisa i-oksijini njengesiqinisi, ngelixa eminye isebenzisa umxube we-He/CO2/N2 ukuze ifumane isiphumo esifanayo. Abanye abasasazi begesi banemixube yegesi ezimeleyo ebonelela ngeenzuzo ezithembisiweyo. Abathengisi bakwacebisa le mixube kwezinye iindlela zokudlulisela ezinesiphumo esifanayo.
Eyona mpazamo inkulu eyenziwa ngabavelisi kuzama ukukhawulezisa intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-GMAW enomxube wegesi ofanayo (75 Ar/25 CO2) njengentsimbi ethambileyo, ngesiqhelo kuba abafuni ukulawula isilinda esongezelelweyo. Lo mxube unekhabhoni eninzi kakhulu. Enyanisweni, nayiphi na igesi yokukhusela esetyenziselwa ucingo oluqinileyo kufuneka ibe ne-5% yekhabhoni diokside. Ukusebenzisa ubungakanani obukhulu kubangela isinyithi esingasathathwa njenge-alloy ye-L-grade (i-L-grade inomxholo wekhabhoni ongaphantsi kwe-0.03%). Ikhabhoni egqithisileyo kwigesi yokukhusela inokwenza ii-chromium carbides, ezinciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala kunye neempawu zoomatshini. I-soot inokuvela nakwindawo yokuwelda.
Njengenqaku elisecaleni, xa kukhethwa iintsimbi zokunciphisa i-GMAW kwii-alloys zesiseko ze-300 series (308, 309, 316, 347), abavelisi kufuneka bakhethe i-LSi grade. Ii-LSi fillers zinomxholo ophantsi wekhabhoni (0.02%) kwaye ke ngoko zicetyiswa ngakumbi xa kukho umngcipheko wokugqwala phakathi kweegranular. Umxholo ophezulu we-silicon uphucula iipropati ze-weld, ezinje ngokumanzisa, ukunceda ukuthambisa isithsaba se-weld kunye nokukhuthaza ukudibana kwenzwane.
Abavelisi kufuneka baqaphele xa besebenzisa iinkqubo zokudlulisa i-short-circuit. Ukudibanisa okungaphelelanga kunokubangelwa kukucima kwe-arc, okwenza inkqubo ingabi yi-par kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo. Kwiimeko zomthamo ophezulu, ukuba izinto zinokuxhasa igalelo lazo lobushushu (≥ 1/16 intshi iphantse ibe yeyona nto incinci idityanisiweyo kusetyenziswa imo ye-pulse spray), ukudluliselwa kwe-pulse spray kuya kuba lukhetho olungcono. Apho ubukhulu bezinto kunye nendawo ye-weld ikuxhasa, ukudluliselwa kwe-spray GMAW kuyakhethwa kuba kubonelela ngokudibanisa okuhlala kuhleli.
Ezi ndlela zokudlulisa ubushushu obuphezulu azidingi igesi yokukhusela. Kwi-spray transfer welding yee-alloys ezingama-300, ukhetho oluqhelekileyo yi-98% Ar kunye ne-2% yezinto ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-CO2 okanye i-O2. Eminye imixube yegesi inokuba nenani elincinci le-N2. I-N2 inamandla aphezulu e-ionization kunye ne-thermal conductivity, ekhuthaza ukumanzisa kwaye ivumela ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza okanye ukuphucula ukuvuleka; ikwanciphisa ukugqwetheka.
Kwi-pulsed spray transfer GMAW, i-100% Ar inokuba lukhetho olwamkelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba i-pulsed current izinzisa i-arc, igesi ayisoloko ifuna izinto ezisebenzayo.
Ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo licotha kwiintsimbi ze-ferritic stainless kunye neentsimbi ze-duplex stainless (umlinganiselo we-50/50 we-ferrite kwi-austenite). Kwezi ngxubevange, umxube wegesi ofana ne-~70% Ar/~30% He/2% CO2 uya kukhuthaza ukumanzisa okungcono kwaye wonyuse isantya sokuhamba (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Imixube efanayo ingasetyenziselwa ukuwelda ii-alloys ze-nickel, kodwa iya kubangela ukuba ii-nickel oxides zakheke kumphezulu we-weld (umz., ukongeza i-2% CO2 okanye i-O2 kwanele ukwandisa umxholo we-oxide, ngoko ke abavelisi kufuneka baziphephe okanye balungele ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kuzo). Ziyarhabaxa kuba ezi oxides ziqinile kangangokuba ibrashi yocingo ayidli ngokuzisusa).
Abavelisi basebenzisa iingcingo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezine-flux-core ukuwelda ngaphandle kwendawo kuba inkqubo ye-slag kwezi ngcingo inika "ishelufu" exhasa ichibi lokuwelda njengoko liqina. Ngenxa yokuba ukwakheka kwe-flux kunciphisa iziphumo ze-CO2, ingcingo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ene-flux-core yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kunye nemixube yegesi ye-75% Ar/25% CO2 kunye/okanye i-100% CO2. Ngelixa ingcingo ene-flux-core ingabiza ngaphezulu ngepawundi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isantya esiphezulu sokuwelda kwindawo yonke kunye namazinga okufaka izinto kunokunciphisa iindleko zokuwelda zizonke. Ukongeza, ingcingo ene-flux-core isebenzisa i-DC voltage eqhelekileyo, okwenza inkqubo yokuwelda esisiseko ingabizi kakhulu kwaye ingabi nzima kuneenkqubo ze-GMAW ezivuselelweyo.
Kwi-alloys ezingama-300 kunye nama-400, i-100% Ar iseyeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokudibanisa i-arc welding yegesi ye-tungsten (GTAW). Ngexesha le-GTAW yezinye ii-alloys ze-nickel, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo ezenziwe ngoomatshini, inani elincinci le-hydrogen (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5%) linokongezwa ukwandisa isantya sokuhamba (qaphela ukuba ngokungafaniyo neentsimbi zekhabhoni, ii-alloys ze-nickel azikwazi ukuqhekeka yi-hydrogen).
Kwi-welding superduplex kunye neentsimbi ezingenasici ze-superduplex, i-98% Ar/2% N2 kunye ne-98% Ar/3% N2 zikhetho ezilungileyo, ngokulandelelana. I-Helium ingongezwa ukuphucula ukumanzi malunga ne-30%. Xa udibanisa iintsimbi ezingenasici ze-super duplex okanye ze-super duplex, injongo kukuvelisa i-joint ene-microstructure elinganayo ye-50% ferrite kunye ne-50% austenite. Ngenxa yokuba ukwakheka kwe-microstructure kuxhomekeke kwisantya sokupholisa, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ichibi le-TIG weld liphola ngokukhawuleza, i-ferrite engaphezulu ihlala xa kusetyenziswa i-100% Ar. Xa kusetyenziswa umxube wegesi oqulethe i-N2, i-N2 ixutywa kwichibi elinyibilikisiweyo kwaye ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-austenite.
Intsimbi engatyiwayo kufuneka ikhusele amacala omabini elungu ukuze ivelise i-weld egqityiweyo enokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu. Ukungaphumeleli ukukhusela umva kunokubangela "i-saccharification," okanye i-oxidation enkulu enokubangela ukungaphumeleli kwe-solder.
Izihlanganisi eziqinileyo ezinezinga elihlala lilungile okanye eziqinileyo ngasemva kwesixhobo zisenokungafuni nkxaso yegesi. Apha, ingxaki ephambili kukuthintela ukutshintsha kombala okugqithisileyo kwendawo echaphazelekileyo bubushushu ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-oxide, nto leyo efuna ukususwa ngoomatshini. Ngokwetekhnoloji, ukuba ubushushu obungasemva budlula ama-500 degrees Fahrenheit, kufuneka igesi yokukhusela. Nangona kunjalo, indlela elondolozayo kukusebenzisa ama-300 degrees Fahrenheit njengomlinganiselo. Okufanelekileyo, umva kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwama-30 PPM O2. Okungavumelekanga kukuba umva wesixhobo uza kugrunjwa, ucolwe kwaye udityaniswe ukuze kufunyanwe i-weld epheleleyo.
Iigesi ezimbini ezixhasayo ezikhethiweyo yi-N2 (exabiso liphantsi) kunye ne-Ar (ebiza kakhulu). Kwiindibano ezincinci okanye xa imithombo ye-Ar ifumaneka ngokulula, kunokuba lula ngakumbi ukusebenzisa le gesi kwaye ayifanele ukonga i-N2. Kungongezwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5% ye-hydrogen ukunciphisa i-oxidation. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo, kodwa izixhobo zokuxhasa ezenziwe ekhaya kunye namadama okucoca zixhaphakile.
Ukongezwa kwe-10.5% okanye ngaphezulu kwe-chromium yiyo enika intsimbi engagqwaliyo iimpawu zayo ezingagqwaliyo. Ukugcina ezi mpawu kufuna ubuchule obuhle ekukhetheni igesi yokukhusela ukuwelda echanekileyo kunye nokukhusela umva wejoyinti. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ibiza kakhulu, kwaye kukho izizathu ezilungileyo zokuyisebenzisa. Akukho sizathu sokuzama ukunciphisa iikona xa kufikwa ekukhuseleni igesi okanye ukukhetha iintsimbi zokugcwalisa oku. Ke ngoko, kusoloko kunengqiqo ukusebenza nomsasazi wegesi onolwazi kunye nengcali yentsimbi yokugcwalisa xa ukhetha igesi kunye nentsimbi yokugcwalisa ukuwelda intsimbi engagqwaliyo.
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