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Kwanan nan, an ƙirƙiri wani dandamalin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ba shi da sinadarai wanda ya dogara da fasahar nanotechnology ta amfani da nanostructures na ruwa na wucin gadi (EWNS). EWNS suna da babban cajin saman kuma suna da wadataccen nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) wanda zai iya hulɗa da kuma kashe wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da abinci. A nan an nuna cewa halayensu ana iya gyara su kuma a inganta su don ƙara haɓaka ƙarfin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. An tsara dandamalin dakin gwaje-gwaje na EWNS don daidaita halayen EWNS ta hanyar canza sigogin haɗa sinadarai. An yi kwaikwayon halayen EWNS (caji, girma, da abun ciki na ROS) ta amfani da hanyoyin bincike na zamani. Bugu da ƙari, an yi wa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci kamar Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocua, Mycobacterium para fortitum, da Saccharomyces cerevisiae allura a saman tumatir innabi na halitta don kimanta yuwuwar hana ƙwayoyin cuta. Sakamakon da aka gabatar a nan ya nuna cewa ana iya daidaita halayen EWNS yayin haɗa sinadarai, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin ingancin hana aiki. Musamman ma, ƙarfin saman ya ƙaru da kashi huɗu, kuma yawan ROS ya ƙaru. Yawan cire ƙwayoyin cuta ya dogara ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya kai daga 1.0 zuwa 3.8 log bayan mintuna 45 na fallasa ga maganin aerosol na 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS.
Gurɓatar ƙwayoyin cuta ita ce babbar hanyar kamuwa da cututtukan abinci da ake samu ta hanyar shan ƙwayoyin cuta ko gubarsu. Cututtukan abinci suna haifar da cututtuka kusan miliyan 76, asibiti 325,000, da kuma mace-mace 5,000 kowace shekara a Amurka kaɗai1. Bugu da ƙari, Ma'aikatar Noma ta Amurka (USDA) ta kiyasta cewa ƙaruwar cin amfanin gona sabo ne ke haifar da kashi 48 cikin ɗari na duk cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar abinci da aka ruwaito a Amurka2. Kuɗin rashin lafiya da mutuwa daga ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu ta hanyar abinci a Amurka yana da yawa sosai, kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi (CDC) ta kiyasta a kan sama da dala biliyan 15.6 a kowace shekara3.
A halin yanzu, hanyoyin magance ƙwayoyin cuta na sinadarai4, radiation5 da thermal6 don tabbatar da amincin abinci galibi ana aiwatar da su ne a wurare masu mahimmanci na kulawa (CCPs) a cikin sarkar samarwa (yawanci bayan girbi da/ko lokacin marufi) maimakon ci gaba da aiwatarwa ta yadda sabbin amfanin gona za su iya kamuwa da gurɓataccen yanayi 7. Ana buƙatar hanyoyin magance ƙwayoyin cuta don inganta sarrafa cututtukan da abinci ke haifarwa da lalacewa da kuma samun damar amfani da su a duk faɗin gona zuwa tebur. Ƙananan tasiri da farashi.
An ƙirƙiro wani dandamalin ƙwayoyin cuta marasa sinadarai wanda aka gina shi da fasahar nanotechnology don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a saman da kuma a cikin iska ta amfani da nanostructures na ruwa na wucin gadi (EWNS). Don haɗa EVNS, an yi amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu masu kama da juna: feshi na lantarki da ionization na ruwa (Hoto na 1a). An nuna cewa EWNS a baya suna da takamaiman sifofi na zahiri da na halitta8,9,10. EWNS yana da matsakaicin electrons 10 a kowane tsari da matsakaicin girman nanometer na 25 nm (Hoto na 1b,c)8,9,10. Bugu da ƙari, electron spin resonance (ESR) ya nuna cewa EWNS yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS), galibi hydroxyl (OH•) da superoxide (O2-) radicals (Hoto na 1c) 8. EWNS ya kasance a cikin iska na dogon lokaci kuma yana iya yin karo da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka rataye a cikin iska kuma suna nan a saman, yana isar da nauyin ROS ɗinsu kuma yana haifar da rashin aiki na ƙwayoyin cuta (Hoto na 1d). Waɗannan binciken da aka yi a baya sun kuma nuna cewa EWNS na iya mu'amala da kuma kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban masu mahimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a, gami da mycobacteria, a saman da kuma a cikin iska8,9. Binciken na'urar auna zafin jiki ta hanyar watsawa ya nuna cewa rashin kunna wutar ya faru ne sakamakon katsewar membrane na tantanin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin shaƙatawa mai tsanani ya nuna cewa yawan allurai na EWNS ba sa haifar da lalacewar huhu ko kumburi8.
(a) Feshin lantarki yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da babban ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin ruwa mai ɗauke da capillary da kuma na'urar lantarki mai katsewa. (b) Amfani da babban ƙarfin lantarki yana haifar da abubuwa biyu daban-daban: (i) feshin ruwa na lantarki da (ii) samar da nau'ikan iskar oxygen masu amsawa (ions) da aka makale a cikin EWNS. (c) Tsarin EWNS na musamman. (d) EWNS suna da motsi sosai saboda yanayin nanoscale ɗinsu kuma suna iya hulɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da iska.
An kuma nuna ikon da dandamalin maganin rigakafi na EWNS ke da shi na hana ƙwayoyin cuta da ke shiga cikin abinci a saman abinci mai sabo kwanan nan. An kuma nuna cewa ana iya amfani da cajin saman EWNS tare da filin lantarki don isar da sako. Mafi mahimmanci, an lura da sakamako mai kyau na farko na kusan raguwar aikin tumatir na halitta da kashi 1.4 a kan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban na abinci kamar E. coli da Listeria cikin mintuna 90 bayan fallasa su ga EWNS a yawan da ya kai kusan 50,000#/cm311. Bugu da ƙari, gwaje-gwajen tantance ƙwayoyin cuta na farko sun nuna babu wani tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da tumatir mai sarrafawa. Kodayake waɗannan sakamakon dakatarwa na farko sun yi alƙawarin amincin abinci koda a ƙananan allurai na EWNS na 50,000#/cc. duba, a bayyane yake cewa babban yuwuwar hana aiki zai fi amfani don ƙara rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da lalacewa.
A nan, za mu mayar da hankali kan bincikenmu kan haɓaka dandamalin samar da EWNS don daidaita sigogin haɗa sinadarai da kuma inganta halayen sinadaran EWNS don haɓaka ƙarfin ƙwayoyin cuta. Musamman, haɓakawa ya mayar da hankali kan ƙara yawan cajin saman su (don inganta isar da su da aka yi niyya) da abubuwan da ke cikin ROS (don inganta ingancin hana aiki). Haɓaka halayen sinadarai na sinadarai (girma, caji da abubuwan da ke cikin ROS) ta amfani da hanyoyin nazari na zamani da kuma amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci kamar E. coli, S. enterica, L. innocua, S. cerevisiae da M. parafortutum.
An haɗa EVNS ta hanyar fesawa da kuma ionization na ruwa mai tsarki (18 MΩ cm–1). Ana amfani da atomizer na lantarki 12 don ƙara yawan ruwa da ƙwayoyin polymer da yumbu na roba 13 da zare 14 na girman da aka sarrafa.
Kamar yadda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata na 8, 9, 10, 11, a cikin wani gwaji na yau da kullun, ana amfani da babban ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin ƙarfe mai kauri da kuma na'urar lantarki mai kauri. A lokacin wannan tsari, abubuwa biyu daban-daban suna faruwa: 1) feshi na lantarki da 2) ionization na ruwa. Filin lantarki mai ƙarfi tsakanin lantarki biyu yana haifar da tarawar caji mara kyau a saman ruwan da aka tarawa, wanda ke haifar da samuwar mazuraran Taylor. Sakamakon haka, ana samar da ɗigon ruwa mai caji sosai, wanda ke ci gaba da wargajewa zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, bisa ga ka'idar Rayleigh16. A lokaci guda, wani ƙarfi na filin lantarki yana sa wasu ƙwayoyin ruwa su rarrabu kuma su cire electrons (ionization), ta haka suna samar da adadi mai yawa na nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa (ROS)17. An lulluɓe fakitin ROS18 da aka samar a lokaci guda a cikin EWNS (Hoto na 1c).
A hoto na 2a, an nuna tsarin samar da EWNS da aka haɓaka kuma aka yi amfani da shi a cikin haɗakar EWNS a cikin wannan binciken. An ciyar da ruwan da aka tsaftace a cikin kwalbar da aka rufe ta hanyar bututun Teflon (diamita na ciki 2 mm) zuwa allurar ƙarfe mai nauyin 30G (ƙarfe mai kauri). Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 2b, iskar da ke cikin kwalbar tana sarrafa kwararar ruwa. An haɗa allurar zuwa na'urar Teflon wacce za a iya daidaita ta da hannu zuwa wani takamaiman nisa daga na'urar lantarki mai kauri. Na'urar lantarki mai kauri faifan aluminum ne mai gogewa tare da rami a tsakiya don ɗaukar samfur. A ƙasan na'urar lantarki akwai mazubin samfurin aluminum, wanda aka haɗa da sauran saitin gwaji ta hanyar tashar ɗaukar samfuri (Hoto na 2b). Duk abubuwan samfurin an yi su ne da wutar lantarki don guje wa tarin caji wanda zai iya lalata samfurin barbashi.
(a) Tsarin Samar da Tsarin Ruwa Mai Inganci (EWNS). (b) Sashe na gaba na na'urar samfurin da kuma na'urar fesawa ta lantarki da ke nuna mahimman sigogi. (c) Saitin gwaji don hana ƙwayoyin cuta aiki.
Tsarin samar da EWNS da aka bayyana a sama yana da ikon canza mahimman sigogin aiki don sauƙaƙe daidaita halayen EWNS. Daidaita ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi (V), nisan da ke tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki ta counter (L), da kuma kwararar ruwa (φ) ta cikin capillary don daidaita halayen EWNS. Ana amfani da alamomin [V (kV), L (cm)] don nuna haɗuwa daban-daban. Daidaita kwararar ruwa don samun mazugi Taylor mai ƙarfi na wani saiti [V, L]. Don dalilan wannan binciken, an saita buɗewar na'urar lantarki ta counter (D) a inci 0.5 (1.29 cm).
Saboda ƙarancin yanayin ƙasa da rashin daidaituwa, ba za a iya ƙididdige ƙarfin filin lantarki daga ƙa'idodin farko ba. Madadin haka, an yi amfani da software na QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 don ƙididdige filin lantarki. Filin lantarki ba iri ɗaya ba ne, don haka an yi amfani da ƙimar filin lantarki a ƙarshen capillary azaman ƙimar tunani don tsari daban-daban.
A lokacin binciken, an kimanta haɗuwa da dama na ƙarfin lantarki da tazara tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki ta counter dangane da samuwar mazubin Taylor, kwanciyar hankalin mazubin Taylor, kwanciyar hankalin samar da EWNS, da kuma sake haifuwa. An nuna haɗuwa daban-daban a cikin Tebur na Ƙarin S1.
An haɗa fitarwar tsarin samar da EWNS kai tsaye zuwa na'urar auna siginar ƙwayoyin cuta ta Scanning Mobility (SMPS, samfurin 3936, TSI, Shoreview, Minnesota) don auna yawan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma an yi amfani da shi tare da na'urar auna siginar aerosol ta Faraday (TSI, samfurin 3068B, Shoreview, Amurka). MN) don auna kwararar aerosol, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littafinmu na baya9. An ɗauki samfurin SMPS da na'urar auna siginar aerosol a ƙimar kwararar 0.5 L/min (jimillar kwararar samfurin 1 L/min). An auna yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da kwararar aerosol na daƙiƙa 120. Maimaita ma'aunin sau 30. An ƙididdige jimlar cajin aerosol daga ma'aunin yanzu, kuma an kiyasta matsakaicin cajin EWNS daga jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin EWNS da aka ɗauka. Ana iya ƙididdige matsakaicin farashin EWNS ta amfani da Lissafi (1):
inda IEl shine ma'aunin wutar lantarki da aka auna, NSMPS shine ma'aunin yawan da aka auna tare da SMPS, kuma φEl shine ma'aunin kwarara zuwa na'urar aunawa.
Saboda yanayin zafi (RH) yana shafar cajin saman, an kiyaye zafin jiki da (RH) a 21°C da 45%, bi da bi, a lokacin gwajin.
An yi amfani da na'urar duba hotuna ta ƙarfin atomic (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) da kuma AC260T probe (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) don auna girman da tsawon rayuwar EWNS. Yawan na'urar duba hotuna ta AFM shine 1 Hz kuma yankin na'urar duba hotuna shine 5 µm×5 µm tare da layukan na'urar duba hotuna 256. An yi wa dukkan hotunan tsarin hoto na farko ta amfani da manhajar Asylum (abin rufe fuska mai kewayon nm 100 da kuma iyakar 100 na dare).
Cire mazubin samfurin kuma sanya saman mica a nisan 2.0 cm daga na'urar lantarki ta counter na tsawon matsakaicin lokaci na 120 s don guje wa haɗuwar barbashi da samuwar ɗigon ruwa marasa tsari a saman mica. An shafa EWNS kai tsaye a saman mica da aka yanke (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Nan da nan bayan an fesa, an ga saman mica ta amfani da AFM. Kusurwar hulɗar saman mica da aka yanke ba tare da an gyara ta kusa da 0° ba, don haka EWNS yana yaduwa a saman mica a cikin siffar domed20. An auna diamita (a) da tsayi (h) na ɗigon ruwa da ke yaɗuwa kai tsaye daga yanayin AFM kuma an yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige girman yaɗuwar domed EWNS ta amfani da hanyar da muka tabbatar a baya8. Idan aka ɗauka cewa EVNS ɗin da ke cikin jirgin yana da girma ɗaya, ana iya ƙididdige diamita daidai da wannan daga lissafi (2):
Daidai da hanyar da muka ƙirƙiro a baya, an yi amfani da tarkon juyawa na electron spin resonance (ESR) don gano kasancewar tsaka-tsakin radical masu ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin EWNS. An wuce da iska ta hanyar wani bayani mai ɗauke da 235 mM DEPMPO (5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc., Portland, Oregon). An yi duk ma'aunin EPR ta amfani da na'urar Bruker EMX spectrometer (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) da kuma jerin ƙwayoyin halitta masu faɗi. An yi amfani da manhajar Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) don tattarawa da kuma nazarin bayanan. An yi kwaikwayon ROS ne kawai don saitin yanayin aiki [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. An auna yawan EWNS ta amfani da SMPS bayan la'akari da asarar EWNS a cikin mai tasiri.
An yi amfani da na'urar lura da matakan Ozone ta amfani da na'urar lura da Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10.
Ga duk kaddarorin EWNS, ƙimar aunawa ita ce matsakaicin ma'auni, kuma kuskuren aunawa shine karkacewar da aka saba. An yi gwajin t don kwatanta ƙimar sifar EWNS da aka inganta tare da ƙimar da ta dace da EWNS na tushe.
Siffa ta 2c ta nuna tsarin wucewar ruwan sama na Electrostatic Precipitation Pass (EPES) wanda aka riga aka ƙirƙira kuma aka siffanta shi da shi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don kai hari ga EWNS11 zuwa saman. EPES yana amfani da cajin EWNS tare da ƙarfin filin lantarki don "nuna" kai tsaye zuwa saman abin da ake nufi. An gabatar da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin EPES a cikin wani wallafe-wallafen da Pyrgiotakis et al.11 suka buga kwanan nan. Don haka, EPES ya ƙunshi ɗakin PVC mai bugawa na 3D tare da ƙarshen da aka yi wa tef wanda ya ƙunshi faranti biyu na ƙarfe masu layi ɗaya (ƙarfe 304, an goge madubi) a tsakiyar 15.24 cm baya. An haɗa allunan zuwa tushen ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi na waje (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), allon ƙasa koyaushe yana da kyau kuma allon saman koyaushe yana da ƙasa (yana iyo). Bangon ɗakin an rufe shi da foil ɗin aluminum, wanda aka girka ta hanyar lantarki don hana asarar barbashi. Ɗakin yana da ƙofar ɗaukar kaya ta gaba da aka rufe wanda ke ba da damar sanya saman gwaji a kan rack ɗin filastik, yana ɗaga su daga farantin ƙarfe na ƙasa don guje wa tsangwama mai ƙarfi.
An ƙididdige ingancin ajiyar EWNS a cikin EPES bisa ga wata yarjejeniya da aka ƙirƙiro a baya da aka yi cikakken bayani a cikin Ƙarin Hoto na S111.
A matsayin ɗakin sarrafawa, kwararar ruwa ta biyu ta cikin ɗakin silinda an haɗa ta a jere tare da tsarin EPES ta amfani da matattarar HEPA ta tsakiya don cire EWNS. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 2c, an tura aerosol na EWNS ta cikin ɗakuna biyu da aka haɗa a jere. Matattarar da ke tsakanin ɗakin sarrafawa da EPES tana cire duk wani EWNS da ya rage wanda ya haifar da yanayin zafi iri ɗaya (T), ɗanɗanon dangi (RH) da matakan ozone.
An gano cewa muhimman ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu daga abinci suna gurɓata sabbin amfanin gona kamar Escherichia coli (ATCC #27325), mai nuna najasa, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), wani ƙwayar cuta da ake samu daga abinci, Listeria innocua (ATCC #33090), wani madadin Listeria monocytogenes da ke haifar da cutar, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098) a matsayin madadin yisti mai lalacewa, da kuma Mycobacterium parafortuitous (ATCC #19686) a matsayin ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai da suka fi juriya daga ATCC (Manassas, Virginia).
Sayi akwatunan tumatir na innabi na halitta daga kasuwar yankinku kuma ku sanyaya a cikin firiji a zafin digiri 4 na Celsius har sai an yi amfani da shi (har zuwa kwana 3). Zaɓi tumatir don gwadawa da girma ɗaya, kimanin inci 1/2 a diamita.
An yi cikakken bayani game da ka'idojin shiryawa, allurar rigakafi, fallasawa da kuma ƙidayar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wallafe-wallafenmu na baya kuma an yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin Ƙarin Bayani na 11. An kimanta aikin EWNS ta hanyar fallasa tumatir da aka yi wa allura zuwa 40,000 #/cm3 na tsawon mintuna 45. A takaice, a lokacin t = minti 0, an yi amfani da tumatir uku don tantance ƙwayoyin cuta da suka tsira. An sanya tumatir uku a cikin EPES kuma an fallasa su ga EWNS a 40,000 #/cc (Tumatir da aka fallasa EWNS) kuma an sanya wasu uku a cikin ɗakin sarrafawa (tumatir da aka sarrafa). Babu ɗayan rukunin tumatir da aka ƙara sarrafawa. An cire tumatir da aka fallasa EWNS bayan mintuna 45 don tantance tasirin EWNS.
An gudanar da kowace gwaji sau uku. An gudanar da nazarin bayanai bisa ga ka'idar da aka bayyana a cikin Ƙarin Bayanan.
An yi amfani da samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta na E. coli, Enterobacter, da L. innocua waɗanda aka fallasa ga EWNS (minti 45, yawan aerosol na EWNS 40,000 #/cm3) kuma ba a fallasa su ba don tantance hanyoyin hana aiki. An gyara ruwan da ya fashe na tsawon awanni 2 a zafin ɗaki a cikin maganin sodium cacodylate mai nauyin 0.1 M (pH 7.4) tare da maganin glutaraldehyde 2.5%, paraformaldehyde 1.25% da 0.03% picric acid. Bayan an wanke su, an gyara su da 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) na tsawon awanni 2, an wanke su sau 3 da ruwa sannan aka saka su a cikin 1% uranyl acetate na tsawon awanni 1, sannan aka wanke su sau biyu da ruwa. Bayan haka, an sha ruwa na minti 10 kowanne daga cikin 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% barasa. An sanya samfuran a cikin propylene oxide na tsawon awa 1 sannan aka saka su a cikin ruwan propylene oxide na tsawon awa 1 sannan aka saka su a cikin ruwan da aka haɗa da propylene oxide da TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA). An saka samfuran a cikin TAAB Epon kuma an yi musu polymer a zafin 60°C na tsawon awanni 48. An yanke resin granular da aka warke kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar TEM ta amfani da JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), wani na'urar hangen nesa ta lantarki ta gargajiya wacce aka sanye da kyamarar AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, MA, Amurka).
An gudanar da dukkan gwaje-gwajen a cikin matakai uku. A kowane lokaci, an yi wa ƙwayoyin cuta wanka a cikin matakai uku, wanda ya haifar da jimillar maki tara na bayanai a kowane maki, wanda aka yi amfani da matsakaicinsa azaman yawan ƙwayoyin cuta ga wannan takamaiman kwayar halitta. An yi amfani da karkacewar da aka saba amfani da ita azaman kuskuren aunawa. Duk maki suna ƙidaya.
An ƙididdige logarithm na raguwar yawan ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da t = 0 min ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa:
inda C0 shine yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin sarrafawa a lokacin 0 (watau bayan saman ya bushe amma kafin a sanya shi a cikin ɗakin) kuma Cn shine yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a saman bayan mintuna na n na fallasa.
Domin yin la'akari da lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta ta halitta a lokacin fallasa na mintuna 45, an kuma ƙididdige Rage Log-Reduction idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa a mintuna 45 kamar haka:
Inda Cn shine yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin sarrafawa a lokacin n kuma Cn-Control shine yawan ƙwayoyin cuta masu sarrafawa a lokacin n. An gabatar da bayanai a matsayin rage log idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (babu fallasa EWNS).
A lokacin binciken, an kimanta haɗuwar ƙarfin lantarki da nisa tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki ta counter dangane da samuwar mazugi na Taylor, kwanciyar hankalin mazugi na Taylor, kwanciyar hankalin samar da EWNS, da kuma sake haifuwa. An nuna haɗuwa iri-iri a cikin Teburin Ƙarin S1. An zaɓi shari'o'i biyu don cikakken bincike wanda ke nuna halayen da suka dace da sake haifuwa (mazugi na Taylor, samar da EWNS, da kwanciyar hankali akan lokaci). A kan fig. 3 yana nuna sakamakon caji, girma da abun ciki na ROS na shari'o'i biyu. Hakanan an taƙaita sakamakon a cikin Tebur 1. Don tunani, Hoto na 3 da Tebur 1 sun haɗa da halayen EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 da aka haɗa a baya (asalin-EWNS). An sake buga ƙididdigar mahimmancin ƙididdiga ta amfani da gwajin t-jeri biyu a cikin Tebur Ƙarin S2. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarin bayanai sun haɗa da bincike kan tasirin diamita ramin samfurin electrode na counter (D) da nisan da ke tsakanin electrode na ƙasa da ƙarshen allurar (L) (Hotunan Ƙarin S2 da S3).
(a–c) Rarraba girman AFM. (d – f) Siffar cajin saman. (g) Siffar ROS da ESR.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ga dukkan yanayin da ke sama, ma'aunin kwararar ionization da aka auna sun kasance a cikin kewayon 2-6 µA, kuma ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana cikin kewayon -3.8 zuwa -6.5 kV, wanda ya haifar da amfani da wutar lantarki ga wannan EWNS mai tashoshi ɗaya na ƙasa da 50 mW. . . module. Duk da cewa an haɗa EWNS a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa, matakan ozone sun yi ƙasa sosai, ba su taɓa wuce 60 ppb ba.
Ƙarin Hoto na S4 yana nuna filayen lantarki da aka kwaikwayi don yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] bi da bi. An ƙididdige filayen bisa ga yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] a matsayin 2 × 105 V/m da 4.7 × 105 V/m, bi da bi. Ana sa ran wannan, tunda rabon ƙarfin lantarki zuwa nesa ya fi girma a cikin yanayi na biyu.
A kan hoto na 3a,b yana nuna diamita na EWNS da aka auna tare da AFM8. An ƙididdige matsakaicin diamita na EWNS don yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] a matsayin 27 nm da 19 nm, bi da bi. Bambancin daidaiton lissafi na rarrabawa don shari'o'in [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] sune 1.41 da 1.45, bi da bi, suna nuna rarrabawar girman kunkuntar. Matsakaicin girman da karkacewar daidaiton lissafi suna kusa da tushen-EWNS, suna 25 nm da 1.41, bi da bi. A kan hoto na 3c yana nuna rarrabawar girman EWNS da aka auna ta amfani da hanya ɗaya a ƙarƙashin yanayi ɗaya.
A hoto na 3d,e yana nuna sakamakon halayen caji. Bayanai matsakaicin ma'auni ne na ma'auni 30 a lokaci guda na maida hankali (#/cm3) da na yanzu (I). Binciken ya nuna cewa matsakaicin cajin akan EWNS shine 22 ± 6 e- da 44 ± 6 e- don [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], bi da bi. Idan aka kwatanta da Baseline-EWNS (10 ± 2 e-), cajin saman su ya fi girma sosai, sau biyu na yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] kuma sau huɗu na [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. 3f yana nuna bayanan biyan kuɗi na EWNS na asali.
Daga taswirar yawan adadin EWNS (Ƙarin Hotuna S5 da S6), za a iya ganin cewa yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] yana da adadin barbashi mafi girma fiye da yanayin [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Ya kamata kuma a lura cewa an sa ido kan yawan adadin EWNS na tsawon awanni 4 (Ƙarin Hotuna S5 da S6), inda daidaiton samar da EWNS ya nuna matakan yawan adadin barbashi iri ɗaya a duka lamuran biyu.
Siffa ta 3g tana nuna raguwar EPR bayan sarrafawa (bayan fage) don ingantaccen EWNS a [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Hakanan an kwatanta bakan ROS da tushen EWNS a cikin takarda da aka buga a baya. Adadin da aka ƙididdige na EWNS da ke amsawa da tarkon juyawa shine 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, wanda yayi kama da Baseline-EWNS8 da aka buga a baya. Bakan EPR ya nuna a sarari kasancewar nau'ikan ROS guda biyu, inda O2- suka fi rinjaye, yayin da OH• ke nan a ƙaramin adadi. Bugu da ƙari, kwatanta kai tsaye na ƙarfin kololuwar ya nuna cewa EWNS da aka inganta yana da babban abun ciki na ROS idan aka kwatanta da EWNS na asali.
A hoto na 4 yana nuna ingancin sakawa na EWNS a cikin EPES. An kuma taƙaita bayanan a cikin Tebur na I kuma an kwatanta su da ainihin bayanan EWNS. Ga duka shari'o'in EUNS, sakawa ya kusa da 100% ko da a ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki na 3.0 kV. Yawanci, 3.0 kV ya isa ya cimma sakawa 100% ba tare da la'akari da canjin cajin saman ba. A ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya, ingancin sakawa na Baseline-EWNS ya kasance 56% kawai saboda ƙarancin caji (matsakaicin electrons 10 a kowace EWNS).
Siffa ta 5 da Tebur ta 2 sun taƙaita matakin hana ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi a saman tumatir bayan an fallasa su ga kimanin 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS na tsawon mintuna 45 a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya fi dacewa [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. An yi wa allurar rigakafin E. coli da L. innocua sun nuna raguwar log 3.8 sosai bayan mintuna 45 na fallasa. A ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi, S. enterica ya nuna raguwar log 2.2 ƙasa, yayin da S. cerevisiae da M. parafortuitum suka nuna raguwar log 1.0.
Na'urorin aunawa na lantarki (Hoto na 6) suna nuna canje-canjen jiki da EWNS ya haifar a cikin ƙwayoyin innocua na E. coli, Salmonella enterica, da L. wanda ke haifar da rashin aiki. Kwayoyin cuta masu sarrafawa sun nuna membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta marasa lalacewa, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka fallasa suka lalata membranes na waje.
Hoton ƙwayoyin cuta masu sarrafawa da kuma waɗanda aka fallasa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar lantarki (electron microscope) ya nuna lalacewar membrane.
Bayanan da aka tattara kan halayen sinadaran sinadarai na EWNS da aka inganta tare sun nuna cewa an inganta halayen EWNS (cajin saman da abun ciki na ROS) sosai idan aka kwatanta da bayanan asali na EWNS da aka buga a baya8,9,10,11. A gefe guda kuma, girmansu ya kasance a cikin kewayon nanometer, wanda yayi kama da sakamakon da aka buga a baya, wanda ya ba su damar zama a cikin iska na dogon lokaci. Ana iya bayyana rarrabuwar da aka lura ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin cajin saman, wanda ke ƙayyade girman tasirin Rayleigh, bazuwar, da yuwuwar haɗuwar EWNS. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Nielsen et al.22 ya yi bayani, babban cajin saman yana rage ƙafewa ta hanyar ƙara kuzari/tsananin digowar ruwa yadda ya kamata. An tabbatar da wannan ka'ida ta gwaji ga microdroplets22 da EWNS a cikin wallafe-wallafenmu na baya8. Asarar ƙarin lokaci kuma na iya shafar girma da kuma ba da gudummawa ga rarraba girman da aka lura.
Bugu da ƙari, cajin kowace tsari yana da kusan 22-44 e-, ya danganta da yanayin, wanda ya fi girma sosai idan aka kwatanta da EWNS na asali, wanda ke da matsakaicin cajin lantarki 10 ± 2 a kowane tsari. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa wannan shine matsakaicin cajin EWNS. Seto et al. An nuna cewa cajin ba iri ɗaya bane kuma yana bin diddigin log-normal21. Idan aka kwatanta da aikinmu na baya, ninka cajin saman yana ninka ingancin ajiya a cikin tsarin EPES zuwa kusan 100%11.