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Vuba aha, hakozwe urubuga rudafite imiti irwanya udukoko rushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya nano rikoresha imiterere y’amazi y’ubukorano (EWNS). EWNS ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo hejuru kandi ikungahaye ku bwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS) ishobora gukorana no guhagarika udukoko twinshi, harimo n’udukoko twanduza ibiryo. Aha bigaragazwa ko imiterere yatwo mu gihe cyo gukora imyitozo ishobora guhindurwa no kunozwa kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwatwo bwo kurwanya udukoko. Urwego rwa laboratwari ya EWNS rwagenewe kunoza imiterere ya EWNS binyuze mu guhindura ibipimo byo gukora imyitozo. Imiterere y’imiterere ya EWNS (ingufu, ingano, n’ibikubiye muri ROS) yakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura. Byongeye kandi, udukoko duto tw’ibiribwa nka Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocua, Mycobacterium para fortitum, na Saccharomyces cerevisiae twatewe ku buso bw’inyanya z’imizabibu y’umwimerere kugira ngo harebwe ubushobozi bwazo bwo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri. Ibisubizo byatanzwe hano bigaragaza ko imiterere ya EWNS ishobora guhindurwa neza mu gihe cyo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri bwiyongera cyane. By’umwihariko, imbaraga zo hejuru ziyongereyeho kane, kandi ingano ya ROS yariyongereye. Igipimo cyo gukuraho mikorobe cyari gishingiye kuri mikorobe kandi cyari hagati ya 1.0 na 3.8 log nyuma y’iminota 45 umuntu ahuye n’umuti wa aerosol wa 40.000 #/cm3 EWNS.
Ukwanduza mikorobe ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru itera indwara ziterwa n’ibiryo ziterwa no kwinjira mu mikorobe cyangwa uburozi bwazo. Indwara ziterwa n’ibiryo zitera indwara zigera kuri miliyoni 76, abantu 325.000 bajyanwa mu bitaro, n’abantu 5.000 bapfa buri mwaka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gusa1. Byongeye kandi, Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USDA) ivuga ko kwiyongera kw’ibiryo bishya ari byo bitera 48 ku ijana by’indwara zose ziterwa n’ibiryo zivugwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika2. Igiciro cy’indwara n’urupfu bituruka ku biryo bikomoka ku biryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kiri hejuru cyane, nk’uko Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) kibiteganya ko kirenga miliyari 15.6 z’amadolari ya Amerika ku mwaka3.
Muri iki gihe, imiti irwanya udukoko ikoresheje imiti4, imirasire5 n'ubushyuhe6 kugira ngo habeho umutekano w'ibiribwa ishyirwa mu bikorwa cyane cyane ahantu hato ho kugenzura (CCPs) mu ruhererekane rw'umusaruro (ubusanzwe nyuma yo gusarura no/cyangwa mu gihe cyo gupakira) aho gukomeza gushyirwa mu bikorwa ku buryo umusaruro mushya ushobora kwanduzwa n'ibindi bihingwa. 7. Imiti irwanya udukoko irakenewe kugira ngo igenzure neza indwara ziterwa n'ibiribwa n'ibyangiritse kandi igire ubushobozi bwo gukoreshwa mu murima wose. Ingaruka nke n'igiciro gito.
Haherutse gukorwa urubuga rwa nanotechnology rudafite imiti irwanya udukoko rushingiye ku buhanga bwo kurwanya udukoko (antimicrobial platform) kugira ngo ruhagarike bagiteri ku buso no mu kirere hakoreshejwe imiterere y’amazi y’ubukorano (EWNS). Mu gukora EVNS, hakoreshejwe inzira ebyiri zijyanye: electrospray na ionization y’amazi (Ishusho ya 1a). Mbere byagaragaye ko EWNS ifite imiterere yihariye y’umubiri n’ubuzima8,9,10. EWNS ifite impuzandengo ya electron 10 kuri buri gikoresho n’ingano ya nanometero 25 nm (Ishusho ya 1b, c)8,9,10. Byongeye kandi, electron spin resonance (ESR) yagaragaje ko EWNS irimo ubwoko bwinshi bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS), cyane cyane hydroxyl (OH•) na superoxide (O2-) radicals (Ishusho ya 1c) 8. EWNS yamaze igihe kirekire mu kirere kandi ishobora guhura na mikorobe zihagaze mu kirere zikagaragara ku buso, zigatanga umutwaro wazo wa ROS bigatuma mikorobe zidakora (Ishusho ya 1d). Ubu bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwagaragaje kandi ko EWNS ishobora gukorana no guhagarika bagiteri zitandukanye za gram-negative na gram-positive zifite akamaro ku buzima rusange, harimo na mycobacteria, ku buso no mu kirere8,9. Mikroskopi ya elegitoroniki ya transmission yagaragaje ko kudakora kwatewe no guhungabana k'urugingo rw'uturemangingo. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwo guhumeka bwagaragaje ko dose nyinshi za EWNS zidatera kwangirika kw'ibihaha cyangwa kubyimba8.
(a) Electrospray ibaho iyo hakoreshejwe voltage nyinshi hagati y’umuyoboro w’amazi uri mu miyoboro ya capillary na electrode irwanya. (b) Gukoresha voltage nyinshi bitanga ibintu bibiri bitandukanye: (i) gukoresha electrospray mu mazi no (ii) gukora ubwoko bwa ogisijeni (iyoni) bufatiwe muri EWNS. (c) Imiterere yihariye ya EWNS. (d) EWNS zigenda cyane bitewe n’imiterere yazo ya nanoscale kandi zishobora gukorana n’udukoko two mu kirere.
Ubushobozi bw'urusobe rw'imiti irwanya udukoko rwa EWNS bwo guhagarika udukoko dukomoka ku biribwa ku buso bw'ibiryo bishya nabwo buherutse kugaragara. Byagaragaye kandi ko imbaraga z'ubuso bwa EWNS zishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n'amashanyarazi kugira ngo bigerweho. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, umusaruro w'ibanze ushimishije wo kugabanya ingano y'inyanya organic mu mikorere yazo ku dukoko dutandukanye tw'ibiribwa nka E. coli na Listeria byagaragaye mu minota 90 nyuma yo kwandura EWNS ku kigero cya 50.000#/cm311. Byongeye kandi, ibizamini bya mbere byo gusuzuma organoleptic nta ngaruka byagaragaje ugereranije n'inyanya zo kugenzura. Nubwo ibi bisubizo bya mbere byo guhagarika ibiribwa bisezeranya umutekano w'ibiribwa nubwo byaba biri hasi cyane ya EWNS ya 50.000#/cc. reba, biragaragara ko ubushobozi bwo guhagarika ibiribwa bwinshi bwaba ingirakamaro cyane mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura no kwangirika.
Aha, tuzibanda ku bushakashatsi bwacu ku iterambere rya platforme ya EWNS kugira ngo tunoze ibipimo byo gukora no kunoza imiterere ya fiziki ya EWNS kugira ngo twongere ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya bagiteri. By'umwihariko, gukora neza byibanze ku kongera imbaraga zayo zo hejuru (kugira ngo twongere ubushobozi bwo gutanga) n'ingano ya ROS (kugira ngo twongere ubushobozi bwo kudakora). Kugaragaza imiterere ya fiziki-kimike (ingano, imbaraga n'ingano ya ROS) hakoreshejwe uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura no gukoresha udukoko dusanzwe two mu biribwa nka E. coli, S. enterica, L. innocua, S. cerevisiae na M. parafortuitum.
EVNS yakozwe hakoreshejwe electrospray icyarimwe no gushyiramo ionization y'amazi meza cyane (18 MΩ cm–1). Atomizer y'amashanyarazi 12 ikoreshwa mu gushushanya ibinyabutabire n'uduce twa polymeri n'uduce twa ceramic 13 hamwe n'udupira 14 tw'ingano igenzurwa.
Nkuko byasobanuwe mu nyandiko zabanje 8, 9, 10, 11, mu igerageza risanzwe, ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa hagati y’icyuma gifunganye n’icyuma gikingira amazi. Muri iki gikorwa, ibintu bibiri bitandukanye bibaho: 1) gukoresha amashanyarazi na 2) gukoresha amashanyarazi mu mazi. Imbaraga zikomeye z’amashanyarazi hagati y’ayo mashanyarazi zituma habaho amashanyarazi mabi ku buso bw’amazi yafunze, bigatuma habaho utubumbe twa Taylor. Kubera iyo mpamvu, havuka ibitonyanga by’amazi bishyushye cyane, bikomeza gucikamo uduce duto, nk’uko bivugwa na Rayleigh16. Muri icyo gihe, imbaraga zikomeye z’amashanyarazi zituma zimwe muri molekile z’amazi zicikamo ibice bito (ionization), bityo zigatanga ubwoko bwinshi bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS)17. Udupaki twa ROS18 twakozwe icyarimwe twashyizwe muri EWNS (Ishusho ya 1c).
Ku ishusho ya 2a hagaragara uburyo bwo gukora EWNS bwakozwe kandi bugakoreshwa mu gukora EWNS muri ubu bushakashatsi. Amazi meza yabikwaga mu icupa rifunze yanyuzwaga mu muyoboro wa Teflon (umurambararo w'imbere wa mm 2) ku rushinge rw'icyuma cya 30G (capillary y'icyuma). Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2b, amazi agenzurwa n'umuvuduko w'umwuka uri mu icupa. Urushinge rufatanye na konsole ya Teflon ishobora guhindurwa n'intoki ku ntera runaka uvuye kuri electrode yo kuvura. Electrode yo kuvura ni disiki ya aluminiyumu ikoze neza ifite umwobo hagati wo gupima. Munsi ya electrode yo kuvura hari umuyoboro wa aluminiyumu wo gupima, uhujwe n'ibindi bikoresho by'igerageza binyuze mu muyoboro wo gupima (Ishusho ya 2b). Ibice byose by'ingero bikozwe mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuriro wiyongera ushobora kwangiza ingero z'uduce.
(a) Sisitemu yo gukora nanostructure y'amazi (EWNS). (b) Igice cya sampler na electrospray unit kigaragaza ibipimo by'ingenzi cyane. (c) Gushyiraho igerageza ryo kudakora kwa bagiteri.
Sisitemu yo gukora EWNS yavuzwe haruguru irashobora guhindura ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere kugira ngo yorohereze gutunganya neza imiterere ya EWNS. Hindura voltage ikoreshwa (V), intera iri hagati y'urushinge na electrode ikoreshwa (L), n'amazi atembera (φ) anyura mu muyoboro w'amazi kugira ngo yoroshye imiterere ya EWNS. Ibimenyetso [V (kV), L (cm)] bikoreshwa mu kwerekana uruvange rutandukanye. Hindura amazi atembera kugira ngo ubone cone ya Taylor ihamye y'itsinda runaka [V, L]. Mu rwego rw'ubu bushakashatsi, umwobo wa electrode ikoreshwa (D) washyizwe kuri santimetero 0.5 (1.29 cm).
Bitewe n'imiterere y'amashanyarazi n'ubudasa, imbaraga z'amashanyarazi ntizishobora kubarwa uhereye ku mahame ya mbere. Ahubwo, porogaramu ya QuickField™ (Svendborg, Danemark)19 yakoreshejwe mu kubara ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Imbaraga z'amashanyarazi ntizingana, bityo agaciro k'amashanyarazi ari ku mpera y'umuyoboro wa capillary kakoreshejwe nk'agaciro k'icyitegererezo ku miterere itandukanye.
Mu bushakashatsi, hasuzumwe uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'intera iri hagati y'urushinge n'amashanyarazi yo kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi hakurikijwe ikorwa rya Taylor cone, uburyo Taylor cone ihagaze neza, uburyo EWNS ihagaze neza, ndetse n'uburyo ishobora kongera kuboneka. Uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi bugaragara mu mbonerahamwe y'inyongera S1.
Umusaruro wa sisitemu yo gukora EWNS wahujwe neza na Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS, model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, Minnesota) kugira ngo ipime ubucucike bw'imibare y'uduce kandi wakoreshejwe na electrometer ya aerosol ya Faraday (TSI, model 3068B, Shoreview, USA). MN) kugira ngo ipime ubucucike bw'aerosol, nk'uko byasobanuwe mu nyandiko yacu ibanza9. SMPS na electrometer ya aerosol byapimwe ku gipimo cy'amazi cya 0.5 L/min (umuvuduko w'ingero zose L/min). Ubucucike bw'uduce n'ubucucike bw'aerosol byapimwe mu masegonda 120. Subiramo ibipimo inshuro 30. Igiteranyo cy'aerosol kibarwa uhereye ku bipimo by'ubu, kandi impuzandengo y'amafaranga ya EWNS ibarwa uhereye ku mubare wose w'uduce twa EWNS twapimwe. Igiciro mpuzandengo cya EWNS gishobora kubarwa hakoreshejwe Equation (1):
aho IEl ari umuyoboro upimwe, NSMPS ni igipimo cy'umubare gipimwe na SMPS, naho φEl ikaba umuvuduko w'amazi ujya kuri electrometer.
Kubera ko ubushyuhe (RH) bugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'ubuso, ubushyuhe na (RH) byagumanye ubugari bwa dogere selisiyusi 21 na 45%, uko bikurikirana, mu gihe cy'igerageza.
Mikroskopi y'imbaraga za atomiki (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Ubushakashatsi ku Buhungiro, Santa Barbara, CA) na probe ya AC260T (Olympus, Tokyo, Ubuyapani) byakoreshejwe mu gupima ingano n'ubuzima bwa EWNS. Igipimo cya scan ya AFM ni 1 Hz naho agace ka scan ni 5 µm×5 µm hamwe n'imirongo 256 ya scan. Amashusho yose yashyizwe ku murongo wa mbere w'ishusho hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya Asylum (mask ifite uburebure bwa 100 nm n'umupaka wa 100 pm).
Kuraho umuyoboro w'ingero hanyuma ushyire ubuso bwa mica ku ntera ya cm 2.0 uvuye kuri electrode yo kugabanya mu gihe cy'iminota 120 kugira ngo wirinde guhuza uduce duto no kurema uduce duto duto ku buso bwa mica. EWNS yashyizwe ku buso bwa mica bushya (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Ako kanya nyuma yo gutonyanga, ubuso bwa mica bwagaragajwe hakoreshejwe AFM. Inguni yo guhuza ubuso bwa mica nshya idahinduwe iri hafi ya 0°, bityo EWNS ikwirakwira hejuru y'ubuso bwa mica mu ishusho y'inyuma20. Umurambararo (a) n'uburebure (h) by'uduce duto duto dukwirakwira byapimwe neza uhereye ku buso bwa AFM kandi byakoreshejwe mu kubara ingano y'ikwirakwira ry'inyuma EWNS hakoreshejwe uburyo bwacu bwabanje kwemezwa8. Dufashe ko EVNS iri mu bwato ifite ingano imwe, umurambararo ungana ushobora kubarwa uhereye kuri equation (2):
Dukurikije uburyo twakoze mbere, umutego wo gusimbuka wa electron spin resonance (ESR) wakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane niba hari radical intermediates z'igihe gito muri EWNS. Aerosol zanyujijwe mu gisubizo kirimo 235 mM DEPMPO (5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc., Portland, Oregon). Ibipimo byose bya EPR byakozwe hakoreshejwe spectrometer ya Bruker EMX (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) na flat cell arrays. Porogaramu ya Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) yakoreshejwe mu gukusanya no gusesengura amakuru. Imiterere ya ROS yakozwe gusa ku miterere y'imikorere [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Ingano ya EWNS yapimwe hakoreshejwe SMPS nyuma yo gusuzuma igihombo cya EWNS muri impactor.
Urugero rwa Ozone rwagenzuwe hakoreshejwe 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co)8,9,10.
Ku miterere yose ya EWNS, agaciro k'ibipimo ni impuzandengo y'ibipimo, naho ikosa ryo gupima ni uguhinduka gusanzwe. Hakozwe ikizamini cya t kugira ngo hagereranywe agaciro k'ikimenyetso cya EWNS cyatunganyijwe n'agaciro gahuye na EWNS y'ibanze.
Ishusho ya 2c igaragaza Sisitemu yo Guca mu Imvura ya Electrostatic Precipitation Pass (EPES) yakozwe mbere kandi igaragara neza ishobora gukoreshwa mu kwerekeza EWNS11 ku buso. EPES ikoresha umuriro wa EWNS hamwe n'umurima ukomeye w'amashanyarazi kugira ngo "wereke" ku buso bw'ikintu. Ibisobanuro birambuye kuri sisitemu ya EPES bigaragazwa mu gitabo giherutse gusohoka cyanditswe na Pyrgiotakis et al.11. Bityo, EPES igizwe n'icyumba cya PVC cyacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D gifite impera zitose zirimo ibyuma bibiri bifatanye (ibyuma 304 bitarangirika, bifite indorerwamo irangi) hagati muri cm 15.24. Ibibaho byahujwe n'isoko y'amashanyarazi menshi yo hanze (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), ikibaho cyo hasi cyahoraga gihagaze neza kandi ikibaho cyo hejuru cyahoraga gihagaze (kiremba). Inkuta z'icyumba zitwikiriwe na aluminiyumu, ishingiye ku amashanyarazi kugira ngo hirindwe gutakaza uduce. Iki cyumba gifite urugi rw'imbere rufunze rutuma ubuso bw'ibizamini bushyirwa ku biti bya pulasitiki, bikavanwa ku gice cyo hasi cy'icyuma kugira ngo hirindwe ko ingufu nyinshi zibangamira.
Ubuhanga bwo gushyira EWNS mu bubiko bwa EPES bwabazwe hakurikijwe protocole yakozwe mbere igaragara ku Ishusho y'inyongera S111.
Nk'icyumba cyo kugenzura, urujya n'uruza rwa kabiri runyura mu cyumba cy'ubudodo ruhuzwa mu buryo bukurikiranye na sisitemu ya EPES hakoreshejwe akayunguruzo ka HEPA hagati kugira ngo gakureho EWNS. Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 2c, aerosol ya EWNS yasutswe mu byumba bibiri bihujwe mu buryo bukurikiranye. Akayunguruzo kari hagati y'icyumba cyo kugenzura na EPES gakuraho EWNS isigaye yose bigatuma habaho ubushyuhe bumwe (T), ubushuhe (RH) n'urugero rwa ozone.
Udukoko tw’ingenzi twakuwe mu biribwa twagaragaye ko twanduza imboga nshya nka Escherichia coli (ATCC #27325), ikimenyetso cy’umwanda, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), indwara iterwa n’ibiribwa, Listeria innocua (ATCC #33090), ubundi buryo bwo gusimbura Listeria monocytogenes. , Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098) nk’uburyo bwo gusimbuza umusemburo wo kwangirika, na Mycobacterium parafortuitous (ATCC #19686) nk’udukoko turwanya cyane twaguzwe muri ATCC (Manassas, Virijiniya).
Gura amakarito y'inyanya z'imizabibu zikomoka ku bimera ku isoko ryo mu gace utuyemo, ubishyire muri firigo kuri dogere selisiyusi 4 kugeza igihe uzabikoresha (kugeza ku minsi 3). Hitamo inyanya kugira ngo ugerageze ingano imwe, ifite umurambararo wa santimetero 1.5.
Uburyo bwo gutera, gutera, gukwirakwiza no kubara amoko y’ibimera byasobanuwe mu nyandiko zacu zabanje kandi byasobanuwe birambuye mu makuru y’inyongera 11. Imikorere ya EWNS yasuzumwe hashyirwa inyanya zatewe kuri 40.000 #/cm3 mu minota 45. Muri make, mu gihe cya t = 0 min, inyanya eshatu zakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma mikorobe zarokotse. Inyanya eshatu zashyizwe muri EPES zishyirwa kuri EWNS kuri 40.000 #/cc (inyanya zatewe na EWNS) izindi eshatu zishyirwa mu cyumba cyo kugenzura (inyanya zo kugenzura). Nta na rimwe mu matsinda y’inyanya ryakoreweho ubundi buryo bwo gutunganya. Inyanya zatewe na EWNS n’izigenzurwa byakuweho nyuma y’iminota 45 kugira ngo hasuzumwe ingaruka za EWNS.
Buri gerageza ryakozwe mu byiciro bitatu. Isesengura ry'amakuru ryakozwe hakurikijwe protocole yasobanuwe mu makuru y'inyongera.
Ingero za bagiteri za E. coli, Enterobacter, na L. innocua zashyizwe muri EWNS (iminota 45, igipimo cya aerosol cya EWNS 40.000 #/cm3) kandi zitaragaragaye zashyizwe mu mashanyarazi kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bwo kudakora. Umuvuduko washyizwe mu gihe cy'amasaha 2 ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba mu gisubizo cya sodium cacodylate cya 0.1 M (pH 7.4) hamwe n'umuti wa 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde na 0.03% aside picric. Nyuma yo gukaraba, zashyizwemo 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) / 1.5% potasiyumu ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) mu gihe cy'amasaha 2, zogezwa inshuro 3 n'amazi hanyuma zishyirwa muri 1% uranyl acetate mu gihe cy'isaha 1, hanyuma zogezwa kabiri n'amazi. Nyuma yo kubura amazi iminota 10 buri kimwe cya 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% alcohol. Hanyuma ingero zashyizwe muri propylene oxide mu gihe cy'isaha 1 hanyuma ziterwa uruvange rwa 1:1 rwa propylene oxide na TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA). Ingero zashyizwe muri TAAB Epon maze zishyirwa kuri polymer kuri 60°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 48. Resin ya granular resin yavuwe yaciwe kandi igaragazwa na TEM hakoreshejwe JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Ubuyapani), mikorosikopi isanzwe ya elegitoroniki ifite kamera ya AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, MA, USA).
Igerageza ryose ryakozwe mu byiciro bitatu. Kuri buri gice cy'igihe, gukaraba bagiteri byashyizwe mu byiciro bitatu, bituma haboneka amanota icyenda kuri buri ngingo, impuzandengo yabyo ikaba yarakoreshejwe nk'igipimo cya bagiteri kuri icyo kinyabuzima. Itandukaniro risanzwe ryakoreshejwe nk'ikosa ryo gupima. Umubare w'ingingo zose.
Igabanuka ry'ubwinshi bw'uturemangingo twa bagiteri ugereranije na t = 0 min ryabazwe hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira:
aho C0 ari ubwinshi bwa bagiteri mu gipimo cyo kugenzura ku gihe cya 0 (ni ukuvuga nyuma yuko ubuso bwumye ariko mbere yo gushyirwa mu cyumba) naho Cn ikaba ubwinshi bwa bagiteri ku buso nyuma y'iminota n yo kwangirika.
Kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bagiteri zangiritse mu gihe cy'iminota 45, Log-Reduction nayo yabazwe ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kugenzura bwakoreshejwe mu minota 45 ku buryo bukurikira:
Aho Cn ari ubwinshi bwa bagiteri mu gipimo cyo kugenzura ku gihe n na Cn-Control ikaba ubwinshi bwa bagiteri zo kugenzura ku gihe n. Amakuru agaragazwa nk'igabanuka ry'inyandiko ugereranije n'ubwinshi (nta kwibasirwa na EWNS).
Mu bushakashatsi, hasuzumwe uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'intera iri hagati y'urushinge na electrode yo kugabanya ingufu mu mikorere ya Taylor, uburyo electrode yo kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi ya Taylor ihagaze, uburyo electrode yo kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi ya EWNS ihagaze, n'uburyo electrode yo kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi ihagaze. Uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi bugaragazwa mu mbonerahamwe y'inyongera S1. Hatoranijwe uburyo bubiri bwo gukora ubushakashatsi bwuzuye bwerekana imiterere ihamye n'iy'amashanyarazi (hydroxyne ya Taylor, electrode yo kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi ya EWNS, n'uburyo electrode yo kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi ihagaze uko igihe kigenda gihita). Ku ishusho ya 3 hagaragazwa ibyavuye mu ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi, ingano n'ingano ya ROS ku manza ebyiri. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi kandi bikubiye mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Ku bijyanye n'ibyo, Ishusho ya 3 n'Imbonerahamwe ya 1 birimo imiterere ya EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 yakozwe mbere (baseline-EWNS). Imibare y'agaciro k'imibare hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya t gifite imirizo ibiri yongeye gusohoka mu mbonerahamwe y'inyongera S2. Byongeye kandi, amakuru y'inyongera arimo ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z'umurambararo w'umwobo wa electrode yo kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi (D) n'intera iri hagati ya electrode yo hasi n'isonga ry'urushinge (L) (Ishusho y'inyongera S2 na S3).
(a–c) Ingano ya AFM ikwirakwizwa. (d – f) Imiterere y'umuvuduko w'amazi. (g) Imiterere ya ROS na ESR.
Ni ngombwa kandi kumenya ko kuri izi ngingo zose zavuzwe haruguru, imiyoboro ya ionization yapimwe yari hagati ya 2-6 µA, naho voltages zari hagati ya -3.8 na -6.5 kV, bituma iyi EWNS imwe ikoresha ingufu ziri munsi ya 50 mW. . module. Nubwo EWNS yakozwe hifashishijwe umuvuduko mwinshi, urugero rwa ozone rwari hasi cyane, ntirwigeze rurenga 60 ppb.
Ishusho y'inyongera S4 igaragaza amashanyarazi yiganywe ku bintu bya [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] uko bikurikirana. Imirima ikurikije ibintu bya [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] ibarwa nka 2 × 105 V/m na 4.7 × 105 V/m, uko bikurikirana. Ibi ni ibyo kwitegwa, kubera ko igipimo cy'amashanyarazi n'intera kiri hejuru cyane mu rubanza rwa kabiri.
Ku ishusho ya 3a, b yerekana umurambararo wa EWNS wapimwe na AFM8. Impuzandengo y'umurambararo wa EWNS kuri [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] yabazwe nka 27 nm na 19 nm, uko bikurikirana. Itandukaniro ry'ikigereranyo cya geometrike ry'ikwirakwizwa ry'impande [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] ni 1.41 na 1.45, uko bikurikirana, bigaragaza ikwirakwizwa ry'ingano rito. Ingano mpuzandengo n'itandukaniro ry'ikigereranyo cya geometrike byombi biri hafi cyane ya baseline-EWNS, ari 25 nm na 1.41, uko bikurikirana. Ku ishusho ya 3c yerekana ikwirakwizwa ry'ingano rya baseline EWNS ryapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe mu bihe bimwe.
Ku ishusho ya 3d, e yerekana ibyavuye mu miterere y’ingufu. Amakuru ni ibipimo mpuzandengo by’ibipimo 30 icyarimwe by’icyerekezo (#/cm3) n’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi (I). Isesengura ryerekana ko impuzandengo y’ingufu kuri EWNS ari 22 ± 6 e- na 44 ± 6 e- kuri [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], uko bikurikirana. Ugereranyije na Baseline-EWNS (10 ± 2 e-), impuzandengo yabo y’ubuso iri hejuru cyane, inshuro ebyiri z’icyerekezo cya [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] n’inshuro enye z’icyerekezo cya [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. 3f igaragaza amakuru y’ibanze yo kwishyura EWNS.
Dukurikije amakarita y’itsinda ry’imibare ya EWNS (Ishusho y’inyongera S5 na S6), bigaragara ko ahantu ha [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] hari umubare munini cyane w’uduce duto ugereranyije n’aho habereye [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Nanone kandi, bikwiye kumenyekana ko intera y’imibare ya EWNS yagenzuwe kugeza ku masaha 4 (Ishusho y’inyongera S5 na S6), aho imiterere ya EWNS yagaragaje urwego rumwe rw’itsinda ry’imibare y’uduce duto muri ibyo bihe byombi.
Ishusho ya 3g igaragaza spectrum ya EPR nyuma yo gukuramo EWNS ikoresheje uburyo bwa EWNS kuri [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Specrum ya ROS nayo igereranywa n'uburyo bwa EWNS mu nyandiko yasohotse mbere. Umubare wabazwe wa EWNS ikorana n'umutego wa spin ni 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, bisa na Baseline-EWNS8 yasohotse mbere. Spectra ya EPR yagaragaje neza ko hari ubwoko bubiri bwa ROS, aho O2- yiganje, mu gihe OH• yari iriho mu rugero ruto. Byongeye kandi, igereranya ry'ubukana bw'ingufu z'umuvuduko ryagaragaje ko EWNS ikoresheje uburyo bwa ROS yari ifite ubunini bwa ROS bwinshi cyane ugereranije na EWNS y'ibanze.
Ku ishusho ya 4 hagaragazwa ubushobozi bwo gushyira EWNS mu EPES. Amakuru akubiye mu mbonerahamwe ya mbere kandi agereranywa n'amakuru ya mbere ya EWNS. Ku manza zombi za EUNS, gushyiramo byari hafi 100% nubwo hari voltage nke ya 3.0 kV. Ubusanzwe, 3.0 kV irahagije kugira ngo igere ku 100% by'ishyirwamo hatitawe ku mpinduka z'ubuso. Mu bihe bimwe, ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo bwa Baseline-EWNS bwari 56% gusa bitewe n'igabanuka ry'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi (electron 10 zisanzwe kuri EWNS).
Ishusho ya 5 n'Imbonerahamwe ya 2 bikubiyemo muri make urugero rw'uko udukoko twatewe ku buso bw'inyanya twashyizwe ku buso bwa EWNS zigera ku 40.000 #/cm3 mu gihe cy'iminota 45 mu gihe cy'isuzuma ryiza [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. E. coli na L. innocua byashyizwe ku ruganda byagaragaje kugabanuka gukomeye kwa 3.8 logi nyuma y'iminota 45 byashyizwe ku ruganda. Mu bihe bimwe, S. enterica yagaragaje kugabanuka guke kwa logi ku ngano 2.2, mu gihe S. cerevisiae na M. parafortuitum byagaragaje kugabanuka kwa logi ku ngano 1.0.
Mikorografi za elegitoroni (Ishusho ya 6) zigaragaza impinduka zigaragara ziterwa na EWNS mu turemangingo twa E. coli, Salmonella enterica, na L. innocua bigatuma tudakora. Bagiteri zo kugenzura zagaragaje uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo twangiritse, mu gihe bagiteri zagaragaye zari zarangiritse uturemangingo two hanze.
Ishusho ya elegitoroniki y’uburyo bwo kugenzura no gukoresha bagiteri zagaragaye byagaragaje ko uturemangingo twangiritse.
Amakuru ku miterere ya fiziki ya EWNS yakozwe neza agaragaza ko imiterere ya EWNS (umuvuduko w'ubuso n'ibikubiye muri ROS) yarushijeho kuba myiza ugereranije n'amakuru y'ibanze ya EWNS yasohotse mbere8,9,10,11. Ku rundi ruhande, ingano yazo yagumye mu rugero rwa nanometer, isa cyane n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwasohotse mbere, bituma ziguma mu kirere igihe kirekire. Ubusumbane bwagaragaye bushobora gusobanurwa n'impinduka mu muvuduko w'ubuso, zigena ingano y'ingaruka za Rayleigh, ubusumbane, n'ihurizo ry'ubushobozi bwa EWNS. Ariko, nk'uko byasobanuwe na Nielsen et al.22, umuvuduko mwinshi w'ubuso ugabanya umwuka binyuze mu kongera neza ingufu/umuvuduko w'amazi. Iyi nyigisho yemejwe mu bushakashatsi kuri microdroplets22 na EWNS mu nyandiko yacu yabanje8. Gutakaza igihe cy'inyongera bishobora kandi kugira ingaruka ku bunini no kugira uruhare mu gukwirakwiza ingano byagaragaye.
Byongeye kandi, charge kuri buri structure ni hafi 22–44 e-, bitewe n'imimerere, ikaba iri hejuru cyane ugereranije na EWNS y'ibanze, ifite charge mpuzandengo ya electron 10 ± 2 kuri buri structure. Ariko, bikwiye kumenyekana ko iyi ari charge mpuzandengo ya EWNS. Seto et al. Byagaragaye ko charge idahuye kandi ikurikiza log-normal distribution21. Ugereranyije n'akazi kacu ka mbere, gukuba kabiri charge yo hejuru byikubye kabiri imikorere yo gushyira mu buryo bwa EPES kugera hafi 100%11.