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Nō nā tata nei, kua whakawhanakehia he tūāpapa patu huakita kore-matū e ahu mai ana i te nanotechnology e whakamahi ana i ngā hanganga wai horihori (EWNS). He nui te utu mata o ngā EWNS, ā, he nui ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS) ka taea te taunekeneke me te whakakore i te maha o ngā moroiti, tae atu ki ngā mate huakita kei roto i te kai. I konei ka whakaaturia ka taea te whakatikatika me te arotau i ō rātou āhuatanga i te wā hangahanga hei whakarei ake i tō rātou kaha patu huakita. I hangaia te tūāpapa taiwhanga EWNS hei whakatikatika i ngā āhuatanga o ngā EWNS mā te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā hangahanga. I mahia te whakaahuatanga o ngā āhuatanga o ngā EWNS (utu, rahi, me te ihirangi ROS) mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tātari hou. Hei tāpiri, i werohia ngā moroiti kai pēnei i a Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocua, Mycobacterium para fortitum, me Saccharomyces cerevisiae ki te mata o ngā tōmato karepe waro hei aromatawai i tō rātou kaha whakakore huakita. Ko ngā hua e whakaatuhia ana i konei e whakaatu ana ka taea te whakatikatika i ngā āhuatanga o ngā EWNS i te wā hangahanga, ka hua ake he pikinga tere o te whai huatanga whakakore. Ina koa, i piki ake te utu o te mata mā te whā tau, ā, i piki ake te ihirangi ROS. Ko te tere tango moroiti i whakawhirinaki ki te moroiti, ā, i waenga i te 1.0 ki te 3.8 log i muri i te 45 meneti o te pānga ki te horopeta aerosol o te 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS.
Ko te poke o ngā moroiti te tino take o ngā mate kai i puta mai i te kai i ngā pathogens, i ō rātou paitini rānei. E 76 miriona ngā mate e pā ana ki te mate kai, 325,000 ngā whakaurunga hōhipera, me te 5,000 ngā mate i ia tau i te United States anake1. Hei tāpiri, e whakatau ana te Tari Ahuwhenua o te United States (USDA) ko te pikinga o te kai i ngā hua hou te take o te 48 ōrau o ngā mate kai katoa i pūrongohia i te United States2. He tino teitei te utu o te mate me te mate mai i ngā pathogens kai i te United States, e ai ki te whakatau tata a te Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) neke atu i te US$15.6 piriona ia tau3.
I tēnei wā, ko ngā wawaotanga patu huakita matū4, irahiko5 me te wera6 hei whakarite i te haumaru o te kai, e whakatinanahia ana i ngā pūwāhi whakahaere matua iti (CCP) i roto i te mekameka whakaputa (i muri i te kotinga me/ranei i te wā e takai ana) kaua e whakatinanahia tonutia kia taea ai e ngā hua hou te horapa atu ki te poke 7. Me whai wawaotanga patu huakita hei whakahaere pai ake i ngā mate kai me te pirau kai, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi puta noa i te tukanga pāmu-ki-te-tēpu. He iti ake te pānga me te utu.
Kua whakawhanakehia tata nei tētahi tūāpapa patu huakita kore-matū e ahu mai ana i te nanotechnology hei whakakore i ngā huakita i runga i ngā mata me te rangi mā te whakamahi i ngā hanganga wai horihori (EWNS). Mō te hanganga o te EVNS, e rua ngā tukanga ōrite i whakamahia: te electrospray me te water ionization (Pikitia 1a). Kua whakaaturia i mua ko ngā EWNS he huinga ahurei o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te koiora8,9,10. Ko te toharite o ngā irahiko o te EWNS he 10 ngā irahiko mō ia hanganga, ā, ko te rahi toharite o te nanometer he 25 nm (Pikitia 1b,c)8,9,10. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e te electron spin resonance (ESR) he nui ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS) kei roto i ngā EWNS, ko te nuinga ko ngā rauropi hydroxyl (OH•) me te superoxide (O2-) (Pikitia 1c)8. I noho roa ngā EWNS ki te rangi, ā, ka taea e rātou te tukinga ki ngā moroiti e iri ana i te rangi, kei runga hoki i ngā mata, ka tukuna tā rātou kawenga ROS, ka meinga te whakakorenga moroiti (Pikitia 1d). I whakaatuhia hoki e ēnei rangahau o mua ka taea e te EWNS te taunekeneke me ngā huakita karamu-kino me ngā huakita karamu-pai e whai tikanga ana ki te hauora tūmatanui, tae atu ki ngā mycobacteria, i runga i ngā mata me te hau8,9. I whakaatuhia e te karu hiko tuku i puta te whakakorenga i te pakaru o te kiriuhi pūtau. Hei tāpiri, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau manawa tere kāore ngā horopeta nui o te EWNS e whara, e mumura rānei i te pukahukahu8.
(a) Ka puta te rehu hiko ina whakamahia he ngaohiko teitei i waenga i te wai kei roto he kapiti me te irahiko taupatupatu. (b) Ko te whakamahinga o te ngaohiko teitei ka hua ake i ngā āhuatanga rerekē e rua: (i) te rehu hiko o te wai me te (ii) te whakaputanga o ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ngā katote) kua mau i roto i ngā EWNS. (c) Te hanganga ahurei o ngā EWNS. (d) He tino nekeneke ngā EWNS nā te mea he iti noa iho te rahi, ā, ka taea te taunekeneke ki ngā mate urutā e rere ana i te rangi.
Kua whakaaturia hoki i ngā wā tata nei te kaha o te tūāpapa patu huakita EWNS ki te whakakore i ngā moroiti kai i runga i te mata o te kai hou. Kua whakaaturia hoki ka taea te whakamahi i te utu mata EWNS me te papa hiko mō te tukunga kua tohua. Ko te mea nui ake, i kitea he hua tuatahi e pai ana, arā, tata ki te 1.4 log te whakahekenga o te mahi tōmato waro ki ngā momo moroiti kai pērā i te E. coli me te Listeria, i roto i te 90 meneti o te pānga ki te EWNS i te kukū tata ki te 50,000#/cm311. Hei tāpiri, kāore i whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau aromatawai organoleptic tuatahi he pānga organoleptic ki te tōmato mana. Ahakoa e oati ana ēnei hua whakakorenga tuatahi ki te haumaru kai ahakoa i ngā horopeta EWNS tino iti o te 50,000#/cc. tirohia, he mārama he pai ake te kaha whakakorenga teitei ake hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o te mate me te pirau.
I konei, ka arotahi tā mātou rangahau ki te whakawhanake i tētahi tūāpapa whakaputa EWNS hei whakatikatika i ngā tawhā hanga me te arotau i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o EWNS hei whakarei ake i tō rātou kaha patu huakita. Ina koa, kua arotahi te arotau ki te whakanui ake i tō rātou utu mata (hei whakapai ake i te tuku kua whakaritea) me te ihirangi ROS (hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakakorenga). Te whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū kua arotauhia (te rahi, te utu me te ihirangi ROS) mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tātari hou me te whakamahi i ngā moroiti kai noa pēnei i te E. coli, S. enterica, L. innocua, S. cerevisiae me te M. parafortuitum.
I hangaia te EVNS mā te rehu hiko me te ionization i te wai parakore teitei (18 MΩ cm–1) i te wā kotahi. Ko te atomizer hiko 12 te mea e whakamahia ana hei atomizing i ngā wai me ngā matūriki polymer me te uku hangai 13 me ngā muka 14 o te rahi kua whakaritea.
E ai ki ngā tuhinga o mua 8, 9, 10, 11, i roto i tētahi whakamātautau noa, ka whakamahia he ngaohiko teitei i waenganui i tētahi kāpene whakarewa me tētahi irahiko taupatupatu whenua. I roto i tēnei tukanga, e rua ngā āhuatanga rerekē ka puta: 1) te rehu hiko me te 2) te whakakoi i te wai. Ka puta he āpure hiko kaha i waenganui i ngā irahiko e rua hei hanga i ngā utu kino ki runga i te mata o te wai kua whakakōkīhia, ka hua ake he kōne Taylor. Nō reira, ka puta he pata wai tino utu, ka pakaru tonu ki ngā matūriki iti ake, e ai ki te ariā Rayleigh16. I taua wā anō, ka puta he āpure hiko kaha hei wehewehe i ētahi o ngā ngota wai me te tango i ngā irahiko (whakakoi), ā, ka puta he nui o ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS)17. I whakauruhia ngā kete ROS18 i hangaia i te wā kotahi ki roto i te EWNS (Pikitia 1c).
Kei te pikitia 2a te pūnaha whakaputa EWNS i whakawhanakehia, i whakamahia hoki i roto i te hanganga EWNS i tēnei rangahau. Ko te wai parakore i rongoatia i roto i tētahi pounamu kua kati i whāngaihia mā roto i tētahi ngongo Teflon (2 mm te whānui o roto) ki tētahi ngira maitai kore waikura 30G (pūwero whakarewa). E ai ki te pikitia 2b, ko te rere o te wai e whakahaerehia ana e te pēhanga hau i roto i te pounamu. Ka honoa te ngira ki tētahi papatohu Teflon ka taea te whakarite ā-ringa ki tētahi tawhiti mai i te irahiko whakautu. Ko te irahiko whakautu he kōpae konumohe kua orohia me tētahi kōhao i waenganui mō te tauira. Kei raro i te irahiko whakautu he awa tauira konumohe, e hono ana ki te toenga o te whakatakotoranga whakamātautau mā te tauranga tauira (Pikitia 2b). Ko ngā wāhanga tauira katoa he whenua hiko hei karo i te kohikohinga utu ka taea te whakaiti i te tauira matūriki.
(a) Pūnaha Whakaputa Hanganga Nano Wai Hangarau (EWNS). (b) Wāhanga whakawhiti o te tauira me te waeine rehu hiko e whakaatu ana i ngā tawhā tino nui. (c) Tatūnga whakamātautau mō te whakakore i ngā huakita.
Ka taea e te pūnaha whakaputa EWNS kua whakaahuatia i runga ake nei te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā whakahaere matua hei whakahaere i te whakatikatika pai o ngā āhuatanga EWNS. Whakatikatikahia te ngaohiko i tukuna (V), te tawhiti i waenga i te ngira me te irahiko whakahē (L), me te rere o te wai (φ) mā roto i te capillary hei whakatikatika i ngā āhuatanga EWNS. Ka whakamahia ngā tohu [V (kV), L (cm)] hei tohu i ngā huinga rerekē. Whakatikatikahia te rere o te wai kia whiwhi ai i te kōne Taylor pumau o tētahi huinga [V, L]. Mō ngā kaupapa o tēnei rangahau, i whakatakotoria te whakatuwheratanga o te irahiko whakahē (D) ki te 0.5 inihi (1.29 cm).
Nā te iti o te āhuahanga me te kore taurite, kāore e taea te tatau i te kaha o te mara hiko mai i ngā mātāpono tuatahi. Engari, i whakamahia te pūmanawa QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 hei tatau i te mara hiko. Kāore te mara hiko i te ōrite, nō reira i whakamahia te uara o te mara hiko i te pito o te capillary hei uara tohutoro mō ngā whirihoranga rerekē.
I te wā o te rangahau, i arotakehia ētahi huinga o te ngaohiko me te tawhiti i waenga i te ngira me te hiko whakautu i runga i te hanganga o te kōne Taylor, te pumau o te kōne Taylor, te pumau o te whakaputa EWNS, me te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō. Kei te whakaatuhia ngā huinga maha i roto i te Ripanga Tāpiri S1.
I honoa tika te putanga o te pūnaha whakaputa EWNS ki tētahi Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS, tauira 3936, TSI, Shoreview, Minnesota) hei ine i te kukū o te maha o ngā matūriki, ā, i whakamahia me te ine hiko Faraday aerosol (TSI, tauira 3068B, Shoreview, USA). MN) hei ine i ngā rere aerosol, e ai ki tā mātou whakaputanga o mua9. I tangohia ngā tauira o te SMPS me te ine hiko aerosol i te tere rere o te 0.5 L/min (te rere katoa o te tauira 1 L/min). I inehia ngā kukū matūriki me ngā rerenga aerosol mō te 120 hēkona. Whakahokia te ine kia 30 ngā wā. Ka tatauhia te utu aerosol katoa mai i ngā inenga o nāianei, ā, ka whakatauhia te utu EWNS toharite mai i te tapeke o ngā matūriki EWNS i tangohia ngā tauira. Ka taea te tatau i te utu toharite o te EWNS mā te whakamahi i te Whārite (1):
ko IEl te iahiko inehia, ko NSMPS te maha o te kukū inehia me te SMPS, ā, ko φEl te tere rere ki te ine hiko.
Nā te mea ka pā te haumākū whanaunga (RH) ki te utu mata, i puritia te pāmahana me te (RH) kia rite tonu ki te 21°C me te 45%, ia, i te wā o te whakamātautau.
I whakamahia te karuārai kaha atomika (AFM), te Asylum MFP-3D (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) me te probe AC260T (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) hei ine i te rahi me te roa o te ora o te EWNS. Ko te tere matawai AFM he 1 Hz, ā, ko te horahanga matawai he 5 µm×5 µm me te 256 rārangi matawai. I tukuna ngā whakaahua katoa ki te whakaritenga whakaahua tuatahi mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Asylum (he taupoki me te whānuitanga o te 100 nm me te paepae o te 100 pm).
Tangohia te awa tauira ka whakanoho i te mata mika ki te tawhiti o te 2.0 cm mai i te hiko whakautu mō te wā toharite o te 120 hēkona hei karo i te whakakotahitanga o ngā matūriki me te hanganga o ngā pata koretake ki runga i te mata mika. I whakamahia tika te EWNS ki ngā mata mika hou kua tapahia (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). I ​​muri tonu i te pupuhi, i tirohia te mata mika mā te whakamahi i te AFM. Ko te koki whakapā mata o te mika hou kua tapahia kāore i whakarerekētia e tata ana ki te 0°, nō reira ka horapa te EWNS ki runga i te mata mika i roto i te āhua porowhita20. Ko te diameter (a) me te teitei (h) o ngā pata horapa i inehia tika mai i te topography AFM, ā, i whakamahia hei tatau i te rōrahi horapa porowhita EWNS mā te whakamahi i tā mātou tikanga kua whakamanahia i mua8. Ki te whakaaro he rite te rōrahi o te EVNS o runga, ka taea te tatau i te diameter ōrite mai i te whārite (2):
E ai ki tā mātou tikanga i whakawhanakehia i mua, i whakamahia he mahanga hurihuri irahiko (ESR) hei kite i te aroaro o ngā takawaenga rauropi poto-ora i roto i te EWNS. I tukuna ngā aerosol mā roto i tētahi otinga kei roto ko te 235 mM DEPMPO (5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc., Portland, Oregon). I mahia ngā inenga EPR katoa mā te whakamahi i tētahi inenga Bruker EMX (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) me ngā huinga pūtau papatahi. I whakamahia te pūmanawa Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) hei kohikohi me te tātari i ngā raraunga. I mahia te tautuhi ROS mō tētahi huinga tikanga whakahaere anake [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. I inehia ngā kukū EWNS mā te whakamahi i te SMPS i muri i te whakaaro ki te ngaronga o te EWNS i roto i te impactor.
I aro turukihia ngā taumata ozone mā te whakamahi i te 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co)8,9,10.
Mō ngā āhuatanga EWNS katoa, ko te uara ine ko te toharite o ngā inenga, ā, ko te hapa ine ko te paerewa rerekētanga. I whakahaerehia he whakamātautau-t hei whakataurite i te uara o te huanga EWNS kua arotauhia ki te uara e rite ana o te EWNS turanga.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2c i tētahi Pūnaha Haerenga Taumaha Hiko (EPES) kua whakawhanakehia, kua whakaahuatia hoki, ka taea te whakamahi hei arotahi i te EWNS11 ki ngā mata. Ka whakamahia e te EPES tētahi utu EWNS me tētahi papa hiko kaha hei "tohu" tika ki te mata o te ūnga. Kei roto i tētahi pukapuka hou nā Pyrgiotakis et al.11 ngā taipitopito o te pūnaha EPES. Nō reira, ko te EPES he rūma PVC tānga-3D me ngā pito whakarara kei roto ko ngā pereti maitai kore waikura e rua (304 maitai kore waikura, kua orohia te whakaata) i waenganui, he 15.24 cm te tawhiti. I honoa ngā papa ki tētahi pūtake ngaohiko teitei o waho (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), he pai tonu te papa o raro, ā, he whenua tonu te papa o runga (e mānu ana). Kua hipokina ngā pakitara o te rūma ki te pepa konumohe, he whenua hiko hei ārai i te ngaronga o ngā matūriki. He tatau uta o mua hiri kei roto i te rūma e taea ai te whakanoho i ngā mata whakamātautau ki runga i ngā whata kirihou, e hiki ake ana i a rātou mai i te pereti maitai o raro hei karo i te pokanoa ngaohiko teitei.
I tatauhia te whai huatanga o te whakatakotoranga o EWNS i roto i te EPES i runga anō i tētahi kawa i whakawhanakehia i mua i roto i te Pikitia Tāpiri S111.
Hei rūma whakahaere, ka honoa te rerenga tuarua i roto i te rūma porotaka ki te pūnaha EPES mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātari HEPA takawaenga hei tango i ngā EWNS. E ai ki te pikitia 2c, i pupuhihia te aerosol EWNS mā roto i ngā rūma e rua kua honoa raupapa. Ka tangohia e te tātari i waenganui i te rūma whakahaere me te EPES ngā EWNS e toe ana, ā, ka puta he pāmahana (T), he haumākū whanaunga (RH) me ngā taumata ozone.
Kua kitea kua poke ngā hua hou i ngā moroiti kai nui pērā i te Escherichia coli (ATCC #27325), he tohu paru, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), he mate kai, Listeria innocua (ATCC #33090), he momo kē atu i te Listeria monocytogenes mate. , Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098) hei momo kē atu i te rewena pirau, me Mycobacterium parafortuitous (ATCC #19686) hei huakita ora ātete ake i hokona mai i ATCC (Manassas, Virginia).
Hokona matapōkeretia ngā pouaka tōmato karepe waro mai i tō mākete ā-rohe, ka rongoa ki te pouaka whakamātao i te 4°C tae noa ki te whakamahinga (tae atu ki te 3 rā). Tīpakohia ngā tōmato hei whakamātautau māu, kotahi te rahi, tata ki te 1/2 inihi te whānui.
Kua whakamāramahia ngā tikanga mō te whakatipu, te werohanga, te whakaatu me te tatau koroni i roto i ā mātou pukapuka o mua, ā, kua whakamāramahia hoki i roto i ngā Raraunga Tāpiri 11. I aromatawaihia te mahi a te EWNS mā te whakaatu i ngā tōmato kua werohangahia ki te 40,000 #/cm3 mō te 45 meneti. I te wā poto, i te wā t = 0 meneti, e toru ngā tōmato i whakamahia hei aromatawai i ngā moroiti ora. E toru ngā tōmato i whakanohoia ki roto i te EPES, ā, i whakaatuhia ki te EWNS i te 40,000 #/cc (ngā tōmato kua whakaatuhia ki te EWNS) ā, e toru atu i whakanohoia ki roto i te rūma whakahaere (ngā tōmato whakahaere). Kāore tētahi o ngā rōpū tōmato i tukuna ki te tukatuka tāpiri. I tangohia ngā tōmato me ngā mana whakahaere kua whakaatuhia ki te EWNS i muri i te 45 meneti hei aromatawai i te pānga o te EWNS.
I whakahaerehia ia whakamātautau i roto i ngā tāruarua e toru. I whakahaerehia te tātari raraunga i runga anō i te tikanga kua whakaahuatia i roto i ngā Raraunga Tāpiri.
Ko ngā tauira huakita E. coli, Enterobacter, me L. innocua i whakaaturia ki te EWNS (45 meneti, te kukū aerosol EWNS 40,000 #/cm3) me te kore i whakaaturia i whakapūtāhia hei aromatawai i ngā tikanga whakakore. I whakapūtāhia te matū mō ngā haora e 2 i te pāmahana rūma i roto i te otinga 0.1 M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) me te fixative o te 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde me te 0.03% picric acid. I muri i te horoinga, i whakapūtāhia ki te 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) mō ngā haora e 2, i horoia kia 3 ngā wā ki te wai, ā, i whaowhia ki roto i te 1% uranyl acetate mō ngā haora e 1, kātahi ka horoia kia rua ngā wā ki te wai. I muri mai, ka whakamaroketia kia 10 meneti ia ia ki te waipiro 50%, 70%, 90%, 100%. Kātahi ka whakanohoia ngā tauira ki roto i te propylene oxide mō te 1 hāora, ā, ka whakakīia ki te ranunga 1:1 o te propylene oxide me te TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA). I ​​whakauruhia ngā tauira ki roto i te TAAB Epon, ā, i whakapūhuitia ki te 60°C mō te 48 hāora. I tapahia te kapia kua rongoatia, ā, i tirohia mā te TEM mā te whakamahi i te JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Hapani), he karu hiko tuku tuku iho me te kāmera AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, MA, USA).
I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau katoa i roto i ngā tāruarua e toru. Mō ia wā, i whakatakotoria ngā horoinga huakita i roto i ngā tāruarua e toru, ā, i hua ake ko te katoa o ngā ira raraunga e iwa mō ia ira, ko te toharite o ēnei i whakamahia hei kukū huakita mō taua rauropi. I whakamahia te paerewa rerekētanga hei hapa ine. Ka tatauhia ngā ira katoa.
I tatauhia te logarithm o te hekenga o te kukū o ngā huakita ki te whakataurite ki te t = 0 min mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:
ko C0 te kukū o ngā huakita i roto i te tauira whakahaere i te wā 0 (arā, i muri i te maroke o te mata engari i mua i te whakatakotoranga ki roto i te ruma) me Cn te kukū o ngā huakita i runga i te mata i muri i te n meneti o te whakaaturanga.
Hei whakaaro mō te pirau tūturu o ngā huakita i te wā whakaaturanga 45 meneti, i tatauhia hoki te Whakaiti-Rōka ki te whakataurite ki te mana whakahaere i te 45 meneti penei:
Ko Cn te kukū o ngā huakita i roto i te tauira whakahaere i te wā n, ā, ko Cn-Mana te kukū o ngā huakita whakahaere i te wā n. Ka whakaatuhia ngā raraunga hei whakaiti taki i whakaritea ki te mana whakahaere (kāore he pānga EWNS).
I roto i te rangahau, i arotakehia ētahi huinga o te ngaohiko me te tawhiti i waenga i te ngira me te irahiko kaute i runga i te hanganga o te kōne Taylor, te pumau o te kōne Taylor, te pumau o te whakaputa EWNS, me te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō. Kei te Ripanga Tāpiri S1 ngā huinga maha. E rua ngā take i tīpakohia mō tētahi rangahau katoa e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga pumau me te āheinga ki te whakaputa anō (kōne Taylor, te whakaputa EWNS, me te pumau i roto i te wā). Kei te pikitia 3 ngā hua mō te utu, te rahi me te ihirangi o te ROS mō ngā take e rua. Kua whakarāpopototia hoki ngā hua ki te Ripanga 1. Hei tohutoro, kei roto i te Pikitia 3 me te Ripanga 1 ngā āhuatanga o te EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 i hangaia i mua (turanga-EWNS). Kua whakaputaina anō ngā tātaitanga hiranga tatauranga mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau-t-rua-waewae ki te Ripanga Tāpiri S2. Hei tāpiri, kei roto i ngā raraunga tāpiri ngā rangahau mō te pānga o te diameter poka tauira irahiko kaute (D) me te tawhiti i waenga i te irahiko whenua me te pito o te ngira (L) (Ngā Pikitia Tāpiri S2 me te S3).
(a–c) Te tohatoha rahi o te AFM. (d – f) Te āhuatanga o te utu mata. (g) Te whakaahuatanga o te ROS me te ESR.
He mea nui anō hoki kia mōhiotia, mō ngā āhuatanga katoa o runga ake nei, ko ngā iahiko ine i inehia i roto i te awhe o te 2-6 µA, ā, ko ngā ngaohiko i roto i te awhe o te -3.8 ki te -6.5 kV, ā, ko te hua o tēnei EWNS kotahi-mutunga he iti iho i te 50 mW. . te kōwae whakaputa. Ahakoa i hangaia te EWNS i raro i te pēhanga teitei, he tino iti ngā taumata ozone, kāore i neke ake i te 60 ppb.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia Tāpiri S4 i ngā mara hiko whakaata mō ngā horopaki [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], ia. Ko ngā mara e ai ki ngā horopaki [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] ka tatauhia hei 2 × 105 V/m me te 4.7 × 105 V/m, ia. He mea tika tēnei, nā te mea he nui ake te ōwehenga o te ngaohiko ki te tawhiti i te tuarua o ngā take.
Kei te pikitia 3a, b e whakaatu ana i te whānui o te EWNS i inehia ki te AFM8. Ko ngā whānui toharite o te EWNS mō ngā horopaki [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] i tatauhia ko 27 nm me 19 nm, ia. Ko ngā paerewa rerekētanga āhuahanga o ngā tohatoha mō ngā take [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] me [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] ko 1.41 me 1.45, ia, e tohu ana i te tohatoha rahi whaiti. He tino tata te rahi toharite me te paerewa rerekētanga āhuahanga ki te EWNS taketake, arā, 25 nm me 1.41, ia. Kei te pikitia 3c e whakaatu ana i te tohatoha rahi o te EWNS taketake i inehia mā te whakamahi i te tikanga kotahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga kotahi.
I te pikitia 3d, e whakaatu ana te e i ngā hua o te whakaahuatanga o te utu. Ko ngā raraunga he inenga toharite o te 30 inenga wā kotahi o te kukū (#/cm3) me te iahiko (I). E whakaatu ana te tātari ko te utu toharite i runga i te EWNS he 22 ± 6 e- me te 44 ± 6 e- mō te [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] me te [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], ia. Ki te whakatauritea ki te Baseline-EWNS (10 ± 2 e-), he nui ake te utu o tō rātou mata, e rua te nui atu i te [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] me te whā ngā wā i te [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. E whakaatu ana te 3f i ngā raraunga utu EWNS taketake.
Mai i ngā mahere kukū tau EWNS (Ngā Pikitia Tāpiri S5 me te S6), ka kitea he nui ake te maha o ngā matūriki i te tirohanga [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] i te tirohanga [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Me mōhio anō hoki i aro turukihia ngā kukū tau EWNS mō te 4 hāora (Ngā Pikitia Tāpiri S5 me te S6), i reira i whakaatuhia ai e te pumau whakaputanga EWNS ngā taumata ōrite o ngā kukū tau matūriki i ngā take e rua.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 3g i te whānuitanga EPR i muri i te tangohanga mana (papamuri) mō ngā EWNS kua arotauhia i te [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Ka whakaritea hoki te whānuitanga ROS ki te pūtake EWNS i roto i tētahi pepa kua whakaputaina i mua. Ko te maha o ngā EWNS i tatauhia e tauhohe ana ki te mahanga hurihuri he 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, he rite ki te Baseline-EWNS8 kua whakaputaina i mua. I tohu mārama ngā whānuitanga EPR i te aroaro o ngā momo ROS e rua, i reira ko te O2- te nuinga, ko te OH• he iti ake te nui. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e te whakataurite tika o ngā kaha tihi he nui ake te ihirangi ROS o ngā EWNS kua arotauhia ki te whakataurite ki ngā EWNS pūtake.
Kei te pikitia 4 te whai huatanga o te whakatakoto o ngā EWNS i roto i te EPES. Kua whakarāpopototia hoki ngā raraunga ki te Ripanga I, ā, kua whakaritea ki ngā raraunga EWNS taketake. Mō ngā take EUNS e rua, tata tonu te whakatakoto ki te 100% ahakoa te iti o te ngaohiko o te 3.0 kV. I te nuinga o te wā, he rawaka te 3.0 kV hei whakatutuki i te 100% whakatakoto ahakoa te huringa o te utu mata. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, ko te whai huatanga whakatakoto o te Baseline-EWNS he 56% noa iho nā te iti o te utu (te toharite 10 irahiko mō ia EWNS).
E whakarāpopoto ana te Ahua 5 me te Ripanga 2 i te taumata o te whakakorenga o ngā moroiti i werohia ki te mata o ngā tōmato i muri i te whakakī ki te 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS mō te 45 meneti i raro i te horopaki tino pai [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Ko te E. coli me te L. innocua i werohia i whakaatu i te whakahekenga nui o te 3.8 log i muri i te 45 meneti o te whakakī. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, i whakaatu a S. enterica i te whakahekenga log iti iho o te 2.2 log, ko S. cerevisiae me M. parafortuitum i whakaatu i te whakahekenga log 1.0.
Ngā whakaahua iti o ngā irahiko (Pikitia 6) e whakaatu ana i ngā huringa ā-tinana i puta mai i te EWNS i roto i ngā pūtau E. coli, Salmonella enterica, me L. innocua i arahi ai ki te whakakorenga. I whakaatuhia e ngā huakita whakahaere ngā kiriuhi pūtau kāore i pakaru, i te mea kua pakaru ngā kiriuhi o waho o ngā huakita i kitea.
I whakaatuhia e te whakaahua irahiko mōkito o ngā huakita mana me ngā huakita kua kitea te kino o te kiriuhi.
Ko ngā raraunga mō ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o ngā EWNS kua arotauhia ngātahi e whakaatu ana i te pai ake o ngā āhuatanga EWNS (te utu mata me te ihirangi ROS) ki te whakataurite ki ngā raraunga turanga EWNS kua whakaputaina i mua8,9,10,11. I tētahi atu taha, i noho tonu tō rātou rahi i roto i te awhe nanometer, he tino rite ki ngā hua kua whakaputaina i mua, e āhei ai rātou ki te noho ki te rangi mō te wā roa. Ka taea te whakamārama i te polydispersity kua kitea mā ngā huringa o te utu mata, e whakatau ana i te nui o te pānga Rayleigh, te matapōkeretanga, me te hanumi pea o ngā EWNS. Heoi, e ai ki ngā whakamārama a Nielsen et al.22, ka whakaitihia e te utu mata teitei te mimiti mā te whakanui ake i te kaha mata/te taumahatanga o te maturuturunga wai. I whakaūhia tēnei ariā mā te whakamātautau mō ngā microdroplets22 me ngā EWNS i roto i tā mātou whakaputanga o mua8. Ka pā hoki te ngaronga o te wā roa ki te rahi me te whai wāhi ki te tohatoha rahi kua kitea.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te utu mō ia hanganga he tata ki te 22–44 e-, i runga i ngā āhuatanga, he nui ake tēnei i te whakataurite ki te EWNS taketake, he utu toharite o te 10 ± 2 irahiko mō ia hanganga. Heoi, me mārama koinei te utu toharite o te EWNS. Kua whakaaturia e Seto et al. kāore te utu i te ōrite, ā, e whai ana i te tohatoha log-normal21. Ki te whakataurite ki tā mātou mahi o mua, mā te whakarea i te utu mata ka whakarea i te whai huatanga o te whakatakotoranga i roto i te pūnaha EPES ki te tata ki te 100%11.