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N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e mepụtala ikpo okwu antimicrobial na-enweghị kemịkal dabere na nanotechnology na-eji nanostructures mmiri artificial (EWNS). EWNS nwere ụgwọ elu dị elu ma nwee ọgaranya na ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume (ROS) nke nwere ike imekọrịta ma mee ka ọtụtụ microorganisms rụọ ọrụ, gụnyere nje na-ebute nri. N'ebe a, a na-egosi na ihe onwunwe ha n'oge njikọ nwere ike ịhazi ya nke ọma na kachasị mma iji kwalitewanye ikike nje bacteria ha. Ezubere ikpo okwu ụlọ nyocha EWNS iji mezie njirimara nke EWNS site n'ịgbanwe usoro njikọ. Eji usoro nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ rụọ njirimara njirimara EWNS (ụgwọ, nha na ọdịnaya ROS). Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-agbanye ihe ndị dị ka Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocua, Mycobacterium para fortitum, na Saccharomyces cerevisiae n'elu tomato grape organic iji nyochaa ike ha na-arụ ọrụ nke microbial. Nsonaazụ ewepụtara ebe a na-egosi na akụrụngwa nke EWNS nwere ike imezigharị nke ọma n'oge njikọta, na-ebute mmụba dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ enweghị ọrụ. Karịsịa, ụgwọ elu ahụ mụbara site na ihe anọ, na ọdịnaya ROS mụbara. Ọnụego mkpochapụ microbial dabere na microbially wee malite site na 1.0 ruo 3.8 log ka nkeji iri anọ na ise nke ikpughe na aerosol dose nke 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS.
Mmetọ microbial bụ isi ihe na-ebute ọrịa na-ebute nri site na ntinye nke nje nje ma ọ bụ nsị ha. Ọrịa sitere na nri na-akpata ihe dị ka ọrịa nde 76, ụlọ ọgwụ 325,000, na ọnwụ 5,000 kwa afọ na United States naanị1. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) na-eme atụmatụ na ịba ụba nke ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ na-akpata pasent 48 nke ọrịa niile sitere na nri a kọrọ na United States2. Ọnụ ọrịa na ọnwụ sitere na nje nje na-ebute nri na United States dị oke elu, nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC) mere atụmatụ na ihe karịrị ijeri US $ 15.6 kwa afọ3.
Ugbu a, chemical4, radiation5 na thermal6 antimicrobial interventions iji hụ na nchekwa nri na-emejuputa atumatu na njedebe dị oke mkpa akara (CCPs) na mmepụta yinye (na-emekarị mgbe owuwe ihe ubi na / ma ọ bụ n'oge nkwakọ) kama na-anọgide na-emejuputa atumatu n'ụzọ dị otú ahụ ọhụrụ mmepụta bụ isiokwu cross-mmebi 7. Antimicrobial ntinye aka dị mkpa ka mma ịchịkwa nri na-etinye n'ọrụ n'ofe ọrịa na-aga n'ihu na nri. Mmetụta dị nta na ọnụ ahịa.
E mepụtala ikpo okwu mgbochi nje na-enweghị kemịkalụ dabere na nanotechnology iji mebie nje bacteria na elu na ikuku site na iji mmiri nanostructures (EWNS). Maka njikọ nke EVNS, a na-eji usoro abụọ yiri ya: electrospray na ionization mmiri (Fig 1a). Egosiri EWNS na mbụ inwe ihe pụrụ iche nke anụ ahụ na nke ndu8,9,10. EWNS nwere nkezi nke 10 eletrọn n'otu nhazi yana nha nanometer nke 25 nm (Fig 1b,c)8,9,10. Na mgbakwunye, electron spin resonance (ESR) gosiri na EWNS nwere nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS), tumadi hydroxyl (OH•) na superoxide (O2-) radicals (Fig. 1c) 8. EWNS nọgidere n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge ma nwee ike ịdaba na ụmụ nje ndị kwụsịrị na ikuku ma dị n'elu, na-ebuga ụgwọ ọrụ ROS ha ma na-eme ka microbial inactivation (Fig 1d). Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a gara aga gosikwara na EWNS nwere ike imekọrịta ma mee ka nje bacteria dị iche iche gram-adịghị mma na gram-positive mkpa ahụike ọha, gụnyere mycobacteria, n'elu na ikuku8,9. Igwe nyocha elektrọn na-ebufe gosipụtara na arụghị ọrụ ahụ bụ nbibi nke akpụkpọ ahụ cell. Na mgbakwunye, nnukwu ọmụmụ iku ume egosila na oke ọgwụ EWNS anaghị akpata mmebi ngụgụ ma ọ bụ mbufụt8.
(a) Electrospray na-eme mgbe etinyere voltaji dị elu n'etiti capillary nwere mmiri mmiri na electrode counter. (b) Ngwa nke elu voltaji na-arụpụta ihe abụọ dị iche iche phenomena: (i) electrospraying mmiri na (ii) ọgbọ nke reactive oxygen ụdị (ions) tọrọ atọ na EWNS. (c) Ọdịdị pụrụ iche nke EWNS. (d) EWNS bụ ekwentị mkpanaaka nke ukwuu n'ihi ọdịdị nanoscale ha ma nwee ike imekọrịta ihe na nje nje ikuku.
Egosiputala ikike nke ikpo okwu mgbochi nje EWNS ime ka microorganisms sitere n'ihe oriri na-arụ ọrụ n'elu nri ọhụrụ egosipụtakwala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. E gosikwara na enwere ike iji ụgwọ elu EWNS jikọtara ya na igwe eletrik maka nnyefe ezubere iche. Nke kachasị mkpa, a na-ahụta nsonaazụ mmalite na-ekwe nkwa ihe dị ka mbelata 1.4 log na ọrụ tomato organic megide microorganisms nri dị iche iche dị ka E. coli na Listeria n'ime nkeji 90 nke ikpughe na EWNS na mkpokọta ihe dịka 50,000 #/cm311. Na mgbakwunye, ule nyocha organoleptic nke mbido egosighi mmetụta organoleptic ma e jiri ya tụnyere tomato na-achịkwa. Agbanyeghị na nsonaazụ mbido mbụ ndị a na-ekwe nkwa nchekwa nri ọbụlagodi na oke EWNS doses nke 50,000 #/cc. lee, o doro anya na ikike ime ihe dị elu ga-aba uru karị iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa na mmebi.
N'ebe a, anyị ga-elekwasị anya nyocha anyị na mmepe nke usoro ọgbọ EWNS iji mee ka usoro njikọ dị mma ma kwalite njirimara physicochemical nke EWNS iji kwalite ikike nje ha. Karịsịa, njikarịcha lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye ụgwọ elu ha (iji melite nnyefe ezubere iche) na ọdịnaya ROS (iji melite arụmọrụ arụ ọrụ). Njirimara nke njirimara physico-chemical kachasị mma (nha, ụgwọ na ọdịnaya ROS) site na iji usoro nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ na iji microorganisms nri nkịtị dị ka E. coli, S. enterica, L. innocua, S. cerevisiae na M. parafortuitum.
Emepụtara EVNS site n'otu oge electrospraying na ionization nke mmiri dị ọcha dị elu (18 MΩ cm-1). A na-ejikarị atomizer eletrik 12 eme ihe iji mebie mmiri mmiri na polymer synthetic na seramiiki 13 na eriri 14 nke nha a na-achịkwa.
Dị ka nkọwa zuru ezu na akwụkwọ ndị gara aga 8, 9, 10, 11, n'ime nnwale a na-ahụkarị, a na-etinye voltaji dị elu n'etiti capillary metal na electrode counter. N'oge usoro a, ihe abụọ dị iche iche na-eme: 1) electrospray na 2) ionization nke mmiri. Igwe ọkụ eletrik siri ike n'etiti electrodes abụọ ahụ na-eme ka ebubo na-adịghị mma na-ewuli elu n'elu mmiri nke condensed, na-eme ka e guzobe Taylor cones. N'ihi nke a, a na-etolite ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-ebu ibu nke ukwuu, nke na-aga n'ihu na-agbaji n'ime obere irighiri ihe, dị ka echiche Rayleigh16 si kwuo. N'otu oge ahụ, ọkụ eletrik siri ike na-eme ka ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ mmiri kewaa ma wepụ electrons (ionization), si otú ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS)17. Edebere ngwugwu ROS18 n'otu oge na EWNS (Fig 1c).
Na fig. 2a na-egosi usoro ọgbọ EWNS mepụtara ma jiri ya mee ihe na njikọ EWNS na ọmụmụ ihe a. A na-enye mmiri dị ọcha nke echekwara na karama mechiri emechi site na tube Teflon (dayameta dị n'ime 2 mm) gaa na agịga igwe anaghị agba nchara 30G (capillary metal). Dị ka e gosiri na foto 2b, a na-achịkwa mmiri na-asọba site na ikuku ikuku n'ime karama ahụ. A na-ejikọta agịga ahụ na ihe njikwa Teflon nke enwere ike iji aka mee ka ọ dị anya site na electrode counter. Eletrọd counter bụ diski aluminom na-egbu maramara nke nwere oghere n'etiti maka nlele. N'okpuru electrode counter bụ aluminom sampling funnel, nke ejikọrọ na ndị ọzọ nke nnwale setup site a sample ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri (Fig. 2b). Ngwa niile nke sampler na-agbanye n'ọkụ eletrik ka ịzenarị nrụpụta nke nwere ike mebie nlele ahụ.
(a) Igwe Ọgbọ Mmiri Nanostructure Generation System (EWNS). (b) Cross ngalaba nke sampler na electrospray unit na-egosi ndị kasị mkpa parameters. (c) Nhazi nnwale maka ịgbanye nje bacteria.
Sistemụ ọgbọ EWNS akọwara n'elu nwere ike ịgbanwe paramita ọrụ isi iji kwado nlegharị anya nke ọma nke akụrụngwa EWNS. Gbanwee voltaji etinyere (V), ebe dị anya n'etiti agịga na counter electrode (L), na mmiri na-erugharị (φ) site na capillary iji mezie àgwà EWNS. A na-eji akara [V (kV), L (cm)] egosipụta nchikota dị iche iche. Gbanwee ọsọ mmiri iji nweta cone Taylor kwụsiri ike nke otu set [V, L]. Maka ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a, atọrọ oghere nke counter electrode (D) na 0.5 inch (1.29 cm).
N'ihi obere geometry na asymmetry, enweghị ike ịgbakọ ike eletrik site na ụkpụrụ mbụ. Kama, ngwa ngwa QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 ka e ji gbakọọ mpaghara eletrik. Igwe ọkụ eletrik abụghị otu, n'ihi ya, a na-eji uru nke ọkụ eletrik dị n'ọnụ ọnụ nke capillary mee ihe dị ka ihe ntinye aka maka nhazi dị iche iche.
N'oge ọmụmụ ihe, a tụlere ọtụtụ njikọ nke voltaji na anya dị n'etiti agịga na counter electrode n'ihe gbasara nhazi Taylor cone, Taylor cone nkwụsi ike, nkwụsi ike mmepụta EWNS, na mmepụtaghachi. Nchikota dị iche iche ka egosiri na tebụl mgbakwunye S1.
Ejikọrọ ihe mmepụta nke usoro ọgbọ EWNS ozugbo na Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS, model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, Minnesota) iji tụọ ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ ma jiri ya na Faraday aerosol electrometer (TSI, model 3068B, Shoreview, USA). MN) iji tụọ ikuku ikuku, dị ka akọwara n'akwụkwọ anyị gara aga9. Ma SMPS na aerosol electrometer atụnyere na ọnụego erute nke 0.5 L / min (mkpokọta nlele nlele 1 L / min). A tụrụ nleba anya urughuru na ikuku aerosol maka 120 s. Tinyegharịa nha ugboro 30. A na-agbakọ ụgwọ ikuku aerosol site na nha dị ugbu a, yana nkezi ụgwọ EWNS na-eme atụmatụ site na ngụkọta nke irighiri ihe EWNS. Enwere ike ịgbakọ nkezi ọnụ ahịa EWNS site na iji nha (1):
Ebe Iel bụ ihe a tụrụ atụ ugbu a, NSMPS bụ ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ ejiri SMPS tụọ, na φEl bụ ọnụego eruba na electrometer.
N'ihi na iru mmiri (RH) na-emetụta ụgwọ elu, okpomọkụ na (RH) ka edobere na 21 Celsius C na 45%, n'otu n'otu, n'oge nnwale ahụ.
Atomic Force microscope (AFM), mgbapu MFP-3D (Nchọpụta mgbapu, Santa Barbara, CA) na AC260T nyocha (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) ka ejiri tụọ nha na ndụ EWNS. Ọnụego nyocha AFM bụ 1 Hz yana mpaghara nyocha bụ 5 µm × 5 µm nwere ahịrị nyocha 256. Edere onyonyo niile n'usoro nhazi onyonyo nke mbụ site na iji sọftụwia mgbapu (nkpuchi nwere oke 100 nm yana ọnụ ụzọ 100 pm).
Wepu oghere nlele ma tinye elu mica n'ebe dị anya nke 2.0 cm site na electrode counter maka nkezi oge nke 120 s ka ịzena nchịkọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na nhazi nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-adịghị mma n'elu mica. A na-etinye EWNS ozugbo na elu mica ndị a kpụpụrụ ọhụrụ (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Ozugbo ịgbasasịrị, a na-ahụ anya elu mica site na iji AFM. Akụkụ kọntaktị dị n'elu nke mica a na-ebipụbeghị ọhụrụ dị nso na 0 Celsius, yabụ EWNS na-agbasa n'elu mica n'ụdị domed20. A tụrụ dayameta (a) na ịdị elu (h) nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-agbasa ozugbo site na topography AFM wee jiri gbakọọ olu mgbasa ozi domed EWNS site na iji usoro anyị kwadoro na mbụ8. Na-eche na EVNS nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ nwere otu olu, enwere ike gbakọọ dayameta ya na nha (2):
Dị ka usoro anyị mepụtara na mbụ, a na-eji ọnyà eletrọn spin resonance (ESR) iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke etiti radical dị mkpụmkpụ dị na EWNS. A na-agafe Aerosols site na ngwọta nwere 235 mM DEPMPO (5- (diethoxyphosphoryl) -5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc., Portland, Oregon). Emere nha EPR niile site na iji Bruker EMX spectrometer (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) yana usoro cell dị larịị. A na-eji ngwanrọ Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) nakọta na nyochaa data ahụ. Emere njirimara ROS naanị maka usoro ọnọdụ arụ ọrụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. A tụlere mkpokọta EWNS site na iji SMPS mgbe ha tụlechara mfu nke EWNS na mmetụta.
A na-enyocha ọkwa ozone site na iji 205 Dual Beam ozone Monitor™ (2B Teknụzụ, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10.
Maka akụrụngwa EWNS niile, uru nha bụ ihe nha nha, yana njehie nha bụ ọdịiche ọkọlọtọ. Emere t-ule iji tụnyere uru nke njirimara EWNS kachasị mma yana uru dabara adaba nke isi EWNS.
Ọnụọgụ 2c na-egosi nrịbama Electrostatic Precipitation Pass through System (EPES) nke emepụtara na mbụ ma mara nke enwere ike iji lekwasịrị EWNS11 anya n'elu. EPES na-eji ụgwọ EWNS yana njikọ ọkụ eletrik siri ike iji “tụ aka” ozugbo n'elu ebumnuche. E gosipụtara nkọwa nke usoro EPES n'akwụkwọ Pyrgiotakis et al.11 bipụtara na nso nso a. Ya mere, EPES nwere ọnụ ụlọ PVC ebipụtara 3D nwere ngwụcha tapered nwere efere igwe anaghị agba nchara abụọ (304 igwe anaghị agba nchara, mirror polished) n'etiti 15.24 cm iche. A na-ejikọta bọọdụ ahụ na isi iyi dị elu dị elu (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), bọọdụ ala na-adị mma mgbe niile na bọọdụ elu na-agbadata mgbe niile (na-ese n'elu). A na-ekpuchi mgbidi ụlọ ahụ na mpempe akwụkwọ aluminom, bụ nke a na-agbanye n'ọkụ eletrik iji gbochie mfu ihe. Ụlọ ahụ nwere ọnụ ụzọ ntinye n'ihu nke mechiri emechi nke na-enye ohere ka etinye ihe nlele n'elu akwa rọba, na-ebuli ha na efere ígwè dị n'okpuru ala iji zere nnyonye anya voltaji dị elu.
A gbakọrọ arụmọrụ nke EWNS na EPES dị ka ụkpụrụ e mepụtara na mbụ si dị nke nkọwapụta na S111 Mgbakwunye.
Dị ka ọnụ ụlọ njikwa, nke abụọ na-asọfe site na ụlọ cylindrical jikọtara ya na usoro EPES site na iji nzacha HEPA dị n'etiti iji wepụ EWNS. Dị ka e gosiri na fig. 2c, EWNS aerosol na-agbapụta site na ọnụ ụlọ abụọ jikọtara n'usoro. Ihe nzacha n'etiti ọnụ ụlọ njikwa na EPES na-ewepụ EWNS ọ bụla fọdụrụ na-ebute otu okpomọkụ (T), iru mmiri (RH) na ọkwa ozone.
Achọpụtala microorganisms ndị dị mkpa na-eri nri na-emerụ ihe ọhụrụ dị ka Escherichia coli (ATCC #27325), ihe ngosi fecal, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), nje nje na-eri nri, Listeria innocua (ATCC #33090), ihe ọzọ na-akpata ọrịa Listeria monocytogenes. , Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098) dị ka ihe ọzọ na spoilage yist, na Mycobacterium parafortuitous (ATCC #19686) dị ka a na-eguzogide ọgwụ ndụ nje bacteria e zụtara n'aka ATCC (Manassas, Virginia).
Zụrụ igbe nke tomato greepu na-enweghị usoro n'ahịa mpaghara gị wee tinye ya na friji na 4 Celsius ruo mgbe ejiri ya (ruo ụbọchị 3). Họrọ tomato iji jiri otu nha nwalee, ihe dịka 1/2 inch na dayameta.
A kọwapụtala usoro iwu maka incubation, inoculation, ikpughe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọchịchị n'akwụkwọ anyị gara aga wee kọwa ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Mgbakwụnye Data 11. A tụlere arụmọrụ EWNS site n'ikpughe tomato a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na 40,000 #/cm3 maka nkeji 45. Na nkenke, n'oge t = 0 min, a na-eji tomato atọ iji nyochaa microorganisms dị ndụ. A na-etinye tomato atọ na EPES ma kpughee EWNS na 40,000 #/cc (EWNS kpughere tomato) na atọ ndị ọzọ ka etinyere n'ime ụlọ nchịkwa (maka tomato). Ọ dịghị otu n'ime tomato ndị a ka etinyere nhazi ọzọ. E wepụrụ tomato na njikwa ndị EWNS ekpughere mgbe nkeji 45 gachara iji nyochaa mmetụta EWNS.
Emere nnwale ọ bụla n'ụzọ atọ. Emere nyocha data dịka ụkpụrụ akọwara na data mgbakwunye.
E. coli, Enterobacter, na L. innocua ihe atụ nke nje bacteria ekpughere na EWNS (45 min, EWNS aerosol focus 40,000 #/ cm3) na ndị na-adịghị ekpughere ka a na-ewepụ iji chọpụta usoro nkwụsị. A na-edozi mmiri ozuzo maka awa 2 na ụlọ okpomọkụ na 0.1 M sodium cacodylate solution (pH 7.4) na nhazi nke 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde na 0.03% picric acid. Mgbe ịsachara, a na-edozi ha na 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) / 1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) maka 2 h, saa mmiri ugboro 3 ma tinye ya na 1% uranyl acetate maka 1 h, wee saa mmiri ugboro abụọ. akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na-esote nkeji iri nke ọ bụla n'ime mmanya 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% mmanya. A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na propylene oxide maka awa 1 ma tinye ya na 1: 1 ngwakọta propylene oxide na TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA). A na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ na TAAB Epon na polymerized na 60 Celsius maka awa 48. TEM jiri JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) were JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) were were igwefoto AMT 2k CCD kpụọ ma jiri anya ya hụ ya.
Emere nnwale niile ugboro atọ. Maka oge ọ bụla, a na-etinye ihe ncha nje bacteria ugboro atọ, na-eme ka ọnụọgụ data itoolu dị n'otu isi ihe, nke a na-eji nkezi ya mee ihe dị ka ntinye nke nje bacteria maka otu akụkụ ahụ. Ejiri ndahie ọkọlọtọ dị ka njehie nha. Isi ihe niile na-agụ.
A na-agbakọ logarithm nke mbelata nke nje bacteria ma e jiri ya tụnyere t = 0 min site na iji usoro a:
ebe C0 bụ nchikota nke nje bacteria na njikwa akara n'oge 0 (ya bụ, mgbe elu akpọnwụwo ma tupu etinye ya n'ime ụlọ) na Cn bụ ntinye nke nje bacteria n'elu mgbe n nkeji nke ikpughe.
Iji nweta akaụntụ maka mbibi eke nke nje bacteria n'ime oge ikpughe nkeji iri anọ na ise, a gbakọkwara Log-Reduction ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa na nkeji 45 dị ka ndị a:
Ebe Cn bụ ntinye nke nje bacteria na njikwa akara n'oge n na Cn-Control bụ nchịkọta nke nje bacteria na-achịkwa n'oge n. E gosipụtara data dị ka mbelata ndekọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa (enweghị mkpughe EWNS).
N'oge ọmụmụ ihe, a tụlere ọtụtụ njikọ nke voltaji na anya dị n'etiti agịga na counter electrode n'ihe gbasara nhazi Taylor cone, Taylor cone nkwụsi ike, nkwụsi ike mmepụta EWNS, na mmepụtaghachi. Nchikota dị iche iche ka egosiri na tebụl mgbakwunye S1. Ahọpụtara ikpe abụọ maka nyocha zuru oke na-egosi ihe ndị kwụsiri ike na nke a na-emepụtagharị (Taylor cone, mmepụta EWNS, na nkwụsi ike n'oge). Na fig. 3 na-egosi nsonaazụ na ụgwọ, nha na ọdịnaya nke ROS maka ikpe abụọ. A na-achịkọtakwa nsonaazụ ya na Tebụl 1. Maka ntụnye aka, eserese 3 na Tebụl 1 gụnyere njirimara nke EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 (baseline-EWNS). A na-ebipụtagharị mgbakọ na mwepụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa site na iji t-ule ọdụdụ abụọ na tebụl mgbakwunye S2. Na mgbakwunye, data ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta nke counter electrode sampling oghere dayameta (D) na anya n'etiti ala electrode na n'ọnụ nke agịga (L) (Mgbakwunye Figures S2 na S3).
(a–c) Nkesa nha nha AFM. (d – f) Njirimara ụgwọ elu. (g) Njiri mara ROS na ESR.
Ọ dịkwa mkpa iburu n'uche na maka ọnọdụ niile dị n'elu, ụda ionization a tụrụ atụ dị na 2-6 µA, na voltaji ndị dị na -3.8 ruo -6.5 kV, na-ebute ike oriri maka otu njedebe EWNS nke na-erughị 50 mW. . modul ọgbọ. Ọ bụ ezie na arụpụtara EWNS n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu, ọkwa ozone dị ala nke ukwuu, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gafere 60 ppb.
Eserese mgbakwunye S4 na-egosi oghere eletrik emepụtara maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], n'otu n'otu. A na-agbakọ ogige ndị ahụ dịka ihe ngosi [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] dị ka 2 × 105 V/m na 4.7 × 105 V/m, n'otu n'otu. A ga-atụ anya nke a, ebe ọ bụ na oke voltaji na anya dị elu nke ukwuu na nke abụọ.
Na fig. 3a,b na-egosi dayameta EWNS tụrụ ya na AFM8. A gbakọrọ nkezi dayameta EWNS maka [-6.5kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8kV, 0.5 cm] dị ka 27 nm na 19 nm, n'otu n'otu. Ọkọlọtọ geometric nke nkesa maka ikpe [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] bụ 1.41 na 1.45, n'otu n'otu, na-egosi oke nkesa dị warara. Ma nha nha ya na ngbanwe ọkọlọtọ geometric dị nso na ntọala-EWNS, ịbụ 25 nm na 1.41, n'otu n'otu. Na fig. 3c na-egosi oke nkesa nke EWNS ntọala nke ejiri otu usoro n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ.
Na fig. 3d,e na-egosi nsonaazụ nke njirimara ụgwọ. Data bụ nkezi nha nke nha 30 nke itinye uche n'otu oge (#/cm3) na ugbu a (I). Nyocha na-egosi na nkezi ụgwọ na EWNS bụ 22 ± 6 e- na 44 ± 6 e- maka [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], n'otu n'otu. E jiri ya tụnyere Baseline-EWNS (10 ± 2 e-), ụgwọ elu ha dị elu nke ukwuu, okpukpu abụọ karịa nke [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na ugboro anọ karịa [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. 3f na-egosi data ịkwụ ụgwọ EWNS bụ isi.
Site na maapụ ntinye uche nke nọmba EWNS (Mgbakwunye S5 na S6), enwere ike ịhụ na ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ukwuu karịa ọnọdụ [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Okwesiri iburu n'uche na a na-enyocha ọnụọgụ nọmba EWNS ruo awa 4 (Nkọwa mgbakwunye S5 na S6), ebe nkwụsi ike nke ọgbọ EWNS gosipụtara otu ọkwa nke ọnụọgụgụ ọnụọgụgụ n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ.
Ọgụgụ 3g na-egosi ụdịdị EPR mgbe njikwa (n'azụ) mwepu maka EWNS kachasị mma na [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. A na-atụnyekwa ụdịdị ROS na ntọala EWNS na akwụkwọ e bipụtara na mbụ. Ọnụọgụ gbakọọ nke EWNS na-emeghachi omume na ọnyà ntụgharị bụ 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, nke yiri Baseline-EWNS8 nke ebipụtara na mbụ. Ihe ngosi EPR gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya ọnụnọ nke ụdị ROS abụọ, ebe O2-karịrị, ebe OH• nọ na obere ego. Na mgbakwunye, ntụnyere kpọmkwem nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu gosiri na EWNS kachasị mma nwere ọdịnaya ROS dị elu nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere EWNS ntọala.
Na fig. 4 na-egosi arụmọrụ ntinye nke EWNS na EPES. A na-achịkọtakwa data a na Tebụl I wee jiri ya tụnyere data EWNS mbụ. Maka okwu abụọ EUNS, ntinye ego dị nso 100% ọbụlagodi na obere voltaji nke 3.0 kV. Dịka, 3.0 kV zuru ezu iji nweta ntinye 100% n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ụgwọ elu. N'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ, arụmọrụ ntinye nke Baseline-EWNS bụ naanị 56% n'ihi ụgwọ dị ala (nkezi 10 electrons kwa EWNS).
Ọgụgụ 5 na Tebụl 2 na-achịkọta ogo inactivation nke microorganisms etinyere n'elu tomato mgbe ekpughere ya na ihe dịka 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS maka nkeji 45 n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Inoculated E. coli na L. innocua gosipụtara mbelata dị ukwuu nke 3.8 log mgbe nkeji 45 gachara. N'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ, S. enterica gosipụtara mbelata log log nke 2.2, ebe S. cerevisiae na M. parafortuitum gosipụtara mbelata 1.0 log.
Electron micrographs (Nyocha 6) nke na-egosi mgbanwe anụ ahụ nke EWNS kpatara na E. coli, Salmonella enterica, na L. innocua sel na-eduga na nkwụsị. Nje bacteria na-achịkwa gosipụtara akpụkpọ anụ cell na-adịghị emebi emebi, ebe nje bacteria ekpughere mebiri emebi n'èzí.
Onyonyo eletrọnịkị nke njikwa na nje bacteria ekpughere kpughere mmebi akpụkpọ ahụ.
Ihe omuma nke ihe omuma physicochemical nke EWNS kachasị mma na-egosi na mkpokọta EWNS (ụgwọ elu na ọdịnaya ROS) dị mma nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere EWNS baseline data8,9,10,11 bipụtara na mbụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, nha ha nọgidere na nanometer nso, nke dị nnọọ ka nsonaazụ e bipụtara na mbụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge. Enwere ike ịkọwa polydispersity ahụ a na-ahụ anya site na mgbanwe na ụgwọ elu, nke na-ekpebi ịdị ukwuu nke mmetụta Rayleigh, randomness, na ike ijikọ EWNS. Otú ọ dị, dị ka nkọwa nke Nielsen et al.22, elu elu ụgwọ na-ebelata evaporation site n'ụzọ dị irè na-amụba elu ike / esemokwu nke mmiri dobe. Ekwenyere na tiori a na nnwale maka microdroplets22 na EWNS n'akwụkwọ anyị gara aga8. Ọnwụ nke oge gafere nwekwara ike imetụta nha ma tinye aka na nkesa nha a hụrụ.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ụgwọ maka nhazi ọ bụla bụ ihe dịka 22-44 e-, dabere n'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ, nke dị elu nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere isi EWNS, nke nwere nkezi ụgwọ nke 10 ± 2 electrons kwa nhazi. Agbanyeghị, ekwesịrị ịmara na nke a bụ nkezi ụgwọ EWNS. Seto et al. E gosiputara na ụgwọ ahụ abụghị otu ma na-esote nkesa log-nkịtị21. E jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ anyị gara aga, ịgbakọ ụgwọ elu okpukpu abụọ na-abawanye arụmọrụ ntinye ego na sistemụ EPES ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% 11.