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N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e mepụtala ikpo okwu nje na-enweghị kemịkal nke dabere na nanotechnology site na iji nanostructures mmiri arụpụtara (EWNS). EWNS nwere nnukwu chajị elu ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS) nke nwere ike iso ma mee ka ọtụtụ nje dị iche iche ghara ịrụ ọrụ, gụnyere nje ndị sitere na nri. N'ebe a, egosiri na enwere ike ịhazi ihe onwunwe ha n'oge mmepụta iji mee ka ikike nje bacteria ha ka mma. E mere ikpo okwu ụlọ nyocha EWNS iji hazie ihe onwunwe nke EWNS site na ịgbanwe paramita njikọta. E jiri usoro nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ mee njirimara nke ihe onwunwe EWNS (charge, size, na ọdịnaya ROS). Na mgbakwunye, a gbara ọgwụ nje dị iche iche dịka Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocua, Mycobacterium para fortitum, na Saccharomyces cerevisiae n'elu tomato mkpụrụ vaịn organic iji nyochaa ikike ha nwere igbochi nje bacteria. Nsonaazụ egosiri ebe a na-egosi na enwere ike ịhazi ihe onwunwe nke EWNS n'oge mmepụta, na-ebute mmụba dị elu na arụmọrụ inactivation. Karịsịa, chajị elu ahụ mụbara site na ihe dị ka ugboro anọ, ọdịnaya ROS mụbara. Ọnụọgụ mwepụ nje bacteria dabere na nje bacteria ma malite na 1.0 ruo 3.8 log mgbe nkeji iri anọ na ise nke ikpughe ya na ọgwụ aerosol nke 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS.
Mmetọ nje bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọrịa sitere na nri nke sitere na iri nje ma ọ bụ nsí ha. Ọrịa sitere na nri na-akpata ihe dị ka nde ọrịa 76, ụlọ ọgwụ 325,000, na ọnwụ 5,000 kwa afọ na United States naanị1. Na mgbakwunye, Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) na-eme atụmatụ na mmụba nke oriri nke ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ bụ ihe kpatara pasent 48 nke ọrịa niile sitere na nri a kọrọ na United States2. Ọnụ ego ọrịa na ọnwụ sitere na nje ndị sitere na nri na United States dị oke elu, dịka Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC) si kwuo na ihe karịrị ijeri US $15.6 kwa afọ3.
Ugbu a, a na-etinye ọgwụ nje chemical4, radieshon5 na thermal6 iji hụ na nchekwa nri na-aga n'ihu n'ebe njikwa dị oke mkpa (CCPs) n'usoro mmepụta (karịsịa mgbe owuwe ihe ubi na/ma ọ bụ n'oge nkwakọ ngwaahịa) kama itinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụzọ ga-eme ka ihe ọhụrụ dị ọhụrụ nwee ike ibute mmetọ. 7. A chọrọ ọgwụ nje iji chịkwaa ọrịa na mmebi nri nke ọma ma nwee ike itinye ya n'ofe ubi-site na tebụl. Mmetụta na ọnụ ahịa dị ala.
E mepụtala ikpo okwu nje na-enweghị kemịkalụ nke dabere na nanotechnology n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji gbochie nje bacteria n'elu na n'ikuku site na iji usoro nanostructures mmiri arụrụ arụ (EWNS). Maka mmepụta nke EVNS, ejiri usoro abụọ yiri ibe ha: electrospray na ionization mmiri (Fig. 1a). Egosila na EWNS nwere ihe pụrụ iche nke ihe anụ ahụ na nke bayoloji8,9,10. EWNS nwere nkezi nke elektrọn 10 kwa nhazi na nkezi nha nanometer nke 25 nm (Fig. 1b,c)8,9,10. Na mgbakwunye, resonance electron spin (ESR) gosiri na EWNS nwere nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS), ọkachasị hydroxyl (OH•) na superoxide (O2-) radicals (Fig. 1c) 8. EWNS nọgidere n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge ma nwee ike ịsọ mpi na nje bacteria ndị a kwụgidere n'ikuku ma dị n'elu, na-ebuga ibu ọrụ ROS ha ma na-akpata mmechi nje bacteria (Fig. 1d). Nnyocha ndị a gara aga gosikwara na EWNS nwere ike iso ma gbochie ọtụtụ nje bacteria dị iche iche dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha, gụnyere mycobacteria, n'elu na n'ikuku8,9. Nnyocha eletrọn nnyefe gosiri na mmebi nke akpụkpọ ahụ sel kpatara ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọmụmụ ihe iku ume dị oke njọ egosila na oke doses nke EWNS anaghị akpata mmebi akpa ume ma ọ bụ mbufụt8.
(a) Electrospray na-eme mgbe etinyere voltaji dị elu n'etiti capillary nwere mmiri mmiri na electrode counter. (b) Itinye voltaji dị elu na-ebute ihe abụọ dị iche iche: (i) ịgba mmiri eletrọnịkị na (ii) imepụta ụdị oxygen na-emegharị ahụ (ions) nke tọrọ n'ime EWNS. (c) Nhazi pụrụ iche nke EWNS. (d) EWNS na-agagharị nke ukwuu n'ihi ọdịdị nanoscale ha ma nwee ike iso nje ndị na-efe efe na-akpakọrịta.
A gosikwara na ike nke ikpo okwu nje EWNS nwere igbochi nje ndị sitere na nri n'elu nri ọhụrụ. A gosikwara na enwere ike iji chajị elu EWNS yana ubi eletriki maka nnyefe ezubere iche. Ihe kacha mkpa bụ na a hụrụ nsonaazụ mbụ dị mma nke ihe dị ka mbelata 1.4 na ọrụ tomato organic megide ọtụtụ nje nri dị iche iche dịka E. coli na Listeria n'ime nkeji 90 nke ikpughe na EWNS na mkpokọta nke ihe dị ka 50,000#/cm311. Na mgbakwunye, ule nyocha organoleptic mbụ egosighi mmetụta organoleptic ọ bụla ma e jiri ya tụnyere tomato njikwa. Ọ bụ ezie na nsonaazụ mgbochi mmalite ndị a na-ekwe nkwa nchekwa nri ọbụlagodi na obere doses EWNS nke 50,000#/cc. lee, o doro anya na ike mgbochi mkpali dị elu ga-abara uru karịa iji belata ihe egwu nke ọrịa na mmebi.
N'ebe a, anyị ga-elekwasị anya na nnyocha anyị na mmepe nke ikpo okwu mmepụta EWNS iji hazie paramita mmepụta ma melite njirimara physicochemical nke EWNS iji mee ka ikike nje bacteria ha dịkwuo mma. Karịsịa, nhazi ahụ elekwasịla anya n'ịbawanye ụgwọ elu ha (iji melite nnyefe ezubere iche) na ọdịnaya ROS (iji melite arụmọrụ inactivation). Ịkọwapụta njirimara physico-chemical kachasị mma (nha, chajị na ọdịnaya ROS) site na iji usoro nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ na iji obere ihe oriri nkịtị dịka E. coli, S. enterica, L. innocua, S. cerevisiae na M. parafortutum.
E ji ọkụ eletrik na ionization nke mmiri dị ọcha (18 MΩ cm–1) mepụta EVNS. A na-ejikarị atomizer eletriki 12 eme ihe iji mee ka mmiri na ihe ndị e ji emepụta polima na seramiiki 13 na eriri 14 nke nha a na-achịkwa pụta ìhè.
Dịka e kwuru n'akwụkwọ ndị gara aga nke 8, 9, 10, 11, na nnwale nkịtị, a na-etinye nnukwu voltaji n'etiti capillary metal na electrode counter grounded. N'oge usoro a, ihe abụọ dị iche iche na-eme: 1) electrospray na 2) ionization nke mmiri. Ọdụ eletriki siri ike n'etiti electrodes abụọ ahụ na-eme ka chajị na-adịghị mma jupụta n'elu mmiri ahụ a kpọchiri akpọchi, na-ebute mmepe nke Taylor cones. N'ihi ya, a na-emepụta mmiri mmiri dị oke ọkụ, nke na-aga n'ihu na-agbaji ka ọ bụrụ obere ihe, dịka ozizi Rayleigh si dị16. N'otu oge ahụ, ọdụ eletriki siri ike na-eme ka ụfọdụ molekul mmiri kewaa ma wepụ electrons (ionization), si otú a na-emepụta nnukwu ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS)17. E tinyere ngwugwu ROS18 n'otu oge na EWNS (Foto 1c).
Na eserese nke 2a, a na-egosi usoro mmepụta EWNS e mepụtara ma jiri ya mee ihe na njikọ EWNS n'ọmụmụ ihe a. Mmiri dị ọcha echekwara na karama mechiri emechi ka e tinyere ya site na tube Teflon (dayameta ime 2 mm) gaa na agịga ígwè anaghị agba nchara 30G (capillary ígwè). Dịka egosiri na eserese nke 2b, nrụgide ikuku dị n'ime karama ahụ na-achịkwa mmiri ahụ. A na-ejikọ agịga ahụ na njikwa Teflon nke enwere ike ịgbanwe aka ya gaa na anya ụfọdụ site na electrode counter. Elektrọd counter bụ diski aluminom a kpụchara akpụ nke nwere oghere n'etiti maka nnwale. N'okpuru elektrọd counter bụ funnel nlele aluminom, nke ejikọtara na ntọala nnwale ndị ọzọ site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nlele (Fig. 2b). Ihe niile dị na sampler na-adabere na eletriki iji zere mkpokọta chajị nke nwere ike imebi nnwale ihe.
(a) Sistemụ Mmepụta Nanostructure Mmiri E Ji Eme Ihe (EWNS). (b) Akụkụ nke ihe nlele na ihe mkpuchi elektrọs na-egosi paramita kachasị mkpa. (c) Nhazi nnwale maka iwepụ nje bacteria.
Sistemụ mmepụta EWNS akọwara n'elu nwere ike ịgbanwe paramita ọrụ dị mkpa iji mee ka nhazi EWNS dị mfe. Gbanwee voltaji etinyere (V), anya dị n'etiti agịga na elektrọd counter (L), na mmiri na-asọfe (φ) site na capillary iji hazie njirimara EWNS nke ọma. A na-eji akara [V (kV), L (cm)] egosi njikọta dị iche iche. Gbanwee mmiri na-asọfe iji nweta kọn Taylor kwụsiri ike nke otu set [V, L]. Maka ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ihe a, etinyere oghere nke elektrọd counter (D) na 0.5 inch (1.29 cm).
N'ihi oke ọdịdị na enweghị nkwekọ, ike ubi eletrik enweghị ike ịgbakọ site na ụkpụrụ mbụ. Kama nke ahụ, ejiri ngwanrọ QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 gbakọọ ubi eletrik. Oghere eletrik adịghị otu, yabụ ejiri uru nke ubi eletrik dị na nsọtụ capillary mee ihe dị ka uru ntụaka maka nhazi dị iche iche.
N'oge ọmụmụ ihe a, a tụlere ọtụtụ njikọta voltaji na anya dị n'etiti agịga na elektrọd counter n'ihe gbasara nhazi kọn Taylor, nkwụsi ike kọn Taylor, nkwụsi ike mmepụta EWNS, na imegharị ihe. E gosiri njikọta dị iche iche na Tebụl Mgbakwunye S1.
E jikọtara mmepụta nke sistemụ mmepụta EWNS ozugbo na Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS, model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, Minnesota) iji tụọ mkpokọta ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ha, e jikwa ya na Faraday aerosol electrometer (TSI, model 3068B, Shoreview, USA). MN) iji tụọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime ha, dịka akọwara na mbipụta anyị gara aga9. Ma SMPS na aerosol electrometer e lere anya na ọnụego mmiri nke 0.5 L/min (mkpokọta mmiri nke ihe nlele 1 L/min). A tụrụ mkpokọta mmiri na mmiri ndị dị n'ime ha maka s 120. Megharịa nha ahụ ugboro 30. A na-agbakọ mkpokọta ụgwọ aerosol site na nha ugbu a, a na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ụgwọ EWNS site na mkpokọta ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị dị n'ime EWNS e lere anya. Enwere ike ịgbakọ nkezi ọnụ ahịa EWNS site na iji Nha nhata (1):
ebe IEl bụ ọkụ eletrik a tụrụ, NSMPS bụ ọnụọgụgụ e ji SMPS tụọ, na φEl bụ ọnụego mmiri na-eruba na elektrọmita.
Ebe ọ bụ na iru mmiri dị n'ime ala (RH) na-emetụta ike elu, a nọgidere na-enwe okpomọkụ na (RH) na 21°C na 45%, n'otu n'otu, n'oge nnwale ahụ.
E jiri igwe onyonyo ike atọm (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA) na AC260T probe (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) tụọ nha na ndụ EWNS. Ọkwa nyocha AFM bụ 1 Hz ebe mpaghara nyocha ahụ bụ 5 µm×5 µm yana ahịrị nyocha 256. E tinyere onyonyo niile n'usoro onyonyo mbụ site na iji ngwanrọ Asylum (ihe mkpuchi ihu nwere oke 100 nm na oke 100 pm).
Wepụ ihe nlele ahụ ma tinye elu mica ahụ n'ebe dị anya nke 2.0 cm site na elektrọd counter maka oge nkezi nke 120 s iji zere njikọta nke ihe ndị dị na ya na ịmepụta ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-adịghị mma na elu mica. E tinyere EWNS ozugbo na elu mica e bepụrụ ọhụrụ (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Ozugbo e fesasịrị ya, e jiri AFM hụ elu mica ahụ. Akụkụ kọntaktị elu nke mica e bepụrụ ọhụrụ dị nso na 0 °, yabụ EWNS na-agbasa n'elu elu mica n'ụdị domed20. A tụrụ dayameta (a) na elu (h) nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-agbasa ozugbo site na AFM topography ma jiri ya gbakọọ olu mgbasa domed EWNS site na iji usoro anyị kwadoro na mbụ8. N'ịtụle na EVNS dị n'elu nwere otu olu ahụ, enwere ike ịgbakọ dayameta nhata site na nha anya (2):
Dịka usoro anyị mepụtara na mbụ si dị, e jiri ọnyà ntụgharị elektrọn spin resonance (ESR) chọpụta ọnụnọ nke ndị na-adịte aka na EWNS. E gafere ihe ngwọta nwere 235 mM DEPMPO (5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc., Portland, Oregon). Ejiri igwe nyocha Bruker EMX (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) na usoro sel dị larịị mee nha EPR niile. E jiri ngwanrọ Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) chịkọta ma nyochaa data ahụ. Emere njirimara ROS naanị maka otu ọnọdụ ọrụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. E jiri SMPS tụọ njupụta EWNS mgbe atụlechara mfu nke EWNS na impactor.
E jiri 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10 nyochaa ọkwa Ozone.
Maka ihe niile gbasara EWNS, uru nha bụ nkezi nke nha, njehie nha bụkwa mgbanwe ọkọlọtọ. Emere ule t iji tụnyere uru nke njirimara EWNS kachasị mma na uru kwekọrọ na nke EWNS ntọala.
Foto nke 2c na-egosi Sistemụ Ngafe Mmiri Electrostatic Precipitation (EPES) nke e mepụtara na mbụ ma mara nke ọma nke enwere ike iji lekwasị EWNS11 anya n'elu ala. EPES na-eji chaja EWNS yana ọkụ eletrik siri ike iji "tụ aka" kpọmkwem n'elu ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ. Nkọwa nke sistemụ EPES ka egosiri na mbipụta ọhụrụ nke Pyrgiotakis et al.11 bipụtara. Ya mere, EPES nwere ụlọ PVC e biri ebi 3D nke nwere nsọtụ dị warara nke nwere efere ígwè abụọ yiri ya (ígwè anaghị agba nchara 304, enyo a kpụchara akpụ) n'etiti 15.24 cm iche. Ejikọtara bọọdụ ndị ahụ na isi iyi voltaji dị elu nke mpụga (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), osisi ala na-adị mma mgbe niile, bọọdụ elu na-adịkwa ala mgbe niile (na-ese n'elu mmiri). A na-ekpuchi mgbidi ụlọ ahụ na foil aluminom, nke e ji eletriki kpuchie iji gbochie mfu ihe. Ụlọ ahụ nwere ọnụ ụzọ ibu ibu nke na-ekwe ka e tinye elu ule na racks plastik, na-ebuli ha site na efere ígwè dị n'okpuru iji zere nnyonye anya voltaji dị elu.
A gbakọrọ arụmọrụ nchekwa nke EWNS na EPES dịka usoro e mepụtara na mbụ nke akọwara na Mgbakwunye Foto S111.
Dịka ụlọ njikwa, a na-ejikọ mmiri nke abụọ na-agafe n'ime ụlọ cylindrical na usoro EPES site na iji nzacha HEPA dị n'etiti iji wepụ EWNS. Dịka egosiri na fig. 2c, a na-apịpụ aerosol EWNS site na ụlọ abụọ ejikọtara na usoro. Ihe nzacha dị n'etiti ụlọ njikwa na EPES na-ewepụ EWNS ọ bụla fọdụrụnụ nke na-ebute otu okpomọkụ (T), iru mmiri dị nso (RH) na ọkwa ozone.
A chọpụtala na nje ndị dị mkpa sitere na nri na-emerụ ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ dịka Escherichia coli (ATCC #27325), ihe na-egosi nsị, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), nje ndị na-ebute nri, Listeria innocua (ATCC #33090), ihe ọzọ maka Listeria monocytogenes., Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098) dị ka ihe ọzọ maka yist spoilage, na Mycobacterium parafortuitous (ATCC #19686) dị ka nje bacteria dị ndụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ karịa ka esi zụtara na ATCC (Manassas, Virginia).
Zụta igbe tomato mkpụrụ vaịn sitere n'okike n'ahịa obodo gị ma tinye ha n'ime friji na okpomọkụ 4°C ruo mgbe e jiri ha (ruo ụbọchị atọ). Họrọ tomato ị ga-anwale otu nha, ihe dị ka 1/2 inch n'obosara.
A kọwapụtara usoro maka incubation, incubation, ikpughe na ịgụta colony n'akwụkwọ anyị gara aga ma kọwaa nke ọma na Mgbakwunye Data 11. A tụlere arụmọrụ EWNS site n'ikpughe tomato ndị a gbara ọgwụ ruo 40,000 #/cm3 maka nkeji 45. N'oge dị mkpirikpi, n'oge t = 0 min, ejiri tomato atọ nyochaa nje ndị dị ndụ. E tinyere tomato atọ na EPES ma gosi ha na EWNS na 40,000 #/cc (EWNS ekpughere tomato) na atọ ndị ọzọ e tinyere n'ime ụlọ njikwa (tomato njikwa). Ọ dịghị otu tomato e tinyere nhazi ọzọ. Ewepụrụ tomato na njikwa ndị EWNS kpughere mgbe nkeji 45 gachara iji nyochaa mmetụta nke EWNS.
E mere nnwale ọ bụla n'ụzọ atọ. E mere nyocha data dịka usoro akọwara na Data Mgbakwunye si dị.
E tinyere ihe nlele nje bacteria E. coli, Enterobacter, na L. innocua nke e kpughere na EWNS (nkeji 45, njupụta aerosol EWNS 40,000 #/cm3) na nke a na-ekpugheghị iji chọpụta usoro mmechi ahụ. E tinyere ihe na-eme ka mmiri ahụ dajụọ ruo awa 2 na okpomọkụ ụlọ na mmiri sodium cacodylate 0.1 M (pH 7.4) na ihe na-edozi nke 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde na 0.03% picric acid. Mgbe a sachara ha, e tinyere 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) n'ime ha ruo awa 2, saa ha ugboro atọ na mmiri ma tinye ha na 1% uranyl acetate maka awa 1, wee jiri mmiri saa ha ugboro abụọ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mmiri gwụchara ya nkeji iri nke ọ bụla nke 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% mmanya. E tinyeziri ihe nlele ndị ahụ na propylene oxide ruo otu awa ma tinye ha na ngwakọta propylene oxide na TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA) nke 1:1. E tinyere ihe nlele ndị ahụ na TAAB Epon ma mee ka ha dị ọcha na 60°C ruo awa 48. E jiri JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) bee ma hụ ihe osise nke resin granular a gwọrọ agwọ, nke e ji kamera AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, MA, USA) mee.
E mere nnwale niile n'ụzọ atọ. Maka oge ọ bụla, a na-ekpuchi ịsa nje bacteria n'ụzọ atọ, nke mere ka ngụkọta nke isi data itoolu kwa isi, nke a na-eji nkezi ya dị ka mkpokọta nje bacteria maka ihe ahụ kpọmkwem. E jiri mgbanwe ọkọlọtọ mee ihe dị ka njehie nha. Isi ihe niile dị mkpa.
E jiri usoro a gbakọọ logarithm nke mbelata njupụta nke nje bacteria ma e jiri ya tụnyere t = 0 min:
ebe C0 bụ mkpokọta nje bacteria n'ime ihe nlele njikwa n'oge 0 (ya bụ, mgbe elu ahụ kpọrọ nkụ mana tupu etinye ya n'ime ụlọ ahụ) na Cn bụ mkpokọta nje bacteria n'elu mgbe nkeji n nke ikpughe gasịrị.
Iji kọwaa maka mmebi eke nke nje bacteria n'oge oge ikpughe nkeji iri anọ na ise, a gbakọọkwara Mbelata Ndekọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa na nkeji iri anọ na ise dịka ndị a:
Ebe Cn bụ mkpokọta nje bacteria na ihe nlele njikwa n'oge n na Cn-Control bụ mkpokọta nje bacteria na-achịkwa n'oge n. A na-egosi data dị ka mbelata ndekọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa (enweghị mkpughe EWNS).
N'oge ọmụmụ ihe a, a tụlere ọtụtụ njikọta voltaji na anya dị n'etiti agịga na elektrọd counter n'ihe gbasara nhazi cone Taylor, nkwụsi ike nke cone Taylor, nkwụsi ike mmepụta EWNS, na imegharị ihe. E gosiri njikọta dị iche iche na Tebụl Mgbakwunye S1. Ahọpụtara ikpe abụọ maka ọmụmụ ihe zuru oke na-egosi ihe ndị kwụsiri ike na ndị a pụrụ imegharị ihe (Taylor cone, mmepụta EWNS, na nkwụsi ike ka oge na-aga). Na Fig. 3 na-egosi nsonaazụ na chajị, nha na ọdịnaya nke ROS maka ikpe abụọ. A chịkọtakwara nsonaazụ ndị a na Tebụl 1. Maka ntụaka, Foto 3 na Tebụl 1 gụnyere ihe onwunwe nke EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 nke emepụtara na mbụ (ntọala-EWNS). A na-ebipụtaghachi mgbakọta mkpa ọnụọgụgụ site na iji ule t-ọdụ abụọ na Tebụl Mgbakwunye S2. Na mgbakwunye, data ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmetụta nke dayameta oghere nlele elektrọd counter (D) na anya dị n'etiti elektrọd ala na nsọtụ agịga (L) (Foto Mgbakwunye S2 na S3).
(a–c) Nkesa nha AFM. (d – f) Njirimara chajị elu. (g) Njirimara nke ROS na ESR.
Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịmara na maka ọnọdụ niile dị n'elu, ọkụ eletrik ionization a tụrụ dị n'etiti 2-6 µA, voltaji ndị ahụ dịkwa n'etiti -3.8 na -6.5 kV, nke butere oriri ike maka otu ọdụ EWNS a nke na-erughị 50 mW. ...
Foto mgbakwunye S4 na-egosi ebe eletriki e mere ka ọ dị ka ihe atụ maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] n'otu n'otu. A na-agbakọ ubi ndị ahụ dịka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] si dị ka 2 × 105 V/m na 4.7 × 105 V/m, n'otu n'otu. A ga-atụ anya nke a, ebe ọ bụ na oke voltaji na anya dị elu karịa n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ.
Na fig. 3a,b na-egosi dayameta EWNS nke ejiri AFM8 tụọ. A gbakọọ nkezi dayameta EWNS maka ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] dị ka 27 nm na 19 nm, n'otu n'otu. Ngbanwe ọkọlọtọ geometric nke nkesa maka ikpe ndị ahụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] bụ 1.41 na 1.45, n'otu n'otu, na-egosi nkesa nha dị warara. Ma nkezi nha na nkezi ọkọlọtọ geometric dị nnọọ nso na ntọala-EWNS, bụ 25 nm na 1.41, n'otu n'otu. Na fig. 3c na-egosi nkesa nha nke EWNS ntọala a tụrụ site na iji otu usoro ahụ n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ.
Na eserese 3d,e na-egosi nsonaazụ nke njirimara chajị. Data bụ nha nkezi nke nha 30 nke njupụta (#/cm3) na nke ugbu a (I). Nyocha ahụ na-egosi na nkezi chajị na EWNS bụ 22 ± 6 e- na 44 ± 6 e- maka [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], n'otu n'otu. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere Baseline-EWNS (10 ± 2 e-), chajị elu ha dị elu nke ukwuu, okpukpu abụọ nke ọnọdụ [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na okpukpu anọ nke [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. 3f na-egosi data ịkwụ ụgwọ EWNS bụ isi.
Site na maapụ ọnụọgụgụ EWNS (Foto mgbakwunye S5 na S6), a pụrụ ịhụ na ihe nkiri [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] nwere ọnụọgụgụ dị elu karịa ihe nkiri [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. E kwesịkwara ịmara na a na-enyocha ọnụọgụgụ EWNS ruo awa anọ (Foto mgbakwunye S5 na S6), ebe nkwụsi ike nke mmepụta EWNS gosipụtara otu ọkwa nke ọnụọgụgụ dị iche iche n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ.
Foto 3g na-egosi mwepụ EPR spectrum mgbe njikwa (ndabere) gasịrị maka EWNS kachasị mma na [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. A na-atụnyere spectrum ROS na ntọala EWNS na akwụkwọ ebipụtara na mbụ. Ọnụọgụ agbakọrọ nke EWNS na-emeghachi omume na ọnyà ntụgharị bụ 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, nke yiri nke e bipụtara na mbụ Baseline-EWNS8. spectra EPR gosiri nke ọma ọnụnọ nke ụdị ROS abụọ, ebe O2- na-achịkwa, ebe OH• dị na obere ego. Na mgbakwunye, ntụnyere kpọmkwem nke ike kachasị elu gosiri na EWNS kachasị mma nwere ọdịnaya ROS dị elu karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere EWNS ntọala.
Na eserese nke 4 na-egosi arụmọrụ nke EWNS na EPES. A chịkọtakwara data ahụ na Tebụl nke Mbụ ma tụnyere ya na data EWNS mbụ. Maka ikpe abụọ nke EUNS, nkwụnye ego dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% ọbụlagodi na obere voltaji nke 3.0 kV. Dịka ọ na-adịkarị, 3.0 kV zuru ezu iji nweta nkwụnye ego 100% n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe chajị elu. N'otu ọnọdụ ahụ, arụmọrụ nkwụnye ego nke Baseline-EWNS bụ naanị 56% n'ihi obere chajị (nkezi elektrọn 10 kwa EWNS).
Foto nke 5 na Tebụl nke 2 na-achịkọta oke mbelata nke nje ndị a gbara n'elu tomato mgbe e tinyere ha ihe dị ka 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS maka nkeji 45 n'okpuru ọnọdụ kacha mma [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. E. coli na L. innocua a gbara ọgwụ gosiri mbelata dị ukwuu nke 3.8 log mgbe nkeji 45 nke ikpughe ha. N'otu ọnọdụ ahụ, S. enterica gosipụtara mbelata dị ala nke 2.2 log, ebe S. cerevisiae na M. parafortuitum gosipụtara mbelata 1.0 log.
Electron micrographs (Foto nke 6) na-egosi mgbanwe anụ ahụ nke EWNS kpatara na mkpụrụ ndụ E. coli, Salmonella enterica, na L. innocua nke na-eduga na mmechi. Bakteria njikwa gosipụtara akpụkpọ sel ndị na-adịghị emebi emebi, ebe nje bacteria ndị a na-ekpughere emebiwo akpụkpọ mpụta.
Foto elektrọn microscopic nke njikwa na nje bacteria ekpughere gosiri mmebi akpụkpọ ahụ.
Data gbasara ihe ndị dị na physicochemical nke EWNS emelitere na-egosi na ihe ndị dị na EWNS (charge surface na ọdịnaya ROS) ka mma nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere data ntọala EWNS e bipụtara na mbụ8,9,10,11. N'aka nke ọzọ, nha ha nọgidere na oke nanometer, nke yiri nke nsonaazụ e bipụtara na mbụ, na-enye ha ohere ịnọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge. Enwere ike ịkọwa polydispersity a hụrụ site na mgbanwe na chajị elu, nke na-ekpebi oke nke mmetụta Rayleigh, enweghị usoro, na ike njikọta nke EWNS. Agbanyeghị, dịka Nielsen et al.22 kọwara, nnukwu chajị elu na-ebelata uzuoku site na ịbawanye ike/mgbali elu nke mmiri mmiri. E kwadoro echiche a na nnwale maka microdroplets22 na EWNS na mbipụta anyị gara aga8. Mfu nke oge karịrị akarị nwekwara ike imetụta nha ma tinye aka na nkesa nha a hụrụ.
Tinyere nke a, ụgwọ kwa nhazi bụ ihe dịka 22–44 e-, dabere na ọnọdụ dị, nke dị elu nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere EWNS bụ isi, nke nwere nkezi chajị nke elektrọn 10 ± 2 kwa nhazi. Agbanyeghị, a ga-amarịrị na nke a bụ nkezi chajị nke EWNS. Seto et al. Egosila na chajị ahụ abụghị otu ma na-eso nkesa log-normal21. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ anyị gara aga, okpukpu abụọ chajị elu na-eme ka arụmọrụ nkwụnye ego dị na sistemụ EPES dịkwuo okpukpu abụọ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100%11.