Izingxenye zokuvikela iphampu ziye zafakazelwa ukuthi zivikela amaphampu esihlabathini futhi zandisa impilo yokusebenza kwama-ESP emithonjeni engajwayelekile. Lesi sixazululo silawula ukugeleza emuva kwesihlabathi se-frac kanye nezinye izinto eziqinile ezingabangela ukugcwala ngokweqile kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi. Ubuchwepheshe obuvumelayo buqeda izinkinga ezihlobene nokungaqiniseki kokusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya.
Njengoba imithombo eminingi kawoyela ithembele kuma-ESP, ukwandisa impilo yezinhlelo zokupompa ezicwiliswayo zikagesi (i-ESP) kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Impilo yokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kwamaphampu okuphakamisa okwenziwe kuyazwela ezintweni eziqinile eziketshezini ezikhiqizwayo. Impilo yokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kwe-ESP kwehle kakhulu ngokwanda kwezinhlayiya eziqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziqinile zandisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi komthombo kanye nemvamisa yokusebenza edingekayo ukuze kuthathelwe indawo i-ESP.
Izinhlayiya eziqinile ezivame ukugeleza ngamaphampu okuphakamisa okwenziwa zifaka phakathi isihlabathi sokwakheka, ama-hydraulic fracturing proppants, usimende, kanye nezinhlayiya zensimbi ezigugile noma ezigqwalile. Ubuchwepheshe be-Downhole obuklanyelwe ukuhlukanisa izinto eziqinile busukela ezindizeni ezingasebenzi kahle kuya ku-wire mesh yensimbi engagqwali ye-3D esebenza kahle kakhulu. Ama-downhole vortex desanders asetshenziswe emithonjeni evamile amashumi eminyaka, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ukuvikela amaphampu ezinhlayiyeni ezinkulu ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa. Kodwa-ke, imithombo engavamile ingaphansi kokugeleza kwe-slug okungapheli, okuholela ekutheni ubuchwepheshe obukhona bokuhlukanisa i-downhole vortex busebenza ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zezikrini zokulawula isihlabathi ezihlanganisiwe kanye nama-downhole vortex desanders ukuvikela ama-ESP. Kodwa-ke, kunezikhala ekusebenzeni kokuvikela nokukhiqiza kwawo wonke amaphampu ngenxa yokungaqiniseki ekusabalaleni kosayizi kanye nomthamo wezinto eziqinile ezikhiqizwa umthombo ngamunye. Ukungaqiniseki kwandisa ubude bezingxenye zokulawula isihlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukujula lapho i-ESP ingabekwa khona, kunciphise amandla okwehla kwesitsha se-ESP, futhi kuthinte kabi ezomnotho womthombo. Ukujula okujulile kokubeka kuyathandwa emithonjeni engajwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwama-de-sanders kanye nama-anchor odaka abesilisa ukuze kumiswe izinhlangano zokulawula isihlabathi ezinde, eziqinile ezingxenyeni ze-casing ezinobunzima obukhulu be-dogleg, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ESP MTBF okulinganiselwe. Ukugqwala kwepayipi langaphakathi kungenye isici salo mklamo esingakahlolwa ngokwanele.
Abalobi bephepha lika-2005 bethule imiphumela yokuhlola yesihlukanisi sesihlabathi esingaphansi komhlaba esekelwe kushubhu lesiphepho (Isithombe 1), esasincike esenzweni sesiphepho kanye namandla adonsela phansi, ukukhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa kuncike ekuqineni kwamafutha, izinga lokugeleza, kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya. Bakhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwesihlukanisi kuncike kakhulu ejubaneni lokugcina lezinhlayiya. Ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa kwehla ngokuncipha kwesilinganiso sokugeleza, ukwehla kosayizi wezinhlayiya eziqinile, kanye nokwanda kwe-viscosity yamafutha, Isithombe 2. Kumhlukanisi ojwayelekile weshubhu lesiphepho esingaphansi komhlaba, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa kwehla ku-~10% njengoba usayizi wezinhlayiya wehla ku-~100 µm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izinga lokugeleza landa, umhlukanisi we-vortex ubhekene nokuguguleka kokuguguleka, okuthinta ukusetshenziswa kwezingxenye zesakhiwo impilo.
Enye indlela enengqondo elandelayo ukusebenzisa isikrini sokulawula isihlabathi se-2D esinobubanzi besikhala esichaziwe. Usayizi wezinhlayiya kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwazo kuyizinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha izikrini zokuhlunga izinto eziqinile ekukhiqizweni komthombo ojwayelekile noma ongavamile, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi azikaziwa. Izinto eziqinile zingavela echibini, kodwa zingahluka kusukela esithendeni kuya esithendeni; kungenjalo, isikrini singadinga ukuhlunga isihlabathi kusukela ekuqhekekeni kwe-hydraulic. Kunoma yikuphi, izindleko zokuqoqwa kwezinto eziqinile, ukuhlaziywa kanye nokuhlolwa zingaba zinkulu.
Uma isikrini sepayipi le-2D singalungiswanga kahle, imiphumela ingalimaza umnotho womthombo. Izimbobo zesikrini sesihlabathi ezincane kakhulu zingabangela ukuvalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuvalwa kanye nesidingo sokulungiswa kabusha. Uma zikhulu kakhulu, zivumela izinto eziqinile ukuthi zingene ngokukhululeka enkambisweni yokukhiqiza, ezingalimaza amapayipi kawoyela, zilimaze amaphampu okuphakamisa okwenziwa, zikhiphe ama-choke angaphezulu futhi zigcwalise abahlukanisi bomphezulu, okudinga ukuqhunyiswa kwesihlabathi nokulahlwa. Lesi simo sidinga ikhambi elilula nelingabizi kakhulu elingandisa impilo yephampu futhi lihlanganise ukusabalala okubanzi kobukhulu besihlabathi.
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalesi sidingo, kwenziwe ucwaningo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezingxenye zamavalvu kuhlanganiswe ne-wire mesh yensimbi engagqwali, okungazweli ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziqinile ezivelayo. Izifundo zibonise ukuthi i-wire mesh yensimbi engagqwali enosayizi we-pore oguquguqukayo kanye nesakhiwo se-3D ingalawula ngempumelelo izinto eziqinile zobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ngaphandle kokwazi ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya zezinto eziqinile ezivelayo. I-wire mesh yensimbi engagqwali ye-3D ingalawula ngempumelelo izinhlamvu zesihlabathi zazo zonke izinhlobo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlunga okwengeziwe.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwevalvu okufakwe phansi kwesikrini kuvumela ukukhiqizwa ukuthi kuqhubeke kuze kube yilapho i-ESP ikhishwa. Kuvimbela i-ESP ukuthi ilandwe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba isikrini sivaliwe. Isikrini sokulawula isihlabathi sokungena kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwevalvu okuphumelayo kuvikela ama-ESP, amaphampu okuphakamisa induku, kanye nokuqedwa kokuphakamisa igesi ezintweni eziqinile ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa ngokuhlanza ukugeleza koketshezi futhi kunikeza ikhambi elingabizi kakhulu lokwandisa impilo yePump ngaphandle kokulungisa izici zedamu ezimweni ezahlukene.
Umklamo wokuvikela iphampu wesizukulwane sokuqala. Inhlangano yokuvikela iphampu esebenzisa izikrini zoboya zensimbi engagqwali yafakwa emthonjeni wokudonsa amanzi osizwa umusi eNtshonalanga Canada ukuvikela i-ESP ezintweni eziqinile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Izikrini zihlunga izinto eziqinile eziyingozi oketshezini lokukhiqiza njengoba lungena entanjeni yokukhiqiza. Ngaphakathi kwentambo yokukhiqiza, uketshezi lugeleza luye endaweni yokungena ye-ESP, lapho lupontshwa khona luye phezulu. Ama-packer angaqhutshwa phakathi kwesikrini ne-ESP ukuze ahlinzeke ngokuhlukaniswa kwe-zonal phakathi kwendawo yokukhiqiza kanye nomgodi ongaphezulu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sokukhiqiza, isikhala se-annular phakathi kwesikrini kanye ne-casing sivame ukuhlangana nesihlabathi, okwandisa ukumelana nokugeleza. Ekugcineni, i-annlus ihlangana ngokuphelele, iyeke ukugeleza, futhi idale umehluko wokucindezela phakathi kwe-wellbor kanye nentambo yokukhiqiza, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Kuleli qophelo, uketshezi alusakwazi ukugeleza luye ku-ESP futhi intambo yokuqeda kumele idonswe. Kuye ngezinhlobo eziningana ezihambisana nokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziqinile, isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kumiswe ukugeleza ngebhuloho lezinto eziqinile esikrinini singase sibe ngaphansi kwesikhathi esingavumela i-ESP ukuthi ipompe uketshezi olugcwele izinto eziqinile isikhathi esimaphakathi phakathi kokwehluleka phansi, ngakho-ke isizukulwane sesibili sezingxenye sakhiwe.
I-pump protection assembly yesizukulwane sesibili. Isikrini sokulawula isihlabathi sokungena se-PumpGuard* kanye nohlelo lokuhlanganisa i-valve lumiswe ngaphansi kwe-REDA* pump ku-Figure 4, isibonelo sokuqedwa kwe-ESP okungajwayelekile. Uma umthombo usukhiqiza, isikrini sihlunga izinto eziqinile ezikhiqizwayo, kodwa sizoqala ukuhlangana kancane nesihlabathi futhi sakhe umehluko wokucindezela. Lapho lo mfutho wokuhlukanisa ufinyelela ingcindezi yokuqhekeka kwesethi ye-valve, i-valve iyavuleka, ivumela uketshezi ukuthi lugeleze ngqo entanjeni yepayipi iye ku-ESP. Lokhu kugeleza kulinganisa umehluko wokucindezela esikrinini, kukhulule ukubamba kwezikhwama zesihlabathi ngaphandle kwesikrini. Isihlabathi sikhululekile ukuphuma ku-annulus, okunciphisa ukumelana nokugeleza esikrinini futhi kuvumele ukugeleza kuqhubeke. Njengoba ingcindezi yokungafani yehla, i-valve ibuyela endaweni yayo evaliwe futhi izimo zokugeleza ezijwayelekile ziqala kabusha. Phinda lo mjikelezo kuze kube yilapho kudingeka ukukhipha i-ESP emgodini ukuze ilungiswe. Izifundo zamacala eziqokonyisiwe kulesi sihloko zibonisa ukuthi uhlelo luyakwazi ukwandisa kakhulu impilo ye-pump uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenza kokuqeda ukuhlolwa kuphela.
Ekufakweni kwakamuva, kwethulwe ikhambi elisebenzisa izindleko ukuze kuhlukaniswe indawo phakathi kwe-wire mesh yensimbi engagqwali kanye ne-ESP. I-cup packer ebheke phansi ifakwe ngaphezu kwesigaba sesikrini. Ngaphezulu kwe-cup packer, ukubhoboka okwengeziwe kweshubhu eliphakathi kunikeza indlela yokugeleza koketshezi olukhiqiziwe ukuze lusuke ngaphakathi kwesikrini luye esikhaleni esingaphansi kwe-packer, lapho uketshezi lungangena khona ekungeneni kwe-ESP.
Isihlungi sensimbi engagqwali esikhethelwe lesi sixazululo sinikeza izinzuzo eziningana kunezinhlobo ze-2D mesh ezisekelwe ezikhaleni. Izihlungi ze-2D zithembele kakhulu ezinhlayiyeni ezihlanganisa izikhala noma izikhala zesihlungi ukwakha izikhwama zesihlabathi futhi zinikeze ukulawula kwesihlabathi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kungakhethwa inani elilodwa lesikhala esikrinini, isikrini siba bucayi kakhulu ekusabalaleni kosayizi wezinhlayiyana koketshezi olukhiqizwayo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, umbhede ojiyile we-mesh wezihlungi ze-wire mesh zensimbi engagqwali unikeza ukugoba okuphezulu (92%) kanye nendawo enkulu evulekile yokugeleza (40%) koketshezi olukhiqizwe kahle. Isihlungi sakhiwa ngokucindezela i-mesh ye-fleece yensimbi engagqwali bese siyisonga ngqo eduze kwepayipi eliphakathi elinezimbobo, bese siyihlanganisa ngaphakathi kwesembozo esivikelayo esinezimbobo esihlanganiswe nepayipi eliphakathi ekugcineni ngakunye. Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-pores embhedeni we-mesh, ukuqondiswa kwe-angular okungafani (kusukela ku-15 µm kuya ku-600 µm) kuvumela izinhlawulo ezingenabungozi ukuthi zigeleze endleleni yokugeleza kwe-3D eya epayipini eliphakathi ngemuva kokuba izinhlayiya ezinkulu neziyingozi zibanjwe ngaphakathi kwe-mesh. Ukuhlolwa kokugcinwa kwesihlabathi kumasampula alesi sihlungi kubonise ukuthi isihlungi sigcina ukungena okuphezulu ngoba uketshezi lukhiqizwa ngesihlungi. Ngokuphumelelayo, lesi sihlungi "sosayizi" esisodwa singaphatha konke ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya zoketshezi olukhiqiziwe oluhlangatshezwane nalo. Lesi sihlungi se-wool sensimbi engagqwali sakhiwa ngumsebenzisi omkhulu ngawo-1980 ikakhulukazi ekuqedeni isikrini esizimele ezindaweni zokugcina ezivuselelwe umusi futhi sinerekhodi elikhulu lokufakwa okuphumelelayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwevalvu kuqukethe ivalvu efakwe entwasahlobo evumela ukugeleza kwendlela eyodwa kungene entanjeni yepayipi kusuka endaweni yokukhiqiza. Ngokulungisa ukulayisha kwangaphambili kwentwasahlobo yekhoyili ngaphambi kokufakwa, ivalvu ingenziwa ngokwezifiso ukuze kufezwe ingcindezi yokuqhekeka oyifunayo yokusetshenziswa. Ngokuvamile, ivalvu isebenza ngaphansi kwe-wire mesh yensimbi engagqwali ukuze inikeze indlela yesibili yokugeleza phakathi kwedamu kanye ne-ESP. Kwezinye izimo, amavalvu amaningi kanye nama-meshe ensimbi engagqwali asebenza ngokulandelana, lapho ivalvu ephakathi inengcindezi yokuqhekeka ephansi kunevalvu ephansi kakhulu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlayiya zokwakheka zigcwalisa indawo ezungezile phakathi kobuso bangaphandle besikrini sokuhlangana sesivikelo sephampu kanye nodonga lwebhokisi lokukhiqiza. Njengoba umgodi ugcwala isihlabathi futhi izinhlayiya zihlangana, ukwehla kwengcindezi esikhwama sesihlabathi kuyanda. Lapho lokhu kwehla kwengcindezi kufinyelela inani elibekiwe, ivalvu yekhoni iyavuleka futhi ivumela ukugeleza ngqo ngomnyango wephampu. Kulesi sigaba, ukugeleza ngephayiphi kuyakwazi ukuphula isihlabathi esihlanganisiwe ngaphambili ngaphandle kwesihlungi sesikrini. Ngenxa yokwehluka kwengcindezi okuncishisiwe, ukugeleza kuzoqhubeka esikrinini futhi ivalvu yokungenisa izovala. Ngakho-ke, iphampu ingabona ukugeleza ngqo kusuka kuvalvu isikhathi esifushane. Lokhu kwandisa impilo yephampu, njengoba iningi lokugeleza liwuketshezi oluhlungiwe ngesikrini sesihlabathi.
Uhlelo lokuvikela iphampu lwalusetshenziswa ngama-packers emithonjeni emithathu ehlukene eDelaware Basin e-United States. Umgomo oyinhloko ukunciphisa inani lokuqala nokuyeka kwe-ESP ngenxa yokulayisha ngokweqile okuhlobene nesihlabathi nokwandisa ukutholakala kwe-ESP ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa. Uhlelo lokuvikela iphampu lumiswe engxenyeni engezansi yentambo ye-ESP. Imiphumela yomthombo kawoyela ikhombisa ukusebenza kahle kwephampu, ukwehla kokudlidliza kanye namandla kagesi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuvikela iphampu. Ngemva kokufaka uhlelo olusha, isikhathi sokungasebenzi esihlobene nesihlabathi kanye nezinto eziqinile sancishiswa ngo-75% kanti impilo yephampu yanda ngaphezu kuka-22%.
Umthombo. Uhlelo lwe-ESP lufakwe emthonjeni omusha wokubhoboza nokuqhekeka eMartin County, eTexas. Ingxenye eqondile yomthombo cishe ingamamitha angu-9,000 kanti ingxenye evundlile ifinyelela kumamitha angu-12,000, ukujula okulinganisiwe (MD). Ekuqedeni kokuqala okubili, uhlelo lokuhlukanisa isihlabathi se-vortex olunezixhumi eziyisithupha ze-liner lufakiwe njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuqedwa kwe-ESP. Ekufakweni okubili okulandelanayo kusetshenziswa uhlobo olufanayo lokuhlukanisa isihlabathi, ukuziphatha okungazinzile kwamapharamitha okusebenza e-ESP (ukuqina kwamanje nokudlidliza) kwabonwa. Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlukaniswa kweyunithi ye-ESP edonswe kwembula ukuthi i-assembly yokuhlukanisa igesi ye-vortex yayivalekile ngezinto zangaphandle, okwatholakala ukuthi iyisihlabathi ngoba ayinamandla futhi ayisabelani ngamakhemikhali ne-asidi.
Ekufakweni kwesithathu kwe-ESP, i-wire mesh yensimbi engagqwali yathatha indawo yesihlukanisi sesihlabathi njengendlela yokulawula isihlabathi se-ESP. Ngemva kokufaka uhlelo olusha lokuvikela iphampu, i-ESP ibonise ukuziphatha okuzinzile kakhudlwana, kunciphisa ububanzi bokuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi wemoto kusuka ku-~19 A kokufakwa #2 kuya ku-~6.3 A kokufakwa #3. Ukudlidliza kuzinzile kakhudlwana futhi umkhuba uncishisiwe ngo-75%. Ukwehla kwengcindezi nakho bekuzinzile, kushintshashintsha kancane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokufakwa kwangaphambilini futhi kwathola ukwehla kwengcindezi okungu-100 psi okwengeziwe. Ukuvalwa kwe-ESP overload kuncishisiwe ngo-100% futhi i-ESP isebenza ngokudlidliza okuphansi.
Well B. Komunye umthombo eduze kwase-Eunice, eNew Mexico, omunye umthombo ongajwayelekile wawufake i-ESP kodwa wawungenalo ukuvikelwa kwephampu. Ngemva kokwehla kokuqala kwe-boot, i-ESP yaqala ukubonisa ukuziphatha okungaguquki. Ukuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi kanye nokucindezela kuhlotshaniswa nokukhuphuka kokudlidliza. Ngemva kokugcina lezi zimo izinsuku ezingu-137, i-ESP yehluleka futhi kwafakwa enye esikhundleni sayo. Ukufakwa kwesibili kufaka phakathi uhlelo olusha lokuvikela iphampu olune-ESP efanayo. Ngemva kokuthi umthombo uphinde waqala ukukhiqizwa, i-ESP yayisebenza ngokujwayelekile, ine-amperage ezinzile kanye nokudlidliza okuncane. Ngesikhathi sokushicilelwa, ukusebenza kwesibili kwe-ESP kwase kufinyelele ezinsukwini ezingaphezu kuka-300 zokusebenza, intuthuko enkulu kunokufakwa kwangaphambilini.
Well C. Ukufakwa kwesithathu kohlelo endaweni kwakuseMentone, eTexas, yinkampani ekhethekile kawoyela negesi eyabhekana nokungasebenzi kahle kanye nokwehluleka kwe-ESP ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwesihlabathi futhi yayifuna ukuthuthukisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwephampu. Abasebenzi bavame ukusebenzisa abahlukanisi besihlabathi abangaphansi komhlaba abane-liner emthonjeni ngamunye we-ESP. Kodwa-ke, uma i-liner isigcwele isihlabathi, i-separator izovumela isihlabathi ukuthi sigeleze engxenyeni yephampu, sigqwalise isigaba sephampu, amabheringi kanye nomgodi, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokuphakanyiswa. Ngemuva kokusebenzisa uhlelo olusha ngesivikelo sephampu, i-ESP inokuphila kokusebenza okude ngo-22% ngokwehla kwengcindezi okuzinzile kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza esingcono esihlobene ne-ESP.
Inani lokuvalwa okuhlobene nesihlabathi kanye nezinto eziqinile ngesikhathi sokusebenza lehle ngo-75%, kusukela ezenzakalweni ezingu-8 zokulayisha ngokweqile ekufakweni kokuqala kuya kwezimbili ekufakweni kwesibili, kanti inani lokuqalisa kabusha okuphumelelayo ngemva kokuvalwa kokulayisha ngokweqile lenyuke ngo-30%, kusukela kwezingu-8 ekufakweni kokuqala. Ingqikithi yemicimbi engu-12, yemicimbi engu-8 iyonke, yenziwe ekufakweni kwesibili, kunciphisa ukucindezeleka kukagesi emishinini futhi kwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwe-ESP.
Isithombe 5 sibonisa ukwanda okungazelelwe kwesiginesha yokucindezela kokungenisa (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) lapho i-mesh yensimbi engagqwali ivinjiwe futhi i-valve ivulwa. Lesi siginesha sokucindezela singathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ngokubikezela ukwehluleka kwe-ESP okuhlobene nesihlabathi, ngakho-ke imisebenzi yokufaka esikhundleni ngama-rig okusebenza ingahlelwa.
1 Martins, JA, ES Rosa, S. Robson, “Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlola kwe-swirl tube njengedivayisi ye-downhole desander,” Iphepha le-SPE 94673-MS, elethulwe eNgqungqutheleni ye-SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering, eRio de Janeiro, eBrazil, ngoJuni 20 - 23 kuNhlolanja 2005.https://doi.org/10.2118/94673-MS.
Lesi sihloko siqukethe izinto ezivela ephepheni le-SPE 207926-MS, elethulwe eMbukisweni Wamafutha Wamazwe Ngamazwe wase-Abu Dhabi kanye neNgqungquthela e-Abu Dhabi, e-UAE, 15-18 Novemba 2021.
Zonke izinto zingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile ye-copyright, sicela ufunde Imigomo Nemibandela yethu, Inqubomgomo Yamakhukhi kanye Nenqubomgomo Yobumfihlo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa le sayithi.