An tabbatar da cewa sassan kariya daga famfo suna kare famfo daga yashi kuma suna tsawaita rayuwar ESPs a cikin rijiyoyin da ba a saba gani ba. Wannan maganin yana sarrafa komawar yashi mai kauri da sauran abubuwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda zasu iya haifar da wuce gona da iri da kuma raguwar lokacin aiki. Fasaha mai ba da damar tana kawar da matsalolin da ke tattare da rashin tabbas game da rarraba girman barbashi.
Yayin da rijiyoyin mai da yawa ke dogaro da ESPs, tsawaita rayuwar tsarin famfo mai amfani da wutar lantarki (ESP) yana ƙara zama mahimmanci. Rayuwar aiki da aikin famfon ɗagawa na wucin gadi suna da alaƙa da daskararru a cikin ruwan da aka samar. Rayuwar aiki da aikin ESP sun ragu sosai tare da ƙaruwar ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi. Bugu da ƙari, daskararru suna ƙara lokacin raguwar rijiyar da kuma yawan aiki da ake buƙata don maye gurbin ESP.
Barbashi masu tauri waɗanda galibi ke gudana ta famfunan ɗagawa na wucin gadi sun haɗa da yashi na halitta, abubuwan da ke haifar da fashewar hydraulic, siminti, da barbashi masu lalacewa ko kuma waɗanda suka lalace. Fasahohin ramin ƙasa waɗanda aka tsara don raba daskararru sun haɗa da guguwa masu ƙarancin inganci zuwa ragar waya mai ƙarfi ta 3D. An yi amfani da vortex desanders na ramin ƙasa tsawon shekaru da yawa, kuma ana amfani da su musamman don kare famfunan daga manyan barbashi yayin samarwa. Duk da haka, rijiyoyin da ba a saba gani ba suna fuskantar kwararar slug na lokaci-lokaci, wanda ke haifar da fasahar raba vortex na ramin ƙasa tana aiki ne kawai lokaci-lokaci.
An gabatar da nau'ikan allo na sarrafa yashi da kuma vortex desanders na ƙasa don kare ESPs. Duk da haka, akwai gibi a cikin aikin kariya da samarwa na dukkan famfo saboda rashin tabbas a cikin rarraba girman da girman daskararru da kowace rijiya ke samarwa. Rashin tabbas yana ƙara tsawon sassan sarrafa yashi, ta haka yana rage zurfin da za a iya saita ESP, yana iyakance yuwuwar raguwar ma'ajiyar ESP, kuma yana yin mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arzikin rijiyar. Zurfin saitin zurfi ana fifita shi a cikin rijiyoyin da ba a saba gani ba. Duk da haka, amfani da de-sanders da anga laka na maza don dakatar da dogayen tarukan sarrafa yashi a cikin sassan casing tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin dogleg. Tsatsa na bututun ciki wani ɓangare ne na wannan ƙira wanda ba a tantance shi sosai ba.
Marubutan wani takarda a shekarar 2005 sun gabatar da sakamakon gwaji na mai raba yashi a ramin da ke ƙasa bisa ga bututun guguwa (Hoto na 1), wanda ya dogara da aikin guguwar da nauyi, don nuna cewa ingancin rabuwa ya dogara ne da danko mai, saurin kwararar ruwa, da girman barbashi. Sun nuna cewa ingancin mai raba ya dogara ne da saurin ƙarshe na barbashi. Ingancin rabuwa yana raguwa tare da raguwar saurin kwarara, raguwar girman barbashi mai ƙarfi, da ƙara danko mai, Hoto na 2. Ga mai raba ramin saukar da bututun guguwar, ingancin rabuwar yana raguwa zuwa ~10% yayin da girman barbashi ya ragu zuwa ~100 µm. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yawan kwararar ruwa ke ƙaruwa, mai raba vortex yana fuskantar lalacewar zaizayar ƙasa, wanda ke shafar rayuwar abubuwan da ke cikin ginin.
Madadin da ya dace na gaba shine amfani da allon sarrafa yashi na 2D tare da faɗin ramin da aka ƙayyade. Girman barbashi da rarrabawa muhimman abubuwan la'akari ne lokacin zaɓar allo don tace daskararru a cikin samar da rijiyoyi na gargajiya ko na yau da kullun, amma ƙila ba a san su ba. Daskararru na iya fitowa daga wurin ajiyar ruwa, amma suna iya bambanta daga diddige zuwa diddige; a madadin haka, allon na iya buƙatar tace yashi daga fashewar hydraulic. A kowane hali, farashin tattara daskararru, bincike da gwaji na iya zama abin hanawa.
Idan ba a daidaita allon bututun 2D yadda ya kamata ba, sakamakon zai iya kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin rijiyar. Buɗewar allon yashi da suka yi ƙanƙanta na iya haifar da toshewa da wuri, rufewa da buƙatar gyara gyare-gyare. Idan sun yi girma sosai, suna barin daskararru su shiga cikin tsarin samarwa cikin 'yanci, wanda zai iya lalata bututun mai, lalata famfunan ɗagawa na wucin gadi, fitar da shaƙewa daga saman da kuma cike wuraren raba saman, wanda ke buƙatar busar da yashi da zubar da shi. Wannan yanayin yana buƙatar mafita mai sauƙi, mai araha wanda zai iya tsawaita rayuwar famfon da kuma rufe yashi mai faɗi.
Domin biyan wannan buƙata, an gudanar da bincike kan amfani da haɗakar bawuloli tare da ragar waya ta bakin ƙarfe, wanda ba shi da wani tasiri ga rarrabawar daskararrun da aka samu. Bincike ya nuna cewa ragar waya ta bakin ƙarfe mai girman rami mai canzawa da tsarin 3D na iya sarrafa daskararrun girma dabam-dabam yadda ya kamata ba tare da sanin rarrabawar girman barbashi na daskararrun da aka samu ba. Ragar waya ta bakin ƙarfe ta 3D za ta iya sarrafa daskararrun yashi na kowane girma yadda ya kamata, ba tare da buƙatar ƙarin tacewa na biyu ba.
Tarin bawul da aka ɗora a ƙasan allon yana ba da damar ci gaba da samarwa har sai an cire ESP. Yana hana a dawo da ESP nan da nan bayan an haɗa allon. Allon sarrafa yashi da haɗuwar bawul ɗin da ke shigowa yana kare ESPs, famfunan ɗaga sanda, da kammala ɗaga iskar gas daga daskararru yayin samarwa ta hanyar tsaftace kwararar ruwa kuma yana ba da mafita mai araha don tsawaita rayuwar famfo ba tare da buƙatar daidaita halayen tafki don yanayi daban-daban ba.
Tsarin kariyar famfo na ƙarni na farko. An sanya wani haɗin kariya na famfo ta amfani da allon ulu na bakin ƙarfe a cikin rijiyar magudanar ruwa mai taimako da tururi a Yammacin Kanada don kare ESP daga daskararru yayin samarwa. Allo yana tace daskararru masu cutarwa daga ruwan samarwa yayin da yake shiga igiyar samarwa. A cikin igiyar samarwa, ruwa yana kwarara zuwa mashigar ESP, inda ake tura su zuwa saman. Ana iya sarrafa masu fakiti tsakanin allon da ESP don samar da keɓewa tsakanin yankin samarwa da rijiyar sama.
A tsawon lokacin samarwa, sararin annular tsakanin allon da casing yana haɗuwa da yashi, wanda ke ƙara juriyar kwarara. Daga ƙarshe, annular gadoji gaba ɗaya, yana dakatar da kwarara, kuma yana haifar da bambancin matsin lamba tsakanin rijiyar da igiyar samarwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3. A wannan lokacin, ruwa ba zai iya sake kwarara zuwa ESP ba kuma dole ne a ja igiyar kammalawa. Dangane da wasu canje-canje da suka shafi samar da daskararru, tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata don dakatar da kwarara ta cikin gadar daskararru akan allon na iya zama ƙasa da tsawon lokacin da zai ba ESP damar yin famfo daskararru da aka ɗora da ruwa tsakanin gazawa zuwa ƙasa, don haka an haɓaka ƙarni na biyu na abubuwan haɗin.
Haɗakar kariyar famfo ta ƙarni na biyu. An dakatar da allon sarrafa yashi na PumpGuard* da tsarin haɗa bawul a ƙarƙashin famfon REDA* a Hoto na 4, misali na kammala ESP mara tsari. Da zarar rijiyar ta samar, allon yana tace daskararrun da ake samarwa, amma zai fara haɗuwa da yashi a hankali kuma ya ƙirƙiri bambancin matsin lamba. Lokacin da wannan matsin lamba ya kai matsin lambar fashewar bawul ɗin da aka saita, bawul ɗin yana buɗewa, yana barin ruwa ya gudana kai tsaye cikin igiyar bututu zuwa ESP. Wannan kwararar tana daidaita bambancin matsin lamba a kan allon, tana sassauta riƙon jakunkunan yashi a wajen allon. Yashi yana da 'yancin fita daga annulus, wanda ke rage juriyar kwarara ta allon kuma yana ba da damar kwarara ta ci gaba. Yayin da matsin lamba na bambanci ya faɗi, bawul ɗin yana komawa matsayinsa na rufewa kuma yanayin kwarara na yau da kullun ya ci gaba. Maimaita wannan zagaye har sai ya zama dole a cire ESP daga ramin don yin hidima. Nazarin shari'o'in da aka nuna a cikin wannan labarin ya nuna cewa tsarin yana iya tsawaita rayuwar famfon sosai idan aka kwatanta da kammala aikin tantancewa kawai.
Don shigarwar da aka yi kwanan nan, an gabatar da mafita mai inganci don ware yanki tsakanin ragar waya ta bakin karfe da ESP. An sanya na'urar fakin kofi mai fuskantar ƙasa a saman sashin allo. Sama da na'urar fakin kofi, ƙarin ramuka na bututun tsakiya suna ba da hanyar kwarara don ruwan da aka samar ya ƙaura daga cikin allon zuwa sararin annular da ke sama da na'urar fakin, inda ruwan zai iya shiga mashigar ESP.
Matatar raga ta waya ta bakin ƙarfe da aka zaɓa don wannan mafita tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa fiye da nau'ikan raga ta 2D mai tushen gibi. Matatun 2D sun dogara ne akan barbashi da ke ratsa gibin tacewa ko ramuka don gina jakunkunan yashi da kuma samar da sarrafa yashi. Duk da haka, tunda ƙimar gibi ɗaya ce kawai za a iya zaɓar don allon, allon yana da matuƙar kulawa ga rarrabawar girman barbashi na ruwan da aka samar.
Sabanin haka, kauri mai kauri na matatun waya na bakin karfe yana samar da babban rami (92%) da kuma babban yanki mai budewa (40%) don ruwan rijiyar da aka samar. Ana gina matatar ta hanyar matse ragar ulu ta bakin karfe sannan a nade ta kai tsaye a kusa da bututun tsakiya mai ramuka, sannan a lullube ta a cikin murfin kariya mai ramuka wanda aka nade shi zuwa bututun tsakiya a kowane gefe. Rarraba ramuka a cikin gadon raga, yanayin kusurwa mara iri ɗaya (daga 15 µm zuwa 600 µm) yana ba da damar kwararar da ba ta da lahani ta hanyar hanyar kwarara ta 3D zuwa bututun tsakiya bayan manyan ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa sun makale a cikin raga. Gwajin riƙe yashi akan samfuran wannan sieve ya nuna cewa matatar tana da isasshen iska saboda ana samar da ruwa ta hanyar sieve. A takaice, wannan matatar "girma" guda ɗaya zata iya ɗaukar duk rarrabawar girman barbashi na ruwan da aka samu. Babban mai aiki ne ya ƙirƙiro wannan allon ulu na bakin karfe a cikin shekarun 1980 musamman don kammala allo mai zaman kansa a cikin ma'ajiyar da tururi ke motsa shi kuma yana da tarihin nasarar shigarwa.
Haɗin bawul ɗin ya ƙunshi bawul mai nauyin maɓuɓɓuga wanda ke ba da damar kwararar hanya ɗaya zuwa cikin igiyar bututu daga yankin samarwa. Ta hanyar daidaita shigarwar maɓuɓɓugar murfi kafin shigarwa, ana iya keɓance bawul ɗin don cimma matsin lambar da ake so don aikace-aikacen. Yawanci, ana gudanar da bawul a ƙarƙashin ragar waya ta bakin ƙarfe don samar da hanyar kwarara ta biyu tsakanin tafki da ESP. A wasu lokuta, bawuloli da yawa da ragar ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe suna aiki a jere, tare da bawul na tsakiya yana da ƙaramin matsin lamba na fashewa fiye da bawul mafi ƙasƙanci.
Bayan lokaci, ƙwayoyin halitta suna cika yankin annular tsakanin saman waje na allon haɗa famfo da bangon akwatin samarwa. Yayin da ramin ke cika da yashi kuma ƙwayoyin suka haɗu, raguwar matsin lamba a kan jakar yashi yana ƙaruwa. Lokacin da wannan raguwar matsin lamba ta kai ƙimar da aka riga aka saita, bawul ɗin mazugi yana buɗewa kuma yana ba da damar kwarara kai tsaye ta hanyar famfo. A wannan matakin, kwararar da ke cikin bututun tana iya wargaza yashi da aka haɗa a baya tare da wajen matatar allo. Saboda raguwar bambancin matsin lamba, kwararar za ta ci gaba ta allon kuma bawul ɗin shiga zai rufe. Saboda haka, famfon zai iya ganin kwararar kai tsaye daga bawul ɗin na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wannan yana tsawaita rayuwar famfon, saboda yawancin kwararar ruwa ne da aka tace ta allon yashi.
An yi amfani da tsarin kariyar famfo tare da na'urorin tattara bayanai a cikin rijiyoyi uku daban-daban a cikin Delaware Basin a Amurka. Babban burin shine rage yawan farawa da tsayawar ESP saboda yawan yashi da ya yi yawa da kuma ƙara yawan ESP don inganta samarwa. An dakatar da tsarin kariyar famfo daga ƙarshen ƙasan igiyar ESP. Sakamakon rijiyar mai ya nuna ingantaccen aikin famfo, raguwar girgiza da ƙarfin halin yanzu, da fasahar kariyar famfo. Bayan shigar da sabon tsarin, lokacin dakatarwa da yashi da daskararru ya ragu da kashi 75% kuma tsawon lokacin famfo ya ƙaru da sama da kashi 22%.
Rijiya. An sanya tsarin ESP a cikin sabon rijiyar haƙa da fashewar abubuwa a Martin County, Texas. Yankin tsaye na rijiyar yana da kimanin ƙafa 9,000 kuma ɓangaren kwance ya kai zurfin ƙafa 12,000, wanda aka auna (MD). A cikin kammalawa biyu na farko, an sanya tsarin raba yashi mai ramin rami mai ramuka shida a matsayin wani ɓangare na kammala ESP. Don shigarwa biyu a jere ta amfani da nau'in raba yashi iri ɗaya, an lura da rashin daidaituwa na sigogin aiki na ESP (ƙarfin halin yanzu da girgiza). Binciken wargajewar na'urar ESP da aka ja ya nuna cewa taron raba iskar gas na vortex ya toshe da wani abu na waje, wanda aka ƙaddara ya zama yashi saboda ba shi da maganadisu kuma baya yin martani ta hanyar sinadarai da acid.
A cikin shigarwar ESP ta uku, ragar waya ta bakin ƙarfe ta maye gurbin mai raba yashi a matsayin hanyar sarrafa yashi ta ESP. Bayan shigar da sabon tsarin kariyar famfo, ESP ya nuna ƙarin ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi, yana rage kewayon canjin wutar lantarki daga ~19 A don shigarwa #2 zuwa ~6.3 A don shigarwa #3. Girgiza ta fi ƙarfi kuma yanayin ya ragu da 75%. Rage matsin lamba kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfi, yana canzawa kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da shigarwar da ta gabata kuma ya sami ƙarin raguwar matsin lamba 100 psi. Rufewar ESP mai yawa ya ragu da 100% kuma ESP yana aiki da ƙarancin girgiza.
Rijiyar B. A wata rijiya kusa da Eunice, New Mexico, wata rijiya da ba ta saba da ita ba an sanya ESP amma babu kariyar famfo. Bayan faɗuwar farko ta boot, ESP ta fara nuna rashin daidaito. Sauye-sauye a cikin halin yanzu da matsin lamba suna da alaƙa da ƙarar girgiza. Bayan kiyaye waɗannan yanayi na tsawon kwanaki 137, ESP ta gaza kuma an sanya wani madadin. Shigarwa ta biyu ta haɗa da sabon tsarin kariyar famfo tare da tsarin ESP iri ɗaya. Bayan rijiyar ta ci gaba da samarwa, ESP tana aiki yadda ya kamata, tare da amperage mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin girgiza. A lokacin bugawa, aikin ESP na biyu ya kai sama da kwanaki 300 na aiki, babban ci gaba fiye da shigarwar da ta gabata.
To C. Shigar da tsarin na uku a wurin aiki ya kasance a Mentone, Texas, ta hannun wani kamfani na musamman na mai da iskar gas wanda ya fuskanci katsewa da gazawar ESP saboda samar da yashi kuma yana son inganta lokacin amfani da famfo. Masu aiki galibi suna amfani da raba yashi a cikin rami tare da liner a cikin kowace rijiyar ESP. Duk da haka, da zarar layin ya cika da yashi, mai raba zai ba da damar yashi ya gudana ta cikin sashin famfo, yana lalata matakin famfo, bearings da shaft, wanda ke haifar da asarar ɗagawa. Bayan gudanar da sabon tsarin tare da mai kare famfo, ESP yana da tsawon rai na aiki na 22% tare da raguwar matsin lamba mafi kwanciyar hankali da kuma ingantaccen lokacin aiki mai alaƙa da ESP.
Adadin rufewar da ta shafi yashi da daskararru yayin aiki ya ragu da kashi 75%, daga aukuwar overload guda 8 a shigarwar farko zuwa biyu a shigarwar ta biyu, kuma adadin nasarar sake farawa bayan rufe overload ya karu da kashi 30%, daga 8 a shigarwar ta farko. An gudanar da jimillar aukuwa guda 12, jimillar aukuwa guda 8, a shigarwar ta biyu, wanda ya rage matsin lamba na lantarki akan kayan aiki da kuma kara tsawon lokacin aiki na ESP.
Siffa ta 5 ta nuna ƙaruwar matsin lamba a cikin sa hannun shigar iska (shuɗi) lokacin da aka toshe ragar bakin ƙarfe kuma aka buɗe haɗin bawul. Wannan sa hannun matsin lamba zai iya ƙara inganta ingancin samarwa ta hanyar hasashen gazawar ESP da ke da alaƙa da yashi, don haka ana iya tsara ayyukan maye gurbin da na'urorin aiki.
1 Martins, JA, ES Rosa, S. Robson, “Nazarin gwaji na bututun juyawa a matsayin na'urar cire ruwa daga ramin,” Takardar SPE 94673-MS, da aka gabatar a taron SPE Latin America da Injiniyan Man Fetur na Caribbean, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20 ga Yuni - 23 ga Fabrairu, 2005.https://doi.org/10.2118/94673-MS.
Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi abubuwa daga takardar SPE mai lamba 207926-MS, wadda aka gabatar a bikin baje kolin man fetur na duniya na Abu Dhabi da aka gudanar a Abu Dhabi, UAE, daga 15-18 ga Nuwamba, 2021.
Duk kayan suna ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin mallaka da aka aiwatar sosai, da fatan za a karanta Sharuɗɗanmu da Ka'idojinmu, Manufofin Kukis da Manufofin Sirri kafin amfani da wannan rukunin yanar gizon.