Kua whakamātauhia ngā wāhanga tiaki papu hei tiaki i ngā papu mai i te onepu, hei whakaroa hoki i te roa o te mahi a ngā ESP i roto i ngā puna rerekē. Ka whakahaere tēnei otinga i te rere whakamuri o te onepu frac me ētahi atu totoka ka taea te whakararu i te mahi me te wā whakamutu. Ka whakakorea e te hangarau whakahohe ngā raruraru e pā ana ki te koretake o te tohatoha rahi matūriki.
I te mea ka nui haere ngā puna hinu e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā ESP, ka nui haere te hiranga o te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o ngā pūnaha papu hiko ruku (ESP). He tairongo te roa o te mahi me te mahi a ngā papu hiki horihori ki ngā mea totoka i roto i ngā wai kua whakaputaina. Ka tino heke te roa o te mahi me te mahi a te ESP me te pikinga ake o ngā matūriki totoka. Hei tāpiri, ka whakanuia e ngā mea totoka te wā whakamutu o te puna me te auau mahi e hiahiatia ana hei whakakapi i te ESP.
Ko ngā matūriki totoka e rere pinepine ana i roto i ngā papu hiki horihori ko te onepu hanganga, ngā taputapu pakaru waipēhi, te sima, me ngā matūriki konganuku kua memeha, kua waikura rānei. Ko ngā hangarau poka raro i hangaia hei wehewehe i ngā totoka mai i ngā awhiowhio iti-te-pai ki te mata waea maitai kore waikura 3D-te-pai teitei. Kua whakamahia ngā tango waikura vortex poka raro i roto i ngā puna tikanga mō ngā tekau tau, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei tiaki i ngā papu mai i ngā matūriki nui i te wā e whakaputa ana. Heoi, ka pāngia ngā puna kore tikanga e te rere ngaru wā-poto, ka hua ake ko te hangarau wehewehe vortex poka raro o nāianei e mahi wā-poto noa iho.
He maha ngā momo rerekē o ngā mata whakahaere onepu me ngā taputapu tango wai whakararo kua whakaarohia hei tiaki i ngā ESP. Heoi, he āputa kei roto i te tiakitanga me te mahi whakaputa o ngā papu katoa nā te koretake o te tohatoha rahi me te rahinga o ngā totoka i hangaia e ia puna. Ka whakanuia e te koretake te roa o ngā wāhanga whakahaere onepu, ka whakaitihia te hohonutanga ka taea te whakatakoto i te ESP, ka whakawhāiti i te kaha whakaheke o te puna ESP, ā, ka pā kino ki te ōhanga o te puna. Ko ngā hohonutanga whakatakoto hohonu ake te mea e pai ake ana i roto i ngā puna kore tikanga. Heoi, ko te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu tango wai me ngā punga paru mono-tāne hei whakairi i ngā huihuinga whakahaere onepu roa, pakari i roto i ngā wāhanga anga me te kaha dogleg teitei i whakawhāiti i ngā whakapainga MTBF ESP. Ko te waikura o te ngongo o roto ko tētahi atu āhuatanga o tēnei hoahoa kāore anō kia arotakehia rawatia.
I whakaatuhia e ngā kaituhi o tētahi pepa o te tau 2005 ngā hua whakamātautau o tētahi wehewehe onepu o raro i runga i tētahi ngongo āwhiowhio (Pikitia 1), i whakawhirinaki ki te mahi āwhiowhio me te kaha ā-papatipu, hei whakaatu ko te whai huatanga o te wehewehenga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te matotoru o te hinu, te tere rere, me te rahi o te matūriki. E whakaatu ana rātou ko te whai huatanga o te wehewehenga e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te tere mutunga o ngā matūriki. Ka heke te whai huatanga o te wehewehenga me te hekenga o te tere rere, te hekenga o te rahi o te matūriki totoka, me te pikinga o te matotoru o te hinu, Pikitia 2. Mō tētahi wehewehenga raro ngongo āwhiowhio noa, ka heke te whai huatanga o te wehewehenga ki te ~10% i te hekenga o te rahi o te matūriki ki te ~100 µm. Hei tāpiri, i te pikinga o te tere rere, ka pāngia te wehewehenga vortex e te pakaru, ka pā ki te roa o te whakamahinga o ngā wāhanga hanganga.
Ko te huarahi whai muri ko te whakamahi i tētahi mata whakahaere onepu 2D me te whānui o te mokowā kua tautuhia. He mea nui te rahi me te tohatoha o te matūriki ina whiriwhiria ana ngā mata hei tātari i ngā totoka i roto i te hanga puna tikanga, engari kāore pea i te mōhiotia. Tērā pea ka ahu mai ngā totoka i te puna wai, engari ka rerekē pea i waenga i te rekereke ki te rekereke; ki te kore, me tātari pea te mata i te onepu mai i te pakaru waipēhi. Ahakoa pēhea, ka nui rawa te utu o te kohikohi, te tātari me te whakamātautau i ngā totoka.
Mena kāore i te tika te whirihoranga o te mata ngongo 2D, ka raru pea ngā hua i te ōhanga o te puna. Ka taea e ngā whakatuwheratanga o te mata onepu iti rawa te aukati wawe, te whakaweto me te hiahia mō ngā mahi whakatikatika. Mena he nui rawa, ka taea e ngā mea totoka te uru noa ki te tukanga whakaputa, ka taea te waikura i ngā paipa hinu, te kino i ngā papu hiki horihori, te horoi i ngā aukati mata me te whakakī i ngā wehewehe mata, me te hiahia ki te pupuhi onepu me te whakakore. Me whai otinga ngāwari, utu-pai tēnei āhuatanga ka taea te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o te papu me te kapi i te tohatoha whānui o ngā rahi onepu.
Hei whakatutuki i tēnei hiahia, i whakahaerehia he rangahau mō te whakamahinga o ngā huihuinga takirere me te whatu waea kowiri tira, kāore e pāngia e te tohatoha o ngā totoka ka puta. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka taea e te whatu waea kowiri tira me te rahi o ngā pore me te hanganga 3D te whakahaere pai i ngā totoka o ngā rahi rerekē me te kore e mōhio ki te tohatoha rahi matūriki o ngā totoka ka puta. Ka taea e te whatu waea kowiri tira 3D te whakahaere pai i ngā kirikiri o ngā rahi katoa, me te kore e hiahiatia he tātari tuarua tāpiri.
Mā te huihuinga takirere e mau ana ki raro o te mata ka taea te haere tonu te mahi whakaputa tae noa ki te unuhia o te ESP. Ka ārai i te tangohanga tonu o te ESP i muri i te hononga o te mata. Ko te mata whakahaere onepu tomo me te huihuinga takirere ka tiakina ngā ESP, ngā papu hiki tokotoko, me ngā otinga hiki hau mai i ngā totoka i te wā whakaputa mā te horoi i te rere o te wai, ā, ka whakaratohia he otinga utu-whai hua hei whakaroa i te roa o te Papu me te kore e hiahia ki te whakarite i ngā āhuatanga o te puna wai mō ngā āhuatanga rerekē.
Te hoahoa tiaki papu o te whakatipuranga tuatahi. I whakatūria he huihuinga tiaki papu e whakamahi ana i ngā mata huruhuru kowiri tira i roto i tētahi puna waikeri ā-papa i āwhinahia e te mamaoa i te Hauāuru o Kanata hei tiaki i te ESP mai i ngā totoka i te wā whakaputa. Ka tātarihia e ngā mata ngā totoka kino mai i te wai whakaputa i a ia e tomo ana ki te aho whakaputa. I roto i te aho whakaputa, ka rere ngā wai ki te tomokanga ESP, ka papua ki te mata. Ka taea te whakahaere i ngā tākai i waenga i te mata me te ESP hei whakarato i te wehenga rohe i waenga i te rohe whakaputa me te poka o runga.
I te roanga o te wā whakaputa, ka honoa te wāhi porowhita i waenganui i te mata me te anga ki te onepu, ka piki ake te ātete rere. I te mutunga, ka honoa katoatia e te porowhita, ka mutu te rere, ka hanga he rerekētanga pēhanga i waenganui i te poka wai me te aho whakaputa, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3. I tēnei wā, kāore e taea e te wai te rere ki te ESP, ā, me tōia te aho whakaoti. I runga i te maha o ngā taurangi e pā ana ki te whakaputanga totoka, ko te roanga e hiahiatia ana hei whakamutu i te rere i roto i te piriti totoka i runga i te mata ka iti iho pea i te roanga e taea ai e te ESP te pupuhi i te wai kua utaina ki ngā totoka i te wā waenga i waenga i ngā rahunga ki te whenua, nō reira i whakawhanakehia ai te whakatupuranga tuarua o ngā wāhanga.
Ko te huihuinga tiaki papu o te whakatupuranga tuarua. Kei raro i te papu REDA* te mata whakahaere onepu tomo PumpGuard* me te pūnaha huihuinga takirere, he tauira o te otinga ESP rerekē. Kia puta te puna, ka tātarihia e te mata ngā totoka e hangaia ana, engari ka tīmata te piri āta ki te onepu, ka hanga he rerekētanga pēhanga. Ina tae tēnei pēhanga rerekētanga ki te pēhanga pakaru kua whakaritea e te takirere, ka tuwhera te takirere, ka taea te rere tika o te wai ki roto i te aho ngongo ki te ESP. Ka whakatauritehia e tēnei rere te rerekētanga pēhanga puta noa i te mata, ka wetekina te pupuri o ngā putea onepu i waho o te mata. Ka taea te pakaru o te onepu i waho o te porowhita, ka whakaiti i te ātete rere i roto i te mata, ā, ka taea te tīmata anō te rere. I te hekenga o te pēhanga rerekētanga, ka hoki te takirere ki tōna tūranga kati, ā, ka tīmata anō ngā āhuatanga rere noa. Whakahokia tēnei huringa kia tae rā anō ki te wā e tika ana kia tangohia te ESP i waho o te poka hei mahi tiaki. Ko ngā rangahau take i whakamāramahia i roto i tēnei tuhinga e whakaatu ana ka taea e te pūnaha te whakaroa ake i te roa o te ora o te papu ki te whakataurite ki te whakahaere i te otinga tirotiro anake.
Mō te tāutanga tata nei, i whakaurua he otinga utu-utu mō te wehewehe i te rohe i waenga i te mata waea kowiri tira me te ESP. Kei runga ake i te wāhanga mata he tākai kapu e anga ana ki raro. Kei runga ake i te tākai kapu, ka whakaratohia e ngā poka ngongo pokapū he ara rere mō te wai i hangaia kia heke mai i roto o te mata ki te wāhi porowhita i runga ake i te tākai, te wāhi ka taea e te wai te tomo ki te tomokanga ESP.
He maha ngā painga o te tātari mata waea kowiri tira i whiriwhiria mō tēnei otinga i ngā momo mata 2D e hangai ana ki te āputa. Ko ngā tātari 2D e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā matūriki e horapa ana i ngā āputa tātari, i ngā mokowā rānei, hei hanga putea onepu, hei whakahaere onepu hoki. Heoi, nā te mea kotahi noa te uara āputa ka taea te whiriwhiri mō te mata, ka tino aro te mata ki te tohatoha rahi matūriki o te wai kua whakaputaina.
He rerekē, ko te moenga mata matotoru o ngā tātari mata waea kowiri tira e whakarato ana i te porosity teitei (92%) me te rohe rere tuwhera nui (40%) mō te wai poka wai i hangaia. Ka hangaia te tātari mā te pēhi i te mata huruhuru kowiri tira ka takai tika ki te ngongo pokapū kua pokaia, kātahi ka kapi i roto i te taupoki tiaki kua pokaia kua whakapirihia ki te ngongo pokapū i ia pito. Ko te tohatoha o ngā pore i roto i te moenga mata, ko te whakatakotoranga koki kore-taurite (mai i te 15 µm ki te 600 µm) ka taea te rere o ngā paitini kino i te ara rere 3D ki te ngongo pokapū i muri i te mauheretanga o ngā matūriki nui me te kino i roto i te mata. Ko te whakamātautau pupuri onepu i runga i ngā tauira o tēnei tātari i whakaatu he nui te uruhanga o te tātari nā te mea ka puta te wai mā te tātari. He whai hua, ka taea e tēnei tātari "rahi" kotahi te whakahaere i ngā tohatoha rahi matūriki katoa o ngā wai i hangaia. I whakawhanakehia tēnei mata huruhuru kowiri tira e tētahi kaiwhakahaere nui i ngā tau 1980 mō ngā whakaotinga mata motuhake i roto i ngā puna wai i whakaohohia e te mamaoa, ā, he maha ngā rekoata o ngā whakaurunga angitu.
Ko te huihuinga takirere he takirere puna-utaina e āhei ai te rere kotahi-ara ki roto i te aho ngongo mai i te wāhi whakaputa. Mā te whakarerekē i te utaina mua o te puna koiri i mua i te tāutanga, ka taea te whakarite i te takirere kia tutuki ai te pēhanga pakaru e hiahiatia ana mō te tono. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakahaerehia he takirere i raro i te mata waea kowiri tira hei whakarato i te ara rere tuarua i waenga i te puna me te ESP. I ētahi wā, ka mahi tahi ngā takirere maha me ngā mata kowiri tira, me te iti ake o te pēhanga pakaru o te takirere waenga i te takirere iti rawa.
I roto i te wā, ka whakakīia te rohe porowhita i waenganui i te mata o waho o te mata huihuinga parenga papu me te pakitara o te anga whakaputa e ngā matūriki hanganga. I te whakakīia o te kōhao ki te onepu, ā, ka whakakotahi ngā matūriki, ka piki ake te hekenga pēhanga puta noa i te putea onepu. Ina tae tēnei hekenga pēhanga ki tētahi uara kua whakaritea, ka tuwhera te takirere kōne, ā, ka taea te rere tika mā roto i te tomokanga papu. I tēnei wā, ka taea e te rere mā roto i te paipa te wawahi i te onepu kua whakakotahitia i mua i te taha o waho o te tātari mata. Nā te iti o te rerekētanga pēhanga, ka tīmata anō te rere mā roto i te mata, ā, ka kati te takirere whakauru. Nō reira, ka taea e te papu te kite noa i te rere tika mai i te takirere mō te wā poto. Ka roa ake te ora o te papu, nā te mea ko te nuinga o te rere ko te wai i tātarihia mā roto i te mata onepu.
I whakahaerehia te pūnaha tiaki papu me ngā tākai i roto i ngā puna rerekē e toru i te Rohe o Delaware i te Hononga o Amerika. Ko te whāinga matua he whakaiti i te maha o ngā tīmatanga me ngā whakamutu ESP nā te taumaha rawa e pā ana ki te onepu, me te whakanui ake i te wātea o te ESP hei whakapai ake i te whakaputanga. Kei te whakairihia te pūnaha tiaki papu mai i te pito o raro o te aho ESP. Ko ngā hua o te puna hinu e whakaatu ana i te mahi papu pumau, te iti o te wiri me te kaha o te iahiko, me te hangarau tiaki papu. Whai muri i te tāutanga o te pūnaha hou, i whakaitihia te wā whakaweto e pā ana ki te onepu me ngā totoka mā te 75%, ā, i piki ake te ora o te papu mā te neke atu i te 22%.
He puna. I tāutahia he pūnaha ESP ki roto i tētahi puna keri me te pakaru hou i Martin County, Texas. Ko te wāhanga poutū o te puna he tata ki te 9,000 putu, ā, ko te wāhanga whakapae e toro atu ana ki te 12,000 putu, te hohonu i inehia (MD). Mō ngā otinga tuatahi e rua, i tāutahia he pūnaha wehewehe onepu vortex me ngā hononga raina e ono hei wāhanga nui o te otinga ESP. Mō ngā tāutanga e rua karapīpiti e whakamahi ana i te momo wehewehe onepu kotahi, i kitea te whanonga kore pumau o ngā tawhā whakahaere ESP (te kaha o te au me te wiri). I whakaatuhia e te tātari wetewete o te wae ESP i unuhia kua purua te huihuinga wehewehe hau vortex ki ngā mea ke, i whakatauhia he onepu nā te mea ehara i te aukume, ā, kāore e tauhohe matū ki te waikawa.
I te tuatoru o ngā tāutanga ESP, i whakakapia te wehewehe onepu e te whatu waea kowiri tira hei huarahi whakahaere onepu ESP. Whai muri i te tāutanga o te pūnaha tiaki papu hou, i whakaatu te ESP i te whanonga pumau ake, i whakaitihia te whānuitanga o ngā rerekētanga o te iahiko motuka mai i te ~19 A mō te tāutanga #2 ki te ~6.3 A mō te tāutanga #3. He pumau ake te wiri, ā, kua heke te ia mā te 75%. He pumau hoki te hekenga pēhanga, he iti noa te rerekētanga ki te tāutanga o mua, ā, i piki ake te 100 psi o te hekenga pēhanga. Ka whakaitihia ngā kati taumaha ESP mā te 100%, ā, ka mahi te ESP me te wiri iti.
Puna B. I roto i tētahi puna tata ki Eunice, New Mexico, i tētahi atu puna rerekē kua tāutahia he ESP engari kāore he parenga papu. Whai muri i te takanga tuatahi o te pūtu, ka tīmata te ESP ki te whakaatu i te whanonga pōturi. Ko ngā pikinga o te au me te pēhanga e pā ana ki ngā wiri. Whai muri i te pupuri i ēnei āhuatanga mō ngā rā 137, ka pakaru te ESP, ā, ka tāutahia he whakakapinga. Kei roto i te tāutanga tuarua he pūnaha parenga papu hou me te whirihoranga ESP ōrite. Whai muri i te tīmatanga anō o te whakaputanga o te puna, kei te mahi noa te ESP, me te amperage pumau me te iti ake o te wiri. I te wā i whakaputaina ai, kua neke atu i te 300 ngā rā o te mahi a te tuarua o ngā oma o te ESP, he whakapainga nui atu i te tāutanga o mua.
Puna C. Ko te tuatoru o ngā tāutanga o te pūnaha i te papaanga i Mentone, Texas, e tētahi kamupene motuhake hinu me te hau i pāngia e ngā motumotu me ngā rahunga ESP nā te hanga onepu, ā, i hiahia rātou ki te whakapai ake i te wā mahi papu. Ko te tikanga, ka whakahaerehia e ngā kaiwhakahaere he wehewehe onepu o raro me te raina i roto i ia puna ESP. Heoi, ina kī te raina ki te onepu, ka tukuna e te wehewehe te onepu kia rere mā roto i te wāhanga papu, ka waikura te atamira papu, ngā peera me te pou, ka ngaro te hiki. Whai muri i te whakahaere i te pūnaha hou me te parenga papu, he 22% te roa o te ora mahi o te ESP me te hekenga pēhanga pumau ake me te wā mahi pai ake e pā ana ki te ESP.
I heke te maha o ngā kati i te wā e mahi ana i te onepu me ngā mea totoka mā te 75%, mai i te 8 ngā takahanga taumaha i te tāutanga tuatahi ki te rua i te tāutanga tuarua, ā, i piki ake te maha o ngā tīmatanga anō angitu i muri i te kati taumaha mā te 30%, mai i te 8 i te tāutanga tuatahi. Tekau mā rua ngā takahanga katoa, arā, e waru ngā takahanga katoa, i mahia i te tāutanga tuarua, i whakaiti i te ahotea hiko i runga i ngā taputapu, ā, i roa ake ai te ora mahi o te ESP.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 5 i te pikinga ohorere o te tohu pēhanga whakauru (kikorangi) ina āraia te mata o te maitai kore waikura, ā, ina whakatuwheratia te huihuinga takirere. Ka taea e tēnei tohu pēhanga te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputanga mā te matapae i ngā rahunga ESP e pā ana ki te onepu, kia taea ai te whakarite i ngā mahi whakakapinga me ngā taputapu mahi-whakahou.
1 Martins, JA, ES Rosa, S. Robson, “He tātaritanga whakamātautau o te ngongo hurihuri hei taputapu tango i te wai whakararo,” Pepa SPE 94673-MS, i whakaaturia i te Huihuinga Hangarau Hinu SPE o Amerika Latina me Karipiana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Pipiri 20 – Hui-tanguru 23, 2005. https://doi.org/10.2118/94673-MS.
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