Zida zotetezera mapampu zatsimikiziridwa kuti zimateteza mapampu ku mchenga ndikuwonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito ya ESPs m'zitsime zosazolowereka. Yankho ili limawongolera kubwerera kwa mchenga wa frac ndi zinthu zina zolimba zomwe zingayambitse kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi nthawi yopuma. Ukadaulo wothandizawu umathetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi kusatsimikizika kwa kugawa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Pamene zitsime zambiri zamafuta zimadalira ma ESP, kutalikitsa moyo wa makina opopera madzi (ESP) amagetsi kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Moyo wogwiritsa ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito a mapampu okweza zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu ndizovuta kwambiri m'madzi opangidwa. Moyo wogwiritsa ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito a ESP unachepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa tinthu tolimba. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zolimba zimawonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito ya chitsime ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zimafunika kuti zilowe m'malo mwa ESP.
Tinthu tolimba tomwe nthawi zambiri timadutsa m'mapampu okweza zinthu monga mchenga wopangira, ma hydraulic fracturing proppants, simenti, ndi tinthu tachitsulo tomwe tawonongeka kapena tadzimbiri. Maukadaulo a downhole omwe amapangidwa kuti alekanitse zinthu zolimba amasiyana kuyambira ma cyclone osagwira ntchito bwino mpaka waya wa 3D wosapanga dzimbiri wopangidwa bwino kwambiri. Ma downhole vortex desanders akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zitsime zachikhalidwe kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuteteza mapampu ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapangidwa. Komabe, zitsime zosazolowereka zimakhala ndi kayendedwe ka slug, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukadaulo womwe ulipo kale wa downhole vortex ugwire ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotchingira mchenga ndi ma vortex desanders aperekedwa kuti ateteze ma ESP. Komabe, pali mipata mu chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito a mapampu onse chifukwa cha kusatsimikizika kwa kukula kwa kugawa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba zopangidwa ndi chitsime chilichonse. Kusatsimikizika kumawonjezera kutalika kwa zigawo zowongolera mchenga, motero kumachepetsa kuzama komwe ESP ingakhazikitsidwe, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa ESP kuchepa, ndikuwononga chuma cha chitsime. Kuzama kwambiri kwa malo kumakondedwa m'zitsime zosazolowereka. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ma de-sanders ndi ma nangula a matope a amuna kuti ayimitse ma assemblies ataliatali, olimba a mchenga m'zigawo zokhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu kwa miyendo yolimba kusintha kwa ESP MTBF. Kuwonongeka kwa chubu chamkati ndi mbali ina ya kapangidwe kameneka komwe sikunayesedwe mokwanira.
Olemba pepala la 2005 adapereka zotsatira zoyesera za cholekanitsa mchenga cha pansi pa nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito chubu cha mphepo yamkuntho (Chithunzi 1), chomwe chimadalira mphamvu ya mphepo yamkuntho ndi mphamvu yokoka, kusonyeza kuti mphamvu ya kupatukana imadalira kukhuthala kwa mafuta, kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi kukula kwa tinthu. Amasonyeza kuti mphamvu ya cholekanitsa imadalira kwambiri liwiro la tinthu. Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumachepa ndi kuchepa kwa madzi, kuchepa kwa kukula kwa tinthu tolimba, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kukhuthala kwa mafuta, Chithunzi 2. Pa cholekanitsa cha mlengalenga cha mlengalenga, mphamvu ya kupatukana imatsika kufika pa ~10% pamene kukula kwa tinthu kumatsika kufika pa ~100 µm. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi kumawonjezeka, cholekanitsa cha vortex chimawonongeka, zomwe zimakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito moyo wa zigawo za kapangidwe kake.
Njira ina yomveka bwino ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito chophimba chowongolera mchenga cha 2D chokhala ndi mulifupi wodziwika bwino. Kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi kufalikira kwa zinthu ndizofunikira kwambiri posankha zotchingira zosefera zolimba mu chitsime chachikhalidwe kapena chosazolowereka, koma sizingadziwike. Zolimba zitha kuchokera ku dziwe, koma zitha kusiyana kuchokera ku chidendene kupita ku chidendene; kapena, chophimbacho chingafunike kusefa mchenga kuchokera ku hydraulic fracturing. Mulimonsemo, mtengo wosonkhanitsa, kusanthula ndi kuyesa zolimba ukhoza kukhala wokwera kwambiri.
Ngati sikirini ya 2D chubu sinakonzedwe bwino, zotsatira zake zitha kuwononga chuma cha chitsime. Ma window a mchenga omwe ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri angayambitse kutsekeka msanga, kutsekedwa komanso kufunikira kokonzanso. Ngati ndi akulu kwambiri, amalola zinthu zolimba kulowa momasuka munjira yopangira, zomwe zimatha kuwononga mapaipi amafuta, kuwononga mapampu okweza zinthu, kutulutsa zotsekereza pamwamba ndikudzaza zolekanitsa pamwamba, zomwe zimafuna kuphulika kwa mchenga ndi kutaya. Izi zimafuna njira yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo yomwe ingatalikitse moyo wa pampu ndikuphimba kufalikira kwakukulu kwa mchenga.
Kuti akwaniritse izi, kafukufuku adachitika pakugwiritsa ntchito ma valve assemblies pamodzi ndi waya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe sizimakhudzidwa ndi kufalikira kwa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha izi. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti waya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri wokhala ndi kukula kosiyanasiyana kwa ma pore ndi kapangidwe ka 3D amatha kuwongolera bwino zinthu zolimba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana popanda kudziwa kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta zinthu zolimba zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha izi. Waya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri wa 3D ukhoza kuwongolera bwino mchenga wamitundu yonse, popanda kufunikira kusefedwa kwina.
Cholumikizira cha valavu chomwe chimayikidwa pansi pa chinsalu chimalola kuti ntchito ipitirire mpaka ESP itatulutsidwa. Chimaletsa ESP kuti isatengedwe nthawi yomweyo chinsalucho chikalumikizidwa. Cholumikizira cha mchenga wolowera ndi cholumikizira cha valavu chomwe chimachokera pamenepo chimateteza ma ESP, mapampu okweza ndodo, ndi kukweza kwa gasi kuchokera ku zinthu zolimba panthawi yopanga poyeretsa kuyenda kwa madzi ndipo chimapereka njira yotsika mtengo yowonjezerera moyo wa Pump popanda kusintha mawonekedwe a malo osungiramo zinthu kuti agwirizane ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana.
Kapangidwe koteteza pampu ya m'badwo woyamba. Cholumikizira choteteza pampu pogwiritsa ntchito zotchingira ubweya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chinayikidwa mu chitsime chothandizira mphamvu yokoka ku Western Canada kuti chiteteze ESP ku zinthu zolimba panthawi yopanga. Zotchingira zimasefa zinthu zolimba zovulaza kuchokera ku madzi opangira pamene zikulowa mu chingwe chopangira. Mkati mwa chingwe chopangira, madzi amatuluka kupita ku cholowera cha ESP, komwe amapopedwa pamwamba. Zopakizira zimatha kuyendetsedwa pakati pa chophimba ndi ESP kuti zipereke padera pakati pa malo opangira ndi chitsime chapamwamba.
Pakapita nthawi yopangira, malo ozungulira pakati pa chinsalu ndi chivundikirocho amalumikizana ndi mchenga, zomwe zimawonjezera kukana kwa madzi. Pamapeto pake, ma annular amalumikizana kwathunthu, amaletsa kuyenda kwa madzi, ndikupanga kusiyana kwa kuthamanga pakati pa chitsime ndi chingwe chopangira, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3. Pakadali pano, madzi sangathenso kuyenda kupita ku ESP ndipo chingwe chomaliza chiyenera kukokedwa. Kutengera ndi zinthu zingapo zokhudzana ndi kupanga zinthu zolimba, nthawi yomwe imafunika kuti asiye kuyenda kudzera mu mlatho wolimba pazenera ikhoza kukhala yocheperapo kuposa nthawi yomwe ingalole ESP kupopera madzi olimba nthawi yapakati pakati pa kulephera pansi, kotero mbadwo wachiwiri wa zigawo unapangidwa.
Cholumikizira chachiwiri cha chitetezo cha pampu. Cholumikizira cha mchenga cholowera cha PumpGuard* ndi makina olumikizira valavu ali pansi pa pampu ya REDA* mu Chithunzi 4, chitsanzo cha kumalizidwa kwa ESP kosazolowereka. Chitsime chikayamba kupanga, cholumikiziracho chimasefa zinthu zolimba zomwe zikupanga, koma chimayamba kulumikizidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi mchenga ndikupanga kusiyana kwa kupanikizika. Pamene kupanikizika kosiyanaku kufika pa kupanikizika kwa valavu, valavu imatseguka, kulola madzi kuyenda molunjika mu chingwe cha chubu kupita ku ESP. Kuyenda kumeneku kumafanana ndi kusiyana kwa kupanikizika pa cholumikizira, kumasula kugwira kwa matumba a mchenga kunja kwa cholumikizira. Mchenga ndi womasuka kutuluka mu annulus, zomwe zimachepetsa kukana kwa kuyenda kudzera pa cholumikizira ndikulola kuyenda kuyambiranso. Pamene kupanikizika kosiyana kukutsika, valavu imabwerera pamalo ake otsekedwa ndipo momwe kayendedwe kabwinobwino kamayambiranso. Bwerezani izi mpaka pakufunika kukoka ESP m'dzenje kuti ikonzedwe. Kafukufuku wamilandu womwe wafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi akuwonetsa kuti makinawo amatha kukulitsa kwambiri moyo wa pampu poyerekeza ndi kumalizidwa koyeserera kokha.
Pa kukhazikitsa kwaposachedwa, njira yotsika mtengo idayambitsidwa kuti ipatule malo pakati pa waya wosapanga dzimbiri ndi ESP. Choyikapo chikho choyang'ana pansi chayikidwa pamwamba pa gawo la chinsalu. Pamwamba pa choyikapo chikho, ma payipi ena apakati amapereka njira yoyendera madzi opangidwa kuti asamuke kuchokera mkati mwa chinsalu kupita ku malo ozungulira pamwamba pa choyikapo, komwe madziwo amatha kulowa mu ESP inlet.
Fyuluta ya waya yosapanga dzimbiri yosankhidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pa yankho ili imapereka ubwino wambiri kuposa mitundu ya ma mesh a 2D okhala ndi mipata. Ma filter a 2D amadalira kwambiri tinthu tomwe timadutsa mipata ya fyuluta kapena malo olowera kuti apange matumba amchenga ndikupereka ulamuliro wa mchenga. Komabe, popeza pali kusiyana kumodzi kokha komwe kungasankhidwe pa sikirini, sikiriniyo imakhala yotetezeka kwambiri ku kufalikira kwa tinthu ta madzi opangidwa.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, malo okhuthala a maukonde a zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri amapereka ma porosity ambiri (92%) ndi malo akuluakulu otseguka (40%) a madzi opangidwa ndi chitsime. Fyulutayi imapangidwa mwa kukanikiza maukonde a ubweya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndikuyikulunga mozungulira chubu chapakati choboola, kenako n’kuiyika mkati mwa chivundikiro choteteza choboola chomwe chimalumikizidwa ku chubu chapakati kumapeto onse. Kufalikira kwa ma pores mu bedi la maukonde, mawonekedwe osafanana a angular (kuyambira 15 µm mpaka 600 µm) amalola kuti ma fines osavulaza ayende m’njira ya 3D yopita ku chubu chapakati tinthu tating’onoting’ono toopsa titagwidwa mkati mwa maukonde. Kuyesa kusunga mchenga pa zitsanzo za sieve iyi kwasonyeza kuti fyulutayi imasunga kutseguka kwakukulu chifukwa madzi amapangidwa kudzera mu sieve. Mwanjira yabwino, fyuluta imodzi "yayikulu" iyi imatha kuthana ndi kufalikira konse kwa tinthu ta madzi opangidwa omwe akumana nawo. Chophimba cha ubweya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ichi chinapangidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito wamkulu m’zaka za m’ma 1980 makamaka kuti chikhale ndi ma screen okhazikika m’malo osungiramo nthunzi ndipo chili ndi mbiri yayikulu yokhazikitsa bwino.
Cholumikizira cha valavu chimakhala ndi valavu yodzaza ndi kasupe yomwe imalola kuyenda kwa njira imodzi kulowa mu chingwe cha chubu kuchokera kumalo opangira. Mwa kusintha kasupe wa coil musanayike, valavuyo imatha kusinthidwa kuti ikwaniritse kuthamanga komwe kukufunika kwa ntchitoyo. Nthawi zambiri, valavu imayendetsedwa pansi pa waya wosapanga dzimbiri kuti ipereke njira yachiwiri yoyendera pakati pa chosungira ndi ESP. Nthawi zina, mavalavu angapo ndi ma meshes achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amagwira ntchito motsatizana, ndipo valavu yapakati imakhala ndi kuthamanga kochepa kwa cracking kuposa valavu yotsika kwambiri.
Pakapita nthawi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga timadzaza malo ozungulira pakati pa pamwamba pa chophimba choteteza pampu ndi khoma la chivundikiro chopangira. Pamene dzenjelo likudzaza ndi mchenga ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalumikizana, kutsika kwa mphamvu pa thumba la mchenga kumawonjezeka. Kutsika kwa mphamvu kumeneku kukafika pamtengo wokonzedweratu, valavu ya cone imatsegulidwa ndikulola kuyenda mwachindunji kudzera mu pompu yolowera. Pa siteji iyi, kuyenda kudzera mu chitoliro kumatha kuswa mchenga womwe kale unali kunja kwa fyuluta yotchinga. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mphamvu kochepa, kuyenda kudzayambiranso kudzera mu sikirini ndipo valavu yolowera idzatseka. Chifukwa chake, pampu imatha kuwona kuyenda mwachindunji kuchokera ku valavu kwa kanthawi kochepa. Izi zimawonjezera moyo wa pampu, chifukwa madzi ambiri ndi omwe amasefedwa kudzera mu sikirini yamchenga.
Dongosolo loteteza mapampu linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma packers m'zitsime zitatu zosiyana ku Delaware Basin ku United States. Cholinga chachikulu ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ESP yomwe imayamba ndi kuyima chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mchenga komanso kuwonjezera kupezeka kwa ESP kuti ipangitse kupanga bwino. Dongosolo loteteza mapampu limayimitsidwa kumapeto kwa chingwe cha ESP. Zotsatira za chitsime cha mafuta zikuwonetsa magwiridwe antchito okhazikika a pampu, kuchepa kwa kugwedezeka ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, komanso ukadaulo woteteza mapampu. Pambuyo poyika dongosolo latsopanoli, nthawi yogwira ntchito yokhudzana ndi mchenga ndi zinthu zolimba inachepetsedwa ndi 75% ndipo moyo wa pampu unakwera ndi oposa 22%.
Chitsime. Dongosolo la ESP linayikidwa mu chitsime chatsopano chobowola ndi kusweka ku Martin County, Texas. Gawo loyima la chitsimecho ndi pafupifupi mapazi 9,000 ndipo gawo lopingasa limafikira mamita 12,000, kuya koyezedwa (MD). Pamapeto awiri oyamba, dongosolo lolekanitsa mchenga wa vortex wokhala ndi ma liner asanu ndi limodzi linayikidwa ngati gawo lofunikira pakumaliza kwa ESP. Pamakonzedwe awiri otsatizana pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu womwewo wa cholekanitsa mchenga, khalidwe losakhazikika la magawo ogwirira ntchito a ESP (mphamvu yamagetsi ndi kugwedezeka) linawonedwa. Kusanthula kwa gawo la ESP lomwe linakokedwa kunawonetsa kuti gulu lolekanitsa mpweya wa vortex linali lodzaza ndi zinthu zakunja, zomwe zidapezeka kuti ndi mchenga chifukwa siwogwiritsa ntchito maginito ndipo silichita ndi asidi.
Mu kukhazikitsa kwachitatu kwa ESP, waya wosapanga dzimbiri unalowa m'malo mwa cholekanitsa mchenga ngati njira yowongolera mchenga wa ESP. Pambuyo pokhazikitsa njira yatsopano yotetezera pampu, ESP inawonetsa khalidwe lokhazikika, kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu ya injini kuchokera pa ~19 A poyika #2 mpaka ~6.3 A poyika #3. Kugwedezeka kumakhala kokhazikika ndipo kachitidwe kake kamachepetsa ndi 75%. Kutsika kwa kuthamanga kunali kokhazikika, kusinthasintha pang'ono poyerekeza ndi komwe kunayikidwa kale ndipo kunapeza kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa 100 psi yowonjezera. Kutseka kwa ESP kumachepetsedwa ndi 100% ndipo ESP imagwira ntchito ndi kugwedezeka kochepa.
Chabwino B. Mu chitsime china pafupi ndi Eunice, New Mexico, chitsime china chosazolowereka chinali ndi ESP yoyikidwa koma yopanda chitetezo cha pampu. Pambuyo poti boot drop yoyamba yatsika, ESP inayamba kuwonetsa kusakhazikika. Kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu ndi kuthamanga kwa magetsi kumalumikizidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwa kugwedezeka. Pambuyo posunga izi kwa masiku 137, ESP inalephera ndipo inayikidwanso. Kukhazikitsa kwachiwiri kumaphatikizapo njira yatsopano yotetezera pampu yokhala ndi mawonekedwe omwewo a ESP. Pambuyo poti chitsimecho chayambiranso kupanga, ESP inali kugwira ntchito bwino, yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika komanso kugwedezeka kochepa. Panthawi yofalitsa, ESP yachiwiri inali itagwira ntchito kwa masiku opitilira 300, kusintha kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kukhazikitsa kwapitako.
Chabwino C. Kukhazikitsa kwachitatu kwa makinawa pamalopo kunali ku Mentone, Texas, ndi kampani yapadera yamafuta ndi gasi yomwe idakumana ndi kulephera kwa ESP chifukwa cha kupanga mchenga ndipo inkafuna kukonza nthawi yogwira ntchito ya pampu. Ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zolekanitsa mchenga zomwe zili pansi ndi liner mu chitsime chilichonse cha ESP. Komabe, liner ikadzaza ndi mchenga, cholekanitsacho chimalola mchenga kuyenda kudzera mu gawo la pampu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pampu isagwire bwino ntchito, ma bearing ndi shaft, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pampu isagwire bwino ntchito. Pambuyo poyendetsa makina atsopano ndi choteteza pampu, ESP imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito ndi 22% yokhala ndi kutsika kwamphamvu kwa kuthamanga komanso nthawi yabwino yogwira ntchito yokhudzana ndi ESP.
Chiwerengero cha kutseka kwa mchenga ndi zinthu zolimba panthawi yogwira ntchito chinachepa ndi 75%, kuchoka pa zochitika 8 zodzaza kwambiri mu kukhazikitsa koyamba kufika pa ziwiri mu kukhazikitsa kwachiwiri, ndipo chiwerengero cha kuyambiranso bwino pambuyo pa kutseka kwakukulu chinawonjezeka ndi 30%, kuchokera pa 8 mu kukhazikitsa koyamba. Zochitika 12 zonse, pazochitika 8 zonse, zinachitidwa mu kukhazikitsa kwachiwiri, kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa magetsi pazida ndikuwonjezera nthawi yogwirira ntchito ya ESP.
Chithunzi 5 chikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa chizindikiro cha kuthamanga kwa intake (buluu) pamene ukonde wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri watsekedwa ndipo cholumikizira cha valavu chatsegulidwa. Chizindikiro cha kuthamanga ichi chingawongolere bwino ntchito yopanga mwa kulosera kulephera kwa ESP kokhudzana ndi mchenga, kotero ntchito zosinthira ndi zida zogwirira ntchito zitha kukonzedwa.
1 Martins, JA, ES Rosa, S. Robson, “Kusanthula koyesera kwa chubu chozungulira ngati chipangizo chotsitsa madzi,” SPE Paper 94673-MS, yoperekedwa ku SPE Latin America ndi Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 20 - February 23, 2005.https://doi.org/10.2118/94673-MS.
Nkhaniyi ili ndi zinthu zochokera mu pepala la SPE 207926-MS, lomwe laperekedwa ku Msonkhano wa Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference ku Abu Dhabi, UAE, kuyambira 15 mpaka 18 Novembala 2021.
Zinthu zonse zikutsatira malamulo okhwima okhudza kukopera, chonde werengani Migwirizano ndi Zikhalidwe zathu, Ndondomeko ya Ma Cookies ndi Ndondomeko Yachinsinsi musanagwiritse ntchito tsamba lino.