Izinto zokukhusela iipompo zibonakalisiwe ukuba zikhusela iipompo kwisanti kwaye zandisa ubomi bokusebenza kwee-ESP kwimithombo engaqhelekanga. Esi sisombululo silawula ukuhamba kwesanti yefrac kunye nezinye izinto eziqinileyo ezinokubangela ukugqithiswa kakhulu kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi. Itekhnoloji evumelayo isusa iingxaki ezinxulumene nokungaqiniseki kokusasazwa kweesuntswana.
Njengoko imithombo emininzi yeoyile ixhomekeke kwi-ESP, ukwandiswa kwexesha lokusebenza kweenkqubo zokumpompa ezingaphantsi komhlaba (ESP) zombane kuba yinto ebalulekileyo ngakumbi. Ubomi bokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kweempompo zokuphakamisa ezenziweyo zinovelwano kwizinto eziqinileyo kulwelo oluvelisiweyo. Ubomi bokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kwe-ESP kwehla kakhulu ngokwanda kwamasuntswana aqinileyo. Ukongeza, izinto eziqinileyo zonyusa ixesha lokungasebenzi kwemithombo kunye nokuphindaphinda kokusebenza okufunekayo ukuze kuthathelwe indawo i-ESP.
Iinxalenye eziqinileyo ezidla ngokuhamba ngeempompo zokuphakamisa ezenziweyo ziquka isanti yokwakheka, iipropanti zokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic, isamente, kunye neenxalenye zesinyithi ezikhukuliswe okanye ezibolileyo. Ubuchwepheshe be-downhole obuyilelwe ukwahlula izinto eziqinileyo buqala kwiinkanyamba ezingasebenzi kakuhle ukuya kwi-wire mesh yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-3D esebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ii-downhole vortex desanders zisetyenziswe kwimigodi yesiqhelo kangangeminyaka emininzi, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela iimpompo kwimigodi emikhulu ngexesha lokuveliswa. Nangona kunjalo, imigodi engaqhelekanga iphantsi kokuhamba kwe-slug okukhawulezileyo, okubangela ukuba iteknoloji yokwahlula i-downhole vortex isebenze kuphela ngamaxesha athile.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezikrini zokulawula isanti ezidityanisiweyo kunye nee-downhole vortex desanders ziye zacetyiswa ukukhusela ii-ESP. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izikhewu ekusebenzeni kokhuseleko kunye nemveliso yazo zonke iipompo ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kokusasazwa kobungakanani kunye nomthamo wezinto eziqinileyo eziveliswa liqula ngalinye. Ukungaqiniseki kwandisa ubude bezinto zokulawula isanti, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ubunzulu apho i-ESP inokumiselwa khona, kuthintele amandla okwehla kwe-reservoir ye-ESP, kwaye kuchaphazele kakubi uqoqosho lwequla. Ubunzulu bokubeka obunzulu buyathandwa kwimigodi engaqhelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwee-de-sanders kunye nee-man-plug mud anchors ukumisa iindibano ezinde, eziqinileyo zolawulo lwesanti kwiindawo ze-casing ezinobunzima obukhulu be-dogleg ukuphuculwa okulinganiselweyo kwe-ESP MTBF. Ukubola kwetyhubhu yangaphakathi yenye into yolu yilo engakhange ihlolwe ngokwaneleyo.
Ababhali bephepha lika-2005 baveze iziphumo zovavanyo zokwahlula intlabathi engaphantsi komhlaba ngokusekelwe kwityhubhu yenkanyamba (Umfanekiso 1), eyayixhomekeke kwisenzo senkanyamba kunye nomxhuzulane, ukubonisa ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlula kuxhomekeke kwi-viscosity yeoyile, izinga lokuhamba, kunye nobukhulu be-particle. Babonisa ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-separator kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwisantya sesiphelo se-particles. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlula kuncipha ngokuncipha kwesantya sokuhamba, ukuncipha kobukhulu be-particle eqinileyo, kunye nokwanda kwe-viscosity yeoyile, Umfanekiso 2. Kwi-separator ye-downhole ye-cyclone tube eqhelekileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle kokwahlula kwehla ukuya kwi-~10% njengoko ubungakanani be-particle buhla ukuya kwi-~100 µm. Ukongeza, njengoko izinga lokuhamba lisanda, i-vortex separator iphantsi kokuguguleka kokukhukuliseka, okuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zesakhiwo ubomi.
Enye indlela efanelekileyo kukusebenzisa isikrini sokulawula isanti se-2D esinobubanzi obuchaziweyo besithuba. Ubungakanani bamasuntswana kunye nokusasazwa kwawo zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha izikrini zokucoca izinto eziqinileyo kwimveliso yemithombo eqhelekileyo okanye engaqhelekanga, kodwa zisenokungaziwa. Izinto eziqinileyo zinokuvela kwidama, kodwa zinokuhluka ukusuka kwisithende ukuya kwisithende; kungenjalo, isikrini sinokufuna ukucoca isanti kwi-hydraulic fracturing. Nokuba yeyiphi na imeko, iindleko zokuqokelela izinto eziqinileyo, uhlalutyo kunye novavanyo zinokuba nzima kakhulu.
Ukuba isikrini setyhubhu ye-2D asilungiswanga kakuhle, iziphumo zinokubeka emngciphekweni uqoqosho lomthombo. Iingcango zesikrini sesanti ezincinci kakhulu zinokubangela ukuvaleka kwangaphambi kwexesha, ukuvalwa kunye nesidingo sokulungiswa. Ukuba zikhulu kakhulu, zivumela izinto eziqinileyo ukuba zingene ngokukhululekileyo kwinkqubo yemveliso, ezinokudla imibhobho yeoyile, zonakalise iipompo zokuphakamisa ezenziweyo, zikhuphe iitshiki zomphezulu kwaye zizalise izahluli zomphezulu, zifune ukuqhunyiswa kwesanti kunye nokulahlwa. Le meko ifuna isisombululo esilula, esingabizi kakhulu esinokwandisa ubomi bepompo kwaye sigubungele ukusasazwa okubanzi kobukhulu besanti.
Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nale mfuno, kwenziwe uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwee-valve assemblies kunye ne-stainless steel wire mesh, engakhathaliyo kukusasazwa kwezinto eziqinileyo ezivelayo. Izifundo zibonise ukuba i-stainless steel wire mesh enobukhulu beembobo eziguquguqukayo kunye nesakhiwo se-3D inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo izinto eziqinileyo zobukhulu obahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokwazi ukusasazwa kobukhulu bee-particle zezinto eziqinileyo ezivelayo. I-stainless steel mesh ye-3D inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo iinkozo zesanti zazo zonke iisayizi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhluzwa okongezelelweyo.
Indibano yevalvu efakwe ezantsi kwesikrini ivumela imveliso ukuba iqhubeke ide ikhutshwe i-ESP. Ithintela i-ESP ekufumanekeni kwangoko emva kokuba isikrini sivaliwe. Isikrini sokulawula isanti yokungena kunye nendibano yevalvu ephumayo ikhusela ii-ESP, iipompo zokuphakamisa iintonga, kunye nokugqitywa kokuphakamisa igesi kwizinto eziqinileyo ngexesha lokuveliswa ngokucoca ukuhamba kolwelo kwaye ibonelela ngesisombululo esingabizi kakhulu sokwandisa ubomi bePump ngaphandle kokulungelelanisa iimpawu zereservoir kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Uyilo lokukhusela ipompo yesizukulwana sokuqala. Indibano yokukhusela ipompo esebenzisa izikrini zoboya zentsimbi engagqwaliyo yafakwa kwindawo yokukhupha amanzi encediswa ngumphunga eNtshona Canada ukukhusela i-ESP kwizinto eziqinileyo ngexesha lokuveliswa. Izikrini zihluza izinto eziqinileyo eziyingozi kulwelo lokuvelisa njengoko zingena kumtya wokuvelisa. Ngaphakathi kumtya wokuvelisa, ulwelo luhamba luye kwindawo yokungena ye-ESP, apho lupontshwa khona luze lufike kumphezulu. Iipakethi zinokuqhutywa phakathi kwesikrini kunye ne-ESP ukubonelela ngokwahlulwa kweendawo phakathi kwendawo yokuvelisa kunye nomngxuma ophezulu.
Ngexesha lokuvelisa, isithuba esiphakathi kwesikrini kunye ne-casing sidla ngokudibana nesanti, nto leyo eyonyusa ukumelana nokuhamba kwamanzi. Ekugqibeleni, i-annulus idibana ngokupheleleyo, iyeke ukuhamba kwamanzi, kwaye idale umahluko woxinzelelo phakathi kwe-wellbore kunye nomtya wokuvelisa, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3. Kweli nqanaba, ulwelo alusenakukwazi ukuhamba luye kwi-ESP kwaye umtya wokugqiba kufuneka utsalwe. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiinguqu ezininzi ezinxulumene nokuveliswa kwezinto eziqinileyo, ixesha elifunekayo lokumisa ukuhamba kwamanzi kwi-bridge yezinto eziqinileyo kwisikrini linokuba ngaphantsi kwexesha eliya kuvumela i-ESP ukuba ipompe ulwelo olugcwele izinto eziqinileyo ixesha eliphakathi phakathi kokusilela emhlabeni, ngoko ke isizukulwana sesibini sezinto saphuhliswa.
Isixhobo sokukhusela ipompo sesizukulwana sesibini. Isikrini sokulawula isanti yokungena sePumpGuard* kunye nenkqubo yokuhlanganisa ivalvu ixhonywe ngaphantsi kwepompo yeREDA* kuMfanekiso 4, umzekelo wokugqitywa kwe-ESP okungaqhelekanga. Nje ukuba umthombo uvelise, isikrini sihluza izinto eziqinileyo eziveliswayo, kodwa siya kuqala ukudibana kancinci nesanti kwaye senze umahluko woxinzelelo. Xa olu xinzelelo lomahluko lufikelela kuxinzelelo oluqhekekayo lwevalvu, ivalvu iyavuleka, ivumela ulwelo ukuba luhambe ngqo kwintambo yetyhubhu ukuya kwi-ESP. Olu xinzelelo lulinganisa umahluko woxinzelelo kwisikrini, lukhulule ukubamba kweengxowa zesanti ngaphandle kwesikrini. Isanti ikhululekile ukuphuma kwi-annulus, nto leyo enciphisa ukumelana nokuhamba ngesikrini kwaye ivumela ukuhamba kwakhona. Njengoko uxinzelelo lomahluko luyehla, ivalvu ibuyela kwindawo yayo evaliweyo kwaye iimeko zokuhamba eziqhelekileyo ziyaqhubeka. Phinda lo mjikelo de kube yimfuneko ukutsala i-ESP emngxunyeni ukuze isetyenzwe. Izifundo zetyala eziboniswe kweli nqaku zibonisa ukuba inkqubo iyakwazi ukwandisa ubomi bepompo xa kuthelekiswa nokugqitywa kovavanyo lodwa.
Kwindawo efakelweyo kutshanje, isisombululo esiqhutywa yindleko saziswa ukuze kwahlulwe indawo phakathi kwe-wire mesh yentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye ne-ESP. I-cup packer ejonge ezantsi ifakwe ngaphezulu kwecandelo lesikrini. Ngaphezulu kwe-cup packer, ukugqobhoka okongeziweyo kwetyhubhu ephakathi kubonelela ngendlela yokuhamba kolwelo oluvelisiweyo ukuba lufuduke lusuka ngaphakathi kwesikrini luye kwindawo engaphezulu kwe-packer, apho ulwelo lunokungena khona kwi-ESP inlet.
Isihluzi se-wire mesh sentsimbi engagqwaliyo esikhethiweyo kwesi sisombululo sinika iingenelo ezininzi kuneentlobo ze-2D mesh ezisekelwe kwisithuba. Izihluzi ze-2D zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiisuntswana ezijikeleza izithuba okanye iindawo zokufaka izihluzi ukuze zakhe iingxowa zesanti kwaye zibonelele ngolawulo lwesanti. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni kuphela ixabiso elinye lesithuba elinokukhethwa kwisikrini, isikrini siba novelwano kakhulu kulwabiwo lobungakanani besuntswana lolwelo oluvelisiweyo.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ibhedi enkulu ye-mesh yee-filters ze-wire mesh zentsimbi engagqwaliyo inika i-porosity ephezulu (92%) kunye nendawo enkulu evulekileyo yokuhamba kwamanzi (40%) kwi-wellbore fluid evelisiweyo. I-filter yakhiwe ngokucinezela i-stainless steel fleece mesh kwaye iyisonge ngqo kwi-central tube ene-perforated, ize iyigqume ngaphakathi kwe-protective cover enee-perforated edityaniswe kwi-central tube kwicala ngalinye. Ukusasazwa kwee-pores kwi-mesh bed, i-angular orientation engalinganiyo (ukusuka kwi-15 µm ukuya kwi-600 µm) ivumela ii-fines ezingenabungozi ukuba zihambe ngendlela ye-3D flow ukuya kwi-central tube emva kokuba amasuntswana amakhulu nanobungozi ebanjwe ngaphakathi kwi-mesh. Uvavanyo lokugcinwa kwesanti kwimizekelo yesi sihluzo lubonise ukuba isihluzo sigcina ukungena okuphezulu kuba ulwelo lwenziwa ngesihluzo. Ngokufanelekileyo, esi sihluzo "sobukhulu" esinye sinokuphatha lonke usasazo lobungakanani bamasuntswana olwelo oluvelisiweyo olufunyenweyo. Esi sikrini soboya bentsimbi engagqwali saphuhliswa ngumsebenzisi omkhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1980 ngokukodwa ukugqitywa kwesikrini esizimeleyo kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi ezikhuthazwa ngumphunga kwaye sinerekhodi ende yokufakelwa ngempumelelo.
Indibano yevalvu inevalvu efakwe intwasahlobo evumela ukuhamba kwendlela enye ukuya kumtya wetyhubhu ukusuka kwindawo yemveliso. Ngokulungisa umthwalo wentwasahlobo yekhoyili ngaphambi kokufakwa, ivalvu inokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ukuze kufezekiswe uxinzelelo olufunekayo lokuqhekeka kwesicelo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ivalvu isebenza phantsi kwe-wire mesh yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ukubonelela ngendlela yesibini yokuhamba phakathi kwedama kunye ne-ESP. Kwezinye iimeko, iivalvu ezininzi kunye nee-meshes zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zisebenza ngokulandelelana, apho ivalvu ephakathi inoxinzelelo oluphantsi lokuqhekeka kunevalvu ephantsi.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amasuntswana okwakheka azalisa indawo ejikelezileyo phakathi komphezulu wangaphandle wesikrini sokukhusela ipompo kunye nodonga lwebhokisi yemveliso. Njengoko umngxuma uzaliswa yisanti kwaye amasuntswana ehlangana, ukwehla koxinzelelo kwingxowa yesanti kuyanda. Xa oku kwehla koxinzelelo kufikelela kwixabiso elimiselweyo, ivalvu yekhoni iyavuleka kwaye ivumela ukuhamba ngokuthe ngqo ngaphakathi kwepompo. Kweli nqanaba, ukuhamba ngepayipi kuyakwazi ukuqhekeza isanti edibeneyo ngaphambili ngaphandle kwesihluzi sesikrini. Ngenxa yokwahluka koxinzelelo oluncitshisiweyo, ukuhamba kuya kuphinda kuqhubeke ngesikrini kwaye ivalvu yokungenisa iya kuvala. Ke ngoko, ipompo inokubona ukuhamba ngqo kwivalvu ixesha elifutshane. Oku kwandisa ubomi bepompo, njengoko uninzi lokuhamba lulwelo oluhluzwe ngesikrini sesanti.
Inkqubo yokukhusela ipompo yayisebenza ngeepakethi kwimingxuma emithathu eyahlukeneyo eDelaware Basin eMelika. Injongo ephambili kukunciphisa inani lokuqalisa kunye nokuma kwe-ESP ngenxa yokugqithisa okunxulumene nesanti kunye nokwandisa ukufumaneka kwe-ESP ukuphucula imveliso. Inkqubo yokukhusela ipompo ixhonywe kwisiphelo esisezantsi sentambo ye-ESP. Iziphumo zomthombo weoyile zibonisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwepompo, ukuncipha kokungcangcazela kunye nokuqina kwamandla angoku, kunye netekhnoloji yokukhusela ipompo. Emva kokufakela inkqubo entsha, ixesha lokungasebenzi elinxulumene nesanti kunye nezinto eziqinileyo lincitshisiwe ngama-75% kwaye ubomi bepompo banda ngaphezulu kwama-22%.
Umthombo. Inkqubo ye-ESP ifakwe kwiqula elitsha lokugrumba nokuqhekeka eMartin County, eTexas. Inxalenye ethe nkqo yomthombo imalunga neenyawo ezingama-9,000 kwaye inxalenye ethe tye ifikelela kwiinyawo ezingama-12,000, ubunzulu obulinganisiweyo (MD). Kwiinguqulelo ezimbini zokuqala, inkqubo yokwahlula isanti ye-vortex engaphantsi komhlaba enemibhobho emithandathu yokudibanisa ifakwe njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yokugqitywa kwe-ESP. Kwiinguqulelo ezimbini ezilandelelanayo kusetyenziswa uhlobo olufanayo lokwahlula isanti, ukuziphatha okungazinzanga kweeparameter zokusebenza ze-ESP (ubunzulu bangoku kunye nokungcangcazela) kwabonwa. Uhlalutyo lokwahlulwa kweyunithi ye-ESP etsaliweyo lubonise ukuba indibano yokwahlula igesi ye-vortex yayixinene ngezinto zangaphandle, ezafunyaniswa ukuba yisanti kuba ayinamagnethi kwaye ayisebenzi ngekhemikhali nge-asidi.
Kwi-ESP yesithathu, i-wire mesh yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ithathe indawo yesahluli sesanti njengendlela yokulawula isanti ye-ESP. Emva kokufaka inkqubo entsha yokukhusela ipompo, i-ESP ibonakalise ukuziphatha okuzinzileyo ngakumbi, inciphisa uluhlu lokuguquguquka kwamandla enjini ukusuka kwi-~19 A yokufakela #2 ukuya kwi-~6.3 A yokufakela #3. Ukungcangcazela kuzinzile ngakumbi kwaye umkhwa uncitshisiwe ngama-75%. Ukuhla koxinzelelo nako bekuzinzile, kutshintsha kancinci kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokufakelwa kwangaphambili kwaye kwafumana i-100 psi eyongezelelweyo yokwehla koxinzelelo. Ukuvalwa kwe-ESP overload kuncitshisiwe nge-100% kwaye i-ESP isebenza ngokungcangcazela okuphantsi.
Kaloku B. Kwiqula elinye elikufutshane ne-Eunice, eNew Mexico, elinye iqula elingaqhelekanga lalifakelwe i-ESP kodwa akukho khuselo lwepompo. Emva kokuwa kokuqala kwe-boot, i-ESP yaqala ukubonisa ukuziphatha okungaguqukiyo. Ukuguquguquka kwamandla ombane kunye noxinzelelo kunxulunyaniswa nokushukuma kokungcangcazela. Emva kokugcina ezi meko kangangeentsuku ezili-137, i-ESP yasilela kwaye kwafakwa enye endaweni yayo. Ufakelo lwesibini luquka inkqubo entsha yokukhusela ipompo enoqwalaselo olufanayo lwe-ESP. Emva kokuba iqula liqalise ukuvelisa, i-ESP yayisebenza ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ine-amperage ezinzileyo kunye nokungcangcazela okuncinci. Ngexesha lokupapashwa, ukusebenza kwesibini kwe-ESP kwafikelela kwiintsuku ezingaphezu kwama-300 zokusebenza, uphuculo olukhulu kunofakelo lwangaphambili.
UWell C. Ufakelo lwesithathu lwenkqubo kwindawo lwaluseMentone, eTexas, yinkampani ekhethekileyo yeoyile negesi eyayineengxaki zokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokusilela kwe-ESP ngenxa yemveliso yesanti kwaye yayifuna ukuphucula ixesha lokusebenza kwepompo. Abaqhubi badla ngokusebenzisa abahluli besanti abangaphantsi komhlaba abane-liner kwiqula ngalinye le-ESP. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-liner izaliswe yisanti, i-separator iya kuvumela isanti ukuba idlule kwicandelo lepompo, igugule inqanaba lepompo, iibheringi kunye neshaft, nto leyo ebangela ukulahleka kokuphakanyiswa. Emva kokusebenzisa inkqubo entsha ene-pump protector, i-ESP inobomi obude obuyi-22% kunye nokwehla koxinzelelo okuzinzileyo kunye nexesha lokusebenza elingcono elinxulumene ne-ESP.
Inani leentshukumo ezihambelana nesanti kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ngexesha lokusebenza lehle ngama-75%, ukusuka kwiziganeko ezi-8 zokugqithisa kakhulu kufakelo lokuqala ukuya kwezimbini kufakelo lwesibini, kwaye inani lokuqalisa kwakhona ngempumelelo emva kokuvala ukugqithisa kakhulu lenyuke ngama-30%, ukusuka kwi-8 kufakelo lokuqala. Iziganeko ezili-12 zizonke, kwiziganeko ezi-8 zizonke, zenziwe kufakelo lwesibini, kunciphisa uxinzelelo lombane kwizixhobo kwaye kwandisa ubomi bokusebenza kwe-ESP.
Umfanekiso 5 ubonisa ukunyuka ngequbuliso kwesiginitsha yoxinzelelo lokungenisa (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) xa i-mesh yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ivaliwe kwaye indibano yevalvu ivuliwe. Olu siginitsha yoxinzelelo lunokuphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso ngokuqikelela ukusilela kwe-ESP okunxulumene nesanti, ngoko ke imisebenzi yokutshintsha ngeerigi zokusebenza inokucwangciswa.
1 Martins, JA, ES Rosa, S. Robson, “Uhlalutyo lovavanyo lwetyhubhu ejikelezayo njengesixhobo sokukhupha umngxuma,” Iphepha le-SPE 94673-MS, elinikezelwe kwiNkomfa yoBunjineli bePetroleum ye-SPE Latin America and Caribbean, eRio de Janeiro, eBrazil, nge-20 kaJuni – nge-23 kaFebruwari, 2005.https://doi.org/10.2118/94673-MS.
Eli nqaku liqulathe izinto ezivela kwiphepha le-SPE 207926-MS, elivezwe kwi-Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference e-Abu Dhabi, e-UAE, nge-15-18 kaNovemba 2021.
Zonke izixhobo ziphantsi kwemithetho engqongqo yelungelo lokushicilela, nceda ufunde iMigqaliselo neMiqathango yethu, uMgaqo-nkqubo weekuki kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo waBucala phambi kokusebenzisa le sayithi.